{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"arriba-del-arbol","title":{"source":"Arriba del árbol","translated":"Up in the Tree"},"section":"Part One","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/arriba-del-arbol","lines":131},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-propuesta","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/incoherencias","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p1-s1","source":"Amanece.","translation":"Day is breaking.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Amanece","title":"Weather and daylight verbs","body":"«Amanecer» ('to dawn') is one of the impersonal verbs Spanish uses for natural phenomena, like «llover» (to rain) or «anochecer» (to grow dark). It has no subject — «amanece» on its own means 'day is breaking'. Arlt opens the chapter with a single bare verb to fix the hour at first light."}],"words":[{"surface":"Amanece","lemma":"amanecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Day is breaking"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p1-s2","source":"Erdosain avanza por el sendero que bordea la vereda rota junto a las quintas.","translation":"Erdosain walks along the path that runs beside the broken sidewalk by the market gardens.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p1-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"las quintas","title":"«quinta»","body":"A «quinta» in River Plate Spanish is a country house or small farm on the edge of the city — here the truck-garden plots that ringed Buenos Aires in the 1920s. «Vereda» is the regional word for 'sidewalk' (Spain would say «acera»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of avanza","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"avanza","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walks"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sendero","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sendero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sendero","lemma":"sendero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avanza","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bordea","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bordea","lemma":"bordear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying sendero","gloss":"runs beside"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vereda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereda","lemma":"vereda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of bordea","gloss":"sidewalk"},{"surface":"rota","lemma":"roto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vereda","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking quintas","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of quintas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quintas","lemma":"quinta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies vereda","gloss":"market gardens"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p1-s3","source":"La frescura de la mañana penetra hasta la más remota celdilla de sus pulmones fatigados.","translation":"The coolness of the morning reaches the most remote little cell of his tired lungs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p1-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frescura","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"frescura","lemma":"frescura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of penetra","gloss":"coolness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mañana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mañana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frescura","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"penetra","lemma":"penetrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reaches"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking celdilla","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of celdilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies remota","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"remota","lemma":"remoto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies celdilla","gloss":"remote"},{"surface":"celdilla","lemma":"celdilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of penetra","gloss":"little cell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pulmones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pulmones","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pulmones","lemma":"pulmón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies celdilla","gloss":"lungs"},{"surface":"fatigados","lemma":"fatigado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pulmones","gloss":"tired"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p1-s4","source":"Aunque arriba el espacio negrea, y toda esta oscuridad desciende a aproximar las cosas a los ojos, pues las distantes son invisibles en el horizonte.","translation":"Although overhead the sky still darkens, and all this darkness comes down to bring things close to the eyes, since the distant ones are invisible on the horizon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p1-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"negrea","title":"«-ear» color verbs","body":"«Negrear» means 'to show black, to look black'. Spanish turns many color and light adjectives into verbs with «-ear»: «verdear» (to look green), «rojear» (to redden), «blanquear» (to whiten). Arlt leans on them throughout this dawn scene to paint the changing light."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of negrea","gloss":"Although"},{"surface":"arriba","lemma":"arriba","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies negrea","gloss":"overhead"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espacio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espacio","lemma":"espacio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of negrea","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"negrea","lemma":"negrear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"darkens"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esta","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desciende","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"desciende","lemma":"descender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with negrea","gloss":"comes down"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of aproximar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aproximar","lemma":"aproximar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of desciende","gloss":"bring close"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of aproximar","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aproximar","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of invisibles","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of distantes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distantes","lemma":"distante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"subject of invisibles","gloss":"distant ones"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to invisibles","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"invisibles","lemma":"invisible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of son","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horizonte","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of horizonte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horizonte","lemma":"horizonte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of invisibles","gloss":"horizon"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p1-s5","source":"Por el canal de callejones, rojean lentamente unas fajas verdegrises.","translation":"Through the channel of back alleys, some grey-green bands slowly redden.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p1-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canal","gloss":"Through"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of canal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canal","lemma":"canal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of rojean","gloss":"channel"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking callejones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"callejones","lemma":"callejón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies canal","gloss":"back alleys"},{"surface":"rojean","lemma":"rojear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"redden"},{"surface":"lentamente","lemma":"lentamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rojean","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"unas","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fajas","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"fajas","lemma":"faja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of rojean","gloss":"bands"},{"surface":"verdegrises","lemma":"verdegrís","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fajas","gloss":"grey-green"}]},{"number":6,"label":"2","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p2-s1","source":"Erdosain avanza pensando:","translation":"Erdosain walks on, thinking:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"avanza pensando","title":"The gerund of manner","body":"«Pensando» is the gerund (the «-ando/-iendo» form) attached to a main verb to show what someone does while doing the main action: «avanza pensando» = 'he advances thinking', i.e. 'he walks on, thinking'. It is Spanish's standard way to layer two simultaneous actions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of avanza","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"avanza","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walks on"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of avanza","gloss":"thinking"}]},{"number":7,"label":"3","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p3-s1","source":"–Esto es triste como el desierto.","translation":"—This is sad as the desert.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to triste","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of desierto","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desierto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desierto","lemma":"desierto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of triste","gloss":"desert"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p3-s2","source":"Ahora ella duerme con él.","translation":"Right now she is sleeping with him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duerme","gloss":"Right now"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of duerme","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"duerme","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is sleeping"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of duerme","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":9,"label":"4","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p4-s1","source":"Rápidamente la claridad aguanosa del alba colma los callejones de vahos blanquecinos.","translation":"Quickly the watery brightness of dawn fills the alleys with whitish vapors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Rápidamente","lemma":"rápidamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies colma","gloss":"Quickly"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of colma","gloss":"brightness"},{"surface":"aguanosa","lemma":"aguanoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies claridad","gloss":"watery"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alba","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"alba","lemma":"alba","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies claridad","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"colma","lemma":"colmar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fills"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of callejones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"callejones","lemma":"callejón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of colma","gloss":"alleys"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vahos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vahos","lemma":"vaho","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies callejones","gloss":"vapors"},{"surface":"blanquecinos","lemma":"blanquecino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vahos","gloss":"whitish"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p4-s2","source":"Erdosain se dice:","translation":"Erdosain says to himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se dice","title":"Reflexive «decirse»","body":"The reflexive pronoun «se» turns «decir» (to say) into 'to say to oneself': «se dice» = 'he says to himself'. Spanish marks inner speech this way constantly, and Arlt uses it to keep us inside Erdosain's head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dice","gloss":"itself","note":"Part of the reflexive verb decirse — 'to say to oneself.'"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"}]},{"number":11,"label":"5","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p5-s1","source":"–Sin embargo, hay que ser fuerte.","translation":"—Still, one has to be strong.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hay que ser","title":"«hay que» + infinitive","body":"«Hay que» plus an infinitive expresses impersonal obligation — 'one must', 'it is necessary to': «hay que ser fuerte» = 'one has to be strong'. Unlike «tener que», it names no particular person who must act; the duty hangs over everyone. It becomes Erdosain's refrain in this passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"Still,","note":"Fixed phrase 'sin embargo' means 'however, nevertheless' — not literally 'without.'"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Sin","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"one has to"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to fuerte","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"fuerte","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"complement of ser","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p5-s2","source":"Me acuerdo de cuando era chico.","translation":"I remember when I was a kid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p5-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Me acuerdo de","title":"«acordarse de»","body":"«Acordarse» is a pronominal verb that always takes «de» before its object: «me acuerdo de…» = 'I remember…'. Don't confuse it with «acordar» (to agree) — the reflexive «se» and the preposition «de» are what mean 'to remember'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, reflexive","role":"indirect object of acuerdo","gloss":"myself","note":"Part of the reflexive verb acordarse — 'to remember.'"},{"surface":"acuerdo","lemma":"acordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of chico","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of chico","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to chico","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"chico","lemma":"chico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of acuerdo","gloss":"a kid"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p5-s3","source":"Creía ver caminar, por las crestas de las nubes, grandes hombres con el pelo rizado y chapados de la luz los verticales miembros.","translation":"I used to think I saw walking, along the crests of the clouds, great men with curly hair and their upright limbs plated in light.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p5-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Creía","title":"Imperfect for a childhood habit","body":"«Creía» is the imperfect of «creer». The imperfect tense renders repeated or ongoing states in the past — 'I used to think / I would think' — the natural tense for childhood memory, set against the single, completed actions a preterite would mark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I used to think"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Creía","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"caminar","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ver","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crestas","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of crestas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crestas","lemma":"cresta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caminar","gloss":"crests"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nubes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of nubes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nubes","lemma":"nube","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies crestas","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pelo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pelo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pelo","lemma":"pelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"rizado","lemma":"rizado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pelo","gloss":"curly"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"chapados","lemma":"chapado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with rizado","gloss":"plated"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pelo","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of miembros","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"verticales","lemma":"vertical","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies miembros","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"miembros","lemma":"miembro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with pelo","gloss":"limbs"}]},{"number":14,"label":"6","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s1","source":"En realidad caminaban dentro del país de Alegría que estaba en mí.","translation":"In reality they walked inside the country of Joy that was within me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies caminaban","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"caminaban","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they walked"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caminaban","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking país","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"país","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Alegría","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Alegría","lemma":"Alegría","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies país","gloss":"Joy","note":"Alegría ('Joy') is personified here, capitalized like a proper name."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mí","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s2","source":"¡ Ah!, y perder un sueño es casi como perder una fortuna.","translation":"Ah!, and to lose a dream is almost like losing a fortune.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"perder","title":"Infinitive as subject","body":"Spanish uses the bare infinitive where English uses the «-ing» form as a noun: «perder un sueño es…» = 'losing a dream is…'. The infinitive «perder» is the grammatical subject of «es». (The spacing «¡ Ah!» is Arlt's own, kept verbatim.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"perder","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of es","gloss":"to lose"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of perder","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to casi","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies como","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of perder","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"perder","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of como","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fortuna","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fortuna","lemma":"fortuna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of perder","gloss":"fortune"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s3","source":"¿Qué digo?","translation":"What am I saying?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of digo","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"digo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I saying"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s4","source":"Es peor.","translation":"It is worse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to peor","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"peor","lemma":"peor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"worse"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s5","source":"Hay que ser fuerte, ésa es la única verdad.","translation":"One has to be strong — that is the only truth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"One has to"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to fuerte","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"fuerte","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"complement of ser","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"ésa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of verdad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to verdad","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"única","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies verdad","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of es","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s6","source":"Y no tener piedad.","translation":"And to have no pity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies tener","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tener","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"piedad","lemma":"piedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s7","source":"Y aunque uno se sienta cansado, decirse: Estoy cansado ahora, estoy arrepentido ahora, pero no lo estaré mañana.","translation":"And even if one feels tired, to tell oneself: I am tired now, I am sorry now, but I won't be tomorrow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aunque uno se sienta","title":"Subjunctive after «aunque»","body":"«Aunque» ('even if / although') takes the subjunctive when the case is hypothetical rather than a stated fact. «Se sienta» is the present subjunctive of «sentirse» — 'even if one should feel tired' — as opposed to the indicative «se siente», which would assert it as true."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies decirse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sienta","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sienta","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sienta","gloss":"itself","note":"Part of the reflexive verb sentirse — 'to feel.'"},{"surface":"sienta","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on decirse","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"cansado","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of sienta","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"decirse","lemma":"decir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to tell oneself"},{"surface":"Estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cansado","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"cansado","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Estoy","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cansado","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to arrepentido","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"arrepentido","lemma":"arrepentido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of estoy","gloss":"sorry"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arrepentido","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaré","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate pronoun referring to arrepentido","gloss":"it","note":"Predicate lo stands in for the adjective ('tired/sorry'); 'no lo estaré' means 'I won't be so.'"},{"surface":"estaré","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with estoy","gloss":"I will be"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaré","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s8","source":"Esa es la verdad.","translation":"That is the truth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of verdad","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to verdad","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p6-s9","source":"Mañana.","translation":"Tomorrow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p6-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Tomorrow"}]},{"number":23,"label":"7","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p7-s1","source":"Erdosain cierra los ojos.","translation":"Erdosain closes his eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"los ojos","title":"Definite article for body parts","body":"Spanish uses the definite article, not a possessive, with body parts when the owner is clear: «cierra los ojos» = 'he closes his eyes', literally 'closes the eyes'. Saying «sus ojos» here would sound foreign."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of cierra","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"cierra","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"closes"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cierra","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p7-s2","source":"Un perfume que no puede discernir si es de nardo o de clavel, riega la atmósfera de un misterioso embalsamiento de fiesta.","translation":"A scent he cannot tell whether it is of spikenard or of carnation sprinkles the air with a mysterious, festive perfuming.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p7-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of perfume","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"perfume","lemma":"perfume","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of riega","gloss":"scent"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies discernir","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of discernir","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"discernir","lemma":"discernir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying perfume","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to nardo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nardo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nardo","lemma":"nardo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of discernir","gloss":"spikenard"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking clavel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"clavel","lemma":"clavel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with nardo","gloss":"carnation"},{"surface":"riega","lemma":"regar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprinkles"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of atmósfera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atmósfera","lemma":"atmósfera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of riega","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking embalsamiento","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of embalsamiento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"misterioso","lemma":"misterioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies embalsamiento","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"embalsamiento","lemma":"embalsamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies atmósfera","gloss":"perfuming"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiesta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fiesta","lemma":"fiesta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies embalsamiento","gloss":"festive"}]},{"number":25,"label":"8","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p8-s1","source":"Y Erdosain piensa:","translation":"And Erdosain thinks:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies piensa","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of piensa","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"}]},{"number":26,"label":"9","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s1","source":"–A pesar de todo es necesario injertar una alegría en la vida.","translation":"—In spite of everything, it is necessary to graft a joy onto life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"A pesar de","title":"«a pesar de»","body":"«A pesar de» is a fixed phrase meaning 'in spite of, despite'. It builds on «pesar» (to weigh; sorrow) but functions as a single preposition: «a pesar de todo» = 'in spite of everything'."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of necesario","gloss":"In","note":"Fixed phrase 'a pesar de' means 'in spite of, despite.'"},{"surface":"pesar","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase A","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase A","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase A","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesario","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"necesario","lemma":"necesario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"injertar","lemma":"injertar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on necesario","gloss":"to graft"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of injertar","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of injertar","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s2","source":"No se puede vivir así.","translation":"One cannot live like this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se puede","title":"Impersonal «se»","body":"«Se puede» with no named subject means 'one can / it is possible to'. The «se» makes the statement impersonal and general: «no se puede vivir así» = 'one cannot live this way'. This is the most common way Spanish says 'you can('t)' about people in general."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivir","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal, reflexive","role":"impersonal particle of puede","gloss":"one","note":"Impersonal se — 'se puede vivir' means 'one can live,' not a reflexive action."},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vivir","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivir","gloss":"like this"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s3","source":"No hay derecho.","translation":"It isn't right.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"No hay derecho","title":"«no hay derecho»","body":"An idiom of protest: «no hay derecho» literally is 'there is no right', but it means 'it isn't right, it's not fair'. A colloquial cry against injustice — keep it idiomatic, not literal."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"derecho","lemma":"derecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s4","source":"Por encima de toda nuestra miseria es necesario que flote una alegría, qué sé yo, algo más hermoso que el feo rostro humano, que la horrible verdad humana.","translation":"Above all our misery a joy must float, I don't know, something more beautiful than the ugly human face, than the horrible human truth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"es necesario que flote","title":"Subjunctive after impersonal expressions","body":"Impersonal expressions of necessity like «es necesario que» trigger the subjunctive in the clause that follows. «Flote» is the present subjunctive of «flotar» — 'it is necessary that a joy float'. The need is willed, not yet a fact, so Spanish reaches for the subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miseria","gloss":"Above","note":"Fixed phrase 'por encima de' means 'above, over.'"},{"surface":"encima","lemma":"encima","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Por","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase Por","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuestra","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of flote","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesario","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"necesario","lemma":"necesario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of flote","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"flote","lemma":"flotar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on necesario","gloss":"float"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of flote","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of sé","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"do I know"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"in apposition to alegría","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hermoso","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"hermoso","lemma":"hermoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rostro","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"feo","lemma":"feo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"ugly"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hermoso","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"humano","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdad","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies verdad","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with rostro","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"humana","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies verdad","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s5","source":"Tiene razón el Astrólogo.","translation":"The Astrologer is right.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Tiene razón","title":"«tener razón»","body":"«Tener razón» = 'to be right' (literally 'to have reason'). Spanish forms many states with «tener» + noun where English uses 'to be' + adjective: «tener hambre» (to be hungry), «tener razón» (to be right). The Astrologer is one of the novel's central conspirators."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is","note":"Idiom 'tener razón' means 'to be right' (literally 'to have reason')."},{"surface":"razón","lemma":"razón","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tiene","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of Tiene","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s6","source":"Hay que inaugurar el imperio de la Mentira, de las magníficas mentiras.","translation":"One must inaugurate the empire of the Lie, of magnificent lies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"One must"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inaugurar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"inaugurar","lemma":"inaugurar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on Hay","gloss":"inaugurate"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of imperio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imperio","lemma":"imperio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of inaugurar","gloss":"empire"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mentira","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Mentira","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mentira","lemma":"Mentira","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies imperio","gloss":"Lie","note":"Mentira ('Lie') is personified here, capitalized like a proper name."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mentiras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mentiras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"magníficas","lemma":"magnífico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mentiras","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"mentiras","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies imperio","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s7","source":"¿Adorar a alguien?","translation":"To worship someone?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a alguien","title":"The personal «a»","body":"When the direct object of a verb is a specific person, Spanish inserts «a» before it: «adorar a alguien» = 'to worship someone'. This 'personal a' has no English equivalent — it simply flags a human object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Adorar","lemma":"adorar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"To worship"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alguien","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a' marks alguien as a human direct object; it has no separate translation here."},{"surface":"alguien","lemma":"alguien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of Adorar","gloss":"someone"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s8","source":"¿Hacerse un camino entre este bosque de estupidez?","translation":"To make a way for oneself through this forest of stupidity?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hacerse","lemma":"hacer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"To make for oneself"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of camino","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"camino","lemma":"camino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Hacerse","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bosque","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bosque","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bosque","lemma":"bosque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies camino","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estupidez","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"estupidez","lemma":"estupidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bosque","gloss":"stupidity"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p9-s9","source":"¿Pero cómo?","translation":"But how?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p9-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies cómo","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how"}]},{"number":35,"label":"10","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p10-s1","source":"Erdosain continúa su soliloquio con los pómulos teñidos de rosa:","translation":"Erdosain continues his soliloquy, his cheekbones tinged with pink:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of continúa","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"continúa","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continues"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of soliloquio","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"soliloquio","lemma":"soliloquio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of continúa","gloss":"soliloquy"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pómulos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pómulos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pómulos","lemma":"pómulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies soliloquio","gloss":"cheekbones"},{"surface":"teñidos","lemma":"teñido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pómulos","gloss":"tinged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rosa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pómulos","gloss":"pink"}]},{"number":36,"label":"11","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s1","source":"–¿Qué importa que yo sea un asesino o un degradado?","translation":"—What does it matter whether I am a murderer or a degraded man?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que yo sea","title":"Subjunctive after «importa que»","body":"«Importar que» ('to matter that') is an expression of emotional reaction, and such verbs take the subjunctive in the clause that follows. «Sea» is the present subjunctive of «ser» — '…that I be a murderer'. The subject pronoun «yo» is added for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of importa","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"importa","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does it matter"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of asesino","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of asesino","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to asesino","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asesino","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"asesino","lemma":"asesino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of sea","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of degradado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"degradado","lemma":"degradado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with asesino","gloss":"degraded man"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s2","source":"¿Importa eso?","translation":"Does that matter?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Importa","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Does it matter"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Importa","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s3","source":"No.","translation":"No.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s4","source":"Es secundario.","translation":"It is secondary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to secundario","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"secundario","lemma":"secundario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"secondary"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s5","source":"Hay algo más hermoso que la vileza de todos los hombres juntos, y es la alegría.","translation":"There is something more beautiful than the vileness of all men together, and it is joy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There is"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of Hay","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hermoso","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"hermoso","lemma":"hermoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of alegría","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vileza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vileza","lemma":"vileza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hermoso","gloss":"vileness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vileza","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"juntos","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to alegría","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of es","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s6","source":"Si yo estuviera alegre, la felicidad me absolvería de mi crimen.","translation":"If I were happy, happiness would absolve me of my crime.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si yo estuviera... absolvería","title":"The unreal conditional","body":"A contrary-to-fact condition pairs the past subjunctive in the «si» clause with the conditional in the main clause: «si estuviera… absolvería» = 'if I were… it would absolve'. «Estuviera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «estar»; «absolvería» is the conditional of «absolver». Erdosain is imagining a happiness he does not have."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of alegre","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of alegre","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"estuviera","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to alegre","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"alegre","lemma":"alegre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"complement of estuviera","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of absolvería","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of absolvería","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"absolvería","lemma":"absolver","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would absolve"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crimen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of crimen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"crimen","lemma":"crimen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of absolvería","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s7","source":"La alegría es lo esencial.","translation":"Joy is the essential thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo esencial","title":"«lo» + adjective","body":"«Lo» before an adjective makes an abstract noun: «lo esencial» = 'the essential thing / what is essential'. Spanish uses this neuter «lo» to talk about a quality in the abstract, with no specific noun behind it."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of esencial","gloss":"Joy"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esencial","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esencial","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esencial","lemma":"esencial","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"essential thing"}]},{"number":43,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p11-s8","source":"Y también querer a alguien...","translation":"And also to love someone...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p11-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"querer a alguien","title":"«querer» = to love","body":"«Querer» means 'to want', but with the personal «a» before a person it means 'to love': «querer a alguien» = 'to love someone'. It is the warm, everyday word for loving people, lighter than «amar». The trailing «...» leaves the thought unfinished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies querer","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies querer","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"querer","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alguien","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a' marks alguien as a human direct object; it has no separate translation here."},{"surface":"alguien","lemma":"alguien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of querer","gloss":"someone"}]},{"number":44,"label":"12","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p12-s1","source":"El cielo verdea a lo lejos, mientras que la poca elevada oscuridad envuelve aún los troncos de los árboles.","translation":"The sky turns green in the distance, while the low-lying darkness still wraps the trunks of the trees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of verdea","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"verdea","lemma":"verdear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turns green"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies verdea","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase a lo lejos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lejos","lemma":"lejos","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase a lo lejos","gloss":"distance","note":"'a lo lejos' is a fixed idiom meaning 'in the distance.'"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of envuelve","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poca","lemma":"poco","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies oscuridad","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"elevada","lemma":"elevado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies oscuridad","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of envuelve","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"envuelve","lemma":"envolver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by mientras que","gloss":"wraps"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies envuelve","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of troncos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"troncos","lemma":"tronco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of envuelve","gloss":"trunks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árboles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of árboles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"árboles","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies troncos","gloss":"trees"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p12-s2","source":"Erdosain frunce el ceño.","translation":"Erdosain frowns.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p12-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"frunce el ceño","title":"«fruncir el ceño»","body":"«Fruncir el ceño» is the set phrase 'to knit one's brow, to frown'. «El ceño» denotes the furrowed brow — the grimace of displeasure produced by drawing the eyebrows together. The space between the eyebrows is «el entrecejo»; both appear in the phrase «fruncir el ceño / fruncir el entrecejo». Note also the definite article «el» for a body part."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of frunce","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"frunce","lemma":"fruncir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowns"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ceño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ceño","lemma":"ceño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of frunce","gloss":"brow"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p12-s3","source":"De su espíritu se desprenden vapores de recuerdo, neblinas doradas, rieles brillantes que se pierden en el campo de una tarde abovedada de sol.","translation":"From his spirit there rise vapors of memory, golden mists, gleaming rails that lose themselves in the field of an afternoon vaulted with sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p12-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espíritu","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desprenden","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desprenden","gloss":"(reflexive)","note":"'se' here marks the reflexive/passive form of the verb; Spanish often uses it where English doesn't need a separate word."},{"surface":"desprenden","lemma":"desprender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"vapores","lemma":"vapor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of desprenden","gloss":"vapors"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recuerdo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vapores","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"neblinas","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with vapores","gloss":"mists"},{"surface":"doradas","lemma":"dorado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies neblinas","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"rieles","lemma":"riel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with vapores","gloss":"rails"},{"surface":"brillantes","lemma":"brillante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies rieles","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pierden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pierden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"pierden","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying rieles","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking campo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of campo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"campo","lemma":"campo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pierden","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tarde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies campo","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"abovedada","lemma":"abovedado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"vaulted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"sun"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p12-s4","source":"Y el rostro de la criatura, una carita pálida, de ojos verdosos y rulos negros, escapando debajo de un sombrerito de paño, se eleva de la superficie de su espíritu.","translation":"And the face of the girl, a pale little face, with greenish eyes and black curls escaping from under a little cloth hat, rises from the surface of his spirit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p12-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"carita / sombrerito","title":"Diminutives «-ita / -ito»","body":"The endings «-ito/-ita» form diminutives. They can mean literally 'small' — «carita» (little face), «sombrerito» (little hat) — but they also carry tenderness. Here they soften the remembered girl with affection. «Rulos» is the River Plate word for 'curls'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of eleva","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criatura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"carita","lemma":"carita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to rostro","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"pálida","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"verdosos","lemma":"verdoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"greenish"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rulos","lemma":"rulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ojos","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rulos","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"escapando","lemma":"escapar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying rulos","gloss":"escaping"},{"surface":"debajo","lemma":"debajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies escapando","gloss":"underneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase debajo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sombrerito","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sombrerito","lemma":"sombrerito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escapando","gloss":"little hat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paño","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"paño","lemma":"paño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sombrerito","gloss":"cloth"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of eleva","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"eleva","lemma":"elevar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking superficie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of superficie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"superficie","lemma":"superficie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of eleva","gloss":"surface"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espíritu","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies superficie","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":48,"label":"13","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s1","source":"Hace dos años.","translation":"Two years ago.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hace dos años","title":"«hace» + time = 'ago'","body":"«Hace» plus a span of time means 'ago': «hace dos años» = 'two years ago'. It uses the third-person of «hacer» impersonally, never agreeing with the time word. Erdosain keeps correcting himself: two years, no, three."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ago","note":"'hace' + a time span is an idiom meaning '[time] ago.'"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Hace","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s2","source":"No.","translation":"No.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":50,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s3","source":"Tres.","translation":"Three.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s4","source":"Sí, tres años.","translation":"Yes, three years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s5","source":"¿Cómo se llamaba?","translation":"What was she called?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se llamaba","title":"«llamarse» for names","body":"Spanish states a name with the reflexive «llamarse» (literally 'to call oneself'): «¿cómo se llamaba?» = 'what was she called?'. The imperfect «llamaba» fits a name as an ongoing fact in the past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies llamaba","gloss":"what","note":"'¿Cómo se llama?' literally asks 'how is [it] called?' — the idiomatic way to ask a name."},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of llamaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"llamaba","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s6","source":"María, María Esther.","translation":"María, María Esther.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"María","lemma":"María","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"María"},{"surface":"María","lemma":"María","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to María","gloss":"María"},{"surface":"Esther","lemma":"Esther","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name María","gloss":"Esther"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s7","source":"¿Cómo se llamaba?","translation":"What was she called?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies llamaba","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of llamaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"llamaba","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s8","source":"La dulce carita ocupa ahora con su temperatura un anochecido espacio de ensueño.","translation":"The sweet little face now fills, with its warmth, a darkened space of reverie.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dulce","lemma":"dulce","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"carita","lemma":"carita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ocupa","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"ocupa","lemma":"ocupar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fills"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocupa","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking temperatura","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of temperatura","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"temperatura","lemma":"temperatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ocupa","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espacio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anochecido","lemma":"anochecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies espacio","gloss":"darkened"},{"surface":"espacio","lemma":"espacio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ocupa","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ensueño","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ensueño","lemma":"ensueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies espacio","gloss":"reverie"}]},{"number":56,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s9","source":"¡Se acuerda de tantas cosas!","translation":"He remembers so many things!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuerda","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"acuerda","lemma":"acordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cosas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tantas","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acuerda","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s10","source":"El estaba sentado a su lado, el viento movía sus rizos negros, de pronto extendió la mano y entre la yema de los dedos tomó la ardiente barbilla de la criatura.","translation":"He was sitting at her side, the wind was stirring her black curls, and suddenly he reached out his hand and between his fingertips took the girl's burning chin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estaba / movía vs. extendió / tomó","title":"Imperfect backdrop, preterite action","body":"Watch the tenses switch: «estaba sentado» and «movía» (imperfect) set the ongoing scene — he was seated, the wind was blowing — while «extendió» and «tomó» (preterite) mark the single, completed gestures that break it. This is the core preterite/imperfect contrast in one sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sentado","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sentado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"sentado","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of estaba","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sentado","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viento","lemma":"viento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of a new coordinate clause (subject viento)","gloss":"was stirring"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rizos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rizos","lemma":"rizo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of movía","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rizos","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de pronto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extendió","gloss":"suddenly","note":"'de pronto' is a fixed idiom meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"extendió","lemma":"extender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of a new coordinate clause (implied subject él)","gloss":"reached out"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of extendió","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yema","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of yema","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"yema","lemma":"yema","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tomó","gloss":"fingertip"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yema","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"tomó","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause coordinated with extendió","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of barbilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ardiente","lemma":"ardiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies barbilla","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"barbilla","lemma":"barbilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tomó","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criatura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies barbilla","gloss":"girl"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s11","source":"¿Dónde está ahora?","translation":"Where is she now?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dónde","lemma":"dónde","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"complement of está","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to Dónde","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies está","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":59,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s12","source":"¿Bajo qué techo duerme?","translation":"Under what roof does she sleep?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking techo","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of techo","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"techo","lemma":"techo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of duerme","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"duerme","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":60,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s13","source":"¿si la encontrara, la reconocería?","translation":"if he found her, would he recognize her?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si la encontrara, la reconocería","title":"Hypothetical 'if'","body":"Another contrary-to-fact condition: imperfect subjunctive «encontrara» + conditional «reconocería» = 'if he found her, would he recognize her?'. The unreal pairing signals a meeting he doesn't expect to happen. (Arlt's lowercase «si» here is kept verbatim.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontrara","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of encontrara","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"encontrara","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on reconocería","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of reconocería","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"reconocería","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would recognize"}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s14","source":"Hace tres años.","translation":"Three years ago.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Hace","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s15","source":"La conoció en un tren, conversó algunos minutos con ella durante quince días, y después desapareció.","translation":"He met her on a train, talked with her for a few minutes over fifteen days, and then he disappeared.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"La conoció","title":"«conocer» in the preterite","body":"In the preterite, «conocer» means not 'knew' but 'met (for the first time)': «la conoció en un tren» = 'he met her on a train'. A handful of verbs shift meaning between tenses this way — «saber» preterite = 'found out', «querer» preterite = 'tried'."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of conoció","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"conoció","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conoció","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"conversó","lemma":"conversar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with conoció","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"algunos","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of minutos","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"minutos","lemma":"minuto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of conversó","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conversó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking días","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"quince","lemma":"quince","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies días","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of conversó","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desapareció","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"desapareció","lemma":"desaparecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with conversó","gloss":"disappeared"}]},{"number":63,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s16","source":"Eso es todo y nada más.","translation":"That is all and nothing more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to todo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of es","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated with todo","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s17","source":"Y ella no sabía que estaba casado.","translation":"And she didn't know that he was married.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies sabía","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of casado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to casado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"casado","lemma":"casado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of estaba","gloss":"married"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s18","source":"¿Qué es lo que hubiera dicho de saberlo?","translation":"What would she have said had she known it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de saberlo","title":"«de» + infinitive as a condition","body":"«De» before an infinitive can express a condition: «de saberlo» = 'if she had known it / had she known it'. It is a compact substitute for a whole «si» clause. «Hubiera dicho» is the past perfect subjunctive — 'would have said'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula introducing the cleft clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo que","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the phrase lo que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause lo que","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of saberlo","gloss":"if","note":"'de' + infinitive here is a literary conditional, equivalent to 'si hubiera sabido' ('if she had known')."},{"surface":"saberlo","lemma":"saber él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of de","gloss":"known it"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s19","source":"Sí, ahora se acuerda.","translation":"Yes, now he remembers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acuerda","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuerda","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"acuerda","lemma":"acordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembers"}]},{"number":67,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s20","source":"Se llamaba María.","translation":"She was called María.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of llamaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"llamaba","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"María","lemma":"María","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicate of llamaba","gloss":"María"}]},{"number":68,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s21","source":"¿Pero importa algo eso?","translation":"But does that matter at all?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies importa","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"importa","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importa","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of importa","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s22","source":"No.","translation":"No.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":70,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s23","source":"Había algo más hermoso en todo aquello, la dulce fiebre que caía de sus ojos a momentos verdes y a momentos pardos.","translation":"There was something more beautiful in all that, the sweet fever that fell from her eyes, at moments green and at moments brown.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Había","title":"«había» = 'there was'","body":"«Había» is the imperfect of «haber» used impersonally for 'there was / there were'. Like «hay» in the present, it never agrees with what follows — «había algo» (there was something), «había cosas» (there were things)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of Había","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hermoso","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"hermoso","lemma":"hermoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aquello","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aquello","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"aquello","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of Había","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fiebre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dulce","lemma":"dulce","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fiebre","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"fiebre","lemma":"fiebre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to algo","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of caía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fiebre","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caía","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momentos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caía","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies momentos","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momentos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with momentos","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"pardos","lemma":"pardo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies momentos","gloss":"brown"}]},{"number":71,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s24","source":"Y su silencio.","translation":"And her silence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":72,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s25","source":"Erdosain recuerda viajes en ferrocarril; está sentado junto a la criatura que ha dejado caer la cabeza sobre su hombro, él enreda los dedos en los rizos y la criatura de quince años tiembla en silencio.","translation":"Erdosain remembers railway journeys; he is sitting beside the girl who has let her head drop onto his shoulder, he tangles his fingers in her curls, and the fifteen-year-old girl trembles in silence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ha dejado caer","title":"«dejar caer» = to let fall","body":"«Dejar» plus an infinitive means 'to let / allow (something to happen)': «dejar caer la cabeza» = 'to let one's head drop'. Here it sits in the present perfect, «ha dejado caer» — 'has let drop' — folding the memory into the present-tense narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recuerda","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recuerda","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembers"},{"surface":"viajes","lemma":"viaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of recuerda","gloss":"journeys"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ferrocarril","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ferrocarril","lemma":"ferrocarril","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies viajes","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sentado","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"sentado","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause after the semicolon (implied subject Erdosain)","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies sentado","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of junto","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dejado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dejado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dejado","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying criatura","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"caer","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejado","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejado caer","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombro","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hombro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hombro","lemma":"hombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caer","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of enreda","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"enreda","lemma":"enredar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of a new coordinate clause","gloss":"tangles"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of enreda","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rizos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rizos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rizos","lemma":"rizo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enreda","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tiembla","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking años","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"quince","lemma":"quince","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies criatura","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"tiembla","lemma":"temblar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause coordinated with enreda","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tiembla","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":73,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s26","source":"Si ella supiera ahora que él proyecta matar a un hombre, ¿qué diría?","translation":"If she knew now that he plans to kill a man, what would she say?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si ella supiera... ¿qué diría?","title":"Imperfect subjunctive + conditional","body":"«Supiera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «saber»; «diría» is the conditional of «decir». The pair builds the unreal 'if she knew… what would she say?'. This is the chapter's first explicit naming of the murder Erdosain is planning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of supiera","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of supiera","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"supiera","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on diría","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies supiera","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of proyecta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of proyecta","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"proyecta","lemma":"proyectar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of supiera","gloss":"plans"},{"surface":"matar","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of proyecta","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"(marks object)","note":"This 'a' is the Spanish personal a, marking a human direct object; it has no translation of its own."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of matar","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of diría","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"diría","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"}]},{"number":74,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s27","source":"Posiblemente no entendiera esa palabra.","translation":"She probably wouldn't understand that word.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Posiblemente","lemma":"posiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entendiera","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entendiera","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"entendiera","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of entendiera","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":75,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p13-s28","source":"Y Erdosain recuerda con qué timidez de colegiala levantaba el brazo y apoyaba la mano en sus mejillas ríspidas de barba; y quizá esa felicidad que es la que él perdió es la que se necesita para borrar del semblante humano tanto vestigio de fealdad.","translation":"And Erdosain remembers with what schoolgirl shyness she would raise her arm and rest her hand on his cheeks rough with stubble; and perhaps that happiness, the one he lost, is the very one needed to wipe so much trace of ugliness from the human face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p13-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"levantaba / apoyaba","title":"Imperfect for repeated gestures","body":"«Levantaba» and «apoyaba» (imperfect) describe habitual, repeated motions in the past — 'she would raise… and rest…' — the gestures she made again and again. The imperfect is Spanish's tense for 'used to / would' habits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies recuerda","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recuerda","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recuerda","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembers"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking timidez","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of timidez","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"timidez","lemma":"timidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of levantaba","gloss":"shyness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colegiala","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"colegiala","lemma":"colegiala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies timidez","gloss":"schoolgirl"},{"surface":"levantaba","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of recuerda","gloss":"would raise"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of levantaba","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"apoyaba","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with levantaba","gloss":"would rest"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of apoyaba","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mejillas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mejillas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mejillas","lemma":"mejilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apoyaba","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"ríspidas","lemma":"ríspido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mejillas","gloss":"rough"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking barba","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"barba","lemma":"barba","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ríspidas","gloss":"stubble"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"quizá","lemma":"quizá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second es (esa felicidad ... es la que se necesita)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the second es (la que se necesita)","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of the first es (que él perdió)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula of the relative clause modifying felicidad","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate pronoun 'the one' (complement of es), antecedent felicidad","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of perdió","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of perdió","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"perdió","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying la (the one)","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula linking felicidad to la que se necesita","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate pronoun 'the one' (complement of es)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of necesita","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/impersonal particle of necesita","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"necesita","lemma":"necesitar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying la (the one)","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of borrar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"borrar","lemma":"borrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on necesita","gloss":"wipe"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of borrar","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"humano","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vestigio","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"vestigio","lemma":"vestigio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of borrar","gloss":"trace"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fealdad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fealdad","lemma":"fealdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vestigio","gloss":"ugliness"}]},{"number":76,"label":"14","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p14-s1","source":"Erdosain se examina ahora con curiosidad.","translation":"Erdosain now examines himself with curiosity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of examina","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of examina","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"examina","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examines"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies examina","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking curiosidad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"curiosidad","lemma":"curiosidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of examina","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p14-s2","source":"¿Por qué piensa tantas cosas?","translation":"Why does he think so many things?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p14-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for","note":"'por qué' together means 'why'"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of piensa","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"tantas","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of piensa","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":78,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p14-s3","source":"¿Con qué derecho?","translation":"By what right?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p14-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of derecho","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"derecho","lemma":"derecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":79,"label":"15","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p15-s1","source":"¿Desde cuándo los candidatos a asesinos piensan?","translation":"Since when do candidates for murderers think?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Desde cuándo","title":"«¿desde cuándo?»","body":"«¿Desde cuándo?» literally asks 'since when?', and like its English twin it often carries a sting of irony — 'since when do murderers-to-be sit around thinking?'. «Candidatos a asesinos» uses «a» to mean 'candidates for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuándo","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"cuándo","lemma":"cuándo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of piensan","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of candidatos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"candidatos","lemma":"candidato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of piensan","gloss":"candidates"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asesinos","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"asesinos","lemma":"asesino","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies candidatos","gloss":"murderers"},{"surface":"piensan","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":80,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p15-s2","source":"Y sin embargo, hay algo en él que le da las gracias al Universo.","translation":"And yet, there is something in him that gives thanks to the Universe.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"da las gracias","title":"«dar las gracias»","body":"«Dar las gracias (a alguien)» is the set phrase 'to thank (someone)' — literally 'to give the thanks'. The «le… al Universo» doubles the indirect object, a normal Spanish redundancy that pins down who is being thanked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"without","note":"'sin embargo' together means 'however/yet'"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sin","gloss":"hindrance"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hay","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of da","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of da","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying algo","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of gracias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gracias","lemma":"gracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of da","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Universo","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"Universo","lemma":"Universo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of da","gloss":"Universe"}]},{"number":81,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p15-s3","source":"¿Consiste en humildad o en amor?","translation":"Does it consist of humility or of love?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p15-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Consiste","lemma":"consistir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humildad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humildad","lemma":"humildad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Consiste","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with humildad","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p15-s4","source":"No lo sabe, pero comprende que en la incoherencia hay dulzura, se le ocurre que una pobre alma al enloquecer abandona con gratitud los sufrimientos de esta tierra.","translation":"He doesn't know, but he understands that in incoherence there is sweetness; it occurs to him that a poor soul, on going mad, gratefully abandons the sufferings of this earth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p15-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al enloquecer","title":"«al» + infinitive = 'upon doing'","body":"«Al» followed by an infinitive means 'upon / on (doing something)': «al enloquecer» = 'on going mad'. It compresses a clause of time into two words — the same construction that opens the novel's first chapter, «al abrir la puerta»."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sabe","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"comprende","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sabe","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hay","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking incoherencia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of incoherencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"incoherencia","lemma":"incoherencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hay","gloss":"incoherence"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of comprende","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"dulzura","lemma":"dulzura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"sweetness"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"impersonal particle of ocurre","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ocurre","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ocurre","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with comprende","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of abandona","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pobre","lemma":"pobre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies alma","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of abandona","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enloquecer","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"enloquecer","lemma":"enloquecer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on abandona","gloss":"going mad"},{"surface":"abandona","lemma":"abandonar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of ocurre","gloss":"abandons"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gratitud","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gratitud","lemma":"gratitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abandona","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sufrimientos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of abandona","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tierra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sufrimientos","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p15-s5","source":"Y más abajo de esta piedad, una fuerza implacable, casi irónica, le tuerce el labio con un mohín de desprecio.","translation":"And below this pity, an implacable, almost ironic force twists his lip with a grimace of contempt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p15-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies abajo","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies abajo","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"abajo","lemma":"abajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tuerce","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piedad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"piedad","lemma":"piedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abajo","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fuerza","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"fuerza","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tuerce","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fuerza","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies irónica","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"irónica","lemma":"irónico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fuerza","gloss":"ironic"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tuerce","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tuerce","lemma":"torcer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twists"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of labio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"labio","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tuerce","gloss":"lip"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mohín","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mohín","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mohín","lemma":"mohín","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tuerce","gloss":"grimace"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desprecio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desprecio","lemma":"desprecio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mohín","gloss":"contempt"}]},{"number":84,"label":"16","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p16-s1","source":"Los dioses existen.","translation":"The gods exist.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dioses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dioses","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of existen","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"existen","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exist"}]},{"number":85,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p16-s2","source":"Viven escondidos bajo la envoltura de ciertos hombres que se acuerdan de la vida en el planeta cuando aún la tierra era niña.","translation":"They live hidden under the covering of certain men who remember life on the planet when the earth was still a child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p16-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Viven escondidos","title":"Adjective from a past participle","body":"«Escondidos» is the past participle of «esconder» used as an adjective and made to agree in number and gender — 'hidden (men)'. Paired with «vivir», it describes a state: «viven escondidos» = 'they live hidden / in hiding'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Viven","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they live"},{"surface":"escondidos","lemma":"escondido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicative complement of Viven","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking envoltura","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of envoltura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"envoltura","lemma":"envoltura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Viven","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ciertos","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies envoltura","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of acuerdan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuerdan","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"acuerdan","lemma":"acordarse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying hombres","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acuerdan","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking planeta","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of planeta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"planeta","lemma":"planeta","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"planet"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to niña","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niña","lemma":"niña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of era","gloss":"a child"}]},{"number":86,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p16-s3","source":"El encierra también a un dios.","translation":"He too encloses a god.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p16-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of encierra","gloss":"he","note":"capitalized 'El' here is 'Él' (he), not the article 'el'"},{"surface":"encierra","lemma":"encerrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"encloses"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encierra","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dios","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dios","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dios","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encierra","gloss":"god"}]},{"number":87,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p16-s4","source":"¿Es posible?","translation":"Is it possible?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p16-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to posible","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"posible","lemma":"posible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"}]},{"number":88,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p16-s5","source":"Se toca la nariz, adolorida por las trompadas que recibió de Barsut, y la fuerza implacable insiste en esa afirmación: El lleva un dios escondido bajo su piel doliente.","translation":"He touches his nose, sore from the punches he took from Barsut, and the implacable force insists on that affirmation: He carries a god hidden under his aching skin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p16-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"trompadas","title":"«trompada»","body":"«Trompada» is colloquial River Plate Spanish for a punch or blow with the fist (Spain would say «puñetazo»). Barsut is Erdosain's antagonist; the bruised nose ties this dawn reverie to the violence of the night before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of toca","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toca","lemma":"tocar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touches"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nariz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nariz","lemma":"nariz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of toca","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"adolorida","lemma":"adolorido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nariz","gloss":"sore"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trompadas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of trompadas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trompadas","lemma":"trompada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of adolorida","gloss":"punches"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of recibió","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recibió","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying trompadas","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of recibió","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fuerza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuerza","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of insiste","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fuerza","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"insiste","lemma":"insistir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with toca","gloss":"insists"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afirmación","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of afirmación","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afirmación","lemma":"afirmación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of insiste","gloss":"affirmation"},{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of lleva","gloss":"he","note":"capitalized 'El' here is 'Él' (he), not the article 'el'"},{"surface":"lleva","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dios","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dios","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of lleva","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"escondido","lemma":"escondido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dios","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piel","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of piel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"piel","lemma":"piel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lleva","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"doliente","lemma":"doliente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies piel","gloss":"aching"}]},{"number":89,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p16-s6","source":"¿Pero el Código Penal ha previsto qué castigo puede aplicarse a un dios homicida?","translation":"But has the Penal Code foreseen what punishment can be applied to a homicidal god?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p16-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"puede aplicarse","title":"Passive «se»","body":"«Aplicarse» here is the passive «se»: «qué castigo puede aplicarse» = 'what punishment can be applied'. Spanish often uses «se» plus a verb instead of a full passive when the agent is unimportant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies previsto","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Código","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Código","lemma":"Código","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of previsto","gloss":"Code"},{"surface":"Penal","lemma":"Penal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Código","gloss":"Penal"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of previsto","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"previsto","lemma":"prever","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foreseen"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of castigo","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"castigo","lemma":"castigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aplicarse","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of aplicarse","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"aplicarse","lemma":"aplicar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of previsto","gloss":"be applied"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dios","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dios","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dios","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aplicarse","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"homicida","lemma":"homicida","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies dios","gloss":"homicidal"}]},{"number":90,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p16-s7","source":"¿Qué diría el Juez de Instrucción si él le contestara: «Peco porque llevo un dios en mí»?","translation":"What would the examining magistrate say if he answered him: \"I sin because I carry a god in me\"?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p16-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of diría","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"diría","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Juez","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Juez","lemma":"Juez","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of diría","gloss":"Judge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Instrucción","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Instrucción","lemma":"Instrucción","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Juez","gloss":"Investigation"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of contestara","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of contestara","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contestara","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"contestara","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on diría","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Peco","lemma":"pecar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I sin","note":"verb 'pecar' (to sin), not the proper name it looks like after the quote mark"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llevo","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"llevo","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Peco","gloss":"I carry"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dios","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dios","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llevo","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevo","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":91,"label":"17","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s1","source":"¿Mas no es cierto?","translation":"But isn't it true?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Mas","title":"«mas» without an accent","body":"«Mas» (no accent) is a literary conjunction meaning 'but', equivalent to «pero». Do not confuse it with «más» (with accent), which means 'more'. The unaccented form is archaic and bookish — Arlt reaches for it to raise the register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies es","gloss":"but","note":"literary 'mas' = 'but' (not 'más', more)"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cierto","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cierto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":92,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s2","source":"Este amor, esta fuerza que él conduce en el amanecer, bajo la humedad de los árboles que gotean rocío en la oscuridad, ¿no es una virtud de los dioses?","translation":"This love, this force he carries through the dawn, beneath the dampness of the trees that drip dew in the darkness, is it not a virtue of the gods?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fuerza","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"fuerza","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to amor","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of conduce","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of conduce","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"conduce","lemma":"conducir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fuerza","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amanecer","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amanecer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amanecer","lemma":"amanecer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conduce","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humedad","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of humedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"humedad","lemma":"humedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conduce","gloss":"dampness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árboles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of árboles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"árboles","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies humedad","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gotean","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gotean","lemma":"gotear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying árboles","gloss":"drip"},{"surface":"rocío","lemma":"rocío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of gotean","gloss":"dew"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gotean","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to virtud","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virtud","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"virtud","lemma":"virtud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dioses","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dioses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dioses","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies virtud","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":93,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s3","source":"Y nuevamente de la superficie de su espíritu se desprende el relieve de aquel recuerdo: Una ovalada carita pálida que tenía los ojos verdosos y rulos negros a veces arrollados a la garganta por el viento.","translation":"And again from the surface of his spirit rises the relief of that memory: An oval pale little face that had greenish eyes and black curls sometimes blown against her throat by the wind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies desprende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nuevamente","lemma":"nuevamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desprende","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking superficie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of superficie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"superficie","lemma":"superficie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desprende","gloss":"surface"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espíritu","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies superficie","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desprende","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"desprende","lemma":"desprender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of relieve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"relieve","lemma":"relieve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of desprende","gloss":"relief"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recuerdo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies relieve","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ovalada","lemma":"ovalado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"oval"},{"surface":"carita","lemma":"carita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to recuerdo","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"pálida","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying carita","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"verdosos","lemma":"verdoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"greenish"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rulos","lemma":"rulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ojos","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rulos","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veces","gloss":"at","note":"'a veces' together means 'sometimes'"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom a veces","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"arrollados","lemma":"arrollado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rulos","gloss":"blown"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking garganta","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of garganta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"garganta","lemma":"garganta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrollados","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking viento","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viento","lemma":"viento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrollados","gloss":"wind"}]},{"number":94,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s4","source":"¡Qué sencillo es esto!","translation":"How simple this is!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¡Qué sencillo es esto!","title":"Exclamatory «¡qué…!»","body":"«¡Qué + adjective!» forms an exclamation of degree: «¡qué sencillo!» = 'how simple!'. Spanish frames such outbursts with paired marks, opening «¡» and closing «!»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"modifies sencillo","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"sencillo","lemma":"sencillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":95,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s5","source":"No necesita decir nada, tan perfecto es su arrobamiento.","translation":"He needs to say nothing, so perfect is his rapture.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies necesita","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"necesita","lemma":"necesitar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He needs"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of necesita","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of decir","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perfecto","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"perfecto","lemma":"perfecto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to arrobamiento","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of arrobamiento","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"arrobamiento","lemma":"arrobamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":96,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s6","source":"Aunque nada de improbable tendría que se hubiera vuelto loco pensando en la colegiala bajo los árboles que gotean humedad.","translation":"Though there would be nothing improbable in his having gone mad thinking of the schoolgirl beneath the trees that drip dampness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se hubiera vuelto loco","title":"«volverse loco»","body":"«Volverse loco» = 'to go mad'. The pronominal «volverse» marks an involuntary change of state, unlike «hacerse» (a willed change). «Hubiera vuelto» is the past perfect subjunctive, required after the hypothetical «tendría que…»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tendría","gloss":"Though"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of tendría","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking improbable","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"improbable","lemma":"improbable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"improbable"},{"surface":"tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have","note":"Idiom 'no tener nada de + adjective' means 'to not be adjective at all' — here, nothing improbable about it."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vuelto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vuelto","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vuelto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vuelto","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of tendría","gloss":"gone","note":"'Volverse loco' is an idiom meaning 'to go crazy/mad.'"},{"surface":"loco","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of vuelto","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on vuelto","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colegiala","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of colegiala","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"colegiala","lemma":"colegiala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensando","gloss":"schoolgirl"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árboles","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of árboles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"árboles","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies colegiala","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gotean","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gotean","lemma":"gotear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying árboles","gloss":"drip"},{"surface":"humedad","lemma":"humedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of gotean","gloss":"dampness"}]},{"number":97,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s7","source":"Si no, ¿cómo se explica que su alma sea tan distinta a la que lo endemoniaba por la noche?","translation":"If not, how is it explained that his soul is so different from the one that possessed him in the night?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se explica que... sea","title":"Subjunctive after «explicarse que»","body":"«Explicarse que» here introduces something doubted or wondered at, so the verb that follows goes subjunctive: «sea» (present subjunctive of «ser»). «Endemoniaba» is the imperfect of «endemoniar», 'to possess like a demon'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explica","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Si","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies explica","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive particle of explica","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"explica","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is explained"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of distinta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sea","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to distinta","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies distinta","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"distinta","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sea","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"forms the phrase 'la que' (the one that)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of endemoniaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of endemoniaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"endemoniaba","lemma":"endemoniar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying la que","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of endemoniaba","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":98,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s8","source":"¿O es que en la noche sólo pueden concebirse pensamientos sombríos?","translation":"Or is it that at night only dark thoughts can be conceived?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿O es que...?","title":"«¿es que…?»","body":"«¿Es que…?» opens a question that probes for an explanation — 'is it (perhaps) that…?'. It softens the question into musing. «Pueden concebirse» is again the passive «se»: 'can be conceived'."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of concebirse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of concebirse","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies concebirse","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"pueden","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of concebirse","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"concebirse","lemma":"concebir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"be conceived"},{"surface":"pensamientos","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of concebirse","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"sombríos","lemma":"sombrío","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pensamientos","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":99,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s9","source":"Aunque así sea no importa.","translation":"Even if it is so, it does not matter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"así sea","title":"Concessive subjunctive","body":"«Aunque así sea» = 'even if it be so / even so'. «Aunque» with the subjunctive «sea» concedes a hypothetical point. The fixed phrase «así sea» also survives as 'so be it / amen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sea","gloss":"Even if"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sea","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on importa","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"importa","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it matters"}]},{"number":100,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s10","source":"El es otro ahora.","translation":"He is another man now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"He","note":"Written here without the accent (él); functions as the pronoun 'he,' not the article 'the.'"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to otro","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":101,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s11","source":"Sonríe junto a los árboles.","translation":"He smiles beside the trees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sonríe","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He smiles"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking árboles","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of árboles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"árboles","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Sonríe","gloss":"trees"}]},{"number":102,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s12","source":"¿No es magníficamente idiota esto?","translation":"Isn't this magnificently idiotic?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to idiota","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"magníficamente","lemma":"magníficamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies idiota","gloss":"magnificently"},{"surface":"idiota","lemma":"idiota","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"idiotic"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":103,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p17-s13","source":"El Rufián Melancólico, la Ciega depravada, Ergueta con el mito de Cristo, el Astrólogo, todos estos fantasmas incomprensibles, que dicen palabras humanas, que tienen una palabra carnal, ¿qué son junto a él que apoyado en un poste, junto a un cerco de ligustro, siente el avance de la vida que llega a tocarle el pecho?","translation":"The Melancholy Pimp, the depraved Blind Woman, Ergueta with his myth of Christ, the Astrologer, all these incomprehensible phantoms, who speak human words, who have a fleshly word, what are they beside him who, leaning on a post, beside a privet hedge, feels the advance of life that comes to touch his chest?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p17-s13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of son","gloss":"Pimp"},{"surface":"Melancólico","lemma":"Melancólico","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Rufián","gloss":"Melancholy"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ciega","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ciega","lemma":"Ciega","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to Rufián","gloss":"Blind Woman"},{"surface":"depravada","lemma":"depravado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Ciega","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to Rufián","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mito","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mito","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mito","lemma":"mito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ergueta","gloss":"myth"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Cristo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Cristo","lemma":"Cristo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies mito","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to Rufián","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of estos","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"estos","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fantasmas","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"fantasmas","lemma":"fantasma","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"in apposition to Rufián","gloss":"phantoms"},{"surface":"incomprensibles","lemma":"incomprensible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies fantasmas","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dicen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dicen","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying fantasmas","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dicen","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"humanas","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tienen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying fantasmas","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tienen","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"carnal","lemma":"carnal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies palabra","gloss":"fleshly"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of son","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to qué","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of son","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of siente","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"apoyado","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying él","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poste","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poste","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poste","lemma":"poste","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyado","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking cerco","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cerco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cerco","lemma":"cerco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of siente","gloss":"hedge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ligustro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ligustro","lemma":"ligustro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cerco","gloss":"privet"},{"surface":"siente","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause modifying él","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of avance","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"avance","lemma":"avance","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of siente","gloss":"advance"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies avance","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of llega","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"llega","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying avance","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tocarle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tocarle","lemma":"tocar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of llega","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tocarle","gloss":"chest"}]},{"number":104,"label":"18","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p18-s1","source":"Es otro hombre, y por el solo hecho de haber pensado en la criatura que en un vagón de tren dejaba caer la cabeza sobre su hombro.","translation":"He is another man, and by the mere fact of having thought of the girl who, in a train car, would let her head drop onto his shoulder.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"haber pensado","title":"The perfect infinitive","body":"«Haber» plus a past participle forms the perfect infinitive: «haber pensado» = 'to have thought / having thought'. After «por el solo hecho de» it means 'by the mere fact of having thought'. It names a completed action as a cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to hombre","gloss":"He is"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hecho","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hecho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hecho","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of por","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pensado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of pensado","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"pensado","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying hecho","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criatura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensado","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dejaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vagón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vagón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vagón","lemma":"vagón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dejaba","gloss":"car"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vagón","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying criatura","gloss":"would let"},{"surface":"caer","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejaba","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the","note":"Spanish typically uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive ('her head')."},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of caer","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombro","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hombro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hombro","lemma":"hombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caer","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":105,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p18-s2","source":"Erdosain cierra los ojos.","translation":"Erdosain closes his eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p18-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of cierra","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"cierra","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"closes"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cierra","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":106,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p18-s3","source":"El acre olor de la tierra le escalofría.","translation":"The acrid smell of the earth sends a shiver through him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p18-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of olor","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"acre","lemma":"acre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies olor","gloss":"acrid"},{"surface":"olor","lemma":"olor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of escalofría","gloss":"smell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tierra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies olor","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of escalofría","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"escalofría","lemma":"escalofriar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sends a shiver"}]},{"number":107,"label":"19","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p19-s1","source":"Un vértigo sube de su carne cansada.","translation":"A vertigo rises from his tired flesh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vértigo","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"vértigo","lemma":"vértigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sube","gloss":"vertigo"},{"surface":"sube","lemma":"subir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sube","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"cansada","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"tired"}]},{"number":108,"label":"20","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p20-s1","source":"Otro hombre avanza por el camino.","translation":"Another man comes up the road.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"Another"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of avanza","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"avanza","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking camino","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of camino","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"camino","lemma":"camino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avanza","gloss":"road"}]},{"number":109,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p20-s2","source":"Un silbato bronco llega desde la estación.","translation":"A hoarse whistle reaches him from the station.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p20-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silbato","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"silbato","lemma":"silbato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llega","gloss":"whistle"},{"surface":"bronco","lemma":"bronco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silbato","gloss":"hoarse"},{"surface":"llega","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reaches"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estación","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estación","lemma":"estación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llega","gloss":"station"}]},{"number":110,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p20-s3","source":"Otros hombres de gorra o sombrero torcido cruzan a la distancia.","translation":"Other men in caps or crooked hats cross in the distance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p20-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"Other"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of cruzan","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gorra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gorra","lemma":"gorra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"sombrero","lemma":"sombrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with gorra","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"torcido","lemma":"torcido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sombrero","gloss":"crooked"},{"surface":"cruzan","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distancia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of distancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzan","gloss":"distance"}]},{"number":111,"label":"21","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p21-s1","source":"En realidad, ¿qué diablos hace allí?","translation":"In truth, what the devil is he doing there?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"qué diablos","title":"«qué diablos»","body":"«¿Qué diablos…?» is the colloquial intensifier 'what the devil / what on earth…?'. Spanish slots «diablos», «demonios» or «narices» into a question for exasperation, just as English uses 'the hell / the devil'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking realidad","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diablos","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"diablos","lemma":"diablo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"the devil","note":"'Qué diablos' is an idiom meaning 'what the devil/hell,' an intensifier rather than a literal plural of devils."},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is doing"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hace","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":112,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p21-s2","source":"Erdosain guiña un párpado, tiene conciencia de que le está haciendo trampa a Dios, de que representa la comedia de un hombre que no ha podido desviar la maldición de Dios.","translation":"Erdosain winks one eyelid; he is aware that he is cheating God, that he is playing the comedy of a man who has not managed to turn aside God's curse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p21-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"haciendo trampa","title":"«hacer trampa»","body":"«Hacer trampa» means 'to cheat, to play foul' (as in a game): «le está haciendo trampa a Dios» = 'he is cheating God'. The «le… a Dios» again doubles the indirect object — standard in Spanish, redundant in English."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of guiña","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"guiña","lemma":"guiñar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winks"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of párpado","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"párpado","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guiña","gloss":"eyelid"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with guiña","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"awareness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of haciendo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of haciendo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of haciendo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of haciendo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"haciendo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying conciencia","gloss":"cheating"},{"surface":"trampa","lemma":"trampa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with haciendo","gloss":"trick","note":"'Hacer trampa a alguien' is an idiom meaning 'to cheat someone.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dios","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of haciendo","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of representa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of representa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"representa","lemma":"representar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying conciencia","gloss":"plays"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of comedia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"comedia","lemma":"comedia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of representa","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies comedia","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ha","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ha","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of podido","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"podido","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"auxiliary of desviar","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"desviar","lemma":"desviar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podido","gloss":"turn aside"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of maldición","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maldición","lemma":"maldición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desviar","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies maldición","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":113,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p21-s3","source":"Sin embargo, ante sus ojos pasan a momentos ráfagas de oscuridad, y una especie de embriaguez sorda se va apoderando de sus sentidos.","translation":"And yet, before his eyes there pass at moments gusts of darkness, and a kind of dull drunkenness is taking hold of his senses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p21-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se va apoderando","title":"«ir» + gerund","body":"«Ir» plus a gerund describes a process unfolding gradually: «se va apoderando» = 'is gradually taking hold'. The verb «ir» ('to go') adds the sense of step-by-step progression to «apoderarse de» (to take possession of)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking embargo","gloss":"However","note":"'Sin embargo' is a fixed phrase meaning 'however/nevertheless' (rendered here as 'And yet')."},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Sin","gloss":"hindrance"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pasan","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"pasan","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momentos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pasan","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"ráfagas","lemma":"ráfaga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of pasan","gloss":"gusts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ráfagas","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of especie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"especie","lemma":"especie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of apoderando","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking embriaguez","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"embriaguez","lemma":"embriaguez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies especie","gloss":"drunkenness"},{"surface":"sorda","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies embriaguez","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apoderando","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of apoderando","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"apoderando","lemma":"apoderar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with pasan","gloss":"taking hold"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentidos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sentidos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sentidos","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apoderando","gloss":"senses"}]},{"number":114,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p21-s4","source":"Quisiera violar algo.","translation":"He would like to violate something.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p21-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quisiera","title":"«quisiera» — the softened wish","body":"«Quisiera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «querer» used as a polite or wistful 'I/he would like'. It softens a raw «quiero» (I want) into a longing — here, the urge to transgress. The same form gives the courteous «quisiera un café» (I'd like a coffee)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quisiera","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He would like"},{"surface":"violar","lemma":"violar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Quisiera","gloss":"to violate"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of violar","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":115,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p21-s5","source":"Violar el sentido común.","translation":"To violate common sense.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p21-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Violar","lemma":"violar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"To violate"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Violar","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"común","lemma":"común","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sentido","gloss":"common"}]},{"number":116,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p21-s6","source":"Si por allí hubiera una parva le prendía fuego...","translation":"If there were a haystack over there he would set fire to it...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p21-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si... hubiera... le prendía fuego","title":"Imperfect for the conditional","body":"In speech, Spanish often replaces the conditional «prendería» with the imperfect «prendía» in the main clause of a hypothetical: «si hubiera una parva, le prendía fuego» = 'if there were a haystack, he'd set fire to it'. «Prender fuego (a)» = 'to set fire (to)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hubiera","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allí","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hubiera","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on prendía","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of parva","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"parva","lemma":"parva","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hubiera","gloss":"haystack"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of prendía","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"prendía","lemma":"prender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would set"},{"surface":"fuego","lemma":"fuego","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of prendía","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":117,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p21-s7","source":"Algo repugnante abotarga su rostro: son las expresiones torvas de la locura; de pronto mira un árbol, da un salto, alcanza una rama, se aferra a ella y prendiéndose con los pies al tronco, ayudándose con los codos, logra encaramarse hasta la horqueta de la acacia.","translation":"Something repugnant bloats his face: these are the grim expressions of madness; suddenly he looks at a tree, gives a leap, reaches a branch, clutches at it, and gripping the trunk with his feet, helping himself with his elbows, he manages to clamber up to the fork of the acacia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p21-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"da un salto, alcanza, se aferra","title":"Historic present for action","body":"Arlt narrates the whole chapter in the present tense, even for sudden bursts of action: «da un salto, alcanza una rama, se aferra». This 'historic present' keeps the reader pinned to Erdosain's immediate, feverish now rather than reporting events as past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of abotarga","gloss":"Something"},{"surface":"repugnante","lemma":"repugnante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Algo","gloss":"repugnant"},{"surface":"abotarga","lemma":"abotargar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bloats"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abotarga","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause (copula)","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of expresiones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"expresiones","lemma":"expresión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of son","gloss":"expressions"},{"surface":"torvas","lemma":"torvo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies expresiones","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking locura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of locura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"locura","lemma":"locura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies expresiones","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifies mira","gloss":"suddenly","note":"«de pronto» is an idiom meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"mira","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (coordinated with da, alcanza, aferra, logra)","gloss":"looks at"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of árbol","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"árbol","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mira","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with mira","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"salto","lemma":"salto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of da","gloss":"leap"},{"surface":"alcanza","lemma":"alcanzar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with mira","gloss":"reaches"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rama","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rama","lemma":"rama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of alcanza","gloss":"branch"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aferra","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"aferra","lemma":"aferrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with mira","gloss":"clutches"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition a (referring to rama)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"prendiéndose","lemma":"prender él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on logra, paralleling ayudándose","gloss":"gripping"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pies","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of prendiéndose","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tronco","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"tronco","lemma":"tronco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of prendiéndose","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"ayudándose","lemma":"ayudar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on logra","gloss":"helping himself"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking codos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of codos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"codos","lemma":"codo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ayudándose","gloss":"elbows"},{"surface":"logra","lemma":"lograr","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with mira (main verb of the final clause)","gloss":"manages"},{"surface":"encaramarse","lemma":"encaramar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of logra","gloss":"to clamber up"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horqueta","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of horqueta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horqueta","lemma":"horqueta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encaramarse","gloss":"fork"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acacia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of acacia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acacia","lemma":"acacia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies horqueta","gloss":"acacia"}]},{"number":118,"label":"22","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p22-s1","source":"Le resbalan los zapatos en la corteza lustrosa, los ramojos le fustigan elásticamente el rostro, alarga el brazo y se coge a una rama, asomando la cabeza por entre las hojas mojadas.","translation":"His shoes slip on the glossy bark, the twigs whip his face springily, he stretches out his arm and grabs a branch, poking his head out through the wet leaves.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Le resbalan los zapatos","title":"The 'unplanned' indirect object","body":"Spanish frames mishaps with an indirect-object pronoun for the affected person: «le resbalan los zapatos» = literally 'the shoes slip on him', i.e. 'his shoes slip'. The «le» shows it happens to him, not by his choice. This is a gustar-type reverse-subject construction (the shoes are the grammatical subject), distinct from the se-accidental pattern of «se me cayó» (the se-accidental marks unintended events)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession, modifies resbalan","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"resbalan","lemma":"resbalar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slip"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of zapatos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zapatos","lemma":"zapato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of resbalan","gloss":"shoes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corteza","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of corteza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corteza","lemma":"corteza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of resbalan","gloss":"bark"},{"surface":"lustrosa","lemma":"lustroso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies corteza","gloss":"glossy"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ramojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ramojos","lemma":"ramojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fustigan","gloss":"twigs"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession, modifies fustigan","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"fustigan","lemma":"fustigar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with resbalan","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"elásticamente","lemma":"elásticamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fustigan","gloss":"springily"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of fustigan","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"alarga","lemma":"alargar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with fustigan","gloss":"stretches out"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of alarga","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of coge","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"coge","lemma":"coger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with alarga","gloss":"grabs"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rama","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rama","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rama","lemma":"rama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition a","gloss":"branch"},{"surface":"asomando","lemma":"asomar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on coge","gloss":"poking out"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of asomando","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition por entre, marking hojas","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition por entre, marking hojas","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of hojas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hojas","lemma":"hoja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of por entre","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"mojadas","lemma":"mojado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies hojas","gloss":"wet"}]},{"number":119,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p22-s2","source":"La calle, abajo, sigue en declive hacia un archipiélago de árboles.","translation":"The street, below, goes on sloping down toward an archipelago of trees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p22-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sigue","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"abajo","lemma":"abajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sigue","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"sigue","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking declive","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"declive","lemma":"declive","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sigue","gloss":"slope"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archipiélago","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of archipiélago","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"archipiélago","lemma":"archipiélago","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sigue","gloss":"archipelago"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árboles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"árboles","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies archipiélago","gloss":"trees"}]},{"number":120,"label":"23","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p23-s1","source":"Está arriba del árbol.","translation":"He is up in the tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to arriba","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"arriba","lemma":"arriba","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árbol","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"árbol","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arriba","gloss":"tree"}]},{"number":121,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p23-s2","source":"Ha violado el sentido común, porque sí, sin objeto, como quien asesina a un transeúnte que se le cruzó al paso, para ver si luego puede descubrirlo la policía.","translation":"He has violated common sense, just because, with no purpose, like someone who murders a passerby who crossed his path, to see whether the police can later track him down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p23-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"porque sí","title":"«porque sí»","body":"«Porque sí» is an idiom meaning 'just because, for no reason at all' — the answer a child gives when there is no reason. It captures the gratuitousness of the act: he climbed the tree for nothing, the way a stranger might be killed for nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of violado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"violado","lemma":"violar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"violated"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of violado","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"común","lemma":"común","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sentido","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom porque sí, modifies violado","gloss":"because","note":"«porque sí» is an idiom meaning 'just because, for no particular reason.'"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom porque sí","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking objeto","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"objeto","lemma":"objeto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition sin","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of asesina","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of asesina","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"asesina","lemma":"asesinar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by como","gloss":"murders"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a, marking transeúnte","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"Personal «a» marks a human direct object and is not translated."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of transeúnte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"transeúnte","lemma":"transeúnte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of asesina","gloss":"passerby"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cruzó","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of cruzó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of cruzó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"cruzó","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying transeúnte","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paso","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"paso","lemma":"paso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzó","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ver","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on asesina","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of puede, modifying ver","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puede","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of descubrirlo","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"descubrirlo","lemma":"descubrir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ver","gloss":"track him down"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of policía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"policía","lemma":"policía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of descubrirlo","gloss":"police"}]},{"number":122,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p23-s3","source":"Hacia el este, sobre lo verdinoso del cielo, se recortan fúnebres chimeneas; luego, montes de verdura como monstruosos rebaños de elefantes rellenan los bajos de Bánfield, y la misma tristeza está en él.","translation":"Toward the east, against the greenish wash of the sky, funereal chimneys stand out in silhouette; then mounds of greenery like monstrous herds of elephants fill the lowlands of Bánfield, and the same sadness is in him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p23-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking este","gloss":"Toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of este","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recortan","gloss":"east"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdinoso","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of verdinoso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdinoso","lemma":"verdinoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition sobre (nominalized by lo)","gloss":"greenish wash"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cielo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies verdinoso","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of recortan","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"recortan","lemma":"recortar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand out"},{"surface":"fúnebres","lemma":"fúnebre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies chimeneas","gloss":"funereal"},{"surface":"chimeneas","lemma":"chimenea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of recortan","gloss":"chimneys"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rellenan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"montes","lemma":"monte","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of rellenan","gloss":"mounds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verdura","lemma":"verdura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies montes","gloss":"greenery"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison rebaños, modifies montes","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"monstruosos","lemma":"monstruoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rebaños","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"rebaños","lemma":"rebaño","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of como, compared to montes","gloss":"herds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elefantes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"elefantes","lemma":"elefante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rebaños","gloss":"elephants"},{"surface":"rellenan","lemma":"rellenar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with recortan","gloss":"fill"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bajos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bajos","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rellenan","gloss":"lowlands"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bánfield","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bánfield","lemma":"Bánfield","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies bajos","gloss":"Bánfield"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tristeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misma","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tristeza","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"tristeza","lemma":"tristeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with rellenan","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of está","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":123,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p23-s4","source":"No es suficiente haber violado el sentido común para sentirse feliz.","translation":"It is not enough to have violated common sense in order to feel happy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p23-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula linking to suficiente","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"suficiente","lemma":"suficiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of violado","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"violado","lemma":"violar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the infinitive clause, subject of es","gloss":"violated"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of violado","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"común","lemma":"común","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sentido","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sentirse","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"sentirse","lemma":"sentir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on violado","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"feliz","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of sentirse","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":124,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p23-s5","source":"Sin embargo, hace un esfuerzo y dice en voz alta:","translation":"Still, he makes an effort and says out loud:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p23-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en voz alta","title":"«en voz alta»","body":"«En voz alta» = 'aloud, out loud' (literally 'in a high/loud voice'); its opposite is «en voz baja», 'in a low voice, under one's breath'. Erdosain now turns his inner monologue into actual speech to the sleeping landscape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom sin embargo, modifies hace","gloss":"Still","note":"«sin embargo» is an idiom meaning 'however, still.'"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom sin embargo","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esfuerzo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"esfuerzo","lemma":"esfuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hace","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dice","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"alta","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"loud"}]},{"number":125,"label":"24","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p24-s1","source":"–¡Eh! bestias dormidas: ¡eh!, juro que... pero no... yo quiero violar la ley del sentido común, tranquilos animalitos... No.","translation":"—Hey! sleeping beasts: hey!, I swear that... but no... I want to violate the law of common sense, you calm little creatures... No.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"juro que","title":"«jurar» — the unfinished oath","body":"«Juro que…» = 'I swear that…'. Erdosain breaks off mid-oath, the trailing «...» staging a mind that cannot hold its own thought. «Animalitos» is the affectionate diminutive of «animales» — 'little creatures'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eh","lemma":"eh","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, addressing bestias","gloss":"Hey"},{"surface":"bestias","lemma":"bestia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"vocative, addressed by Eh","gloss":"beasts"},{"surface":"dormidas","lemma":"dormido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies bestias","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"eh","lemma":"eh","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"juro","lemma":"jurar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quiero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of quiero","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of juro","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"violar","lemma":"violar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiero","gloss":"to violate"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ley","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ley","lemma":"ley","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of violar","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentido","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ley","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"común","lemma":"común","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sentido","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"tranquilos","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies animalitos","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"animalitos","lemma":"animalito","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressed","gloss":"little creatures"},{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"}]},{"number":126,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p24-s2","source":"Lo que quiero es pregonar la audacia, la nueva vida.","translation":"What I want is to proclaim audacity, the new life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p24-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lo que quiero es","title":"Cleft sentence with «lo que»","body":"«Lo que quiero es…» = 'what I want is…'. The neuter «lo que» ('that which / what') builds a cleft sentence that throws the emphasis onto whatever follows «es» — here, proclaiming audacity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo que, subject of es","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of the subject clause lo que quiero","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pregonar","lemma":"pregonar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"to proclaim"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of audacia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"audacia","lemma":"audacia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pregonar","gloss":"audacity"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nueva","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to audacia","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":127,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p24-s3","source":"Hablo desde encima del árbol, no estoy «en la palmera», sino en la acacia: ¡eh! bestias dormidas.","translation":"I am speaking from up in the tree; I am not \"out on a limb\", but in the acacia: hey! sleeping beasts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p24-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hablo","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I speak"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking encima","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"encima","lemma":"encima","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Hablo","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árbol","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"árbol","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition del, modifies encima","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estoy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause, copula linking to palmera","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palmera","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palmera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palmera","lemma":"palmera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estoy","gloss":"palm tree","note":"«en la palmera» is an idiom here roughly meaning 'out on a limb.'"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acacia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of acacia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acacia","lemma":"acacia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estoy, coordinated with palmera","gloss":"acacia"},{"surface":"eh","lemma":"eh","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, addressing bestias","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"bestias","lemma":"bestia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"vocative, addressed","gloss":"beasts"},{"surface":"dormidas","lemma":"dormido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies bestias","gloss":"sleeping"}]},{"number":128,"label":"25","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p25-s1","source":"Rápidamente decrecen sus fuerzas.","translation":"Quickly his strength drains away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Rápidamente","lemma":"rápidamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies decrecen","gloss":"Quickly"},{"surface":"decrecen","lemma":"decrecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drain away"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fuerzas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"fuerzas","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of decrecen","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":129,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p25-s2","source":"Mira en redor casi extrañado de encontrarse en semejante posición, de pronto el semblante de la remota criatura estalla en él como una flor, e inmensamente avergonzado de la comedia que representa, baja de la planta.","translation":"He looks around, almost startled to find himself in such a position; suddenly the face of the remote girl bursts inside him like a flower, and, immensely ashamed of the comedy he is playing, he climbs down from the tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"e inmensamente","title":"«y» becomes «e»","body":"The conjunction «y» ('and') changes to «e» before a word beginning with the «i» sound, to avoid two like vowels colliding: «e inmensamente avergonzado». The same rule turns «o» into «u» before an «o» sound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mira","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking redor","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"redor","lemma":"redor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Mira","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extrañado","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"extrañado","lemma":"extrañado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the subject of Mira","gloss":"startled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of encontrarse, modifies extrañado","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"encontrarse","lemma":"encontrar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying extrañado","gloss":"find himself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking posición","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"semejante","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"modifies posición","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"posición","lemma":"posición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrarse","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifies estalla","gloss":"suddenly","note":"«de pronto» is an idiom meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estalla","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criatura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"remota","lemma":"remoto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies criatura","gloss":"remote"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"estalla","lemma":"estallar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause (coordinated with baja)","gloss":"bursts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estalla","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison flor, modifies estalla","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"flor","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of como","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inmensamente","lemma":"inmensamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies avergonzado","gloss":"immensely"},{"surface":"avergonzado","lemma":"avergonzado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the subject of baja","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comedia, modifies avergonzado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of comedia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"comedia","lemma":"comedia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of representa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"representa","lemma":"representar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying comedia","gloss":"plays"},{"surface":"baja","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause (coordinated with estalla)","gloss":"climbs down"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking planta","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of planta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"planta","lemma":"planta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of baja","gloss":"tree"}]},{"number":130,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p25-s3","source":"Está vencido.","translation":"He is beaten.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p25-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to vencido","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vencido","lemma":"vencido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beaten"}]},{"number":131,"label":"","id":"arriba-del-arbol-p25-s4","source":"Es un desgraciado.","translation":"He is a wretch.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/arriba-del-arbol-p25-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Está vencido / Es un desgraciado","title":"«ser» vs. «estar»","body":"The chapter ends on the two verbs for 'to be'. «Está vencido» uses «estar» for a resulting condition — 'he is (now) beaten'. «Es un desgraciado» uses «ser» for what he is in essence — 'he is a wretch'. Same English word 'is', two different Spanish claims about Erdosain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to desgraciado","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desgraciado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"desgraciado","lemma":"desgraciado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wretch"}]}]}