{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"capas-de-oscuridad","title":{"source":"Capas de oscuridad","translated":"Layers of Darkness"},"section":"Part One","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad","lines":85},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-humillado","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-bofetada","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p1-s1","source":"Nunca tuvo conciencia de cómo se arrastró hasta su cama.","translation":"He was never aware of how he dragged himself to his bed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se arrastró","title":"Pronominal «arrastrarse»","body":"«Arrastrar» means 'to drag'; with the reflexive pronoun «se», «arrastrarse» means 'to drag oneself / to crawl'. The preterite «se arrastró» marks one completed action in the past — the single act of crawling to bed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tuvo","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had","note":"'tuvo conciencia de' = 'was aware of,' literally 'had awareness of.'"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"awareness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of arrastró","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies arrastró","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arrastró","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"arrastró","lemma":"arrastrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying conciencia","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrastró","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s1","source":"El tiempo dejó de existir para Erdosain.","translation":"Time ceased to exist for Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dejó de existir","title":"«dejar de» + infinitive","body":"«Dejar de» followed by an infinitive means 'to stop / cease doing something': «dejó de existir» = 'it ceased to exist'. Don't confuse it with bare «dejar» ('to leave / let')."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dejó","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"dejó","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of existir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"existir","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejó","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of dejó","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s2","source":"Cerró los ojos obedeciendo a la necesidad de dormir que reclamaban sus entrañas doloridas.","translation":"He closed his eyes, obeying the need for sleep that his aching insides demanded.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cerró","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Cerró","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"obedeciendo","lemma":"obedecer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Cerró","gloss":"obeying"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking necesidad","gloss":"to","note":"'obedecer a' requires 'a' before its object; not translated separately in English."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of necesidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"necesidad","lemma":"necesidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of obedeciendo","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dormir","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dormir","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying necesidad","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of reclamaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"reclamaban","lemma":"reclamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying dormir","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of entrañas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"entrañas","lemma":"entraña","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of reclamaban","gloss":"insides"},{"surface":"doloridas","lemma":"dolorido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies entrañas","gloss":"aching"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s3","source":"De tener fuerzas se hubiera arrojado a un pozo.","translation":"Had he had the strength, he would have thrown himself into a pit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De tener fuerzas","title":"«De» + infinitive as a conditional","body":"«De» plus an infinitive can stand in for a whole 'if' clause: «de tener fuerzas» = 'if he had had the strength'. It pairs naturally with «se hubiera arrojado», the pluperfect subjunctive, used here with conditional-perfect force ('he would have thrown himself'). The true conditional perfect would be «se habría arrojado»."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tener","gloss":"if","note":"'de + infinitive' is a literary conditional: 'de tener fuerzas' = 'had he had strength.'"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on arrojado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"fuerzas","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arrojado","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of arrojado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"arrojado","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pozo","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pozo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pozo","lemma":"pozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojado","gloss":"pit"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s4","source":"Borbotones de desesperación se apelotonaban en su garganta asfixiándolo, y los ojos se le volvieron más sensibles para la oscuridad que una llaga a la sal.","translation":"Gushes of despair crowded together in his throat, suffocating him, and his eyes grew more sensitive to the darkness than an open sore to salt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se le volvieron","title":"«volverse» = to become","body":"«Volverse» plus an adjective expresses an involuntary change of state: 'to become / turn'. The extra «le» is a dative of interest ('on him'), so «los ojos se le volvieron más sensibles» = 'his eyes turned more sensitive on him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Borbotones","lemma":"borbotón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of apelotonaban","gloss":"gushes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desesperación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desesperación","lemma":"desesperación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Borbotones","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apelotonaban","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"apelotonaban","lemma":"apelotonar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking garganta","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of garganta","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"garganta","lemma":"garganta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apelotonaban","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"asfixiándolo","lemma":"asfixiar","morphology":"verb, gerund (with attached clitic pronoun 'lo')","role":"adverbial clause on apelotonaban","gloss":"suffocating him","note":"'-lo' is the attached direct-object pronoun 'him,' referring to Erdosain."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of volvieron","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvieron","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of volvieron","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"volvieron","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with apelotonaban","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sensibles","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"sensibles","lemma":"sensible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective of volvieron","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sensibles","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the clause of llaga","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of llaga","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"llaga","lemma":"llaga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volvieron","gloss":"sore"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sal","lemma":"sal","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llaga","gloss":"salt"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s5","source":"A instantes rechinaba los dientes para amortiguar el crujir de los nervios enrigecidos dentro de su carne que se abandonaba, con flojedad de esponja, a las olas de tinieblas que deyectaban su cerebro.","translation":"At moments he ground his teeth to dull the creak of the stiffened nerves inside his flesh, which surrendered, with the slackness of a sponge, to the waves of darkness his brain discharged.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p2-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"rechinaba","title":"Imperfect for repeated action","body":"«Rechinaba» is imperfect: it paints a recurring, ongoing past action — 'he would grind / he kept grinding his teeth', reinforced by «a instantes» ('at moments'). The preterite would instead report one finished event."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instantes","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"instantes","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of rechinaba","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"rechinaba","lemma":"rechinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dientes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rechinaba","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of amortiguar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"amortiguar","lemma":"amortiguar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on rechinaba","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of crujir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crujir","lemma":"crujir","morphology":"verb, infinitive (used as noun)","role":"direct object of amortiguar","gloss":"creaking"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nervios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of nervios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nervios","lemma":"nervio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies crujir","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"enrigecidos","lemma":"enrigecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies nervios","gloss":"stiffened"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enrigecidos","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of abandonaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of abandonaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"abandonaba","lemma":"abandonar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying carne","gloss":"surrendered"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flojedad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"flojedad","lemma":"flojedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abandonaba","gloss":"slackness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esponja","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esponja","lemma":"esponja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies flojedad","gloss":"sponge"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking olas","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of olas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"olas","lemma":"ola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of abandonaba","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tinieblas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies olas","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of deyectaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deyectaban","lemma":"deyectar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying olas","gloss":"discharged"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cerebro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cerebro","lemma":"cerebro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of deyectaban","gloss":"brain"}]},{"number":7,"label":"3","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p3-s1","source":"Tenía la sensación de caer en un agujero sin fondo y apretaba los párpados cerrados.","translation":"He had the sensation of falling into a bottomless hole and pressed his eyelids shut.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of caer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"caer","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying sensación","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agujero","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of agujero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"agujero","lemma":"agujero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caer","gloss":"hole"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies agujero","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"apretaba","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Tenía","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of apretaba","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"cerrados","lemma":"cerrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies párpados","gloss":"shut"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p3-s2","source":"No terminaba de descender, ¡quién sabe cuántas leguas de longitud invisible tenía su cuerpo físico, que no acababa de detener el hundimiento de su conciencia amontonada ahora en un erizamiento de desesperación!","translation":"He never finished descending — who knows how many leagues of invisible length his physical body had, for it never managed to halt the sinking of his consciousness, now heaped into a bristling of despair!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no acababa de detener","title":"«acabar de» / «terminar de» + infinitive","body":"«Acabar de» + infinitive in its positive form means 'to have just done' (acaba de salir = 'he has just left'). Only in the negated imperfect does it shift meaning: «no acababa de detener» = 'it never quite managed to halt' — a frustrated, incomplete action. Do not confuse this negated-imperfect reading with the standard recent-past meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terminaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"terminaba","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of descender","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"descender","lemma":"descender","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of terminaba","gloss":"descending"},{"surface":"quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on terminaba","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"cuántas","lemma":"cuánto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of leguas","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"leguas","lemma":"legua","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"leagues"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking longitud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"longitud","lemma":"longitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies leguas","gloss":"length"},{"surface":"invisible","lemma":"invisible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies longitud","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of acababa","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acababa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"acababa","lemma":"acabar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cuerpo","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of detener","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"detener","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of acababa","gloss":"halt"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hundimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hundimiento","lemma":"hundimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of detener","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conciencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hundimiento","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"amontonada","lemma":"amontonado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies conciencia","gloss":"heaped"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies amontonada","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erizamiento","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of erizamiento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"erizamiento","lemma":"erizamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amontonada","gloss":"bristling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desesperación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desesperación","lemma":"desesperación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies erizamiento","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":9,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p3-s3","source":"De sus párpados caían sucesivas capas de oscuridad más densa.","translation":"From his eyelids fell successive layers of ever denser darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p3-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking párpados","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caían","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"caían","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"sucesivas","lemma":"sucesivo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies capas","gloss":"successive"},{"surface":"capas","lemma":"capa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of caían","gloss":"layers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies capas","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies densa","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"densa","lemma":"denso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies oscuridad","gloss":"dense"}]},{"number":10,"label":"4","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p4-s1","source":"Su centro de dolor se debatía inútilmente.","translation":"His core of pain struggled in vain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of centro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"centro","lemma":"centro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of debatía","gloss":"core"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dolor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centro","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of debatía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"debatía","lemma":"debatir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"inútilmente","lemma":"inútilmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies debatía","gloss":"in vain"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p4-s2","source":"No encontraba en su alma una sola hendidura por donde escapar.","translation":"He could find in his soul not a single crack through which to escape.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encontraba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alma","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontraba","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hendidura","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sola","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hendidura","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"hendidura","lemma":"hendidura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of encontraba","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking donde","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"oblique complement of escapar","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"escapar","lemma":"escapar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying hendidura","gloss":"escape"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p4-s3","source":"Erdosain encerraba todo el sufrimiento del mundo, el dolor de la negación del mundo.","translation":"Erdosain contained all the suffering of the world, the pain of the world's negation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p4-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of encerraba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"encerraba","lemma":"encerrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sufrimiento","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sufrimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sufrimiento","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encerraba","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sufrimiento","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dolor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encerraba","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking negación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of negación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"negación","lemma":"negación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dolor","gloss":"negation"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies negación","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":13,"label":"5","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s1","source":"¿En qué parte de la tierra podía encontrarse un hombre que tuviera la piel erizada de más pliegues de amargura?","translation":"In what part of the earth could a man be found whose skin bristled with more folds of bitterness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que tuviera","title":"Subjunctive in a relative clause","body":"After an indefinite, hypothetical antecedent («un hombre» that may not exist), the relative clause takes the subjunctive: «que tuviera» ('who might have / whose... was'). The imperfect subjunctive «tuviera» keeps the whole supposition unreal."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies parte","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"parte","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrarse","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tierra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies parte","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of encontrarse","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"encontrarse","lemma":"encontrarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be found"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of encontrarse","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tuviera","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tuviera","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piel","lemma":"piel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuviera","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"erizada","lemma":"erizado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piel","gloss":"bristled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pliegues","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pliegues","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"pliegues","lemma":"pliegue","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of erizada","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amargura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amargura","lemma":"amargura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pliegues","gloss":"bitterness"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s2","source":"Sentía que no era ya un hombre, sino una llaga cubierta de piel, que se pasmaba y gritaba a cada latido de sus venas.","translation":"He felt that he was no longer a man, but a sore covered with skin, that shuddered and screamed with every beat of his veins.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"no... sino","title":"«sino» = but rather","body":"After a negative, «sino» introduces the corrected alternative: «no era un hombre, sino una llaga» = 'he was not a man, but rather a sore'. Use «sino» (not «pero») when you reject one term and substitute another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to hombre","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of llaga","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"llaga","lemma":"llaga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with hombre","gloss":"sore"},{"surface":"cubierta","lemma":"cubierto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies llaga","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"piel","lemma":"piel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cubierta","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pasmaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pasmaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"pasmaba","lemma":"pasmar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying llaga","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gritaba","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with pasmaba","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking latido","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of latido","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"latido","lemma":"latido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gritaba","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking venas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of venas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"venas","lemma":"vena","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies latido","gloss":"veins"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s3","source":"Y sin embargo, vivía.","translation":"And yet, he lived.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sin embargo","title":"«sin embargo» = nevertheless","body":"«Sin embargo» is a fixed connector meaning 'however / nevertheless / and yet'. It has nothing to do with «embarazo» ('pregnancy / embarrassment'); it marks a contrast with what came before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies vivía","gloss":"however","note":"'sin embargo' is a fixed phrase meaning 'however/nevertheless,' literally 'without hindrance.'"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sin","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"vivía","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s4","source":"Vivía simultáneamente en el alejamiento y en la espantosa proximidad de su cuerpo.","translation":"He lived simultaneously in the remoteness and in the dreadful nearness of his body.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vivía","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"simultáneamente","lemma":"simultáneamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Vivía","gloss":"simultaneously"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alejamiento","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alejamiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alejamiento","lemma":"alejamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Vivía","gloss":"remoteness"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proximidad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of proximidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espantosa","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies proximidad","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"proximidad","lemma":"proximidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Vivía","gloss":"nearness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies proximidad","gloss":"body"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s5","source":"El ya no era ya un organismo envasando sufrimientos, sino algo más inhumano... quizá eso... un monstruo enroscado en sí mismo en el negro vientre de la pieza.","translation":"He was no longer an organism canning up sufferings, but something more inhuman... perhaps that... a monster coiled in on itself in the black belly of the room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pieza","title":"«pieza» = room (River Plate usage)","body":"In Buenos Aires Spanish, «pieza» commonly means 'bedroom / room' rather than the Peninsular 'piece / part'. Here «el negro vientre de la pieza» is 'the black belly of the room'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, subject, third-person, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to organismo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of organismo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"organismo","lemma":"organismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"organism"},{"surface":"envasando","lemma":"envasar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying organismo","gloss":"canning"},{"surface":"sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of envasando","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated with organismo","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inhumano","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"inhumano","lemma":"inhumano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"inhuman"},{"surface":"quizá","lemma":"quizá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eso","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of monstruo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"monstruo","lemma":"monstruo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to eso","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"enroscado","lemma":"enroscado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies monstruo","gloss":"coiled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of enroscado","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sí","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vientre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vientre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vientre","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"vientre","lemma":"vientre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of enroscado","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vientre","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s6","source":"Cada capa de oscuridad que descendía de sus párpados era un tejido placentario que lo aislaba más y más del universo de los hombres.","translation":"Each layer of darkness that descended from his eyelids was a placental tissue that isolated him more and more from the universe of men.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of capa","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"capa","lemma":"capa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"layer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies capa","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of descendía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"descendía","lemma":"descender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying capa","gloss":"descended"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking párpados","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of descendía","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tejido","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tejido","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tejido","lemma":"tejido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of era","gloss":"tissue"},{"surface":"placentario","lemma":"placentario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tejido","gloss":"placental"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aislaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aislaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aislaba","lemma":"aislar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying tejido","gloss":"isolated"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aislaba","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with más","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking universo","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"universo","lemma":"universo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aislaba","gloss":"universe"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies universo","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s7","source":"Los muros crecían, se elevaban sus hiladas de ladrillos, y nuevas cataratas de tinieblas caían a ese cubo donde él yacía enroscado y palpitante como un caracol en una profundidad oceánica.","translation":"The walls grew, their courses of bricks rose up, and new cataracts of darkness fell into that cube where he lay coiled and throbbing like a snail in an oceanic depth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"yacía","title":"«yacer» = to lie (motionless)","body":"«Yacer» is a literary verb for lying outstretched or inert — often used of the sick or the dead. The imperfect «yacía» ('he lay') suits this still, suspended scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muros","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of crecían","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"crecían","lemma":"crecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of elevaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"elevaban","lemma":"elevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with crecían","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hiladas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"hiladas","lemma":"hilada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of elevaban","gloss":"courses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ladrillos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ladrillos","lemma":"ladrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hiladas","gloss":"bricks"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nuevas","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cataratas","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"cataratas","lemma":"catarata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of caían","gloss":"cataracts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tinieblas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cataratas","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"caían","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with crecían","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cubo","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caían","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of yacía","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of yacía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"yacía","lemma":"yacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cubo","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"enroscado","lemma":"enroscado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of yacía","gloss":"coiled"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"palpitante","lemma":"palpitante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with enroscado","gloss":"throbbing"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of caracol","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caracol","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"caracol","lemma":"caracol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of como","gloss":"snail"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking profundidad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of profundidad","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"profundidad","lemma":"profundidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies caracol","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"oceánica","lemma":"oceánico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies profundidad","gloss":"oceanic"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s8","source":"No podía reconocerse... dudaba que él fuera Augusto Remo Erdosain.","translation":"He could not recognize himself... he doubted that he was Augusto Remo Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dudaba que él fuera","title":"«dudar que» triggers the subjunctive","body":"Verbs of doubt take the subjunctive in the subordinate clause. «Dudaba que él fuera» = 'he doubted that he was' — «fuera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «ser», demanded by «dudar que»."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reconocerse","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of reconocerse","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"reconocerse","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognize himself"},{"surface":"dudaba","lemma":"dudar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fuera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fuera","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to Augusto","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Augusto","lemma":"Augusto","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of fuera","gloss":"Augusto"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Augusto","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Augusto","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s9","source":"Se apretaba la frente entre la yema de los dedos, y la carne de su mano le parecía extraña y no reconocía la carne de su frente, como si estuviera fabricado su cuerpo de dos substancias distintas.","translation":"He pressed his forehead between his fingertips, and the flesh of his hand seemed strange to him and he did not recognize the flesh of his forehead, as if his body were made of two different substances.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si estuviera","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"«Como si» ('as if') always takes the past subjunctive for an unreal comparison: «como si estuviera fabricado» = 'as if it were made'. The supposition is contrary to fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apretaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"apretaba","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of apretaba","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yema","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of yema","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yema","lemma":"yema","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"fingertip"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yema","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of parecía","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mano","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with apretaba","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"extraña","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of parecía","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reconocía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"reconocía","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with parecía","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of reconocía","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fabricado","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fabricado","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"estuviera","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of fabricado","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"fabricado","lemma":"fabricar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on reconocía","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fabricado","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking substancias","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies substancias","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"substancias","lemma":"substancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fabricado","gloss":"substances"},{"surface":"distintas","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies substancias","gloss":"different"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s10","source":"¿Quién sabe lo que ya había muerto en él?","translation":"Who knows what had already died in him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"había muerto","title":"Pluperfect tense","body":"«Había muerto» ('had died') is the pluperfect: «haber» in the imperfect plus a past participle. It marks an action completed before another past reference point — here, before the present moment of reckoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"forms the relative pronoun lo que with que","gloss":"what","note":"\"lo que\" together means \"what/that which\", not \"it that\"."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of muerto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies muerto","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of muerto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"muerto","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of muerto","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":23,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s11","source":"Sólo perduraba para su sensibilidad una conciencia forastera a lo que le había ocurrido, un alma que no tendría el largo de la hoja de una espada y que vibraba como una lamprea en el agua de su vida enturbiada.","translation":"There endured for his sensibility only a consciousness foreign to what had happened to him, a soul that could not have been longer than the blade of a sword and that quivered like a lamprey in the water of his clouded life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no tendría","title":"Conditional of conjecture","body":"The conditional «tendría» here does not mean 'would have' but expresses a guess about a past or present state: 'it probably was not / could not have been longer'. Spanish uses the conditional and future tenses this way to hedge an estimate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perduraba","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"perduraba","lemma":"perdurar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensibilidad","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sensibilidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sensibilidad","lemma":"sensibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of perduraba","gloss":"sensibility"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of perduraba","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"forastera","lemma":"forastero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies conciencia","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ocurrido","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"forms the relative pronoun lo que with que","gloss":"what","note":"\"a lo que\" together means \"to what\"."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of ocurrido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ocurrido","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocurrido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ocurrido","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying conciencia","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to conciencia","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tendría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tendría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying alma","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of largo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"largo","lemma":"largo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tendría","gloss":"length"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoja","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hoja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoja","lemma":"hoja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies largo","gloss":"blade"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espada","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"espada","lemma":"espada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hoja","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vibraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vibraba","lemma":"vibrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tendría","gloss":"quivered"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lamprea","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lamprea","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lamprea","lemma":"lamprea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of como","gloss":"lamprey"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agua","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of agua","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"agua","lemma":"agua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lamprea","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies agua","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"enturbiada","lemma":"enturbiado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"clouded"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s12","source":"Hasta la conciencia de ser, en él no ocupaba más de un centímetro cuadrado de sensibilidad.","translation":"Even the consciousness of being occupied in him no more than a square centimeter of sensibility.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hasta","title":"«hasta» = even","body":"Besides 'until / as far as', «hasta» can mean 'even' when it emphasizes an extreme: «hasta la conciencia de ser» = 'even the consciousness of being'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conciencia","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ocupaba","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying conciencia","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ocupaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocupaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ocupaba","lemma":"ocupar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocupaba","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking un","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centímetro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"centímetro","lemma":"centímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ocupaba","gloss":"centimeter"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensibilidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sensibilidad","lemma":"sensibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"sensibility"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s13","source":"Sí, todo su cuerpo sólo vivía, estaba en contacto con la tierra, por un centímetro cuadrado de sensibilidad.","translation":"Yes, his whole body lived, was in contact with the earth, only through a square centimeter of sensibility.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies cuerpo","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vivía","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivía","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"vivía","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to contacto","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking contacto","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"contacto","lemma":"contacto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of estaba","gloss":"contact"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tierra","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies contacto","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centímetro","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centímetro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"centímetro","lemma":"centímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vivía","gloss":"centimeter"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensibilidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sensibilidad","lemma":"sensibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"sensibility"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s14","source":"El resto se desvanecía en la oscuridad.","translation":"The rest faded away into the darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of resto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resto","lemma":"resto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of desvanecía","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desvanecía","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"desvanecía","lemma":"desvanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"faded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desvanecía","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s15","source":"Sí, él era un centímetro cuadrado de hombre, un centímetro cuadrado de existencia prolongando con su superficie sensible, la incoherente vida de un fantasma.","translation":"Yes, he was a square centimeter of man, a square centimeter of existence prolonging, with its sensitive surface, the incoherent life of a ghost.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to centímetro","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centímetro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"centímetro","lemma":"centímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"centimeter"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centímetro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"centímetro","lemma":"centímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to centímetro","gloss":"centimeter"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking existencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"existencia","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"prolongando","lemma":"prolongar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying centímetro","gloss":"prolonging"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking superficie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of superficie","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"superficie","lemma":"superficie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of prolongando","gloss":"surface"},{"surface":"sensible","lemma":"sensible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies superficie","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"incoherente","lemma":"incoherente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"incoherent"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of prolongando","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fantasma","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fantasma","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fantasma","lemma":"fantasma","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"ghost"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s16","source":"Lo demás había muerto en él, se había confundido con la placenta de tinieblas que blindaba su realidad atroz.","translation":"All the rest had died in him, had merged with the placenta of darkness that armored his atrocious reality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p5-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"forms the phrase lo demás with demás","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"demás","lemma":"demás","morphology":"pronoun, invariant","role":"subject of muerto","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of muerto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"muerto","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of muerto","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of confundido","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of confundido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"confundido","lemma":"confundir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with muerto","gloss":"merged"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking placenta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of placenta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placenta","lemma":"placenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of confundido","gloss":"placenta"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tinieblas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies placenta","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blindaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"blindaba","lemma":"blindar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying placenta","gloss":"armored"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of blindaba","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"atroz","lemma":"atroz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies realidad","gloss":"atrocious"}]},{"number":29,"label":"6","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s1","source":"Cada vez más fuerte se hacía en él la revelación de que estaba en el fondo de un cubo de portland.","translation":"Stronger and stronger grew in him the revelation that he was at the bottom of a cube of Portland cement.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cada vez más","title":"«cada vez más» = more and more","body":"«Cada vez más» plus an adjective or adverb means 'more and more / increasingly'. Fronted here as «cada vez más fuerte», it intensifies steadily: 'stronger and stronger'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacía","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuerte","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"fuerte","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of hacía","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hacía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of revelación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revelación","lemma":"revelación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"revelation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"of","note":"\"de que\" together introduces the clause as \"that\": la revelación de que = \"the revelation that\"."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to fondo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of estaba","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cubo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"portland","lemma":"portland","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"Portland cement"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s2","source":"¡Sensación de otro mundo!","translation":"A sensation from another world!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Sensación","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s3","source":"Un sol invisible iluminaba para siempre los muros, de un anaranjado color de tempestad.","translation":"An invisible sun lit the walls forever, an orange the color of a storm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of iluminaba","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"invisible","lemma":"invisible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sol","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"iluminaba","lemma":"iluminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking siempre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iluminaba","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muros","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of iluminaba","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking color","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of color","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anaranjado","lemma":"anaranjado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies color","gloss":"orange"},{"surface":"color","lemma":"color","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies muros","gloss":"color"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tempestad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tempestad","lemma":"tempestad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies color","gloss":"storm"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s4","source":"El ala de un ave solitaria soslayaba lo celeste sobre el rectángulo de los muros, pero él estaría para siempre en el fondo de aquel cubo taciturno, iluminado por un anaranjado sol de tempestad.","translation":"The wing of a solitary bird slanted across the blue above the rectangle of the walls, but he would be forever at the bottom of that taciturn cube, lit by an orange storm-sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p6-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo celeste","title":"Neuter «lo» + adjective","body":"«Lo» before an adjective forms an abstract noun: «lo celeste» = 'the blue / the sky-blue (part)'. This neuter article turns a quality into a thing without naming a specific noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ala","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ala","lemma":"ala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of soslayaba","gloss":"wing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ave","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ave","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ave","lemma":"ave","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ala","gloss":"bird"},{"surface":"solitaria","lemma":"solitario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ave","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"soslayaba","lemma":"soslayar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slanted across"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter","role":"nominalizes celeste ('the blue')","gloss":"the","note":"lo + adjective forms an abstract noun ('lo celeste' = 'the blue [of the sky]'), not a pronoun 'it'."},{"surface":"celeste","lemma":"celeste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"direct object of soslayaba","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rectángulo","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rectángulo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rectángulo","lemma":"rectángulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of soslayaba","gloss":"rectangle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muros","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rectángulo","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaría","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"estaría","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with soslayaba","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking siempre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaría","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaría","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cubo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"iluminado","lemma":"iluminado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anaranjado","lemma":"anaranjado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sol","gloss":"orange"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iluminado","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tempestad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tempestad","lemma":"tempestad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sol","gloss":"storm"}]},{"number":33,"label":"7","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p7-s1","source":"Luego, la capacidad de su vida quedó reducida a aquel centímetro cuadrado de sensibilidad.","translation":"Then the capacity of his life was reduced to that square centimeter of sensibility.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quedó","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of capacidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capacidad","lemma":"capacidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of quedó","gloss":"capacity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies capacidad","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"quedó","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"reducida","lemma":"reducido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of quedó","gloss":"reduced"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centímetro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centímetro","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"centímetro","lemma":"centímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reducida","gloss":"centimeter"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensibilidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sensibilidad","lemma":"sensibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"sensibility"}]},{"number":34,"label":"8","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s1","source":"Hasta se le hacía «visible» el latido de su corazón, y era inútil querer rechazar la espantosa figura que lo lastraba en el fondo de aquel abismo, un momento negro y otros anaranjado.","translation":"Even the beating of his heart became \"visible\" to him, and it was useless to try to reject the dreadful figure that weighted him down at the bottom of that abyss, one moment black and the next orange.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se le hacía visible","title":"«hacerse» + adjective","body":"«Hacerse» plus an adjective means 'to become / turn'. With the dative «le», «se le hacía visible» = 'it became visible to him' — the change happens to him without his agency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hacía","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/reflexive particle of hacía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hacía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"visible","lemma":"visible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of hacía","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of latido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"latido","lemma":"latido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies latido","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inútil","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"inútil","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of era","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"querer","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of era (infinitive clause)","gloss":"to want","note":"querer here conveys effort/intent; our translation renders 'querer rechazar' idiomatically as 'to try to reject.'"},{"surface":"rechazar","lemma":"rechazar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querer","gloss":"to reject"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of figura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espantosa","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies figura","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"figura","lemma":"figura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rechazar","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lastraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of lastraba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"lastraba","lemma":"lastrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying figura","gloss":"weighed down"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lastraba","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abismo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of abismo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"abismo","lemma":"abismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to figura","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies momento","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of anaranjado","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"anaranjado","lemma":"anaranjado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with negro","gloss":"orange"}]},{"number":35,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s2","source":"Con que aflojara un poquito tan sólo su voluntad, la realidad que contenía hubiera gritado en sus oídos.","translation":"Had he loosened his will just a little, the reality it held back would have screamed in his ears.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Con que aflojara","title":"«con que» + subjunctive = if only","body":"«Con que» plus the imperfect subjunctive sets up a minimal condition: 'with only his loosening... / had he merely loosened'. It pairs with the conditional-perfect «hubiera gritado» ('would have screamed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'con que' (conditional 'had/if')","gloss":"Had","note":"'Con que' + subjunctive is a conditional idiom ('if only/had'), not literally 'with that.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom 'con que', introduces aflojara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aflojara","lemma":"aflojar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on gritado","gloss":"loosened"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poquito","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poquito","lemma":"poquito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of aflojara ('un poquito' = a little)","gloss":"little bit"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sólo","gloss":"just","note":"'tan sólo' is an idiom meaning 'just/only,' intensifying sólo."},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voluntad","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of voluntad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voluntad","lemma":"voluntad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of aflojara","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of gritado","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of contenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"contenía","lemma":"contener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying realidad","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of gritado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"gritado","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oídos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oídos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oídos","lemma":"oído","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of gritado","gloss":"ears"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s3","source":"Erdosain no quería y quería mirar... pero era inútil... su esposa estaba allí, en el fondo de una habitación tapizada de azul.","translation":"Erdosain did not want and did want to look... but it was useless... his wife was there, at the back of a room hung with blue.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quería","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quería","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"mirar","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inútil","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"inútil","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of era","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking habitación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of habitación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"habitación","lemma":"habitación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"tapizada","lemma":"tapizado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies habitación","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azul","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, describing tapizada","gloss":"blue"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s4","source":"El capitán se movía en un rincón.","translation":"The captain was moving in a corner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was moving"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movía","gloss":"corner"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s5","source":"El sabía, aunque nadie se lo había dicho, que era un dormitorio diminuto, de forma hexagonal y ocupado casi enteramente por una cama ancha y baja.","translation":"He knew, though no one had told him so, that it was a tiny bedroom, hexagonal in shape and taken up almost entirely by a wide, low bed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"He","note":"Surface 'El' is the accented pronoun Él ('he') here, not the article 'the' — the accent is missing in this text."},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dicho","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dicho","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of dicho","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dicho","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sabía","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era (complement of sabía)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to dormitorio","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dormitorio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dormitorio","lemma":"dormitorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of era","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"diminuto","lemma":"diminuto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dormitorio","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dormitorio","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"hexagonal","lemma":"hexagonal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies forma","gloss":"hexagonal"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ocupado","lemma":"ocupado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with diminuto (modifies dormitorio)","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enteramente","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"enteramente","lemma":"enteramente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocupado","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ocupado","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ancha","lemma":"ancho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cama","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"baja","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ancha","gloss":"low"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s6","source":"No quería mirarla a Elsa... no... no... quería, pero si le hubieran amenazado de muerte no por eso hubiera dejado de estar con la mirada fija en el hombre que se desnudaba ante ella... ante su legítima esposa que ahora no estaba con él... sino con otro.","translation":"He did not want to look at Elsa... no... no... he did, but had they threatened him with death he would not for that have stopped fixing his gaze on the man undressing before her... before his lawful wife who now was not with him... but with another.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"mirarla a Elsa","title":"Redundant object pronoun","body":"River Plate Spanish often doubles a direct object with a pronoun: «mirarla a Elsa» = 'to look at her, at Elsa'. The «la» anticipates the named object «a Elsa» — colloquial but standard in Buenos Aires speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"mirarla","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive (+ enclitic 'la' = her)","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to look at her"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal 'a' marking Elsa","gloss":"at","note":"This is the Spanish 'personal a,' required before a human direct object; it doubles the clitic 'la' already on mirarla."},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of mirarla","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of amenazado","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of amenazado (leísmo)","gloss":"him","note":"'le' stands in for the direct object here (leísmo). Note this is not actually a typical Rioplatense feature — leísmo (using 'le' for a masculine direct object) is mainly associated with Spain; Argentine/Rioplatense Spanish normally keeps 'lo' for direct objects. The usage here may instead reflect 'amenazar' patterning with dative-taking verbs of influence, or simply an idiosyncratic/literary choice."},{"surface":"hubieran","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of amenazado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"amenazado","lemma":"amenazar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"conditional clause (si) on dejado","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muerte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"muerte","lemma":"muerte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (amenazar de muerte = threaten with death)","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dejado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of dejado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dejado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"dejado","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with quería","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'dejar de' (to stop doing)","gloss":"from","note":"'dejar de' + infinitive means 'to stop doing something'; 'de' has no independent meaning here."},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejado","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estar","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"fija","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fija","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of desnudaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desnudaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"desnudaba","lemma":"desnudar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"was undressing"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desnudaba","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"legítima","lemma":"legítimo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esposa","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ella (oblique complement of desnudaba)","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying esposa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with él (contrastive con él / con otro)","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s7","source":"Más fuerte que su miedo fue su necesidad de más terror, de más sufrimiento, y de pronto, ella, que se cubría los ojos con los dedos, corría hacia el hombre desnudo, de piernas tiesas, se apretaba contra él y ya no rehuía la cárdena virilidad erguida en el fondo azul.","translation":"Stronger than his fear was his need for more terror, for more suffering, and suddenly she, who was covering her eyes with her fingers, ran toward the naked, stiff-legged man, pressed against him, and no longer shrank from the livid virility risen against the blue background.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p8-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de pronto","title":"«de pronto» = suddenly","body":"«De pronto» is an adverbial set phrase meaning 'suddenly / all of a sudden'. It frequently launches a sharp narrative turn, as it does here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuerte","gloss":"More"},{"surface":"fuerte","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of fue (describes necesidad)","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative 'than', introduces standard of comparison (miedo)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of miedo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"miedo","lemma":"miedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison (que su miedo)","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesidad","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of necesidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"necesidad","lemma":"necesidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fue","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terror","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terror","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"terror","lemma":"terror","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies necesidad","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimiento","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrimiento","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"sufrimiento","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with terror","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'de pronto' (suddenly), modifies corría","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom 'de pronto', modifies corría","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of corría","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cubría","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of cubría","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"cubría","lemma":"cubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying ella","gloss":"was covering"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cubría","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cubría","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"corría","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with apretaba","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of corría","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"desnudo","lemma":"desnudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piernas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"piernas","lemma":"pierna","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de (describes hombre)","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"tiesas","lemma":"tieso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies piernas","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apretaba","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"apretaba","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apretaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rehuía","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rehuía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"rehuía","lemma":"rehuir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with apretaba","gloss":"shrank from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virilidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cárdena","lemma":"cárdeno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies virilidad","gloss":"livid","note":"cárdeno is a literary word for a bruised purplish-blue color; here it describes the sunset-lit body."},{"surface":"virilidad","lemma":"virilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rehuía","gloss":"virility"},{"surface":"erguida","lemma":"erguido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies virilidad","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"in","note":"Our translation renders 'en el fondo azul' as 'against the blue background'; 'en' literally means 'in/on.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of erguida","gloss":"background"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"blue"}]},{"number":41,"label":"9","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s1","source":"Erdosain se sintió aplanado en una perfección de espanto.","translation":"Erdosain felt himself flattened into a perfection of horror.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sintió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sintió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sintió","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"aplanado","lemma":"aplanado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of sintió","gloss":"flattened"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perfección","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of perfección","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perfección","lemma":"perfección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aplanado","gloss":"perfection"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espanto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"espanto","lemma":"espanto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perfección","gloss":"horror"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s2","source":"Si lo hubieran pasado por entre los rodillos de un laminador, más plana no podría ser su vida.","translation":"Had they run him through the rollers of a rolling mill, his life could not be flatter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si lo hubieran pasado","title":"Past contrary-to-fact «si»","body":"An unreal past condition uses «si» plus the pluperfect subjunctive («hubieran pasado», 'had they run'). The result clause takes the conditional, here «no podría ser» ('could not be')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pasado","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pasado","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hubieran","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of pasado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"pasado","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vida","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rodillos","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rodillos","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rodillos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rodillos","lemma":"rodillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pasado","gloss":"rollers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking laminador","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of laminador","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"laminador","lemma":"laminador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rodillos","gloss":"rolling mill"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plana","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"plana","lemma":"plano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of ser (modifies vida)","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to vida","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of podría ser","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":43,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s3","source":"¿No quedaban así los sapos que sobre la huella trincaba la rueda de la carreta, aplastados y ardientes?","translation":"Did not the toads end up like that, the ones the cartwheel pinned on the rut, crushed and burning?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quedaban","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quedaban","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quedaban","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sapos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sapos","lemma":"sapo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of quedaban","gloss":"toads"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of trincaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huella","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of huella","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huella","lemma":"huella","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trincaba","gloss":"rut"},{"surface":"trincaba","lemma":"trincar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying sapos","gloss":"pinned"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rueda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rueda","lemma":"rueda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of trincaba","gloss":"wheel"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carreta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carreta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carreta","lemma":"carreta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rueda","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"aplastados","lemma":"aplastado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sapos","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ardientes","lemma":"ardiente","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with aplastados","gloss":"burning"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s4","source":"Pero no quería mirar, tan no quería que ahora veía con nitidez cómo Elsa se apoyaba sobre el cuadrado pecho velludo del hombre, mientras que las manos de él recogían las mandíbulas de la mujer para levantar el rostro hacia su boca.","translation":"But he did not want to look, so much did he not want to that now he saw with clarity how Elsa leaned against the man's square hairy chest, while his hands cupped the woman's jaw to lift her face toward his mouth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p9-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tan no quería que","title":"«tan... que» = so... that","body":"«Tan» plus an adjective or verb, followed by «que», expresses degree and result: 'so much... that'. Here the unusual «tan no quería que» = 'so much did he not want to that...', stressing the intensity of his refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"mirar","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"so much","note":"Correlative 'tan...que' means 'so much...that', introducing a result clause — not 'quería que' (wanted that)."},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"repeats no quería, correlate of tan...que","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause (tan...que)","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nitidez","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"nitidez","lemma":"nitidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of veía","gloss":"clarity"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the clause of apoyaba (complement of veía)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of apoyaba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apoyaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"apoyaba","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause complement of veía","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecho","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pecho","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyaba","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"velludo","lemma":"velludo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pecho","gloss":"hairy"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pecho","gloss":"man's"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"(while)"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of recogían","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"modifies manos","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"recogían","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"parallel clause to mientras","gloss":"cupped"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mandíbulas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mandíbulas","lemma":"mandíbula","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of recogían","gloss":"jaw"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mandíbulas","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of levantar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"levantar","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on recogían","gloss":"lift"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of levantar","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boca","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of boca","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"boca","lemma":"boca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of levantar","gloss":"mouth"}]},{"number":45,"label":"10","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s1","source":"Y de pronto Elsa exclamaba: «Yo también, mi querido... yo también».","translation":"And suddenly Elsa exclaimed: \"Me too, my darling... me too\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies exclamaba","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies exclamaba","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"(suddenly)"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of exclamaba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"exclamaba","lemma":"exclamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the quoted exclamation (complement of exclamaba)","gloss":"Me"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Yo","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of querido","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the man (mi querido names the addressee, not Yo — Yo is the speaker Elsa, querido is the man she's speaking to; these are different referents, so this cannot be apposition)","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies yo","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s2","source":"Su semblante había enrojecido de desesperación, los vestidos se atorbellinaban en torno del triángulo de sus muslos blancos como la leche, y con los ojos extasiados en el rígido músculo del hombre que temblaba, ella descubrió la crin de su sexo, sus senos erguidos... ¡ah!... ¿por qué miraba?","translation":"Her face had flushed with desperation, her clothes whirled around the triangle of her milk-white thighs, and with her eyes entranced on the rigid muscle of the trembling man, she uncovered the mane of her sex, her raised breasts... ah!... why was he looking?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"Her"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of enrojecido","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of enrojecido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"enrojecido","lemma":"enrojecer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desesperación","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"desesperación","lemma":"desesperación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies enrojecido","gloss":"desperation"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of vestidos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vestidos","lemma":"vestido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of atorbellinaban","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of atorbellinaban","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"atorbellinaban","lemma":"atorbellinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with enrojecido (parallel clause)","gloss":"whirled","note":"Coined verb from 'torbellino' (whirlwind) — Arlt's own invention, not in standard dictionaries."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking triángulo","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"(around)"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking triángulo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"triángulo","lemma":"triángulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of atorbellinaban","gloss":"triangle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muslos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of muslos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"muslos","lemma":"muslo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies triángulo","gloss":"thighs"},{"surface":"blancos","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies muslos","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leche","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of leche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leche","lemma":"leche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies blancos","gloss":"milk"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of descubrió","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"extasiados","lemma":"extasiado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"entranced"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking músculo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of músculo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rígido","lemma":"rígido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies músculo","gloss":"rigid"},{"surface":"músculo","lemma":"músculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of extasiados","gloss":"muscle"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies músculo","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of temblaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"temblaba","lemma":"temblar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"was trembling"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of descubrió","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"descubrió","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with enrojecido (parallel clause)","gloss":"uncovered"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of crin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crin","lemma":"crin","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of descubrió","gloss":"mane"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sexo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sexo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sexo","lemma":"sexo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies crin","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of senos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"senos","lemma":"seno","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"second direct object of descubrió (coordinated with crin)","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"erguidos","lemma":"erguido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies senos","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of miraba","gloss":"(why)"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"was looking"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s3","source":"Inútilmente Elsa... sí, Elsa, su legítima esposa, trataba con la mano pequeña de abarcar toda la virilidad en una caricia.","translation":"In vain Elsa... yes, Elsa, his lawful wife, tried with her small hand to encompass the whole virility in a caress.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"trataba de abarcar","title":"«tratar de» + infinitive","body":"«Tratar de» plus an infinitive means 'to try to do something': «trataba de abarcar» = 'she was trying to encompass'. Note the «de» — without it, «tratar a alguien» means 'to treat / deal with someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Inútilmente","lemma":"inútilmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trataba","gloss":"In vain"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of trataba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical, modifies Elsa","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of trataba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"legítima","lemma":"legítimo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esposa","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Elsa","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"trataba","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mano","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trataba","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"pequeña","lemma":"pequeño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mano","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of abarcar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"abarcar","lemma":"abarcar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trataba","gloss":"encompass"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies virilidad","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virilidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"virilidad","lemma":"virilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of abarcar","gloss":"virility"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caricia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caricia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"caricia","lemma":"caricia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abarcar","gloss":"caress"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s4","source":"El hombre, bajo el aullido de su deseo, se apretaba las sienes, se cubría los ojos con el antebrazo; pero ella inclinada sobre él, le clavaba este hierro candente en los oídos: «¡Sos más lindo que mi esposo! ¡Qué lindo que sos, Dios mío!».","translation":"The man, under the howl of his desire, pressed his temples, covered his eyes with his forearm; but she, leaning over him, drove this red-hot iron into his ears: \"You're more handsome than my husband! How handsome you are, my God!\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of apretaba","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aullido","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aullido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aullido","lemma":"aullido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apretaba","gloss":"howl"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deseo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies aullido","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apretaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"apretaba","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sienes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sienes","lemma":"sien","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of apretaba","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of cubría","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"cubría","lemma":"cubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with apretaba","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cubría","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antebrazo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of antebrazo","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive — 'el antebrazo' = 'his forearm.'"},{"surface":"antebrazo","lemma":"antebrazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cubría","gloss":"forearm"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of clavaba","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"inclinada","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ella","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of inclinada","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of clavaba","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"clavaba","lemma":"clavar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with apretaba","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hierro","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hierro","lemma":"hierro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of clavaba","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"candente","lemma":"candente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies hierro","gloss":"red-hot"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oídos","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of oídos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oídos","lemma":"oído","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of clavaba","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"Sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"You are","note":"Voseo form of 'eres' — Rioplatense 'vos sos' replaces the standard 'tú eres', a hallmark of Argentine speech."},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lindo","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"lindo","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Sos","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of esposo","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposo","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposo","lemma":"esposo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lindo","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies lindo","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"lindo","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sos","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sos","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"you are","note":"Voseo again: 'sos' = 'you are' (vos form)."},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the vocative phrase (exclamation)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"mío","lemma":"mío","morphology":"adjective, possessive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Dios","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s5","source":"Si lentamente le hubieran torcido la cabeza sobre el cuello para tornillar en su alma, profundamente, esa visión atroz, no podría sufrir más.","translation":"Had they slowly twisted his head on his neck to screw that atrocious vision deep into his soul, he could not have suffered more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si... hubieran torcido","title":"Past contrary-to-fact «si»","body":"An unreal past condition uses «si» plus the pluperfect subjunctive («hubieran torcido», 'had they twisted'). The main clause then takes the conditional, here «no podría sufrir más» ('he could not suffer more')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of torcido","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"lentamente","lemma":"lentamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies torcido","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of torcido","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hubieran","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of torcido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"torcido","lemma":"torcer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sufrir","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of torcido","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuello","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuello","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuello","lemma":"cuello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tornillar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tornillar","lemma":"tornillar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on torcido (purpose)","gloss":"screw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alma","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tornillar","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"profundamente","lemma":"profundamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tornillar","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of visión","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"visión","lemma":"visión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tornillar","gloss":"vision"},{"surface":"atroz","lemma":"atroz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies visión","gloss":"atrocious"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrir","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sufrir","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"sufrir","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrir","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":50,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s6","source":"Padecía tanto que de interrumpirse ese dolor, su espíritu estallaría como un shrapnell.","translation":"He suffered so much that, were that pain to break off, his spirit would burst like shrapnel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Padecía","lemma":"padecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He suffered"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Padecía","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of interrumpirse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of interrumpirse","gloss":"if","note":"'De' + infinitive is an idiomatic conditional equivalent to 'si' (if) — 'de interrumpirse' = 'if it were to stop.'"},{"surface":"interrumpirse","lemma":"interrumpir","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"verb of the conditional clause (de + infinitive)","gloss":"to break off"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dolor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of interrumpirse","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estallaría","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"estallaría","lemma":"estallar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause (tanto...que)","gloss":"would burst"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of shrapnell","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of shrapnell","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"shrapnell","lemma":"shrapnell","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estallaría","gloss":"shrapnel","note":"Arlt's spelling of the English loanword 'shrapnel' — a WWI-era artillery term."}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s7","source":"¿Cómo es que el alma puede soportar tanto dolor?","translation":"How is it that the soul can bear so much pain?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies es","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of soportar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of soportar","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of soportar","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"soportar","lemma":"soportar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on es","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dolor","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of soportar","gloss":"pain"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s8","source":"Y sin embargo quería sufrir más.","translation":"And yet he wanted to suffer more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sin","gloss":"(yet)"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"sufrir","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrir","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s9","source":"Que encima de un tajo le partieran el dorso con un hacha en varias partes...","translation":"Let them split his back open with an axe into several pieces on top of a gash...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Que... le partieran","title":"«Que» + subjunctive for a wish","body":"An independent clause opening with «que» plus the subjunctive expresses a wish — the subjuntivo optativo. «que le partieran el dorso» = 'let them split his back / may they split his back'. A verb of volition or desire (e.g., «quiero/deseo que…») is understood but dropped, not «decir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of partieran","gloss":"Let","note":"Independent 'que' + subjunctive expresses a wish ('let/may...'), continuing his fantasized self-punishment."},{"surface":"encima","lemma":"encima","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies partieran","gloss":"on top"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tajo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tajo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tajo","lemma":"tajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encima","gloss":"gash"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of partieran","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"partieran","lemma":"partir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"split"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dorso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorso","lemma":"dorso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of partieran","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hacha","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hacha","gloss":"an","note":"'Hacha' is feminine but takes the masculine-form article ('un/el hacha') because it starts with stressed 'a-' — same rule as 'el agua', 'el alma.'"},{"surface":"hacha","lemma":"hacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of partieran","gloss":"axe"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking partes","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"varias","lemma":"varios","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of partes","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"partes","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of partieran","gloss":"pieces"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s10","source":"Y si en cuatro trozos lo hubieran arrojado a un cajón de basura hubiera continuado sufriendo.","translation":"And had they thrown him in four pieces into a garbage bin, he would have gone on suffering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies continuado","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arrojado","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trozos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cuatro","lemma":"cuatro","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies trozos","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"trozos","lemma":"trozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of arrojado","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of arrojado","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hubieran","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of arrojado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"arrojado","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on continuado","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cajón","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cajón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cajón","lemma":"cajón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojado","gloss":"bin"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking basura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"basura","lemma":"basura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cajón","gloss":"garbage"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of continuado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"continuado","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone on"},{"surface":"sufriendo","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of continuado","gloss":"suffering"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s11","source":"No había un centímetro cuadrado en su cuerpo que no soportara esa altísima presión de angustia.","translation":"There was not a square centimeter in his body that did not bear that towering pressure of anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p10-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"altísima","title":"Absolute superlative «-ísimo»","body":"The suffix «-ísimo/-ísima» forms the absolute superlative: «altísima» = 'extremely high / towering'. It intensifies without comparing to anything — stronger than just «muy alta»."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centímetro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"centímetro","lemma":"centímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"centimeter"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centímetro","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of soportara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soportara","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"soportara","lemma":"soportar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying centímetro","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of presión","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"altísima","lemma":"altísimo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies presión","gloss":"towering"},{"surface":"presión","lemma":"presión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of soportara","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies presión","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":56,"label":"11","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p11-s1","source":"Todas las cuerdas se habían roto bajo la tensión del espantoso torno, y repentinamente una sensación de reposo equilibrio sus miembros.","translation":"All the cords had snapped under the strain of the dreadful winch, and suddenly a sensation of rest steadied his limbs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies cuerdas","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cuerdas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuerdas","lemma":"cuerda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of roto","gloss":"cords"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of roto","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of roto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"roto","lemma":"romper","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tensión","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tensión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tensión","lemma":"tensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of roto","gloss":"strain"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking torno","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"espantoso","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies torno","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tensión","gloss":"winch","note":"'Torno' here means the winch/rack (a torture device) — a different word from the 'en torno de' (around) idiom seen earlier in this scene."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"repentinamente","lemma":"repentinamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies equilibrio","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of equilibrio","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reposo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"reposo","lemma":"reposo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sensación","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"equilibrio","lemma":"equilibrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with roto","gloss":"steadied","note":"Functions here as the verb 'steadied' (from equilibrar), though spelled like the noun 'equilibrio' — likely a source-text irregularity."},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of miembros","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"miembros","lemma":"miembro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of equilibrio","gloss":"limbs"}]},{"number":57,"label":"12","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p12-s1","source":"Ya no deseaba nada.","translation":"He desired nothing now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ya no","title":"«ya no» = no longer","body":"«Ya no» means 'no longer / not anymore': «ya no deseaba nada» = 'he desired nothing anymore'. Note the double negative with «nada», which is required in Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deseaba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deseaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"deseaba","lemma":"desear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"desired"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of deseaba","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p12-s2","source":"Su vida corría silenciosamente cuesta abajo, como un lago después del quebrantamiento de su dique, y, sin dormir, pero con los párpados cerrados, el desvanecimiento lúcido era más anestésico para su dolor que un sueño de cloroformo.","translation":"His life ran silently downhill, like a lake after the bursting of its dam, and, without sleeping but with his eyelids closed, the lucid swoon was more of an anesthetic for his pain than a chloroform sleep.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p12-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cuesta abajo","title":"«cuesta abajo» = downhill","body":"«Cuesta» is a slope; «cuesta abajo» means 'downhill / downward', and «cuesta arriba» 'uphill'. Figuratively «cuesta arriba» can also mean 'an uphill struggle'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of corría","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"corría","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"silenciosamente","lemma":"silenciosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies corría","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"cuesta","lemma":"cuesta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of corría (idiom cuesta abajo)","gloss":"slope","note":"Cuesta abajo is a fixed phrase meaning 'downhill.'"},{"surface":"abajo","lemma":"abajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cuesta","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lago","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lago","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lago","lemma":"lago","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of corría","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lago","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quebrantamiento","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"quebrantamiento","lemma":"quebrantamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of después","gloss":"bursting"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dique","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of dique","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"dique","lemma":"dique","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quebrantamiento","gloss":"dam"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dormir","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dormir","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial phrase modifying era","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking párpados","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with dormir","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"cerrados","lemma":"cerrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies párpados","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desvanecimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desvanecimiento","lemma":"desvanecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"swoon"},{"surface":"lúcido","lemma":"lúcido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desvanecimiento","gloss":"lucid"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to anestésico","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anestésico","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"anestésico","lemma":"anestésico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"anesthetic"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dolor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of dolor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of anestésico","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sueño","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second term of comparison with anestésico","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cloroformo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cloroformo","lemma":"cloroformo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sueño","gloss":"chloroform"}]},{"number":59,"label":"13","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p13-s1","source":"Notablemente latía su corazón.","translation":"His heart beat noticeably.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Notablemente","lemma":"notablemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies latía","gloss":"noticeably"},{"surface":"latía","lemma":"latir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of latía","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":60,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p13-s2","source":"Con dificultad movió la cabeza para separar el cuero cabelludo de la almohada recalentada, y se dejó estar sin otra sensación de vivir que esa frescura en la nuca y el entreabrirse y cerrarse de su corazón, que, como un ojo enorme, abría el soñoliento párpado para reconocer las tinieblas, nada más.","translation":"With difficulty he moved his head to lift his scalp off the overheated pillow, and he let himself be, with no other sensation of living than that coolness on the nape of his neck and the half-opening and closing of his heart, which, like an enormous eye, opened its drowsy lid to make out the darkness, nothing more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se dejó estar","title":"«dejarse estar»","body":"«Dejarse estar» literally 'to let oneself be' means to remain passive, to let things go, to lie idle. It captures Erdosain's surrender to inertia."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dificultad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dificultad","lemma":"dificultad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movió","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"movió","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of movió","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of separar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"separar","lemma":"separar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on movió","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuero","lemma":"cuero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of separar","gloss":"scalp","note":"Cuero cabelludo together mean 'scalp' (literally 'hairy skin')."},{"surface":"cabelludo","lemma":"cabelludo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuero","gloss":"hairy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almohada","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of almohada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almohada","lemma":"almohada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of separar","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"recalentada","lemma":"recalentado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies almohada","gloss":"overheated"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dejó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dejó","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with movió","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejó","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensación","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estar","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vivir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying sensación","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of frescura","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frescura","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"frescura","lemma":"frescura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"second term of comparison with sensación","gloss":"coolness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuca","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuca","lemma":"nuca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frescura","gloss":"nape"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of entreabrirse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entreabrirse","lemma":"entreabrir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with frescura","gloss":"half-opening"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cerrarse","lemma":"cerrar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with entreabrirse","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cerrarse","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of abría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ojo","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ojo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ojo","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abría","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies ojo","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"abría","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying corazón","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of párpado","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soñoliento","lemma":"soñoliento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies párpado","gloss":"drowsy"},{"surface":"párpado","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abría","gloss":"lid"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reconocer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reconocer","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on abría","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tinieblas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of reconocer","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"in apposition to tinieblas","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p13-s3","source":"¿Nada más que la tiniebla?","translation":"Nothing more than the darkness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Nada","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tiniebla","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tiniebla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiniebla","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"second term of comparison with Nada","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":62,"label":"14","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s1","source":"Elsa estaba tan lejos de su memoria que en esa hipnosis transitoria le parecía mentira haberla conocido.","translation":"Elsa was so far from his memory that in that passing hypnosis it seemed unbelievable to him that he had ever known her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le parecía mentira","title":"«parecer mentira» = to seem unbelievable","body":"«Parecer mentira» literally 'to seem a lie' is an idiom for 'to seem unbelievable / hard to believe'. «Le parecía mentira haberla conocido» = 'it seemed unbelievable to him that he had known her'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lejos","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lejos","lemma":"lejos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking memoria","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of memoria","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"memoria","lemma":"memoria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lejos","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of parecía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hipnosis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hipnosis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hipnosis","lemma":"hipnosis","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"oblique complement of parecía","gloss":"hypnosis"},{"surface":"transitoria","lemma":"transitorio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hipnosis","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"result clause modifying lejos","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"mentira","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of parecía","gloss":"unbelievable","note":"Parecer mentira is idiomatic for 'to seem unbelievable' (literally 'to seem a lie')."},{"surface":"haberla","lemma":"haber él","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of conocido","gloss":"have her"},{"surface":"conocido","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying mentira","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":63,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s2","source":"Quién sabe si existía físicamente.","translation":"Who knows whether she existed physically.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of existía","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"existía","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"físicamente","lemma":"físicamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies existía","gloss":"physically"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s3","source":"Antes podía verla, ahora tenía que hacer un gran esfuerzo para reconocerla... y apenas la reconocía.","translation":"Before he could see her, now he had to make a great effort to recognize her... and he barely recognized her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tenía que hacer","title":"«tener que» + infinitive","body":"«Tener que» plus an infinitive expresses obligation or necessity: «tenía que hacer un gran esfuerzo» = 'he had to make a great effort'. It is stronger and more personal than «deber»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podía","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of verla","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"verla","lemma":"ver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see her"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with verla","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tenía","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esfuerzo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies esfuerzo","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"esfuerzo","lemma":"esfuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reconocerla","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reconocerla","lemma":"reconocer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on hacer","gloss":"recognize her"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"apenas","lemma":"apenas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reconocía","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of reconocía","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"reconocía","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tenía","gloss":"recognized"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s4","source":"La verdad es que ella no era ella ni él era él.","translation":"The truth is that she was not herself, nor was he himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ella","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to él","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s5","source":"Ahora su vida corría silenciosamente cuesta abajo, se sentía en un retroceso de años, el niño que miraba un árbol verde sombreando el desaparecer continuo de un río entre algunas piedras con manchas rojas.","translation":"Now his life ran silently downhill, he felt himself in a regression of years, the child who watched a green tree shading the continual vanishing of a river among a few red-spotted stones.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies corría","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of corría","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"corría","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"silenciosamente","lemma":"silenciosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies corría","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"cuesta","lemma":"cuesta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of corría (idiom cuesta abajo)","gloss":"slope","note":"Cuesta abajo is a fixed phrase meaning 'downhill.'"},{"surface":"abajo","lemma":"abajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cuesta","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with corría","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking retroceso","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of retroceso","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"retroceso","lemma":"retroceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sentía","gloss":"regression"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking años","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies retroceso","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of niño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"niño","lemma":"niño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sentía","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying niño","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of árbol","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"árbol","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"verde","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies árbol","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"sombreando","lemma":"sombrear","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on miraba","gloss":"shading"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desaparecer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desaparecer","lemma":"desaparecer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sombreando","gloss":"vanishing"},{"surface":"continuo","lemma":"continuo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desaparecer","gloss":"continual"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking río","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of río","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"río","lemma":"río","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desaparecer","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedras","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"algunas","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of piedras","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"piedras","lemma":"piedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies río","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manchas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"manchas","lemma":"mancha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies piedras","gloss":"spots"},{"surface":"rojas","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies manchas","gloss":"red"}]},{"number":67,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s6","source":"El mismo, era una cascada de carne en las oscuridades.","translation":"He himself was a cascade of flesh in the darknesses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies El","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cascada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cascada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cascada","lemma":"cascada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"cascade"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cascada","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridades","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of oscuridades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridades","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"darknesses"}]},{"number":68,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s7","source":"¡Vaya a saber cuándo terminaría de desangrarse!","translation":"Who could tell when he would finish bleeding out!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¡Vaya a saber!","title":"«vaya a saber» = who knows","body":"«Vaya a saber» (or «vaya uno a saber») is an idiom meaning 'who knows / there's no telling'. «Vaya» is the subjunctive of «ir», fixed here into an exclamation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vaya","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"who could tell","note":"Vaya a saber is a fixed idiom meaning 'who knows' / 'who could tell' (literally 'go find out')."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of saber","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"saber","lemma":"saber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on Vaya","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"cuándo","lemma":"cuándo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of terminaría","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"terminaría","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of saber","gloss":"would finish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of desangrarse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desangrarse","lemma":"desangrar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of terminaría","gloss":"bleeding out"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s8","source":"Y sólo era notable el cerrarse y entreabrirse de su corazón que como un ojo enorme abría su párpado soñoliento para reconocer la oscuridad.","translation":"And the only notable thing was the closing and half-opening of his heart, which like an enormous eye opened its drowsy lid to make out the darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"el cerrarse y entreabrirse","title":"Infinitive as a noun","body":"An infinitive with «el» becomes a noun: «el cerrarse y entreabrirse» = 'the closing and half-opening'. The reflexive «-se» stays attached; Spanish nominalizes verbs this way where English would use a gerund or a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies notable","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to notable","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"notable","lemma":"notable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"notable"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cerrarse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cerrarse","lemma":"cerrar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of era","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entreabrirse","lemma":"entreabrir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with cerrarse","gloss":"half-opening"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entreabrirse","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of abría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ojo","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ojo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ojo","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abría","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies ojo","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"abría","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying corazón","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of párpado","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"párpado","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abría","gloss":"lid"},{"surface":"soñoliento","lemma":"soñoliento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies párpado","gloss":"drowsy"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reconocer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reconocer","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on abría","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of reconocer","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":70,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s9","source":"El foco eléctrico de la mitad de cuadra filtraba por una hendidura un ramalazo de plata que caía sobre el tul del mosquitero.","translation":"The electric streetlight in the middle of the block filtered through a crack a lash of silver that fell over the tulle of the mosquito net.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cuadra","title":"«cuadra» = city block","body":"In Latin American Spanish a «cuadra» is a 'city block', the stretch of street between two corners. «La mitad de cuadra» = 'the middle of the block'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of foco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"foco","lemma":"foco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of filtraba","gloss":"streetlight"},{"surface":"eléctrico","lemma":"eléctrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies foco","gloss":"electric"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mitad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mitad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mitad","lemma":"mitad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies foco","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuadra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cuadra","lemma":"cuadra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mitad","gloss":"block"},{"surface":"filtraba","lemma":"filtrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filtered"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hendidura","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hendidura","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hendidura","lemma":"hendidura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of filtraba","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ramalazo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ramalazo","lemma":"ramalazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of filtraba","gloss":"lash"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ramalazo","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of caía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying ramalazo","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tul","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tul","lemma":"tul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caía","gloss":"tulle"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mosquitero","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mosquitero","lemma":"mosquitero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tul","gloss":"mosquito net"}]},{"number":71,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s10","source":"Su sensibilidad se recobraba dolorosamente.","translation":"His sensibility was painfully recovering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p14-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sensibilidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sensibilidad","lemma":"sensibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of recobraba","gloss":"sensibility"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of recobraba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"recobraba","lemma":"recobrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was recovering"},{"surface":"dolorosamente","lemma":"dolorosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recobraba","gloss":"painfully"}]},{"number":72,"label":"15","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s1","source":"El era Erdosain.","translation":"He was Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to Erdosain","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":73,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s2","source":"Se reconocía ahora.","translation":"He recognized himself now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of reconocía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"reconocía","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reconocía","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":74,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s3","source":"Arqueaba con un gran esfuerzo la espalda.","translation":"He arched his back with great effort.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Arqueaba","lemma":"arquear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arched"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esfuerzo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esfuerzo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies esfuerzo","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"esfuerzo","lemma":"esfuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Arqueaba","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espalda","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article, not a possessive, with body parts when the owner is clear from context — la espalda = 'his back' here."},{"surface":"espalda","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Arqueaba","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":75,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s4","source":"Por debajo de la puerta que cerraba la entrada al comedor se distinguía una franja amarilla.","translation":"Beneath the door that closed off the entrance to the dining room a yellow strip could be made out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se distinguía","title":"Impersonal / passive «se»","body":"«Se» plus a third-person verb forms an impersonal or passive construction: «se distinguía una franja» = 'a strip could be made out / one could distinguish a strip'. The agent goes unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"debajo","lemma":"debajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Por","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase Por","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of distinguía","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cerraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cerraba","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying puerta","gloss":"closed off"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of entrada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entrada","lemma":"entrada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cerraba","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comedor","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"comedor","lemma":"comedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies entrada","gloss":"dining room"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of distinguía","gloss":"itself","note":"Se distinguía is a reflexive-passive construction: 'could be made out.'"},{"surface":"distinguía","lemma":"distinguir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be made out"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of franja","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"franja","lemma":"franja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of distinguía","gloss":"strip"},{"surface":"amarilla","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies franja","gloss":"yellow"}]},{"number":76,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s5","source":"Se había olvidado de apagar la luz.","translation":"He had forgotten to turn off the light.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se había olvidado de","title":"«olvidarse de» + infinitive","body":"The pronominal «olvidarse de» means 'to forget (to do something)': «se había olvidado de apagar la luz» = 'he had forgotten to turn off the light'. The «de» links it to the infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of olvidado","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of olvidado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"olvidado","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of apagar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"apagar","lemma":"apagar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of olvidado","gloss":"turn off"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of apagar","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s6","source":"El debía... ¡ah, no!, no, Elsa se ha ido... él debe seiscientos pesos con siete centavos a la Limited Azucarer Company... pero no, ya no los debe, si tiene un cheque... ¡Ah, la realidad, la realidad!","translation":"He owed... ah, no!, no, Elsa has gone... he owes six hundred pesos and seven cents to the Limited Sugar Company... but no, he no longer owes them, since he has a check... Ah, reality, reality!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p15-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"debía / debe","title":"«deber» = to owe (and must)","body":"«Deber» means both 'to owe (money)' and 'must / ought to'. Here the financial sense dominates: «debe seiscientos pesos» = 'he owes six hundred pesos'. The shift from imperfect «debía» to present «debe» tracks his thoughts lurching into the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of debía","gloss":"He","note":"Printed without the accent; this is 'Él' (he), the subject pronoun, not the article 'el' (the)."},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (trails off)","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation of denial, rejects debía","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation of denial, transitions to ido clause","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ido","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ido (irse)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ido","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ido","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of debe","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"seiscientos","lemma":"seiscientos","morphology":"numeral, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"six hundred"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of debe","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centavos","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies centavos","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"centavos","lemma":"centavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of debe","gloss":"cents"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Limited","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Limited","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Limited","lemma":"Limited","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of debe","gloss":"Limited"},{"surface":"Azucarer","lemma":"Azucarera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Limited","gloss":"Sugar","note":"Likely a truncated/typo form of \"Azucarera\" (Sugar) — the same company appears elsewhere in the novel as \"la Compañía Azucarera\" / \"the Limited Azucarera Company.\""},{"surface":"Company","lemma":"Company","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Limited","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation of denial","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies debe (ya no = no longer)","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies debe (ya no = no longer)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of debe","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tiene","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on debe","gloss":"he has"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cheque","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cheque","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"check"},{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the exclamation Ah","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"repetition of realidad for emphasis","gloss":"reality"}]},{"number":78,"label":"16","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p16-s1","source":"El oblicuo paralelogramo de luz que llegaba desde la calle a platear el tul del mosquitero, era la noción de que vivía como antes, como ayer, como hace diez años.","translation":"The oblique parallelogram of light that reached from the street to silver the tulle of the mosquito net was the notion that he was living as before, as yesterday, as ten years ago.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hace diez años","title":"«hace» + time = ago","body":"«Hace» plus a time expression means 'ago': «hace diez años» = 'ten years ago'. The verb «hacer» is impersonal here and stays in the third person singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of paralelogramo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"oblicuo","lemma":"oblicuo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paralelogramo","gloss":"oblique"},{"surface":"paralelogramo","lemma":"paralelogramo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"parallelogram"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies paralelogramo","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of llegaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"llegaba","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying paralelogramo","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llegaba","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of platear","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"platear","lemma":"platear","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on llegaba","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tul","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tul","lemma":"tul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of platear","gloss":"tulle"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mosquitero","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mosquitero","lemma":"mosquitero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tul","gloss":"mosquito net"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to noción","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noción","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noción","lemma":"noción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vivía","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vivía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vivía","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying noción","gloss":"he was living"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces antes, comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivía","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces ayer, comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ayer","lemma":"ayer","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of vivía","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hace, comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"temporal expression modifying vivía","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"diez","lemma":"diez","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":79,"label":"17","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s1","source":"No quería ver esa raya de luz, como cuando era pequeño, no quería «ver esa claridad que estaba allí, aunque sabía que no había fuerza humana que pudiera espantar esa claridad».","translation":"He did not want to see that streak of light, as when he was small, he did not want \"to see that brightness that was there, though he knew there was no human force that could drive that brightness away\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que pudiera espantar","title":"Subjunctive after a negated antecedent","body":"When the antecedent is denied to exist («no había fuerza humana»), the relative clause takes the subjunctive: «que pudiera espantar» = 'that could / might drive away'. The imperfect subjunctive «pudiera» marks the force as nonexistent."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of raya","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"raya","lemma":"raya","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"streak"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies raya","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pequeño","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pequeño","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to pequeño","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"pequeño","lemma":"pequeño","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on quería","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (repeated)","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"brightness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying claridad","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sabía","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"concessive clause modifying estaba","gloss":"he knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of había","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía (existential haber)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"fuerza","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"humana","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fuerza","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of espantar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pudiera","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of espantar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"espantar","lemma":"espantar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying fuerza","gloss":"drive away"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of espantar","gloss":"brightness"}]},{"number":80,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s2","source":"Sí, semejante a cuando su padre le decía que al otro día le iba a pegar.","translation":"Yes, like when his father would tell him that the next day he was going to beat him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le iba a pegar","title":"«ir a» + infinitive (immediate future in the past)","body":"«Ir a» plus an infinitive expresses an intended or imminent action. In the imperfect, «iba a pegar» = 'was going to beat' — a planned future seen from a past vantage point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"semejante","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Sí","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decía (part of semejante a)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of decía","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of padre","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying semejante","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pegar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pegar","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of pegar (leísmo)","gloss":"him","note":"\"Le\" here functions as a personal direct object (leísmo — le instead of lo for a human direct object), matching \"pegarle\" = \"to hit/beat him.\""},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pegar","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pegar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pegar","lemma":"pegar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of iba","gloss":"beat"}]},{"number":81,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s3","source":"No era lo mismo ahora.","translation":"It was not the same now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mismo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mismo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mismo","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s4","source":"Aquella otra claridad era azulada, ésta de plata, mas tan estridente y anunciadora de lo verdadero como la luz antigua.","translation":"That other brightness was bluish, this one silver, but as strident and as announcing of the true as the old light.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mas","title":"«mas» (no accent) = but","body":"«Mas» without an accent is a literary conjunction meaning 'but', equivalent to «pero». Don't confuse it with «más» (with accent), which means 'more'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of azulada","gloss":"brightness"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to azulada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"azulada","lemma":"azulado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"bluish"},{"surface":"ésta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided era, parallel to claridad","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of elided era, modifies ésta","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estridente","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"estridente","lemma":"estridente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective (elided verb), comparison with luz antigua","gloss":"strident"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"anunciadora","lemma":"anunciador","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with estridente","gloss":"announcing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdadero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of verdadero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdadero","lemma":"verdadero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of anunciadora","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with luz","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"comparison object of como","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"antigua","lemma":"antiguo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies luz","gloss":"old"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s5","source":"El sudor le humedecía las sienes y el cerco de cabellos.","translation":"Sweat dampened his temples and the rim of his hair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sudor","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"sudor","lemma":"sudor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of humedecía","gloss":"Sweat"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of humedecía (dative of possession)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"humedecía","lemma":"humedecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dampened"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sienes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sienes","lemma":"sien","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of humedecía","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cerco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cerco","lemma":"cerco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with sienes","gloss":"rim"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabellos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cabellos","lemma":"cabello","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cerco","gloss":"hair"}]},{"number":84,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s6","source":"Elsa se había ido y ¿no vendría más?","translation":"Elsa had gone, and would she not come back?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ido","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ido (irse)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ido","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vendría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vendría","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ido","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vendría","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":85,"label":"","id":"capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s7","source":"¿Qué diría Barsut?","translation":"What would Barsut say?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad-p17-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"diría","title":"Conditional «diría»","body":"«Diría» is the conditional of «decir», 'would say'. Here it projects a hypothetical reaction: 'What would Barsut say?' — the conditional voices a worry about an uncertain future event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of diría","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"diría","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of diría","gloss":"Barsut"}]}]}