# The Aeneid, Book 1: The Storm, and Carthage: Juno's Wrath and Dido's Welcome

Aeneis · Publius Vergilius Maro · The Wanderings

Juno sends a storm, and the Trojans are wrecked on the coast of Carthage. Dido welcomes them. Venus makes her love Aeneas.

Source: https://1732studios.com/books/aeneid/1. Data: https://1732studios.com/books/aeneid/1.json. Audio: https://audio.1732studios.com/aeneid/<line id>.m4a.

**1** Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris  
Arms and the man I sing, who first from the shores of Troy

**2** Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit  
came to Italy, an exile by fate, and to the Lavinian

**3** litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto  
shores: much buffeted, he, on land and on the deep

**4** vi superum saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram;  
by the violence of the gods above, for cruel Juno's unforgetting wrath;
> An adjective agreeing with wrath: memorem is the adjective memor, 'mindful, unforgetting,' accusative singular feminine. It agrees with iram, 'wrath,' not with Iunonis, the noun nearer to it. The line calls Juno's anger unforgetting rather than simply angry.

**5** multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem,  
and much he suffered in war as well, until he should found a city

**6** inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum,  
and bring his gods into Latium, whence the Latin race,

**7** Albanique patres, atque altae moenia Romae.  
the fathers of Alba, and the walls of high Rome.

**8** Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso,  
Muse, tell me the causes: what divine will was wounded,

**9** quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus  
or grieving at what, that the queen of the gods drove a man

**10** insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores  
renowned for duty to turn through so many disasters, to face
> Ablative of respect with insignem: pietate is the ablative singular of pietas, 'duty' owed to gods, father, and people together. It specifies in what respect Aeneas is insignem, 'renowned': renowned in respect of his duty. No single English word covers pietas, so it is rendered 'duty' throughout.

**11** impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae?  
so many labors. Is there such wrath in heavenly hearts?
> A verb of being left out: Tantaene animis caelestibus irae has no verb; sunt, 'are there,' is understood. animis is dative of possession: literally 'are there such wraths to heavenly minds.' Latin can drop the verb of being when the sentence stays clear without it.

**12** Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii tenuere coloni,  
There was an ancient city, held by settlers out of Tyre,
> A shortened perfect ending: tenuere is a syncopated third-person plural perfect, 'they held,' shortened from tenuerunt. Vergil uses this contracted -ere ending often, especially in narrative. Tyrii tenuere coloni means 'Tyrian settlers held it.'

**13** Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe  
Carthage, facing Italy and far off the Tiber's

**14** ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli;  
mouths, rich in wealth and fiercest in the pursuits of war;

**15** quam Iuno fertur terris magis omnibus unam  
which Juno is said to have cherished above all other lands,

**16** posthabita coluisse Samo; hic illius arma,  
Samos itself set second. Here were her arms,
> An ablative absolute construction: posthabita Samo is an ablative absolute, a noun and participle standing free of the main clause: literally 'Samos having been put second.' Latin often uses this construction where English needs a full clause. It appears throughout the poem for background action.

**17** hic currus fuit; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse,  
here her chariot; that this should be the kingdom of the nations,

**18** si qua fata sinant, iam tum tenditque fovetque.  
if in any way the fates allowed, even then she strove and nursed the hope.

**19** Progeniem sed enim Troiano a sanguine duci  
But she had heard that a stock was being drawn from Trojan blood

**20** audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces;  
to overturn the Tyrian citadels one day;

**21** hinc populum late regem belloque superbum  
that from it a people ruling far and wide, and proud in war,

**22** venturum excidio Libyae: sic volvere Parcas.  
would come for Libya's ruin: so the Fates were spinning it.

**23** Id metuens, veterisque memor Saturnia belli,  
Fearing that, and remembering the old war, Saturn's daughter,

**24** prima quod ad Troiam pro caris gesserat Argis—  
which she had waged at Troy long since for her beloved Argos.

**25** necdum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores  
nor had the causes of her wrath and her cruel griefs

**26** exciderant animo: manet alta mente repostum  
fallen yet from her mind: there stays, stored deep,

**27** iudicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae,  
the judgment of Paris, and the insult to her beauty scorned,

**28** et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores.  
and the hated race, and the honors of Ganymede carried off.

**29** His accensa super, iactatos aequore toto  
Inflamed by these on top of all that, the Trojans, tossed

**30** Troas, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli,  
over the whole sea, the leavings of the Danaans and of merciless
> What is left after use: reliquiae is a plural noun for what remains once something is used up; reliquias here is accusative plural with Danaum, 'of the Danaans.' It labels the surviving Trojans as remnants of a defeat rather than simply refugees. Danaum is the archaic genitive plural of Danai, 'Greeks.'

**31** arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos  
Achilles, she kept far from Latium; and for many years

**32** errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum.  
they wandered, driven by the fates, around every sea.

**33** Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem!  
So vast a labor it was to found the Roman race!
> Genitive describing weight or cost: Tantae molis is a genitive of quality describing erat, 'it was': literally 'it was of so great a mass.' Latin can state a quality by putting it in the genitive rather than using an adjective. The phrase gives the effort of founding Rome as a matter of weight.

**34** Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum  
Scarcely out of sight of Sicily's land they were setting sail

**35** vela dabant laeti, et spumas salis aere ruebant,  
gladly for the deep, driving the salt foam with bronze,

**36** cum Iuno, aeternum servans sub pectore volnus,  
when Juno, keeping the everlasting wound beneath her breast,

**37** haec secum: “Mene incepto desistere victam,  
said this to herself: “Am I to give up what I began, beaten,
> A question with no governing verb: Mene incepto desistere is an accusative-and-infinitive question with no verb of speaking to govern it: 'am I to give up what I began?' Latin can use this bare construction alone for an outraged question. -ne on Mene marks it as a question.

**38** nec posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem?  
and unable to turn the king of the Teucrians away from Italy?

**39** Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem  
The fates forbid me, of course. Could Pallas burn the fleet

**40** Argivum atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto,  
of the Argives and drown the men themselves in the sea,

**41** unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oilei?  
for the crime and the madness of one man, Ajax son of Oileus?

**42** Ipsa, Iovis rapidum iaculata e nubibus ignem,  
She herself hurled Jove's swift fire from the clouds,

**43** disiecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis,  
scattered the ships and overturned the seas with winds,

**44** illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas  
and him, breathing out flames from his transfixed chest,

**45** turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto.  
she caught up in a whirlwind and impaled on a sharp rock.

**46** Ast ego, quae divom incedo regina, Iovisque  
But I, who walk as queen of the gods, and of Jove
> An archaic genitive plural ending: divom is an old genitive plural, shortened from divorum, 'of the gods.' Vergil keeps such archaic endings for weight and to fit the metre. It is a deliberate antique spelling, not an error.

**47** et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos  
both sister and wife, wage war so many years

**48** bella gero! Et quisquam numen Iunonis adoret  
against one race! And will anyone worship Juno's power

**49** praeterea, aut supplex aris imponet honorem?”  
after this, or lay an offering on her altars as a suppliant?”

**50** Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans  
Turning such things over in her kindled heart, the goddess

**51** nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris,  
came into the homeland of storm clouds, a land teeming with raging south winds,

**52** Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro  
came to Aeolia. Here in a huge cavern king Aeolus

**53** luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras  
presses down the struggling winds and the roaring storms

**54** imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat.  
with his command, and curbs them with chains and prison.

**55** Illi indignantes magno cum murmure montis  
They, resentful, with a great rumbling of the mountain,

**56** circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce  
roar around their bars; Aeolus sits in his high citadel

**57** sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et temperat iras.  
holding his scepter, and softens their spirits and tempers their rages.

**58** Ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum  
Did he not, they would surely carry seas and lands
> Present subjunctive for an unreal case: faciat and ferant are present subjunctives forming a condition contrary to fact in present time: 'were he not to do it, they would carry off.' Latin marks the whole supposition in the mood, with no separate word for 'would.' Ni here means 'if not.'

**59** quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras.  
and the deep sky away with them in their rush, and sweep them through the air.

**60** Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris,  
But the all-powerful father hid them in black caverns,

**61** hoc metuens, molemque et montis insuper altos  
fearing this, and laid a mass of high mountains over them,

**62** imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo  
and gave them a king who, by a fixed covenant,

**63** et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas.  
would know how to tighten and, when ordered, to give loose rein.

**64** Ad quem tum Iuno supplex his vocibus usa est:  
To him Juno then, a suppliant, used these words:

**65** “Aeole, namque tibi divom pater atque hominum rex  
“Aeolus, for to you the father of gods and king of men

**66** et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento,  
has given both to calm the waves and to lift them with wind,

**67** gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,  
a race hateful to me sails the Tyrrhenian sea,

**68** Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates:  
carrying Ilium into Italy, and its conquered household gods:

**69** incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes,  
strike force into the winds, sink the ships and overwhelm them,

**70** aut age diversos et disiice corpora ponto.  
or drive them apart and scatter their bodies over the sea.

**71** Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae,  
I have twice seven nymphs of outstanding form,
> Multiplying instead of naming a number: bis septem, 'twice seven,' is Latin verse's way of giving a number by multiplying rather than naming it directly: fourteen nymphs. Poets prefer this form because it fills the line more fully than a plain numeral.

**72** quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea,  
and the loveliest of them in beauty, Deiopea,

**73** conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo,  
I will join to you in lasting marriage and name your own,

**74** omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos  
so that for such services she may live out all her years

**75** exigat, et pulchra faciat te prole parentem.”  
with you, and make you the father of beautiful children.”

**76** Aeolus haec contra: “Tuus, O regina, quid optes  
Aeolus answered this: “Your task, queen, is to search out

**77** explorare labor; mihi iussa capessere fas est.  
what you wish; for me it is right to take up the orders.

**78** Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Iovemque  
You win me this kingdom, such as it is, you win me the scepter

**79** concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divom,  
and Jove's favor, you give me a place at the feasts of the gods,

**80** nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.”  
and you make me lord of the storm clouds and the tempests.”

**81** Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem  
When this was said, he turned his spear and drove it into the side

**82** impulit in latus: ac venti, velut agmine facto,  
of the hollow mountain: and the winds, as if in column formed,

**83** qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant.  
rush where a gate is given, and blast the lands with whirlwind.

**84** Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis  
They fell upon the sea, and from its lowest depths they heave

**85** una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis  
the whole of it up, East Wind and South together, and the Southwester

**86** Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.  
thick with squalls, and roll huge waves toward the shores.

**87** Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum.  
There follows the shouting of men and the shrieking of ropes.

**88** Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque  
All at once the clouds tear the sky and the daylight away

**89** Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat atra.  
from the eyes of the Teucrians; black night settles on the sea.

**90** Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether,  
The heavens thundered, and the upper air flashes with crowding fires,

**91** praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.  
and everything threatens the men with death at hand.

**92** Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra:  
At once Aeneas' limbs go slack with cold:

**93** ingemit, et duplicis tendens ad sidera palmas  
he groans, and stretching both palms toward the stars

**94** talia voce refert: “O terque quaterque beati,  
he says this aloud: “Three times and four times blessed,

**95** quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis  
those to whom it fell, before their fathers' faces, under the high walls

**96** contigit oppetere! O Danaum fortissime gentis  
of Troy, to meet their death! O bravest of the Danaan race,

**97** Tydide! Mene Iliacis occumbere campis  
son of Tydeus! Could I not have gone down on the plains of Ilium

**98** non potuisse, tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra,  
and poured out this life by your right hand,

**99** saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens  
where fierce Hector lies by the spear of Aeacus' son, where huge

**100** Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis  
Sarpedon lies, where the Simois has caught up and rolls under its waves

**101** scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit?”  
so many shields of men, and helmets, and strong bodies?”

**102** Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella  
As he flung out such words, a squall shrieking out of the North

**103** velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit.  
struck the sail head-on, and lifted the waves to the stars.

**104** Franguntur remi; tum prora avertit, et undis  
The oars are broken; then the prow swings away and gives the side

**105** dat latus; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.  
to the water; a sheer mountain of sea comes on in a heap.
> An adjective for a sheer drop: praeruptus, 'broken off sheer,' is the word for a cliff face, here describing mons, 'mountain,' nominative singular masculine. The wave is called a mountain outright, insequitur ... mons, not compared to one with 'like' or 'as.'

**106** Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda dehiscens  
Some hang on the wave's crest; for others the water gapes open

**107** terram inter fluctus aperit; furit aestus harenis.  
and shows the ground between the waves; the surge rages with sand.

**108** Tris Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet—  
Three ships the South Wind snatches and hurls onto hidden rocks:

**109** saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus aras—  
rocks in mid-sea that the Italians call the Altars,

**110** dorsum immane mari summo; tris Eurus ab alto  
a vast ridge at the surface; three the East Wind drives from the deep

**111** in brevia et Syrtis urguet, miserabile visu,  
onto shoals and the Syrtes, a pitiful thing to watch,

**112** inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit harenae.  
dashes them on the shallows and rings them with a bank of sand.

**113** Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten,  
One ship, which was carrying the Lycians and faithful Orontes,

**114** ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus  
before his very eyes a huge sea strikes from overhead

**115** in puppim ferit: excutitur pronusque magister  
full on the stern: the steersman is shaken loose and pitched

**116** volvitur in caput; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem  
head first; but the wave twists that hull three times

**117** torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex.  
in the same place, and a quick whirlpool swallows it in the sea.

**118** Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto,  
Here and there a few appear, swimming in the vast swell,

**119** arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas.  
and weapons of men, and planks, and Trojan treasure through the water.
> The poem's opening words return: arma virum, 'arms of men,' repeats the Aeneid's opening two words. virum is the old genitive plural of vir, 'man,' matching that line's grammar. Here the phrase names debris floating in the wreck, the identical words used at line 1.

**120** Iam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis Achati,  
Now the strong ship of Ilioneus, now brave Achates',

**121** et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes,  
and the one Abas sailed in, and the one aged Aletes,

**122** vicit hiems; laxis laterum compagibus omnes  
the storm has beaten; with the joints of their sides sprung, every one

**123** accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.  
takes in the water it fought, and gapes open at the seams.

**124** Interea magno misceri murmure pontum,  
Meanwhile Neptune felt the sea being churned with a great rumble,
> Infinitive after a verb of feeling: misceri is a present passive infinitive, 'to be stirred,' with pontum as its accusative subject, after sensit, 'he felt.' Latin reports what is perceived with an accusative-and-infinitive clause: literally 'felt the sea to be being stirred.'

**125** emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus, et imis  
the storm let loose, and the still water flung back from its

**126** stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus; et alto  
lowest bed, heavily shaken; and gazing out over the deep

**127** prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda.  
he lifted his calm head above the top of the wave.

**128** Disiectam Aeneae, toto videt aequore classem,  
He sees Aeneas' fleet broken apart over the whole sea,

**129** fluctibus oppressos Troas caelique ruina,  
the Trojans crushed by the waves and by the sky's collapse,

**130** nec latuere doli fratrem Iunonis et irae.  
and his sister's tricks and her wrath were not hidden from him.

**131** Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc talia fatur:  
He calls East Wind and West Wind to him, then speaks:

**132** “Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri?  
“Has such confidence in your own birth got hold of you?

**133** Iam caelum terramque meo sine numine, venti,  
So now, winds, without my will, do you dare to throw sky

**134** miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles?  
and earth together, and to raise such masses of water?

**135** Quos ego—sed motos praestat componere fluctus.  
Whom I … but it is better to settle the waves that are stirred.
> A threat cut off midsentence: Quos ego, 'whom I ...,' breaks off before any verb of punishment arrives. Latin calls this figure aposiopesis, a sentence deliberately left unfinished. Neptune stops himself to calm the sea first, and the grammar trails away with him.

**136** Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis.  
Later you will pay me for this, and not with a penalty like it.

**137** Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro:  
Hurry your flight, and say this to your king:

**138** non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem,  
not to him was the rule of the sea and the cruel trident

**139** sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa,  
given by lot, but to me. He holds the monstrous rocks,

**140** vestras, Eure, domos; illa se iactet in aula  
your house, East Wind; let Aeolus swagger in that hall

**141** Aeolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.”  
and be king in the shut prison of the winds.”

**142** Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat,  
So he speaks, and quicker than the word he settles the swollen sea,
> Ablative of comparison in a phrase: dicto citius is a fixed phrase, 'quicker than the word,' with dicto an ablative of comparison after citius, 'quicker.' It means faster than it takes to say it. Latin can express the comparison this way without quam, 'than.'

**143** collectasque fugat nubes, solemque reducit.  
puts the massed clouds to flight, and brings the sun back.

**144** Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto  
Cymothoe and Triton together, straining, push the ships

**145** detrudunt navis scopulo; levat ipse tridenti;  
off the sharp reef; he himself lifts them with the trident,

**146** et vastas aperit syrtis, et temperat aequor,  
and opens the vast quicksands, and levels the water,

**147** atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas.  
and glides on light wheels over the tops of the waves.

**148** Ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est  
And as often happens, when rioting has broken out in a great

**149** seditio, saevitque animis ignobile volgus,  
people, and the base crowd rages in its heart,

**150** iamque faces et saxa volant—furor arma ministrat;  
and now torches and stones are flying: fury supplies the weapons;

**151** tum, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem  
then, if by chance they have caught sight of a man weighty
> Ablatives naming duty and service: pietate and meritis are ablatives of respect with gravem, 'weighty': weighty in his pietas, 'duty,' and in his merita, 'services rendered.' The unnamed man who quiets the crowd is described only by these two qualities. Both words were used of Roman statesmen.

**152** conspexere, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant;  
in duty and in service, they fall silent and stand with ears up;

**153** ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet,—  
he rules their spirits with words and gentles their breasts,

**154** sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postquam  
so the whole uproar of the sea fell, once the father, gazing

**155** prospiciens genitor caeloque invectus aperto  
out over the water and carried along under an open sky,

**156** flectit equos, curruque volans dat lora secundo.  
wheels his horses and, flying on, gives rein to his willing car.

**157** Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu  
Worn out, the followers of Aeneas strain to make for the nearest

**158** contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras.  
shores in their course, and turn toward the coast of Libya.

**159** Est in secessu longo locus: insula portum  
There is a place in a long inlet: an island makes a harbor

**160** efficit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto  
by the barrier of its flanks, on which every wave out of the deep

**161** frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos.  
is broken and parts itself into the coves it withdraws into.
> A reflexive verb, not a passive: scindit sese, 'splits itself,' uses a reflexive pronoun where English would say 'is split.' Latin often makes a thing act on itself rather than naming it as acted upon. The wave stays the grammatical subject even as it breaks apart.

**162** Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur  
On this side and that, huge cliffs and twin crags threaten

**163** in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late  
up into the sky, under whose peak far and wide

**164** aequora tuta silent; tum silvis scaena coruscis  
the sheltered water lies silent; then a backdrop of glittering woods

**165** desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra.  
above, and a black grove hangs over it with bristling shade.

**166** Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum,  
Under the brow that faces you, a cave of overhanging rock;

**167** intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo,  
inside, fresh water, and seats in the living stone,

**168** nympharum domus: hic fessas non vincula navis  
the house of nymphs. Here no cables hold the tired ships,

**169** ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu.  
no anchor binds them with its hooked bite.

**170** Huc septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni  
Here Aeneas puts in with seven vessels gathered

**171** ex numero subit; ac magno telluris amore  
out of the whole number; and with a great longing for land

**172** egressi optata potiuntur Troes harena,  
the Trojans step out and take the sand they had wanted,

**173** et sale tabentis artus in litore ponunt.  
and lay their limbs, dripping with brine, on the beach.

**174** Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates,  
And first Achates struck a spark out of flint,

**175** succepitque ignem foliis, atque arida circum  
caught the fire in leaves, and set dry feeding

**176** nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam.  
around it, and snatched the flame up in the tinder.

**177** Tum Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma  
Then the grain of Ceres, spoiled by the water, and the gear of Ceres
> A god's name for her gift: Cererem, accusative of Ceres, and Cerealia arma, 'the gear of Ceres,' use the goddess's name for what she gives: grain and the tools for milling it. Latin verse often names a god for the thing associated with them. arma here means equipment, not weapons.

**178** expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas  
they get out, sick of their circumstances, and the corn they had saved
> Genitive naming what tires them: fessi rerum, 'weary in respect of their circumstances,' uses rerum as a genitive of respect with fessi, 'weary.' The genitive states what the weariness concerns rather than describing it directly. Here it marks a tiredness that is not simply physical.

**179** et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo.  
they make ready both to parch in the flames and to crush on stone.

**180** Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit, et omnem  
Meanwhile Aeneas climbs a crag and looks for a full

**181** prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quem  
prospect wide over the sea, in case he might see some Antheus

**182** iactatum vento videat Phrygiasque biremis,  
tossed by the wind, and the Phrygian galleys,

**183** aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici.  
or Capys, or the arms of Caicus on a high stern.

**184** Navem in conspectu nullam, tris litore cervos  
No ship in sight; but three stags on the shore

**185** prospicit errantis; hos tota armenta sequuntur  
he catches straying; behind these whole herds follow

**186** a tergo, et longum per vallis pascitur agmen.  
at their backs, and the long column grazes down the valleys.

**187** Constitit hic, arcumque manu celerisque sagittas  
Here he halted, and caught up in his hand the bow and the swift

**188** corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates;  
arrows, the weapons that faithful Achates carried;

**189** ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentis  
and the leaders themselves first, who bore their heads high

**190** cornibus arboreis, sternit, tum volgus, et omnem  
with branching antlers, he brings down; then the common herd,

**191** miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam;  
and with his shafts he drives the whole crowd in confusion through the leafy woods;

**192** nec prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor  
nor does he stop before, in triumph, he has laid seven great

**193** corpora fundat humi, et numerum cum navibus aequet.  
bodies on the ground and matched their number with his ships.

**194** Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes.  
From there he makes for the harbor and shares them out among all his men.

**195** Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes  
Then the wine that good Acestes had loaded into jars

**196** litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros,  
on the Sicilian shore, and had given them as they left, the hero,

**197** dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet:  
he divides, and gentles their grieving hearts with words:

**198** “O socii—neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum—  
“Comrades (for we are not strangers to trouble before this),

**199** O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.  
you who have suffered worse, a god will grant an end to this too.

**200** Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis  
You have come close to Scylla's fury and the cliffs that echo

**201** accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopea saxa  
deep in their caves, you have known the rocks of the Cyclops:
> Another shortened perfect verb: accestis is a syncopated perfect, 'you have reached,' with the middle -sis- dropped from accessistis. Vergil uses these contracted forms often, especially in speech, to keep the line moving. The tense and meaning are unchanged.

**202** experti: revocate animos, maestumque timorem  
call your courage back, and let this sorrowing fear

**203** mittite: forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit.  
go. One day, it may be, remembering even this will be a joy.
> A hedged promise about the future: meminisse iuvabit, 'it will please to have remembered,' is an infinitive as the subject of iuvabit, 'it will please.' forsan, 'perhaps,' and olim, 'one day,' hedge the whole claim. Literally: 'perhaps it will even please to have remembered these things one day.'

**204** Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum  
Through shifting chances, through so many crises of things,

**205** tendimus in Latium; sedes ubi fata quietas  
we make for Latium, where the fates hold out a quiet home;

**206** ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae.  
there it is right that the kingdom of Troy should rise again.

**207** Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.”  
Hold out, and keep yourselves for what will come better.”
> An imperative built on hardness: Durate is the plural imperative of durare, 'to last, hold firm,' the same verb used of stone or timber enduring. Aeneas gives his men this one command, to endure, rather than a promise of victory. It is his only order in the speech.

**208** Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger  
Such things he says aloud; and sick with enormous cares

**209** spem voltu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem.  
he acts hope on his face, and presses the pain down deep in his heart.
> Grief pressed down, not shown: premit, 'he presses down,' governs dolorem, 'pain,' accusative singular, with corde, 'in his heart,' ablative of place. altum, 'deep,' agrees with dolorem. The line states plainly that Aeneas hides real grief behind a face that shows hope.

**210** Illi se praedae accingunt, dapibusque futuris;  
They set to work on the game, and on the feast to come;

**211** tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant;  
they strip the hides off the ribs and lay the flesh bare;

**212** pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt;  
some cut it into pieces and fix the quivering meat on spits;

**213** litore aena locant alii, flammasque ministrant.  
others set bronze pots along the beach and tend the fires.

**214** Tum victu revocant vires, fusique per herbam  
Then with food they call their strength back, and stretched along the grass

**215** implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae.  
they fill themselves with old wine and rich venison.

**216** Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae,  
After hunger was driven off by the meal, and the tables cleared,

**217** amissos longo socios sermone requirunt,  
they ask after their lost companions in long talk,

**218** spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant,  
wavering between hope and fear, whether to believe they live

**219** sive extrema pati nec iam exaudire vocatos.  
or have gone through the last of it and no longer hear when called.

**220** Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti,  
Above all dutiful Aeneas grieves, now for the loss of keen Orontes,
> The hero's standing epithet: pius Aeneas, 'dutiful Aeneas,' is the poem's fixed epithet for its hero, used here for the first time. pietas covers duty owed to gods, father, son, and people together, rendered 'dutiful' wherever the epithet recurs. Here it appears as Aeneas grieves men he could not save.

**221** nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum  
now for Amycus, and groans within himself over the cruel

**222** fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum.  
fate of Lycus, and over brave Gyas, and brave Cloanthus.

**223** Et iam finis erat, cum Iuppiter aethere summo  
And now there was an end of it, when Jupiter, from the top of the air,

**224** despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentis  
looking down on the sail-winged sea and the lands lying flat,
> A Greek-style compound adjective: velivolum, 'sail-flying,' combines velum, 'sail,' and volare, 'to fly,' modifying mare, 'sea,' accusative singular. Latin verse borrowed such compounds from Greek and used them sparingly. Here it describes the sea by the ships moving on it rather than by the water itself.

**225** litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli  
and the coasts and the wide peoples, halted so at the sky's

**226** constitit, et Libyae defixit lumina regnis.  
summit, and fixed his eyes on the kingdoms of Libya.

**227** Atque illum talis iactantem pectore curas  
And to him, as he turned such cares over in his heart,

**228** tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentis  
sadder than her way, her shining eyes brimming with tears,
> Accusative naming the part affected: suffusa, 'suffused,' is a passive participle with oculos, 'eyes,' as an accusative of respect: literally 'suffused as to her eyes.' Latin borrowed this construction from Greek for gesture and dress. It lets the participle stay passive while naming what is affected.

**229** adloquitur Venus: “O qui res hominumque deumque  
Venus speaks: “You who govern the affairs of men and of gods

**230** aeternis regis imperiis, et fulmine terres,  
with rule that does not end, and frighten them with the thunderbolt,

**231** quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum,  
what could my Aeneas have done against you so great,

**232** quid Troes potuere, quibus, tot funera passis,  
what the Trojans, that after so many deaths of theirs

**233** cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis?  
the whole circle of the earth is shut to them, for Italy's sake?

**234** Certe hinc Romanos olim, volventibus annis,  
Surely from these, one day, as the years came round, the Romans,
> The word for promised, delayed: pollicitus, 'having promised,' is the perfect participle that finally identifies whose guarantee this is, arriving three lines after the content it governs. Venus quotes Jupiter's own words back to him before the verb that makes them a promise arrives. The delay sits inside the sentence's word order.

**235** hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri,  
from these the leaders were to come, the blood of Teucer called back,

**236** qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent,  
who would hold the sea and the lands under every kind of command:

**237** pollicitus, quae te, genitor, sententia vertit?  
you promised it. What thought, father, has turned you?

**238** Hoc equidem occasum Troiae tristisque ruinas  
With that, I confess, I consoled myself for the fall of Troy

**239** solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens;  
and its bitter ruin, weighing fate against opposing fate;

**240** nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos  
now the same fortune follows hard on men driven through

**241** insequitur. Quem das finem, rex magne, laborum?  
so many disasters. What end do you grant, great king, to their labors?

**242** Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,  
Antenor could slip out through the middle of the Achaeans,

**243** Illyricos penetrare sinus, atque intima tutus  
could get into the Illyrian gulfs, and safely into the innermost

**244** regna Liburnorum, et fontem superare Timavi,  
kingdoms of the Liburnians, and pass the source of Timavus,

**245** unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis  
where through nine mouths, with a huge rumbling of the mountain,

**246** it mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti.  
the sea bursts out and presses the fields with a sounding flood.

**247** Hic tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit  
Yet there he set down the city of Patavium and a seat

**248** Teucrorum, et genti nomen dedit, armaque fixit  
for Teucrians, gave the people a name, and hung up the arms

**249** Troia; nunc placida compostus pace quiescit:  
of Troy; now he is laid to rest in quiet peace:

**250** nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem,  
we, your own offspring, to whom you nod the citadel of heaven,

**251** navibus (infandum!) amissis, unius ob iram  
have lost our ships (it does not bear saying) and for one goddess's wrath

**252** prodimur atque Italis longe disiungimur oris.  
we are given up, and cut off far from the shores of Italy.

**253** Hic pietatis honos? Sic nos in sceptra reponis?”  
Is this the reward of duty? Is this how you set us back in power?”
> A noun for service repaid: honos, 'honor, reward,' takes pietatis, 'of duty,' as a genitive: the return owed for pietas. Romans used honos for the public recognition or office earned by service. Venus asks whether duty is repaid like a debt, using the vocabulary of a transaction.

**254** Olli subridens hominum sator atque deorum,  
Smiling at her, the sower of men and gods,
> An old dative pronoun form: Olli is an archaic dative singular of ille, 'to him,' already old-fashioned in Vergil's own time. He keeps such forms for solemn moments, drawn from the diction of early epic and law. It marks the line where Jupiter begins his answer.

**255** voltu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat,  
with the look that clears the sky and its weather,

**256** oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fatur:  
touched his daughter's lips, then speaks:

**257** “Parce metu, Cytherea: manent immota tuorum  
“Spare your fear, Cytherea: the fates of your people stay

**258** fata tibi; cernes urbem et promissa Lavini  
unmoved for you; you will see the city and the promised walls

**259** moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli  
of Lavinium, and you will carry great-hearted Aeneas high

**260** magnanimum Aenean; neque me sententia vertit.  
to the stars of heaven; no thought has turned me.
> A Greek ending on a name: Aenean is a Greek accusative singular, not the Latin Aeneam. Vergil declines Greek names by their Greek endings throughout the poem. The form is a small, constant reminder that this epic follows the Greek tradition even in its grammar.

**261** Hic tibi (fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet,  
This son of yours (I will speak out, since this care keeps biting you,

**262** longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo)  
and unroll the fates further and stir their secrets)

**263** bellum ingens geret Italia, populosque feroces  
will wage a huge war in Italy, and will pound down

**264** contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet,  
fierce peoples, and set up customs for men, and walls,

**265** tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas,  
till a third summer has seen him reigning in Latium

**266** ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis.  
and three winters have gone by with the Rutulians beaten.

**267** At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iulo  
But the boy Ascanius, to whom the surname Iulus is now

**268** additur,—Ilus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno,—  
added (he was Ilus while the Ilian state stood in its kingdom),

**269** triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbis  
will fill out with his rule thirty great circuits

**270** imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini  
of the rolling months, and will shift the kingdom from its seat

**271** transferet, et longam multa vi muniet Albam.  
at Lavinium, and wall Alba Longa about with much force.

**272** Hic iam ter centum totos regnabitur annos  
Here there will be rule for three whole centuries

**273** gente sub Hectorea, donec regina sacerdos,  
under Hector's line, until a royal priestess,

**274** Marte gravis, geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem.  
Ilia, heavy by Mars, will bear twin offspring.

**275** Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus  
Then Romulus, glad in the tawny hide of the she-wolf

**276** Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet  
that nursed him, will take the people up, and found the walls

**277** moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet.  
of Mars, and call them Romans after his own name.

**278** His ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pono;  
To these I set no boundaries in space, and no times;

**279** imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Iuno,  
I have given them rule without end. Even hard Juno,

**280** quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat,  
who now wears out sea and land and sky with her fear,

**281** consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit  
will bring her plans round to better, and with me will cherish

**282** Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam:  
the Romans, masters of the world, the people of the toga:

**283** sic placitum. Veniet lustris labentibus aetas,  
so it has been decided. An age will come, as the years slip by,

**284** cum domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas  
when the house of Assaracus will hold Phthia and famous Mycenae

**285** servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis.  
in servitude, and be master of a beaten Argos.

**286** Nascetur pulchra Troianus origine Caesar,  
Out of that fair line a Trojan Caesar will be born,

**287** imperium oceano, famam qui terminet astris,—  
to bound his rule by the ocean, his fame by the stars,

**288** Iulius, a magno demissum nomen Iulo.  
Julius, a name handed down from great Iulus.

**289** Hunc tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis onustum,  
Him one day you will take up into heaven, loaded with the spoils

**290** accipies secura; vocabitur hic quoque votis.  
of the East, with your fear over; he too will be called on in prayer.

**291** Aspera tum positis mitescent saecula bellis;  
Then the harsh generations will soften, with wars laid down;

**292** cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus,  
hoary Faith, and Vesta, and Quirinus with his brother Remus,

**293** iura dabunt; dirae ferro et compagibus artis  
will give law; the grim gates of War will be shut

**294** claudentur Belli portae; Furor impius intus,  
with iron and tight-fitting bars; inside, unholy Rage,

**295** saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus aenis  
sitting on savage weapons, and bound behind his back with a hundred

**296** post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento.”  
knots of bronze, will roar, horrible, with a bloodied mouth.”

**297** Haec ait, et Maia genitum demittit ab alto,  
He says this, and sends the son of Maia down from on high,

**298** ut terrae, utque novae pateant Karthaginis arces  
so that the land and the towers of a new Carthage should open

**299** hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido  
in welcome to the Teucrians, and Dido, knowing nothing of the fates,

**300** finibus arceret: volat ille per aera magnum  
not keep them from her borders. He flies through the great air

**301** remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus adstitit oris.  
on the oarage of his wings, and stood quickly on the coast of Libya.
> Rowing-gear applied to wings: remigio, 'with the rowing-gear,' is the ablative of remigium, the oars and tackle of a ship, here describing Mercury's wings, alarum. Latin can extend a nautical word to flight without any comparison word. The image follows directly after a hundred lines about ships destroyed at sea.

**302** Et iam iussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni  
And at once he does what he was told, and the Phoenicians lay down

**303** corda volente deo; in primis regina quietum  
their fierce hearts, the god willing it; the queen first of all

**304** accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam.  
takes on a quiet spirit toward the Teucrians, and a kind mind.

**305** At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens,  
But dutiful Aeneas, turning very much over through the night,

**306** ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque  
as soon as the kindly light was given, settled on going out

**307** explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,  
to explore the new country, to ask what shores he had come to

**308** qui teneant, nam inculta videt, hominesne feraene,  
on the wind, and who held them, for what he sees is uncultivated,
> Two questions marked by ne: hominesne feraene attaches -ne to both nouns, marking an alternative question: 'men, or wild beasts?' Latin can build 'or' into the words themselves rather than using a separate conjunction. Aeneas asks this before he knows anything else about the land.

**309** quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre  
men or animals, and to bring the findings back to his companions.

**310** Classem in convexo nemorum sub rupe cavata  
The fleet, in a hollow of the woods under a scooped-out cliff,

**311** arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris  
shut in all round by trees and by bristling shadows,

**312** occulit; ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate,  
he hides; he himself goes on with Achates alone for company,

**313** bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro.  
brandishing in his hand two shafts with broad iron heads.

**314** Cui mater media sese tulit obvia silva,  
His mother came to meet him in the middle of the wood,

**315** virginis os habitumque gerens, et virginis arma  
wearing a girl's face and dress, and a girl's weapons,

**316** Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat  
a Spartan's, or such as Harpalyce of Thrace, who wears out

**317** Harpalyce, volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum.  
her horses and outruns the Hebrus in its flying.

**318** Namque umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum  
For she had slung a handy bow from her shoulders, as a huntress

**319** venatrix, dederatque comam diffundere ventis,  
does, and given her hair to the winds to scatter,

**320** nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentis.  
her knee bare, the flowing folds gathered up in a knot.

**321** Ac prior, “Heus” inquit “iuvenes, monstrate mearum  
And first she says: “You there, young men, tell me if

**322** vidistis si quam hic errantem forte sororum,  
by chance you have seen one of my sisters straying here,

**323** succinctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis,  
a quiver at her belt, the hide of a spotted lynx on her,

**324** aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem.”  
or pressing hard with shouts on the run of a foaming boar.”

**325** Sic Venus; et Veneris contra sic filius orsus:  
So Venus; and so in answer the son of Venus began:

**326** “Nulla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum—  
“Not one of your sisters have I heard or seen,

**327** O quam te memorem, virgo? Namque haud tibi voltus  
how am I to call you, girl? For your face is not

**328** mortalis, nec vox hominem sonat: O, dea certe—  
a mortal's, and your voice does not sound human: a goddess, surely:
> A verb of sound taking an object: sonat, 'sounds,' here governs hominem, 'a human being,' as a direct object: literally 'your voice does not sound a human.' Latin lets a verb of making sound take what the sound resembles as its object. English needs an extra phrase, 'sound like,' to say the same thing.

**329** an Phoebi soror? an nympharum sanguinis una?—  
Phoebus' sister? or one of the blood of the nymphs?

**330** sis felix, nostrumque leves, quaecumque, laborem,  
be kind, whoever you are, and lighten our hardship,

**331** et, quo sub caelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris  
and teach us at last under what sky, on what coasts of the world

**332** iactemur, doceas. Ignari hominumque locorumque  
we are being thrown about. We wander knowing neither the men

**333** erramus, vento huc vastis et fluctibus acti:  
nor the place, driven here by wind and by huge seas:

**334** multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra.”  
many a victim will fall by our right hand before your altars.”

**335** Tum Venus: “Haud equidem tali me dignor honore;  
Then Venus: “I hardly think myself worth such honor;

**336** virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram,  
it is the custom of Tyrian girls to carry a quiver

**337** purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno.  
and to bind the calf high with a purple hunting boot.

**338** Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem;  
You are looking at a Punic kingdom, at Tyrians, at Agenor's city;

**339** sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello.  
but the country is Libyan, a people not to be handled in war.

**340** Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta,  
Dido holds the rule here, who set out from the city of Tyre

**341** germanum fugiens. Longa est iniuria, longae  
in flight from her brother. The wrong is long, and long

**342** ambages; sed summa sequar fastigia rerum.  
the windings of it; but I will follow the high points.

**343** Huic coniunx Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri  
Her husband was Sychaeus, the richest in land

**344** Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore,  
of the Phoenicians, and loved by the poor woman with a great love,

**345** cui pater intactam dederat, primisque iugarat  
to whom her father had given her untouched, and had yoked her

**346** ominibus. Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat  
in her first marriage rites. But her brother held the kingdom of Tyre,

**347** Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes.  
Pygmalion, more monstrous in crime than all other men.

**348** Quos inter medius venit furor. Ille Sychaeum  
Between the two of them madness came. He, unholy and blind
> A negated form of pius: impius, 'unholy, disloyal,' is formed by negating pius, 'dutiful,' the adjective used elsewhere of Aeneas. It describes Pygmalion, who kills at an altar for gold and in secret. The same root carries opposite moral weight depending on the prefix.

**349** impius ante aras, atque auri caecus amore,  
with love of gold, took Sychaeus off his guard before the very

**350** clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum  
altars and cut him down in secret with iron, not caring for

**351** germanae; factumque diu celavit, et aegram,  
his sister's love; and he hid the deed a long time, and, feigning much,

**352** multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem.  
the villain played on the sick woman's empty hope.

**353** Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago  
But the ghost of the unburied husband came to her

**354** coniugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris,  
in her sleep, lifting a face pale in ways past telling,

**355** crudeles aras traiectaque pectora ferro  
and laid bare the cruel altars and the breast run through

**356** nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit.  
with iron, and unwove all the hidden crime of the house.

**357** Tum celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet,  
Then he urges her to hurry her flight and get out of her country,

**358** auxiliumque viae veteres tellure recludit  
and as help for the road he opens up out of the earth

**359** thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri.  
old stores of treasure, an unknown weight of silver and gold.

**360** His commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat:  
Stirred by this, Dido was getting flight and companions ready:

**361** conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni  
they come together, all who had either a hard hatred of the tyrant

**362** aut metus acer erat; navis, quae forte paratae,  
or a sharp fear; ships that happened to be ready

**363** corripiunt, onerantque auro: portantur avari  
they seize, and load with gold: the wealth of grasping

**364** Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti.  
Pygmalion is carried over the sea. A woman was the leader of the deed.
> A sentence with no verb: dux femina facti has no verb: 'leader, a woman, of the deed.' facti is a genitive with dux, 'leader of the deed.' Latin can end a sentence on three bare nouns in apposition, with no word for 'was.'

**365** Devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis  
They came down to the place where you now see the huge

**366** moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem,  
walls and the rising citadel of new Carthage,

**367** mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam,  
and bought ground (the Byrsa, from the name of the bargain),

**368** taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo.  
as much as they could go round with a bull's hide.

**369** Sed vos qui tandem, quibus aut venistis ab oris,  
But who are you, after all? From what shores have you come,

**370** quove tenetis iter?” Quaerenti talibus ille  
and where are you holding your course?” To her asking such things he,

**371** suspirans, imoque trahens a pectore vocem:  
sighing, and drawing his voice from the bottom of his chest:

**372** “O dea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam,  
“Goddess, if I went back to the first beginning and went on,

**373** et vacet annalis nostrorum audire laborum,  
and there were time to hear the annals of our hardships,

**374** ante diem clauso componat Vesper Olympo.  
the Evening Star would close Olympus and lay the day to rest first.

**375** Nos Troia antiqua, si vestras forte per auris  
We are from ancient Troy, if the name of Troy has by chance

**376** Troiae nomen iit, diversa per aequora vectos  
come through your ears, and as we were carried over strange seas

**377** forte sua Libycis tempestas adpulit oris.  
a storm by its own whim drove us onto the Libyan coast.

**378** Sum pius Aeneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates  
I am dutiful Aeneas, who carry the household gods snatched

**379** classe veho mecum, fama super aethera notus.  
from the enemy with me in my fleet, known by report beyond the sky.

**380** Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab Iove summo.  
I am looking for Italy, my fatherland, and a line from highest Jove.
> A word for ancestral homeland: patria, 'fatherland,' names the land of one's ancestors, not necessarily where one was born. Here it stands in apposition to Italiam, which Aeneas has never seen. quaero, 'I seek,' takes both as its object: he searches for a fatherland he does not yet know.

**381** Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor,  
With twice ten ships I went up onto the Phrygian sea,

**382** matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus;  
my goddess mother showing the way, following the fates I was given;

**383** vix septem convolsae undis Euroque supersunt.  
scarcely seven are left, wrenched apart by the waves and the East Wind.

**384** Ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro,  
I myself, unknown and in want, tramp the deserts of Libya,

**385** Europa atque Asia pulsus.” Nec plura querentem  
driven out of Europe and out of Asia.” Venus did not put up
> An object left to be understood: querentem, 'complaining,' is an accusative present participle whose object, Aeneas, is not restated because passa, 'having endured,' already governs him. Literally: 'not having endured him complaining more.' Latin can let one accusative serve two verbs without repeating it.

**386** passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est:  
with more complaining, and cut into his grief in the middle:

**387** “Quisquis es, haud, credo, invisus caelestibus auras  
“Whoever you are, I do not think you draw the breath of life
> Picking, applied to breathing: carpis, 'you pluck,' is the verb used of picking fruit or pulling wool apart, here taking auras ... vitalis, 'the breath of life,' as its object. To be alive is expressed as taking in air in small handfuls rather than simply breathing. carpis is second person singular present.

**388** vitalis carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem.  
hated by the powers above, since you have reached a Tyrian city.

**389** Perge modo, atque hinc te reginae ad limina perfer,  
Only go on, and take yourself from here to the queen's door.

**390** Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam  
For I tell you your companions are restored and your fleet

**391** nuntio, et in tutum versis aquilonibus actam,  
brought back, driven into safety by a shift of the north winds,

**392** ni frustra augurium vani docuere parentes.  
unless my parents taught me augury for nothing, and taught it falsely.

**393** Aspice bis senos laetantis agmine cycnos,  
Look at those twelve swans rejoicing in a line together,

**394** aetheria quos lapsa plaga Iovis ales aperto  
which the bird of Jove, dropping down out of the upper sky,

**395** turbabat caelo; nunc terras ordine longo  
was scattering in the open air; now in a long file they seem

**396** aut capere, aut captas iam despectare videntur:  
either to be taking the ground or looking down on ground already taken:

**397** ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis,  
as they come back and play with whistling wings,

**398** et coetu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere,  
and have ringed the pole in a flock, and have given out their song,

**399** haud aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum  
no differently do your ships and the young men of your people

**400** aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo.  
either hold the harbor or come up to its mouth under full sail.

**401** Perge modo, et, qua te ducit via, dirige gressum.”  
Only go on, and turn your step where the road leads you.”

**402** Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit,  
She spoke, and as she turned away her rose-colored neck flashed,

**403** ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem  
and from her head the hair of the gods breathed out

**404** spiravere, pedes vestis defluxit ad imos,  
a divine fragrance; her robe flowed down to the base of her feet,

**405** et vera incessu patuit dea. Ille ubi matrem  
and in her going she was plain, a true goddess. When he knew
> A goddess known by her walk: incessu, 'by her gait,' is an ablative of means with patuit, 'she became evident.' patuit is the verb ordinarily used of a door standing open. Venus is revealed by nothing but her manner of walking, and the verb names disclosure rather than transformation.

**406** adgnovit, tali fugientem est voce secutus:  
his mother, he followed her flight with words like these:

**407** “Quid natum totiens, crudelis tu quoque, falsis  
“Why do you mock your son so often, cruel like the rest,
> The word that means also: quoque, 'too, as well,' places Venus among the other gods who have been troubling Aeneas. tu, 'you,' is emphatic, singling her out by contrast. It is the only reproach he makes to his mother in the book.

**408** ludis imaginibus? Cur dextrae iungere dextram  
with shapes that are not so? Why is it not granted to join hand

**409** non datur, ac veras audire et reddere voces?”  
to hand, and to hear true speech and give it back?”

**410** Talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit:  
With such words he blames her, and bends his step toward the walls.

**411** at Venus obscuro gradientes aere saepsit,  
But Venus fenced them in a dark air as they walked,

**412** et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu,  
and the goddess poured a thick cloak of cloud around them,

**413** cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset,  
so that no one could make them out, or lay a hand on them,

**414** molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas.  
or set up any delay, or ask the reasons for their coming.

**415** Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit  
She herself goes off on high to Paphos, and glad revisits

**416** laeta suas, ubi templum illi, centumque Sabaeo  
her own seat, where her temple stands, and a hundred altars

**417** ture calent arae, sertisque recentibus halant.  
are warm with Sabaean incense and breathe with fresh garlands.

**418** Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat.  
Meanwhile they took the road at speed, where the footpath shows it.

**419** Iamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi  
And now they were climbing the hill that hangs most over

**420** imminet, adversasque adspectat desuper arces.  
the city, and looks down from above on the towers facing it.

**421** Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam,  
Aeneas marvels at the mass of it, huts once,
> A borrowed word for huts: magalia is a Punic loanword for the round huts of North African herdsmen, kept untranslated rather than given a Latin equivalent. It names what stood on this ground before Carthage was built. The plural is neuter.

**422** miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum.  
marvels at the gates, at the din, at the paving of the streets.

**423** Instant ardentes Tyrii pars ducere muros,  
The Tyrians press on, burning: some to run the walls out,

**424** molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa,  
to heave up the citadel and roll stones by hand,

**425** pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco.  
some to pick a site for a house and close it round with a furrow.

**426** Iura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum;  
They are choosing laws and magistrates and a sacred senate;

**427** hic portus alii effodiunt; hic alta theatris  
here others are digging out harbors; here others laying deep

**428** fundamenta locant alii, immanisque columnas  
foundations for theaters, and cutting enormous columns

**429** rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris.  
out of the cliffs, tall ornament for stages that are still to come.

**430** Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura  
As work drives the bees in early summer through the flowering

**431** exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos  
country under the sun, when they bring out the grown

**432** educunt fetus, aut cum liquentia mella  
young of the race, or when they pack the runny honey

**433** stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas,  
in and swell the cells with sweet nectar,

**434** aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto  
or take the loads of the ones coming in, or in a formed column

**435** ignavom fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent:  
keep the drones, an idle herd, away from the hives:
> An archaic spelling of um: ignavom is an older spelling of ignavum, 'lazy, cowardly,' with -om where classical Latin later wrote -um after u or v. Vergil keeps such spellings for their antique sound. The word describes fucos, 'drones,' the idle bees driven from the hive.

**436** fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.  
the work boils, and the sweet-smelling honey smells of thyme.

**437** “O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt!”  
“Fortunate men, whose walls are going up already!”

**438** Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis.  
Aeneas says, and looks up at the roofs of the city.

**439** Infert se saeptus nebula, mirabile dictu,  
He carries himself in, fenced by mist, a wonder to tell,
> A rare supine after an adjective: dictu is a supine, a verbal noun found chiefly after adjectives like mirabile, 'wonderful': literally 'wonderful with respect to the telling.' The phrase is fixed and used as an aside. It is one of the few supines in -u anywhere in the poem.

**440** per medios, miscetque viris, neque cernitur ulli.  
among the middle of them, and mixes with the men, and no one makes him out.

**441** Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbra,  
There was a grove in the middle of the city, richest in shade,

**442** quo primum iactati undis et turbine Poeni  
where the Phoenicians, tossed by waves and by whirlwind, first

**443** effodere loco signum, quod regia Iuno  
dug up the token that royal Juno had shown them,

**444** monstrarat, caput acris equi; sic nam fore bello  
the head of a spirited horse; for so the people would be

**445** egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem.  
outstanding in war and easily fed down the ages.

**446** Hic templum Iunoni ingens Sidonia Dido  
Here Sidonian Dido was founding a huge temple to Juno,

**447** condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae,  
rich in offerings and in the goddess's presence,

**448** aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina, nexaeque  
whose bronze sill rose on steps, whose crossbeams were bound

**449** aere trabes, foribus cardo stridebat aenis.  
with bronze, whose hinge creaked on doors of bronze.
> One word repeated three ways: The temple's threshold, beams, and doors are each called bronze in a different form of the same word: aerea, aere, aenis. All three describe the metal the building is made of. Latin can repeat a root like this across a short passage without it reading as clumsy.

**450** Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem  
In this grove a new thing, offered to him, first eased

**451** leniit, hic primum Aeneas sperare salutem  
his fear; here first Aeneas dared to hope for safety

**452** ausus, et adflictis melius confidere rebus.  
and to put better trust in his broken fortune.

**453** Namque sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo,  
For while under the huge temple he goes over one thing after another,
> A sentence held open by while: dum, 'while,' repeats three times, extending the sentence across several lines before its main verb, videt, 'he sees,' finally arrives. Each dum-clause names something Aeneas is looking at before the sentence names what he understands. Latin can suspend a main clause this long without losing the reader.

**454** reginam opperiens, dum, quae fortuna sit urbi,  
waiting for the queen, while he marvels at what luck the city has,

**455** artificumque manus inter se operumque laborem  
at the hands of the craftsmen set against each other, at the labor

**456** miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas,  
of the work, he sees the battles of Ilium in their order,

**457** bellaque iam fama totum volgata per orbem,  
and the war now spread by report through the whole world,

**458** Atridas, Priamumque, et saevum ambobus Achillem.  
the sons of Atreus, and Priam, and Achilles savage to them both.

**459** Constitit, et lacrimans, “Quis iam locus” inquit “Achate,  
He stopped, and weeping said: “What place is there now, Achates,

**460** quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris?  
what region on earth not full of our suffering?

**461** En Priamus! Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi;  
Look, Priam! Even here worth has its own rewards;
> A dative naming what earns reward: praemia, 'rewards,' takes laudi, 'praiseworthy conduct,' as a dative: rewards belonging to worth. sua marks the rewards as properly its own. laus covers both the quality that deserves praise and the praise itself.

**462** sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt.  
there are tears for things, and mortal matters touch the mind.
> An ambiguous genitive of things: rerum, 'of things,' is a genitive that can attach to lacrimae, 'tears,' in several ways: tears felt for the world's suffering, tears belonging to things themselves, or tears at how things go. Latin leaves the relation open, and 'tears for things' keeps that same openness rather than choosing one reading.

**463** Solve metus; feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem.”  
Let your fears go; this fame will bring you some safety yet.”

**464** Sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit inani,  
So he speaks, and feeds his mind on an empty picture,
> Emptiness applied to a picture: inani, ablative singular of inanis, 'empty, hollow,' is the same word used elsewhere for ghosts and for the underworld. It describes pictura, 'the picture,' that Aeneas studies on the temple wall. The adjective names the mural as containing nothing real, even as he takes comfort from it.

**465** multa gemens, largoque umectat flumine voltum.  
groaning much, and wets his face with a wide river.

**466** Namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum  
For he was seeing how, fighting around Pergamum,

**467** hac fugerent Graii, premeret Troiana iuventus,  
on one side the Greeks fled and the Trojan youth pressed them,

**468** hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles.  
on the other the Phrygians fled, and plumed Achilles pressed in his car.

**469** Nec procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis  
Not far off he makes out, in tears, the tents of Rhesus

**470** adgnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno  
with their snow-white canvas, betrayed in their first sleep,

**471** Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus,  
which the son of Tydeus was wasting, bloody with much killing,

**472** ardentisque avertit equos in castra, prius quam  
and he turned the fiery horses off into the camp before

**473** pabula gustassent Troiae Xanthumque bibissent.  
they could taste the grass of Troy or drink from the Xanthus.

**474** Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis,  
In another part Troilus, running, his weapons lost,

**475** infelix puer atque impar congressus Achilli,  
the luckless boy, no match in the meeting with Achilles,

**476** fertur equis, curruque haeret resupinus inani,  
is carried off by his horses, and hangs back-first from the empty car,

**477** lora tenens tamen; huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur  
still holding the reins; his neck and his hair are dragged

**478** per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta.  
along the ground, and the dust is written on by the reversed spear.
> Writing, applied to a spear's mark: inscribitur, 'is written on,' is the verb ordinarily used of a stylus marking a wax tablet. Here its subject is pulvis, 'the dust,' and hasta, 'the spear,' dragged reversed behind a chariot, is the ablative of instrument. The metaphor borrows the vocabulary of writing for a mark left in the ground.

**479** Interea ad templum non aequae Palladis ibant  
Meanwhile the women of Ilium were going to the temple

**480** crinibus Iliades passis peplumque ferebant,  
of Pallas, who was not fair to them, with their hair let down,

**481** suppliciter tristes et tunsae pectora palmis;  
and carrying the robe, mourners and suppliants, beating their breasts

**482** diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat.  
with their palms; the goddess held her eyes on the ground, turned away.

**483** Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros,  
Three times Achilles had dragged Hector round the walls of Ilium,

**484** exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles.  
and was selling the lifeless body for gold.

**485** Tum vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo,  
Then indeed he gives a huge groan from the bottom of his chest,

**486** ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici,  
as he caught sight of the spoils, the chariot, the very body

**487** tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermis.  
of his friend, and Priam stretching out hands that held nothing.

**488** Se quoque principibus permixtum adgnovit Achivis,  
He knew himself too, mixed in among the Achaean chiefs,

**489** Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma.  
and the battle lines of the East, and the arms of black Memnon.

**490** Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis  
Penthesilea in her fury leads columns of Amazons

**491** Penthesilea furens, mediisque in milibus ardet,  
with crescent shields, and blazes in the middle of thousands,

**492** aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae,  
strapping a golden belt beneath her bared breast,

**493** bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo.  
a fighting woman, a girl who dares to close with men.

**494** Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur,  
While these wonders are being looked at by Dardanian Aeneas,
> A dative used for the viewer: videntur here means 'are seen by,' not 'seem,' and Dardanio Aeneae, dative, names who does the seeing. Latin can put the person perceiving something in the dative with a passive verb of seeing. The construction makes Aeneas the recipient of the images rather than their active viewer.

**495** dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno,  
while he stands stunned and hangs fixed in one long stare,

**496** regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido,  
the queen came to the temple, Dido, most beautiful in form,

**497** incessit magna iuvenum stipante caterva.  
with a great crowd of young men pressing around her.

**498** Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per iuga Cynthi  
As on the banks of Eurotas or along the ridges of Cynthus

**499** exercet Diana choros, quam mille secutae  
Diana keeps her dances going, and a thousand mountain nymphs

**500** hinc atque hinc glomerantur oreades; illa pharetram  
follow her and gather on this side and on that; she carries

**501** fert umero, gradiensque deas supereminet omnis:  
a quiver on her shoulder, and walking overtops all the goddesses:

**502** Latonae tacitum pertemptant gaudia pectus:  
joy goes quietly through Latona's heart:
> Joy described as silent: tacitum, 'silent,' modifies pectus, 'heart, breast,' with gaudia, 'joys,' as the subject moving through it. The joy is named as unspoken rather than expressed aloud. Vergil adds this detail to the simile he is adapting from Homer.

**503** talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat  
such was Dido, so gladly she carried herself

**504** per medios, instans operi regnisque futuris.  
among the middle of them, pressing on the work and the kingdom to come.

**505** Tum foribus divae, media testudine templi,  
Then at the goddess's doors, under the middle of the temple's vault,

**506** saepta armis, solioque alte subnixa resedit.  
ringed with weapons and raised high on her throne, she sat down.

**507** Iura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem  
She was giving out judgments and laws to the men, and making the labor

**508** partibus aequabat iustis, aut sorte trahebat:  
of the work even in fair shares, or drawing it by lot:

**509** cum subito Aeneas concursu accedere magno  
when suddenly Aeneas sees Antheus and Sergestus and brave

**510** Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum,  
Cloanthus coming up in a great press of people,

**511** Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo  
and other Teucrians, whom the black storm on the sea

**512** dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras.  
had scattered and carried far off to other coasts.

**513** Obstipuit simul ipse simul perculsus Achates  
He was struck dumb, and Achates with him, struck at the same moment

**514** laetitiaque metuque; avidi coniungere dextras  
by gladness and by fear; they were burning in their eagerness

**515** ardebant; sed res animos incognita turbat.  
to join right hands, but the unknown business unsettles them.

**516** Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti,  
They keep it back, and wrapped in the hollow cloud they watch

**517** quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant,  
to see how the men have fared, on what shore they left the fleet,

**518** quid veniant; cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant,  
why they come; for these were picked men out of every ship,

**519** orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant.  
going to ask for grace, and making for the temple with a shout.

**520** Postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi,  
After they had gone in, and leave to speak face to face was given,

**521** maxumus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit:  
Ilioneus, the eldest, began like this with a quiet heart:

**522** “O Regina, novam cui condere Iuppiter urbem  
“Queen, to whom Jupiter has granted to found a new city

**523** iustitiaque dedit gentis frenare superbas,  
and to bridle proud peoples with justice,

**524** Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti,  
we wretched Trojans, carried by winds over all the seas,

**525** oramus, prohibe infandos a navibus ignis,  
beg you: keep the unspeakable fires off our ships,

**526** parce pio generi, et propius res aspice nostras.  
spare a people that keeps its duty, and look closer at our case.

**527** Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penatis  
We have not come to lay Libyan homes waste with the sword,

**528** venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas;  
or to turn stolen plunder down to the shore;

**529** non ea vis animo, nec tanta superbia victis.  
there is no such violence in our minds, no such pride in the beaten.

**530** Est locus, Hesperiam Grai cognomine dicunt,  
There is a place the Greeks call Hesperia by name,

**531** terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae;  
an ancient land, strong in arms and in the richness of its soil;

**532** Oenotri coluere viri; nunc fama minores  
Oenotrian men worked it; now the report is that their descendants

**533** Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem.  
have called the nation Italy, after the name of a leader.

**534** Hic cursus fuit:  
This was our course:
> A line left half finished: The Latin hexameter stops after three words: 'this was our course.' Vergil died before completing his revision of the poem, and roughly fifty lines stand unfinished like this one. Translations conventionally leave them short as well.

**535** cum subito adsurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion  
when suddenly stormy Orion, rising on a wave,

**536** in vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus austris  
carried us onto blind shoals, and with insolent south winds

**537** perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa  
scattered us far, through the water, the salt sea winning,

**538** dispulit; huc pauci vestris adnavimus oris.  
and through trackless rocks; a few of us swam here to your coast.

**539** Quod genus hoc hominum? Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem  
What kind of men are these? What country so uncivil

**540** permittit patria? Hospitio prohibemur harenae;  
allows this custom? We are kept from the welcome of the sand;

**541** bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra.  
they stir up war, and forbid us to stand on the edge of the land.

**542** Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma  
If you despise humankind and the weapons mortals carry,

**543** at sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi.  
still look for gods who remember what is spoken rightly and wrongly.
> Gerunds naming right and wrong speech: fandi, 'of speaking,' and nefandi, 'of not-speaking,' are genitive gerunds of fari, 'to speak.' fas is what may rightly be said, nefas its negation, the unspeakable. Ilioneus calls on gods who track the difference between the two.

**544** Rex erat Aeneas nobis, quo iustior alter,  
We had Aeneas for our king: no other more just,

**545** nec pietate fuit, nec bello maior et armis.  
none greater in duty, or in war and in arms.

**546** Quem si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura  
If the fates keep that man, if he feeds on the air

**547** aetheria, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris,  
of heaven and does not yet lie among the cruel shades,

**548** non metus; officio nec te certasse priorem  
we have no fear; and you would not be sorry to have been first

**549** paeniteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes  
in the contest of kindness. In Sicilian country too there are cities

**550** arvaque, Troianoque a sanguine clarus Acestes.  
and fields, and Acestes, famous from Trojan blood.

**551** Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem,  
Let us be allowed to haul up a fleet shaken by winds,

**552** et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos:  
and fit beams out of the woods and strip oars:

**553** si datur Italiam, sociis et rege recepto,  
so that if it is given us to make for Italy, our friends and our king

**554** tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus;  
recovered, we may seek Italy and Latium gladly;

**555** sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optume Teucrum,  
but if our safety is used up, and the Libyan sea holds you,
> Turning to speak to Aeneas: pater optume Teucrum, 'best father of the Trojans,' is a vocative, addressed directly to Aeneas even though he is standing unseen nearby. Ilioneus breaks off his speech to Dido to speak to him instead. Apostrophe is the term for addressing someone not actually able to answer.

**556** pontus habet Lybiae, nec spes iam restat Iuli,  
best father of the Teucrians, and no hope of Iulus is left,

**557** at freta Sicaniae saltem sedesque paratas,  
then let us at least seek the straits of Sicily and the homes

**558** unde huc advecti, regemque petamus Acesten.”  
standing ready, from which we came here, and king Acestes.”

**559** Talibus Ilioneus; cuncti simul ore fremebant  
So Ilioneus; and all together they were murmuring assent,

**560** Dardanidae.  
the sons of Dardanus.
> One word on a broken line: Dardanidae, 'sons of Dardanus,' stands alone; the hexameter is unfinished after it. The sentence begun in the line before is grammatically complete, but the verse itself is not. It is one of the roughly fifty lines Vergil left short at his death.

**561** Tum breviter Dido, voltum demissa, profatur:  
Then Dido, her face lowered, speaks briefly:

**562** “Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas.  
“Loose the fear from your hearts, Teucrians, shut your cares away.

**563** Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt  
Hard circumstance and the newness of my kingdom force me
> A noun for a new regime: novitas, 'newness,' describes regni, 'of the kingdom,' as a genitive: the state of being recently founded. Dido cites it as the reason for her coastguards, not as an excuse for cruelty. novitas was the standard Latin word for a government not yet secure.

**564** moliri, et late finis custode tueri.  
to set such things going, and to guard my borders far out with a watch.

**565** Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem,  
Who could not know the race of Aeneas' people, or the city of Troy,

**566** virtutesque virosque, aut tanti incendia belli?  
the courage and the men, or the fires of so great a war?

**567** Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni,  
We Phoenicians do not carry hearts so blunt as that,

**568** nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe.  
nor does the Sun yoke his horses so far off from our Tyrian city.

**569** Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva,  
Whether you choose great Hesperia and the fields of Saturn,

**570** sive Erycis finis regemque optatis Acesten,  
or the country of Eryx and king Acestes,

**571** auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque iuvabo.  
I will send you off safe with an escort, and support you with means.

**572** Voltis et his mecum pariter considere regnis;  
Or do you wish to settle with me in this kingdom on equal terms?

**573** urbem quam statuo vestra est, subducite navis;  
The city I am putting up is yours; bring your ships ashore;

**574** Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur.  
Trojan and Tyrian will be handled by me with no difference at all.
> A future passive for a promise: agetur, 'will be treated,' is future passive, with Tros Tyriusque, 'Trojan and Tyrian,' as its subject and nullo discrimine, 'with no distinction,' an ablative of manner. Dido states the promise as an administrative fact rather than a personal vow.

**575** Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem  
And I only wish the king himself, driven by the same South Wind,

**576** adforet Aeneas! Equidem per litora certos  
were here: Aeneas! For my part I will send trusted men

**577** dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrema iubebo,  
along the coasts and order them to range the ends of Libya,

**578** si quibus eiectus silvis aut urbibus errat.”  
in case he has been cast up and is wandering in some wood or town.”

**579** His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates  
Their spirits lifted by these words, both brave Achates

**580** et pater Aeneas iamdudum erumpere nubem  
and father Aeneas had long been burning to break
> A second standing epithet for Aeneas: pater, 'father,' is a separate fixed epithet from pius, used of Aeneas as he becomes father to Ascanius, to his men, and eventually to a people. Vergil keeps the two epithets distinct rather than interchangeable. English keeps them apart as 'father' and 'dutiful' throughout.

**581** ardebant. Prior Aenean compellat Achates:  
out of the cloud. Achates speaks to Aeneas first:

**582** “Nate dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgit?  
“Son of a goddess, what thought is rising in your mind now?
> A vocative naming his mother: Nate dea, 'born of a goddess,' is a vocative address, used to Aeneas by several different speakers across the poem. It states a fact about Venus rather than praising Aeneas directly. Here it opens Venus's own speech to her disguised son.

**583** omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos.  
You see everything safe, the fleet and the companions recovered.

**584** Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi  
One is missing, whom we ourselves watched go under

**585** submersum; dictis respondent cetera matris.”  
in mid-sea; the rest answers what your mother said.”

**586** Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente  
He had hardly finished when the cloud poured round them

**587** scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum.  
splits of itself and clears away into open air.

**588** Restitit Aeneas claraque in luce refulsit,  
Aeneas stood there and shone out in the clear light,

**589** os umerosque deo similis; namque ipsa decoram  
like a god in face and shoulders; for his mother herself

**590** caesariem nato genetrix lumenque iuventae  
had breathed on her son a fine head of hair, and the crimson

**591** purpureum et laetos oculis adflarat honores:  
light of youth, and glad beauty into his eyes:

**592** quale manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo  
such grace as hands add to ivory, or when silver
> Naming a specific kind of marble: Parius lapis, 'Parian stone,' names the white marble quarried on Paros, prized above other marble in the Greek world. It is the third of three worked materials in the simile, after ivory and silver. -ve attaches 'or' to the word, offering it as an alternative to the metals just named.

**593** argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.  
or Parian marble is set round with yellow gold.

**594** Tum sic reginam adloquitur, cunctisque repente  
Then he speaks to the queen, and, sudden to them all,

**595** improvisus ait: “Coram, quem quaeritis, adsum,  
unlooked for, says: “Here in front of you is the one you are looking for,

**596** Troius Aeneas, Lybicis ereptus ab undis.  
Aeneas of Troy, snatched out of the Libyan waves.

**597** O sola infandos Troiae miserata labores,  
You alone have pitied Troy's unspeakable hardships,

**598** quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque  
and you take us in, what the Greeks left, drained by now
> The same phrase used of himself: reliquias Danaum, 'the leavings of the Danaans,' repeats the exact phrase the narrator used of the Trojans at the poem's opening. Here Aeneas applies it to his own people, accusative, describing what he asks Dido to shelter. Danaum is the genitive plural of Danai, 'Greeks.'

**599** omnibus exhaustos iam casibus, omnium egenos,  
by every disaster of land and sea, in want of everything,

**600** urbe, domo, socias, grates persolvere dignas  
you join us to your city and your house. To pay you thanks worth having

**601** non opis est nostrae, Dido, nec quicquid ubique est  
is not within our means, Dido, nor within those of whatever

**602** gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem.  
Dardanian people there is anywhere, scattered over the great world.

**603** Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid  
May the gods, if any powers look to men who keep faith, if

**604** usquam iustitia est et mens sibi conscia recti,  
justice counts anywhere, and a mind that knows itself upright,
> Naming conscience without the word: conscia, 'aware, sharing knowledge,' takes sibi, 'with itself,' and recti, 'of what is right,' a genitive: a mind that knows, together with itself, what is right. Latin has no separate noun for 'conscience' and builds it from this phrase instead. It describes mens, 'mind,' nominative singular.

**605** praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt  
bring you rewards you deserve. What age so happy bore you?

**606** saecula? Qui tanti talem genuere parentes?  
What parents so great fathered such a woman?

**607** In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae  
While the rivers run into the sea, while shadows go over
> A vow shaped like an oath: dum fluvii current, 'while the rivers run,' is the first of several dum-clauses naming permanent features of nature: rivers running, shadows crossing mountains. Latin oaths often use such clauses to promise something 'as long as' the natural order continues. Aeneas follows three cosmic clauses with a fourth that makes his own presence conditional instead.

**608** lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet,  
the hollows of the mountains, while the sky pastures the stars,

**609** semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt,  
your honor and your name and your praises will always stay,

**610** quae me cumque vocant terrae.” Sic fatus, amicum  
whatever lands may call me.” So he spoke, and reached out his right

**611** Ilionea petit dextra, laevaque Serestum,  
hand to his friend Ilioneus, and his left to Serestus,

**612** post alios, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum.  
and then the others, and Gyas the brave, and brave Cloanthus.

**613** Obstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido,  
Sidonian Dido was struck dumb at the first sight of him,

**614** casu deinde viri tanto, et sic ore locuta est:  
then at the man's great misfortune, and spoke like this:

**615** “Quis te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus  
“What chance drives you, son of a goddess, through such dangers?

**616** insequitur? Quae vis immanibus applicat oris?  
What force lands you on these monstrous coasts?

**617** Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardanio Anchisae  
Are you that Aeneas whom kindly Venus bore to Dardanian
> The pronoun for someone famous: ille, 'that,' marks Aeneas as someone already known by report, not merely identified: 'are you that Aeneas.' Latin uses ille this way for a person whose reputation precedes them. Dido's question asks whether he matches the story she has heard, not simply who he is.

**618** alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam?  
Anchises by the water of Phrygian Simois?

**619** Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire  
And I do remember Teucer coming to Sidon,

**620** finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem  
driven out of his father's land, looking for a new kingdom

**621** auxilio Beli; genitor tum Belus opimam  
with Belus' help; my father Belus was laying rich Cyprus

**622** vastabat Cyprum, et victor dicione tenebat.  
waste at the time, and held it, a conqueror, under his rule.

**623** Tempore iam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis  
From that time on the fall of the Trojan city has been known to me,

**624** Troianae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi.  
and your name, and the kings of the Pelasgians.

**625** Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat,  
Their enemy himself would speak of the Teucrians with high praise,

**626** seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat.  
and wanted it that he had sprung from the old Teucrian stock.

**627** Quare agite, O tectis, iuvenes, succedite nostris.  
So come, young men, come in under our roof.

**628** Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores  
A like fortune drove me too through many hardships

**629** iactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra.  
and willed at last that I settle in this land.

**630** Non ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco.”  
Not ignorant of hardship, I learn to help the wretched.”
> A present tense of learning: disco, 'I am learning,' is present tense, not a completed statement of virtue. succurrere, 'to run to the aid of,' takes miseris, 'the wretched,' as its dative object. Dido says she is being taught to help, not that she already pities them fully.

**631** Sic memorat; simul Aenean in regia ducit  
So she says; and at the same time she leads Aeneas into the royal

**632** tecta, simul divom templis indicit honorem.  
house, and at the same time proclaims a rite in the temples of the gods.

**633** Nec minus interea sociis ad litora mittit  
Meanwhile she sends down to his companions on the shore, no less,

**634** viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum  
twenty bulls, a hundred bristling backs of great

**635** terga suum, pinguis centum cum matribus agnos,  
swine, a hundred fat lambs with their mothers,

**636** munera laetitiamque dii.  
gifts, and the gladness of the day.

**637** At domus interior regali splendida luxu  
But inside, the house is being fitted out, splendid

**638** instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis:  
with royal luxury, and they lay a banquet in the middle halls:

**639** arte laboratae vestes ostroque superbo,  
coverings worked with art, and proud purple,

**640** ingens argentum mensis, caelataque in auro  
a great weight of silver on the tables, and cut in the gold

**641** fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum  
the brave deeds of the fathers, a very long train of events

**642** per tot ducta viros antiqua ab origine gentis.  
drawn through so many men from the old beginning of the race.

**643** Aeneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem  
Aeneas (for a father's love would not let his mind

**644** passus amor) rapidum ad navis praemittit Achaten,  
settle) sends swift Achates ahead to the ships,

**645** Ascanio ferat haec, ipsumque ad moenia ducat;  
to carry the news to Ascanius and bring the boy himself to the walls;

**646** omnis in Ascanio cari stat cura parentis.  
all the loving father's care stands in Ascanius.

**647** Munera praeterea, Iliacis erepta ruinis,  
Besides, he tells him to bring gifts saved out of the ruins

**648** ferre iubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem,  
of Ilium: a mantle stiff with figures and with gold,

**649** et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho,  
and a veil bordered around with yellow acanthus,

**650** ornatus Argivae Helenae, quos illa Mycenis,  
the dress of Argive Helen, which she had carried off from Mycenae

**651** Pergama cum peteret inconcessosque hymenaeos,  
when she was making for Pergamum and a marriage not allowed,

**652** extulerat, matris Ledae mirabile donum:  
her mother Leda's wonderful gift;

**653** praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim,  
besides that, the scepter Ilione had carried once,

**654** maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile  
the eldest of Priam's daughters, and a necklace strung

**655** bacatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam.  
with pearls, and a double crown of gems and gold.

**656** Haec celerans ita ad naves tendebat Achates.  
Hurrying these along, Achates was making his way to the ships.

**657** At Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat  
But the Cytherean turns new arts, new plans over
> A noun for skill or trickery: ars can mean skill or a device, and consilia means plans or schemes; both appear here as novas, nova, 'new.' Venus is preparing a plan for Cupid, and the same words could describe an honest craft or a deception.

**658** Consilia, ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido  
in her heart: that Cupid, changed in his face and features,

**659** pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donisque furentem  
should come in place of sweet Ascanius, and with the gifts

**660** incendat reginam, atque ossibus implicet ignem;  
set the queen on fire and wind the flame into her bones;

**661** quippe domum timet ambiguam Tyriosque bilinguis;  
for she is afraid of the doubtful house and the two-tongued Tyrians;

**662** urit atrox Iuno, et sub noctem cura recursat.  
cruel Juno burns her, and toward night the worry runs back.

**663** Ergo his aligerum dictis adfatur Amorem:  
So she speaks to winged Love with these words:
> Two names for the same god: Amorem, 'Love,' and Cupido, used thirty lines earlier, name the same god within one passage. aligerum, 'winged,' agrees with Amorem, accusative singular. There is no single English word covering both Latin names, so the translation keeps 'Cupid' for Cupido and 'Love' for Amor.

**664** “Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia solus,  
“Son, my strength, my great power, you alone,

**665** nate, patris summi qui tela Typhoia temnis,  
son, you who make nothing of the highest father's Typhoean bolts,

**666** ad te confugio et supplex tua numina posco.  
I run to you for refuge, and ask your power as a suppliant.

**667** Frater ut Aeneas pelago tuus omnia circum  
How your brother Aeneas is thrown about on the sea, round every

**668** litora iactetur odiis Iunonis iniquae,  
coast, by the hatred of an unfair Juno,

**669** nota tibi, et nostro doluisti saepe dolore.  
is known to you, and you have often grieved in our grief.

**670** Hunc Phoenissa tenet Dido blandisque moratur  
Phoenician Dido holds him now and keeps him back with coaxing

**671** vocibus; et vereor, quo se Iunonia vertant  
words; and I am afraid where a hospitality of Juno's may

**672** hospitia; haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum.  
turn: she will not hold off at so great a hinge of things.
> A word for a door's hinge: cardo, 'hinge,' is the pin on which a door turns; rerum, 'of things,' is a genitive with it: the hinge of events. Venus uses a piece of carpentry vocabulary for the turning point she means to force. cardine is ablative, governed by tanto, 'so great.'

**673** Quocirca capere ante dolis et cingere flamma  
So I mean to take the queen first by guile, and to ring her

**674** reginam meditor, ne quo se numine mutet,  
about with flame, so that no power may change her,

**675** sed magno Aeneae mecum teneatur amore.  
but she may be held with me by a great love of Aeneas.

**676** Qua facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe mentem.  
Hear now my thinking on how you can do it.

**677** Regius accitu cari genitoris ad urbem  
The king's boy, my greatest care, is getting ready to go

**678** Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura,  
to the Sidonian city, called for by his dear father,

**679** dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae:  
carrying gifts that outlasted the sea and the fires of Troy:

**680** hunc ego sopitum somno super alta Cythera  
him I will put to sleep and hide away high on Cythera

**681** aut super Idalium sacrata sede recondam,  
or on Idalium, in a consecrated seat,

**682** ne qua scire dolos mediusve occurrere possit.  
so that he cannot learn of the trick or come into the middle of it.

**683** Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam  
You are to counterfeit his face by a trick for one night,
> A verb of deceit taking a noun: falle, imperative of fallere, 'to deceive,' takes faciem, 'the face, appearance,' as its direct object: literally 'deceive his appearance,' meaning imitate it falsely. dolo, 'by a trick,' is ablative of means. Latin puts the lie into the noun rather than adding a separate word for 'imitate.'

**684** falle dolo, et notos pueri puer indue voltus,  
no more, and put on, a boy yourself, the boy's known look,

**685** ut, cum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido  
so that when Dido at her happiest takes you into her lap

**686** regalis inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum,  
among the royal tables and the wine of Lyaeus,

**687** cum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet,  
when she gives you her arms and presses sweet kisses on you,

**688** occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno.”  
you may breathe a hidden fire into her and cheat her with poison.”

**689** Paret Amor dictis carae genetricis, et alas  
Love obeys his dear mother's words, and takes his wings

**690** exuit, et gressu gaudens incedit Iuli.  
off, and walks along, glad, in the step of Iulus.
> A noun naming a walking step: gressu, ablative of gressus, 'step, gait,' is governed by incedit, 'he walks,' with Iuli, 'of Iulus,' a genitive naming whose step is being imitated. Cupid, disguised as the boy, has just removed his wings and must learn to walk instead of fly.

**691** At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem  
But Venus pours a quiet rest through Ascanius' limbs,

**692** inrigat, et fotum gremio dea tollit in altos  
and warming him at her breast the goddess carries him up

**693** Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus illum  
to the high groves of Idalium, where soft marjoram

**694** floribus et dulci adspirans complectitur umbra.  
wraps him in flowers and breathes sweet shade around him.

**695** Iamque ibat dicto parens et dona Cupido  
And now Cupid was going, obedient to the word, and carrying

**696** regia portabat Tyriis, duce laetus Achate.  
the royal gifts for the Tyrians, glad to have Achates for guide.

**697** Cum venit, aulaeis iam se regina superbis  
When he comes, the queen has already settled herself

**698** aurea composuit sponda mediamque locavit.  
under proud hangings on a golden couch, and taken the middle place.

**699** Iam pater Aeneas et iam Troiana iuventus  
Now father Aeneas, now the young men of Troy

**700** conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro.  
come together, and they lie down on spread purple.

**701** Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereremque canistris  
Servants give water for the hands, bring the bread out of

**702** expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis.  
baskets, and carry towels with the nap shorn smooth.

**703** Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam  
Inside are fifty serving-women whose task is to lay the long

**704** cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penatis;  
store of food in its order, and to feed the household gods with fire;

**705** centum aliae totidemque pares aetate ministri,  
a hundred others, and as many attendants of the same age,

**706** qui dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant.  
to load the tables with dishes and to set out the cups.

**707** Nec non et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes  
The Tyrians too came crowding in through the glad doorway,

**708** convenere, toris iussi discumbere pictis.  
and were told to take their places on the embroidered couches.

**709** Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur Iulum  
They marvel at Aeneas' gifts, they marvel at Iulus,

**710** flagrantisque dei voltus simulataque verba,  
at the blazing face of the god and his counterfeit words,

**711** pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho.  
at the mantle and the veil worked with yellow acanthus.

**712** Praecipue infelix, pesti devota futurae,  
Above all the unlucky woman, given over to the ruin coming,
> A religious word for being doomed: devota, 'given over, consecrated,' is a religious term, used in Roman ritual for a man formally devoted to death. Here it describes Dido, dative pesti ... futurae, 'to the ruin that is coming.' Vergil applies the word to her before any of the events it names have happened.

**713** expleri mentem nequit ardescitque tuendo  
cannot fill her mind, and takes fire as she looks,

**714** Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur.  
the Phoenician, moved by the boy and by the gifts alike.

**715** Ille ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit  
When he has hung on Aeneas' embrace and his neck

**716** et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem,  
and filled out the great love of a father not his own,

**717** reginam petit haec oculis, haec pectore toto  
he makes for the queen. She holds him with her eyes, holds him

**718** haeret et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido,  
with her whole breast, and now and then warms him in her lap, Dido,
> Her name held to the end: inscia, 'not knowing,' agrees with Dido, both nominative, and the two words are placed at the very end of the clause. The reader learns what Dido cannot know before her name itself arrives. Latin word order lets the qualifying word come before the noun it belongs to.

**719** insidat quantus miserae deus; at memor ille  
not knowing how great a god settles on her, poor woman. But he,

**720** matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum  
remembering his Acidalian mother, begins little by little

**721** incipit, et vivo temptat praevertere amore  
to rub Sychaeus out, and tries to head off with a living love

**722** iam pridem resides animos desuetaque corda.  
a heart long since at rest, and out of the habit.

**723** Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotae,  
After the first lull in the eating, and the tables cleared,

**724** crateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant.  
they set up great mixing bowls and crown the wine.
> An old phrase with two senses: coronant, 'they crown,' can mean either that garlands are hung on the mixing bowls or that the bowls are filled to the brim, standing proud of the rim. Ancient readers already disagreed on which Vergil meant. Homer, whom Vergil is following, means the bowls filled full.

**725** Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant  
Noise rises through the house, and they roll their voices through the wide

**726** atria; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis  
halls; lamps hang lit from the gilded panels

**727** incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.  
of the ceiling, and torches beat the night back with flame.

**728** Hic regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit  
Here the queen called for a bowl heavy with gems and gold

**729** implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes  
and filled it with unmixed wine, the one Belus used, and all

**730** a Belo soliti; tum facta silentia tectis:  
from Belus down; then silence was made in the hall:

**731** “Iuppiter, hospitibus nam te dare iura loquuntur,  
“Jupiter, for they say that you give the guest his rights,

**732** hunc laetum Tyriisque diem Troiaque profectis  
grant that this be a glad day for Tyrians and for those

**733** esse velis, nostrosque huius meminisse minores.  
who set out from Troy, and that our children remember it.

**734** Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona Iuno;  
Let Bacchus, giver of gladness, be here, and kindly Juno;

**735** et vos, O, coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes.”  
and you, Tyrians, keep this gathering with your good will.”

**736** Dixit, et in mensam laticum libavit honorem,  
She spoke, and poured the offering of wine onto the table,

**737** primaque, libato, summo tenus attigit ore,  
and when it was poured she touched it first with the edge of her lips,

**738** tum Bitiae dedit increpitans; ille impiger hausit  
then gave it to Bitias with a challenge; he did not hang back,

**739** spumantem pateram, et pleno se proluit auro  
but drained the foaming bowl and soaked himself in the brimming gold;

**740** post alii proceres. Cithara crinitus Iopas  
then the other nobles. Long-haired Iopas makes the gilded

**741** personat aurata, docuit quem maximus Atlas.  
lyre ring out, whom mighty Atlas taught.

**742** Hic canit errantem lunam solisque labores;  
He sings of the wandering moon and the sun's labors;

**743** unde hominum genus et pecudes; unde imber et ignes;  
where the race of men came from, and the herds; where rain and fire;

**744** Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones;  
Arcturus, the rainy Hyades, and the twin Wains;

**745** quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles  
why the winter suns are in such a hurry to dip themselves

**746** hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet.  
in Ocean, or what delay holds up the slow nights.

**747** Ingeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur.  
The Tyrians redouble their applause, and the Trojans follow them.

**748** Nec non et vario noctem sermone trahebat  
And unlucky Dido was drawing the night out with talk

**749** infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem,  
of one thing and another, and drinking a long draught of love,

**750** multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa;  
asking much about Priam, and much about Hector;

**751** nunc quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis,  
now in what arms the son of Dawn had come,

**752** nunc quales Diomedis equi, nunc quantus Achilles.  
now what Diomedes' horses were like, now how great Achilles was.

**753** “Immo age, et a prima dic, hospes, origine nobis  
“No, come, guest, tell us from the first beginning

**754** insidias”, inquit, “Danaum, casusque tuorum,  
the treachery of the Greeks,” she says, “and the disasters of your people,

**755** erroresque tuos; nam te iam septima portat  
and your own wanderings; for this is now the seventh summer

**756** omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.”  
that carries you wandering over every land and sea.”

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Source text: public domain (Vergil, Aeneid, ed. J. B. Greenough, Boston: Ginn and Company, 1900), as encoded in the Perseus Digital Library canonical-latinLit TEI, CC BY-SA 4.0. English translation and notes: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC, line for line. Narration: read by Malone (LibriVox, 2012), public domain.