{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"el-humillado","title":{"source":"El humillado","translated":"The Humiliated Man"},"section":"Part One","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-humillado","lines":358},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/capas-de-oscuridad","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"el-humillado-p1-s1","source":"A las ocho de la noche llegó a su casa.","translation":"At eight o'clock at night he came home.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"llegó","title":"Preterite of «llegar»","body":"«llegó» is the preterite (simple past) of «llegar», 'to arrive'. The preterite reports a single completed event with a definite time — here pinned to «a las ocho de la noche», 'at eight at night'. The whole chapter is framed as something that happened on one specific evening."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ocho","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ocho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ocho","lemma":"ocho","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llegó","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ocho","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llegó","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"el-humillado-p2-s1","source":"–El comedor estaba iluminado...","translation":"\"The dining room was lit...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el comedor","title":"«el comedor»","body":"«el comedor» is the dining room. The irony lands a few sentences later: in their poverty the so-called dining room holds nothing but a pine table. The word keeps its dignified name even when the room is nearly empty."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of comedor","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"comedor","lemma":"comedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of iluminado","gloss":"dining room"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to iluminado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iluminado","lemma":"iluminado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lit"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p2-s2","source":"Pero expliquémonos –contaba más tarde Erdosain–, mi esposa y yo habíamos sufrido tanta miseria, que el llamado comedor consistía en cuarto vacío de muebles.","translation":"But let me explain myself,\" Erdosain would recount later, \"my wife and I had suffered such poverty that the so-called dining room amounted to a room empty of furniture.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p2-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"habíamos sufrido","title":"Pluperfect tense","body":"«habíamos sufrido» ('we had suffered') is the pluperfect: «haber» in the imperfect plus a past participle. It marks an action completed before another point in the past — the long stretch of misery that lay behind them by the night of the story."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"expliquémonos","title":"«nosotros» command, reflexive","body":"«expliquémonos» is a first-person-plural ('let's') command from the pronominal verb «explicarse», with the pronoun «-nos» attached to the end. Literally 'let us explain ourselves' — a storyteller's aside inviting the listener to follow along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies expliquémonos","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"expliquémonos","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, plural (hortative, reflexive)","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"let us explain","note":"hortative 'nosotros' command with reflexive -nos attached: 'let's explain ourselves.'"},{"surface":"contaba","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"would recount"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies contaba","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of contaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sufrido","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with esposa","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"habíamos","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of sufrido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"sufrido","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"tanta","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sufrido","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of consistía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of comedor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"llamado","lemma":"llamado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies comedor","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"comedor","lemma":"comedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of consistía","gloss":"dining room"},{"surface":"consistía","lemma":"consistir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying miseria","gloss":"amounted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuarto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cuarto","lemma":"cuarto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of consistía","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"vacío","lemma":"vacío","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuarto","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muebles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"muebles","lemma":"mueble","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vacío","gloss":"furniture"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p2-s3","source":"La otra pieza hacía de dormitorio.","translation":"The other room served as the bedroom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p2-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hacía de","title":"«hacer de» = to serve as","body":"«hacer de» means 'to act as' or 'to serve as / double as'. «La otra pieza hacía de dormitorio» = 'the other room served as the bedroom'. «pieza» here is River Plate usage for a room."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pieza","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dormitorio","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"dormitorio","lemma":"dormitorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacía","gloss":"bedroom"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p2-s4","source":"Usted me dirá cómo siendo pobres alquilábamos una casa, pero éste era un antojo de mi esposa, que recordando tiempos mejores, no se avenía a no «tener armado» su hogar.","translation":"You'll tell me how, being poor, we rented a whole house, but this was a whim of my wife's, who, remembering better times, would not resign herself to leaving her home 'unset up.'","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p2-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no se avenía","title":"«avenirse a» (pronominal)","body":"«avenirse a» is a pronominal verb meaning 'to agree to' or 'to resign oneself to'. In the imperfect and negated, «no se avenía a no tener armado su hogar» = 'she would not bring herself to leave her home un-set-up' — a habitual refusal, not a one-off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dirá","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dirá","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dirá","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of alquilábamos","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"siendo","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, gerund","role":"copula linking to pobres","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"pobres","lemma":"pobre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies alquilábamos","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"alquilábamos","lemma":"alquilar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of dirá","gloss":"we rented"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of alquilábamos","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of antojo","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to antojo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of antojo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"antojo","lemma":"antojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whim"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies antojo","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of avenía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"recordando","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on avenía","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of recordando","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"mejores","lemma":"mejor","morphology":"adjective, plural, comparative","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies avenía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of avenía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"avenía","lemma":"avenir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying esposa","gloss":"resign herself","note":"avenirse a is an idiom, 'to agree/resign oneself to.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tener","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tener","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on avenía","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"armado","lemma":"armado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of tener","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hogar","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hogar","lemma":"hogar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":6,"label":"3","id":"el-humillado-p3-s1","source":"«En el comedor no había más mueble que una mesa de pino.","translation":"\"In the dining room there was no furniture but a pine table.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no había más mueble que","title":"«no... más... que» = only","body":"«no había más mueble que una mesa» means 'there was no furniture other than a table' — i.e. 'only a table'. The frame «no... más... que» expresses 'nothing but / only', and is distinct from «más de», which would mean 'more than (a quantity)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comedor","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of comedor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"comedor","lemma":"comedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había","gloss":"dining room"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mueble","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"mueble","lemma":"mueble","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mesa","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mueble","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pino","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pino","lemma":"pino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mesa","gloss":"pine"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p3-s2","source":"En un rincón colgaban de un alambre nuestras ropas, y otro ángulo estaba ocupado por un baúl con conteras de lata y que producía una sensación de vida nómade que terminaría con un viaje definitivo.","translation":"In one corner our clothes hung from a wire, and another angle of the room was taken up by a trunk with tin corner-caps that gave off a sense of nomadic life destined to end in some final journey.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"terminaría","title":"Conditional as 'future-in-the-past'","body":"«terminaría» is the conditional of «terminar». Beyond 'would end', the conditional often expresses a future seen from a past vantage point: from where the trunk sat, the 'final journey' was still to come. It quietly foreshadows the departure the chapter is building toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of colgaban","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"colgaban","lemma":"colgar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alambre","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alambre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alambre","lemma":"alambre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of colgaban","gloss":"wire"},{"surface":"nuestras","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ropas","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ropas","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of colgaban","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ángulo","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ángulo","lemma":"ángulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ocupado","gloss":"angle"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ocupado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ocupado","lemma":"ocupado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with colgaban","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baúl","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baúl","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"baúl","lemma":"baúl","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of ocupado (passive por-phrase)","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conteras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"conteras","lemma":"contera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies baúl","gloss":"corner-caps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lata","lemma":"lata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies conteras","gloss":"tin"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of producía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"producía","lemma":"producir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying baúl","gloss":"gave off"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of producía","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sensación","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"nómade","lemma":"nómade","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"nomadic"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of terminaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"terminaría","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying vida","gloss":"would end"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking viaje","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viaje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"viaje","lemma":"viaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of terminaría","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"definitivo","lemma":"definitivo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies viaje","gloss":"final"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p3-s3","source":"Más tarde, cuántas veces he pensado en 'la sensación de viaje' que aquel baúl barato, estibado en un rincón, lanzaba a mi tristeza de hombre que se sabe al margen de la cárcel.","translation":"Later, how many times I have thought about 'the sense of travel' that that cheap trunk, stowed in a corner, cast over my sadness — the sadness of a man who knows himself one step from prison.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p3-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se sabe al margen","title":"«saberse» + state","body":"«saberse» (pronominal «saber») means 'to know oneself to be (in some state)'. «un hombre que se sabe al margen de la cárcel» = 'a man who knows himself to be on the edge of prison'. The pronoun turns 'to know' into 'to be aware of one's own condition'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensado","gloss":"late","note":"'más tarde' together means 'later'"},{"surface":"cuántas","lemma":"cuántos","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pensado","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pensado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"pensado","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensación","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en, complement of pensado","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking viaje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"viaje","lemma":"viaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sensación","gloss":"travel"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of lanzaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baúl","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"baúl","lemma":"baúl","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of lanzaba","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"barato","lemma":"barato","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies baúl","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"estibado","lemma":"estibado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies baúl","gloss":"stowed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estibado","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"lanzaba","lemma":"lanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying sensación","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tristeza","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of tristeza","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"tristeza","lemma":"tristeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of lanzaba","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tristeza","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sabe","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking margen","gloss":"on","note":"'al margen de' idiomatically means 'one step from' / 'on the verge of'"},{"surface":"margen","lemma":"margen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase al","gloss":"margin"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase al","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cárcel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cárcel","lemma":"cárcel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies margen","gloss":"prison"}]},{"number":9,"label":"4","id":"el-humillado-p4-s1","source":"«Como le contaba, el comedor estaba iluminado.","translation":"\"As I was telling you, the dining room was lit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of contaba","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contaba","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"contaba","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause introducing the sentence","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of comedor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"comedor","lemma":"comedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of iluminado","gloss":"dining room"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to iluminado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iluminado","lemma":"iluminado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lit"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p4-s2","source":"Al abrir la puerta me detuve.","translation":"On opening the door I stopped.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al abrir","title":"«Al» + infinitive","body":"«Al» plus an infinitive means 'upon / on (doing something)': «al abrir la puerta» = 'on opening the door', 'as I opened the door'. It packs a whole clause of time into two words — one of the most common Spanish constructions, and a hallmark of Arlt's terse openings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abrir","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"abrir","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on detuve","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of abrir","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"direct object of detuve","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"detuve","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p4-s3","source":"Aguardábame mi esposa, vestida para salir, sentada junto a la mesa.","translation":"My wife was waiting for me, dressed to go out, seated beside the table.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p4-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aguardábame","title":"Enclitic pronoun on a conjugated verb","body":"«Aguardábame» is «me aguardaba» ('she was waiting for me') with the object pronoun «me» attached to the end of the conjugated verb. This enclisis is a literary, slightly old-fashioned word order; in everyday speech the pronoun comes before the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aguardábame","lemma":"aguardar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, with enclitic pronoun 'me'","role":"main verb of the sentence (verb + object clitic me)","gloss":"was waiting for me"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Aguardábame","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"vestida","lemma":"vestido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esposa","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of salir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on vestida","gloss":"go out"},{"surface":"sentada","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esposa, coordinated with vestida","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sentada","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p4-s4","source":"Un tul negro cubría hasta el mentón su carita sonrosada.","translation":"A black tulle veil covered her little rosy face up to the chin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p4-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"carita","title":"Diminutive «-ita»","body":"«carita» is «cara» ('face') plus the diminutive «-ita». Diminutives add smallness but also tenderness or pity; «su carita sonrosada» = 'her little rosy face' carries Erdosain's affection for the wife who is about to leave him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tul","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tul","lemma":"tul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cubría","gloss":"tulle"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tul","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"cubría","lemma":"cubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mentón","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mentón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mentón","lemma":"mentón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cubría","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carita","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"carita","lemma":"carita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cubría","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"sonrosada","lemma":"sonrosado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"rosy"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p4-s5","source":"A su derecha, junto a los pies, estaba una valija, y al otro lado de la mesa un hombre se puso de pie cuando yo entré, mejor dicho, cuando la sorpresa me detuvo en el umbral.","translation":"To her right, by her feet, sat a suitcase, and on the other side of the table a man rose to his feet when I came in — or rather, when surprise stopped me on the threshold.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p4-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"valija","title":"«valija» (River Plate)","body":"«valija» is the everyday Argentine word for a suitcase, where Peninsular Spanish would more often say «maleta». The packed suitcase at Elsa's feet tells the whole story before a word is spoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking derecha","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of derecha","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"derecha","lemma":"derecha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking pies","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of valija","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"valija","lemma":"valija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"suitcase"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of puso","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lado","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of puso","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of puso","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"puso","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with estaba","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies puso","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entré","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of entré","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"entré","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on puso","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"mejor","lemma":"mejor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dicho","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"dicho","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom mejor dicho","gloss":"said","note":"'mejor dicho' is an idiom meaning 'rather' / 'that is to say'"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of detuvo","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sorpresa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sorpresa","lemma":"sorpresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of detuvo","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the second cuando-clause, coordinated with entré","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking umbral","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of umbral","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"umbral","lemma":"umbral","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"threshold"}]},{"number":14,"label":"5","id":"el-humillado-p5-s1","source":"«Así permanecimos los tres un segundo...","translation":"\"So the three of us stayed for a second...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"permanecimos","title":"Preterite of «permanecer»","body":"«permanecimos» is the preterite of «permanecer» ('to remain'). The preterite frames the frozen instant as one bounded, completed beat of time — a held second that Erdosain then says he could never forget."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies permanecimos","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"permanecimos","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"in apposition to the implicit subject of permanecimos","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of segundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"segundo","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of permanecimos (duration)","gloss":"second"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s2","source":"El capitán de pie, con una mano apoyada en la tabla de la mesa y otra en la empuñadura de la espada, mi esposa con la cabeza inclinada, y yo frente a ellos, olvidados los dedos en el canto de la puerta.","translation":"The captain on his feet, one hand resting on the tabletop and the other on the hilt of his sword, my wife with her head bowed, and I facing them, my fingers forgotten on the edge of the door.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"olvidados los dedos","title":"Absolute participle construction","body":"«olvidados los dedos en el canto de la puerta» is an absolute participle: a past participle plus its own noun, set off as a small clause meaning 'with my fingers forgotten on the edge of the door'. It freezes a posture in a single brushstroke, like a stage direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the first descriptive phrase (parallel to esposa, yo)","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies capitán","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mano","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies capitán","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"apoyada","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mano","gloss":"resting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabla","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tabla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tabla","lemma":"tabla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyada","gloss":"tabletop"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tabla","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with mano","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking empuñadura","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of empuñadura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"empuñadura","lemma":"empuñadura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies otra","gloss":"hilt"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espada","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espada","lemma":"espada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies empuñadura","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the second descriptive phrase (parallel to capitán, yo)","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabeza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esposa","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"inclinada","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the third descriptive phrase (parallel to capitán, esposa)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun","role":"preposition marking ellos","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"object of frente a (facing them)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"olvidados","lemma":"olvidado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head noun described by olvidados","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canto","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of canto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canto","lemma":"canto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of olvidados","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies canto","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s3","source":"Aquel segundo me fue suficiente para no olvidar más al otro hombre.","translation":"That second was enough for me never to forget the other man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of segundo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"segundo","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of suficiente","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"indirect object of fue (for me)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to suficiente","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"suficiente","lemma":"suficiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of olvidar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies olvidar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"olvidar","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on suficiente","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies olvidar","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of olvidar","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s4","source":"Era grande, de reciedumbre atlética dentro de la tela verde del uniforme.","translation":"He was big, of athletic sturdiness inside the green cloth of the uniform.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to grande","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"grande","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reciedumbre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"reciedumbre","lemma":"reciedumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with grande","gloss":"sturdiness"},{"surface":"atlética","lemma":"atlético","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies reciedumbre","gloss":"athletic"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reciedumbre","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase dentro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tela","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tela","lemma":"tela","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"cloth"},{"surface":"verde","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies tela","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uniforme","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"uniforme","lemma":"uniforme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tela","gloss":"uniform"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s5","source":"Al apartar los ojos de mi esposa, su mirada recobró una dureza curiosa.","translation":"On taking his eyes off my wife, his gaze recovered a curious hardness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking apartar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"apartar","lemma":"apartar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on recobró","gloss":"taking off"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of apartar","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, complement of apartar","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of recobró","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"recobró","lemma":"recobrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recovered"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dureza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dureza","lemma":"dureza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recobró","gloss":"hardness"},{"surface":"curiosa","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dureza","gloss":"curious"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s6","source":"No exagero si digo que me examinaba con insolencia, como a un inferior.","translation":"I do not exaggerate if I say that he was examining me with insolence, as one looks at an inferior.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"examinaba","title":"Imperfect for an ongoing look","body":"«examinaba» is the imperfect of «examinar». The imperfect paints an action in progress, with no fixed endpoint — the captain's gaze is held on Erdosain throughout the scene, sizing him up, rather than completed in a single moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies exagero","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"exagero","lemma":"exagerar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exaggerate"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of digo","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"digo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on exagero","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of examinaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of examinaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"examinaba","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of digo","gloss":"was examining"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking insolencia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"insolencia","lemma":"insolencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of examinaba","gloss":"insolence"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison a un inferior","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inferior","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of inferior","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"inferior","lemma":"inferior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a (comparison: como a un inferior)","gloss":"inferior"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s7","source":"Yo continué mirándolo.","translation":"I went on looking at him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"continué mirándolo","title":"«continuar» + gerund","body":"«continuar» followed by a gerund («mirándolo») means 'to keep / go on doing something'. The object pronoun «lo» ('him') attaches to the end of the gerund. Together: 'I kept looking at him.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of continué","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"continué","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"mirándolo","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund, with enclitic pronoun 'lo'","role":"complement of continué","gloss":"looking at him"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s8","source":"Su grandor físico contrastaba con la ovalada pequeñez de su rostro, con la delicadeza de la fina nariz y la austeridad de sus labios apretados.","translation":"His physical bigness contrasted with the oval smallness of his face, with the delicacy of his fine nose and the austerity of his tight-pressed lips.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of grandor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"grandor","lemma":"grandor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of contrastaba","gloss":"bigness"},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies grandor","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"contrastaba","lemma":"contrastar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contrasted"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pequeñez","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pequeñez","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ovalada","lemma":"ovalado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pequeñez","gloss":"oval"},{"surface":"pequeñez","lemma":"pequeñez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con, complement of contrastaba","gloss":"smallness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rostro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pequeñez","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking delicadeza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of delicadeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"delicadeza","lemma":"delicadeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of contrastaba","gloss":"delicacy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nariz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nariz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fina","lemma":"fino","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nariz","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"nariz","lemma":"nariz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies delicadeza","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of austeridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"austeridad","lemma":"austeridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with delicadeza","gloss":"austerity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking labios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies austeridad","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"apretados","lemma":"apretado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"tight-pressed"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p5-s9","source":"En el pecho llevaba la insignia de piloto aviador.","translation":"On his chest he wore the insignia of an aviator pilot.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p5-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecho","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevaba","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"llevaba","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of insignia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"insignia","lemma":"insignia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevaba","gloss":"insignia"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piloto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"piloto","lemma":"piloto","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies insignia","gloss":"pilot"},{"surface":"aviador","lemma":"aviador","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies piloto","gloss":"aviator"}]},{"number":23,"label":"6","id":"el-humillado-p6-s1","source":"«Mis primeras palabras fueron:","translation":"\"My first words were:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mis","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"primeras","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of fueron","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"fueron","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":24,"label":"7","id":"el-humillado-p7-s1","source":"«–¿Qué pasa aquí?","translation":"\"—What's going on here?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pasa","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"pasa","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"going on"},{"surface":"aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasa","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":25,"label":"8","id":"el-humillado-p8-s1","source":"«–El señor... –mas avergonzándose, se corrigió–.","translation":"\"—The gentleman...\" —but, growing ashamed, she corrected herself—.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"avergonzándose","title":"«avergonzarse» (pronominal)","body":"«avergonzarse» is a pronominal verb meaning 'to be / become ashamed'. As a gerund with the attached pronoun, «avergonzándose» = 'growing ashamed'. Elsa starts to refer to the captain as «el señor» — the formal 'the gentleman' — then catches herself, growing ashamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of señor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the interrupted quotation","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction, adversative","role":"coordinating conjunction linking to corrigió (but)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"avergonzándose","lemma":"avergonzarse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive (with enclitic 'se')","role":"adverbial clause on corrigió","gloss":"growing ashamed"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of corrigió","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"corrigió","lemma":"corregir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"corrected"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p8-s2","source":"Remo –dijo llamándome por mi nombre–, Remo, yo no voy a vivir más con vos.»","translation":"Remo,\" she said, calling me by my name, \"Remo, I'm not going to live with you anymore.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"con vos","title":"«vos» — Argentine voseo","body":"«vos» is the standard familiar 'you' in Argentina, replacing «tú». It takes its own present-tense forms (e.g. «vos tenés», «vos sos»), though here it follows a preposition as «con vos» ('with you'). The whole couple's intimate dialogue runs on «vos»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address, name of the person spoken to","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"llamándome","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, gerund, with attached pronoun me","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"calling me"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nombre","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of nombre","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"nombre","lemma":"nombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llamándome","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address, name of the person spoken to","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vivir","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive vivir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voy","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivir","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of the preposition con","gloss":"you","note":"«Vos» is the Rioplatense second-person singular pronoun, used instead of «tú» in Argentina."}]},{"number":27,"label":"9","id":"el-humillado-p9-s1","source":"Erdosain no tuvo tiempo de temblar.","translation":"Erdosain had no time to tremble.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tuvo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tuvo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of temblar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"temblar","lemma":"temblar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying tiempo","gloss":"tremble"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p9-s2","source":"El capitán tomó la palabra:","translation":"The captain took the floor:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p9-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tomó la palabra","title":"«tomar la palabra»","body":"«tomar la palabra» is an idiom meaning 'to take the floor', 'to begin to speak'. It is not literally about taking a word; it marks someone stepping in to address the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tomó","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"tomó","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took","note":"«Tomar la palabra» is an idiom meaning 'to take the floor' (to begin speaking)."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tomó","gloss":"floor"}]},{"number":29,"label":"10","id":"el-humillado-p10-s1","source":"–Su esposa, a quien he conocido hace un tiempo...","translation":"—Your wife, whom I met some time ago...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"he conocido","title":"«conocer» in the perfect = 'met'","body":"In the preterite/perfect, «conocer» shifts from 'to know' to 'to meet (for the first time)'. «a quien he conocido hace un tiempo» = 'whom I met some time ago', the start of their acquaintance, not its ongoing state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien (personal a)","gloss":"(marks object)","note":"This is the personal 'a,' marking «quien» as a direct object; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of conocido","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of conocido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"conocido","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying esposa","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on conocido","gloss":"ago","note":"«hace + [time]» is an idiom meaning '[time] ago.'"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":30,"label":"11","id":"el-humillado-p11-s1","source":"–¿Y dónde la conoció usted?","translation":"—And where did you meet her?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dónde","lemma":"dónde","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of conoció","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of conoció","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"conoció","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of conoció","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":31,"label":"12","id":"el-humillado-p12-s1","source":"–¿Por qué preguntas esas cosas? –interrumpió Elsa.","translation":"—Why do you ask such things? —Elsa broke in.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"Why","note":"«Por qué» together means 'why.'"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of preguntas","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"preguntas","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do...ask"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of preguntas","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"interrumpió","lemma":"interrumpir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of interrumpió","gloss":"Elsa"}]},{"number":32,"label":"13","id":"el-humillado-p13-s1","source":"–Sí, cierto –objetó el capitán–.","translation":"—Yes, true —the captain objected—.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Sí","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"objetó","lemma":"objetar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of objetó","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p13-s2","source":"Usted comprenderá que ciertas cosas no deben preguntarse...","translation":"You'll understand that certain things ought not to be asked...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no deben preguntarse","title":"Passive / impersonal «se»","body":"«no deben preguntarse» uses «se» to form a passive-impersonal: 'ought not to be asked', with no named agent. Spanish often prefers this «se» construction where English reaches for a passive, keeping who-does-the-asking politely vague."}],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of comprenderá","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"comprenderá","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"'ll understand"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of preguntarse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ciertas","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of preguntarse","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies preguntarse","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"deben","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of preguntarse","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"preguntarse","lemma":"preguntar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of comprenderá","gloss":"be asked"}]},{"number":34,"label":"14","id":"el-humillado-p14-s1","source":"Erdosain se ruborizó.","translation":"Erdosain blushed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se ruborizó","title":"«ruborizarse» = to blush","body":"«ruborizarse» is a pronominal verb meaning 'to blush, to turn red'. The «se» marks the change happening to the subject himself: «Erdosain se ruborizó» = 'Erdosain blushed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ruborizó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ruborizó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ruborizó","lemma":"ruborizar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blushed"}]},{"number":35,"label":"15","id":"el-humillado-p15-s1","source":"–Quizá usted tenga razón... disculpe...","translation":"—Maybe you're right... forgive me...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quizá... tenga","title":"«quizá» + subjunctive","body":"«quizá» ('maybe, perhaps') typically triggers the subjunctive when the speaker is genuinely unsure. «Quizá usted tenga razón» = 'maybe you're right', with «tenga» (subjunctive of «tener») signalling open doubt rather than fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quizá","lemma":"quizá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenga","gloss":"Maybe"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of tenga","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are","note":"«Tener razón» is an idiom meaning 'to be right.'"},{"surface":"razón","lemma":"razón","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"disculpe","lemma":"disculpar","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of an appended imperative","gloss":"forgive me"}]},{"number":36,"label":"16","id":"el-humillado-p16-s1","source":"–Y como usted no ganaba para mantenerla...","translation":"—And since you weren't earning enough to support her...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como usted no ganaba","title":"«como» = since / because","body":"At the head of a clause, «como» means 'since' or 'because', giving a reason: «como usted no ganaba para mantenerla» = 'since you didn't earn enough to support her'. «ganaba» (imperfect) frames it as an ongoing situation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ganaba","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of ganaba","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ganaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ganaba","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were earning"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mantenerla","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mantenerla","lemma":"mantener él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on ganaba","gloss":"support her"}]},{"number":37,"label":"17","id":"el-humillado-p17-s1","source":"Apretando el cabo del revólver en el bolsillo de su pantalón, Erdosain miró al capitán.","translation":"Gripping the butt of the revolver in his trouser pocket, Erdosain looked at the captain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Apretando","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on miró","gloss":"Gripping"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cabo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabo","lemma":"cabo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Apretando","gloss":"butt"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking revólver","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"revólver","lemma":"revólver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cabo","gloss":"revolver"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolsillo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bolsillo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bolsillo","lemma":"bolsillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Apretando","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pantalón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pantalón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pantalón","lemma":"pantalón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bolsillo","gloss":"trousers"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capitán","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p17-s2","source":"Luego, involuntariamente, sonrió pensando que nada tenía que temer, ya que podía matarlo.","translation":"Then, involuntarily, he smiled, thinking he had nothing to fear, since he could kill him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p17-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ya que","title":"«ya que» = since / given that","body":"«ya que» is a connector meaning 'since, given that, seeing as'. It introduces a reason the listener already accepts: «nada tenía que temer, ya que podía matarlo» = 'he had nothing to fear, since he could kill him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonrió","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"involuntariamente","lemma":"involuntariamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonrió","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"sonrió","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on sonrió","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensando","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of temer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"temer","lemma":"temer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying nada","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of podía","gloss":"since","note":"«Ya que» together means 'since/because.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ya","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of matarlo","gloss":"he could"},{"surface":"matarlo","lemma":"matar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on sonrió","gloss":"kill him"}]},{"number":39,"label":"18","id":"el-humillado-p18-s1","source":"–No creo que pueda causarle gracia lo que le digo.","translation":"—I don't think what I'm telling you can be funny to you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No creo que pueda","title":"«no creer que» + subjunctive","body":"Negating «creer» ('to believe') casts doubt and pulls the following verb into the subjunctive: «No creo que pueda causarle gracia» = 'I don't think it can be amusing to you', with «pueda» (subjunctive of «poder»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"causarle gracia","title":"«hacer/causar gracia»","body":"«causar gracia» (more usually «hacer gracia») is an idiom: 'to strike someone as funny, to amuse'. «No creo que pueda causarle gracia» = 'I don't think it can strike you as funny'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creo","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"creo","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of causarle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pueda","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of causarle","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"causarle","lemma":"causar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of creo","gloss":"cause","note":"«Causar gracia» is an idiom meaning 'to be funny/amusing.'"},{"surface":"gracia","lemma":"gracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of causarle","gloss":"amusement"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que (subject of causarle)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of digo","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of digo","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"digo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying lo","gloss":"I'm telling"}]},{"number":40,"label":"19","id":"el-humillado-p19-s1","source":"–No; sonreía de una ocurrencia estúpida... ¿Así que también le contó eso?","translation":"—No; I was smiling at a stupid notion... So she told you that too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ocurrencia","title":"«ocurrencia»","body":"«una ocurrencia» is a sudden idea, a notion or a witty remark that pops into the mind — from «ocurrir», 'to occur'. Erdosain excuses his smile as 'a stupid notion', covering the real thought: that he could shoot the man."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonreía","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"sonreía","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was smiling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ocurrencia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ocurrencia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ocurrencia","lemma":"ocurrencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonreía","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"estúpida","lemma":"estúpido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ocurrencia","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of contó","gloss":"So","note":"«Así que» together means 'so.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Así","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies contó","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contó","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"contó","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of contó","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":41,"label":"20","id":"el-humillado-p20-s1","source":"–Sí, y además me habló de usted como de un genio en desgracia...","translation":"—Yes, and besides she spoke of you to me as of a genius fallen on misfortune...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en desgracia","title":"«desgracia» (false friend)","body":"«desgracia» is a false friend: it means 'misfortune, ill fortune', not 'disgrace'. «un genio en desgracia» = 'a genius down on his luck', a man of talent struck by bad fortune."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies habló","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of habló","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"habló","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"oblique complement of habló","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of genio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"genio","lemma":"genio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of habló","gloss":"genius"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desgracia","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"desgracia","lemma":"desgracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies genio","gloss":"misfortune"}]},{"number":42,"label":"21","id":"el-humillado-p21-s1","source":"–Hablamos de tus inventos...","translation":"—We talked about your inventions...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hablamos","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inventos","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"tus","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of inventos","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"inventos","lemma":"invento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Hablamos","gloss":"inventions"}]},{"number":43,"label":"22","id":"el-humillado-p22-s1","source":"–Sí... de su proyecto de metalizar las flores...","translation":"—Yes... about your project to metallize flowers...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proyecto","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of proyecto","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"proyecto","lemma":"proyecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Sí","gloss":"project"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of metalizar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"metalizar","lemma":"metalizar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying proyecto","gloss":"metallize"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of flores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flores","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of metalizar","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":44,"label":"23","id":"el-humillado-p23-s1","source":"–¿Por qué te vas, entonces?","translation":"—Why are you leaving, then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te vas","title":"«irse» = to leave / go away","body":"«irse» (pronominal «ir») means 'to leave, to go away', stressing departure rather than destination. «¿Por qué te vas?» = 'Why are you leaving?' The reflexive «te» is what shifts plain 'go' into 'go off / leave'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of vas","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vas","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vas","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":45,"label":"24","id":"el-humillado-p24-s1","source":"–Estoy cansada, Remo.","translation":"—I'm tired, Remo.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cansada","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"cansada","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address, name of the person spoken to","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":46,"label":"25","id":"el-humillado-p25-s1","source":"Erdosain sintió que el furor le encrespaba la boca en malas palabras.","translation":"Erdosain felt rage curl his mouth into foul words.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sintió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sintió","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encrespaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of furor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"furor","lemma":"furor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of encrespaba","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of encrespaba","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"encrespaba","lemma":"encrespar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sintió","gloss":"curl"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boca","lemma":"boca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of encrespaba","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"malas","lemma":"malo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encrespaba","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p25-s2","source":"La hubiera insultado, mas al pensar que el otro podía aplastarle la cara a puñetazos retuvo la injuria, replicando:","translation":"He would have insulted her, but on thinking that the other man could smash his face with his fists he held back the slur, replying:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"La hubiera insultado","title":"Pluperfect subjunctive as conditional","body":"«hubiera insultado» is the pluperfect subjunctive, used here for the past conditional: 'he would have insulted her'. It names an action that almost happened but didn't — exactly the unspoken insult Erdosain swallows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mas","title":"«mas» vs «más»","body":"«mas» (no accent) is a literary conjunction meaning 'but', equivalent to «pero». Do not confuse it with «más» (with accent), 'more'. Arlt favours the bookish «mas» in narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of insultado","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of insultado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"insultado","lemma":"insultar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on insultado","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aplastarle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aplastarle","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of aplastarle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"aplastarle","lemma":"aplastar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podía","gloss":"smash"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of aplastarle","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puñetazos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"puñetazos","lemma":"puñetazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aplastarle","gloss":"fists"},{"surface":"retuvo","lemma":"retener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of injuria","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"injuria","lemma":"injuria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of retuvo","gloss":"slur"},{"surface":"replicando","lemma":"replicar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on retuvo","gloss":"replying"}]},{"number":48,"label":"26","id":"el-humillado-p26-s1","source":"–Vos siempre estuviste cansada.","translation":"—You were always tired.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of estuviste","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estuviste","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"estuviste","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cansada","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"cansada","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tired"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p26-s2","source":"En tu casa estabas cansada... aquí... allá... también allá en la montaña... ¿te acordás?","translation":"At your parents' house you were tired... here... there... up in the mountains too... do you remember?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p26-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te acordás","title":"Voseo present: «acordarse»","body":"«te acordás» is the voseo present of «acordarse de» ('to remember'). The «vos» form keeps the stem unbroken and stresses the final syllable («acordás», not «acuerdas»). Note the pronominal «te» — one remembers 'of' something with «acordarse de»."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estabas","gloss":"house","note":"Our translation renders «tu casa» as \"your parents' house,\" since in context this refers to Elsa's family home before her marriage."},{"surface":"estabas","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cansada","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"cansada","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estabas","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with aquí","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies allá","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with aquí","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking montaña","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of montaña","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"montaña","lemma":"montaña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of allá","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acordás","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"acordás","lemma":"acordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of an appended question","gloss":"do you remember","note":"«Acordás» is the voseo present of «acordarse» (to remember) — vos form of «te acuerdas»."}]},{"number":50,"label":"27","id":"el-humillado-p27-s1","source":"No sabiendo qué responder, Elsa inclinó la cabeza.","translation":"Not knowing what to answer, Elsa bowed her head.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabiendo","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"sabiendo","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on inclinó","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of responder","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"responder","lemma":"responder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sabiendo","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of inclinó","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"inclinó","lemma":"inclinar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of inclinó","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":51,"label":"28","id":"el-humillado-p28-s1","source":"–Cansada... ¿qué es lo que tenés cansada vos?...","translation":"—Tired... what is it you've got that's tired?...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tenés","title":"Voseo present: «tener»","body":"«tenés» is the «vos» present of «tener» ('to have'), where «tú» would give «tienes». Voseo forms drop the stem-vowel change and stress the ending. The needling «vos» at the end of the question throws the word back in Elsa's face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cansada","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Tired"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que (object of tenés)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que (object of tenés)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"you've got","note":"«Tenés» is the voseo present of «tener» (you have) — vos form of «tienes»."},{"surface":"cansada","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of tenés","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of tenés","gloss":"you","note":"«Vos» restates the subject at the end of the clause for emphasis, common in colloquial porteño speech."}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p28-s2","source":"Y todas están cansadas, no sé por qué... pero están cansadas...","translation":"And all of them are tired, I don't know why... but they're tired...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p28-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of están","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to cansadas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"cansadas","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of sé","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to cansadas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"cansadas","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tired"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p28-s3","source":"Usted, capitán, ¿no está cansado también?","translation":"You, captain — aren't you tired too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p28-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Usted","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cansado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cansado","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"cansado","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cansado","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":54,"label":"29","id":"el-humillado-p29-s1","source":"El intruso lo observó largamente.","translation":"The intruder observed him at length.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el intruso","title":"«el intruso»","body":"«el intruso» means 'the intruder, the outsider'. The narration keeps relabeling the captain as «el intruso» — a quiet reminder, from Erdosain's side, of who does not belong in this room."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of intruso","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"intruso","lemma":"intruso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of observó","gloss":"intruder"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of observó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"observó","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"largamente","lemma":"largamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies observó","gloss":"at length"}]},{"number":55,"label":"30","id":"el-humillado-p30-s1","source":"–¿Y qué entiende usted por cansancio?","translation":"—And what do you mean by tiredness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p30-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"entender por","title":"«entender por» = to mean by","body":"«entender por (algo)» means 'to understand / mean by (something)'. «¿Qué entiende usted por cansancio?» = 'What do you mean by tiredness?' — asking how the other defines a word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of entiende","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"entiende","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do...mean"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of entiende","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cansancio","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"cansancio","lemma":"cansancio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entiende","gloss":"tiredness"}]},{"number":56,"label":"31","id":"el-humillado-p31-s1","source":"–El aburrimiento, la angustia... ¿no se ha fijado usted que éstos parecen los tiempos de tribulación de que habla la Biblia?","translation":"—Boredom, anguish... haven't you noticed that these seem to be the times of tribulation the Bible speaks of?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se ha fijado","title":"«fijarse en» = to notice","body":"«fijarse (en)» is a pronominal verb meaning 'to notice, to pay attention to'. «¿No se ha fijado usted que...?» = 'Haven't you noticed that...?' Distinct from «fijar» alone, which means 'to fix / fasten'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la angustia","title":"«la angustia» — Arlt's keyword","body":"«la angustia» is anguish, dread, existential anxiety. It is the signature word of Arlt's world, returning again and again: Erdosain diagnoses the whole age, and himself, with «la angustia»."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aburrimiento","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"aburrimiento","lemma":"aburrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Boredom"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with aburrimiento","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fijado","gloss":"haven't"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of fijado","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of fijado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"fijado","lemma":"fijar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of fijado","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of parecen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"éstos","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of parecen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"parecen","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of fijado","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of parecen","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tribulación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tribulación","lemma":"tribulación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"tribulation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of habla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of de, referring to tiempos","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"habla","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying tiempos","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Biblia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Biblia","lemma":"Biblia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of habla","gloss":"Bible"}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p31-s2","source":"Así los nombra un amigo mío que se ha casado con una coja.","translation":"That's what a friend of mine calls them — a friend who married a lame woman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p31-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nombra","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of nombra","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"nombra","lemma":"nombrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amigo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of nombra","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"mío","lemma":"mío","morphology":"possessive pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amigo","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of casado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casado","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of casado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"casado","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying amigo","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coja","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coja","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"coja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of casado","gloss":"lame woman"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p31-s3","source":"La coja es la ramera de las Escrituras...","translation":"The lame woman is the harlot of the Scriptures...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p31-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coja","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"coja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"lame woman"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ramera","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ramera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ramera","lemma":"ramera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"harlot"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Escrituras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of Escrituras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Escrituras","lemma":"Escrituras","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies ramera","gloss":"Scriptures"}]},{"number":59,"label":"32","id":"el-humillado-p32-s1","source":"–Nunca me di cuenta de eso.","translation":"—I never realized that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p32-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"me di cuenta de","title":"«darse cuenta de» = to realize","body":"«darse cuenta de» is the everyday way to say 'to realize, to become aware of'. «Nunca me di cuenta de eso» = 'I never realized that'. Note «de» before the object — one realizes 'of' something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies di","gloss":"Never"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of di","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realized","note":"«Darse cuenta de» is an idiom meaning 'to realize' — literally 'to give oneself account of.'"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with di","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of cuenta","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":60,"label":"33","id":"el-humillado-p33-s1","source":"–En cambio yo sí.","translation":"—I have, though.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p33-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en cambio","title":"«en cambio» = on the other hand","body":"«en cambio» means 'on the other hand, by contrast'. «En cambio yo sí» sets Erdosain against the captain: 'I, on the other hand, have' — the bare «sí» standing in for the whole verb just denied."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase en cambio, modifies sí","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"cambio","lemma":"cambio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition En","gloss":"the other hand","note":"En cambio = 'on the other hand/however' — a fixed contrastive idiom split across these two words."},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sí","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb, affirmative","role":"head of the phrase (stands for an elided verb)","gloss":"have","note":"Sí stands in for an elided verb (tengo), affirmatively answering a denial just made — a common Spanish ellipsis."}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p33-s2","source":"A usted le parecerá extraño que le hable de sufrimientos en estas circunstancias... pero es así... los hombres están tan tristes que tienen necesidad de ser humillados por alguien.","translation":"It will seem strange to you that I should speak of suffering in these circumstances... but that's how it is... men are so sad that they have a need to be humiliated by someone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p33-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que le hable","title":"Subjunctive after a value judgement","body":"«le parecerá extraño que le hable» uses the subjunctive «hable» because it follows an expression of reaction ('it will seem strange that...'). Spanish puts what is judged or felt-about into the subjunctive, not the indicative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"humillados","title":"«humillar» and the chapter's title","body":"«humillar» is 'to humiliate'; «humillado» 'humiliated'. The line — men 'have a need to be humiliated' — names the chapter's title «El humillado», 'The Humiliated Man', and its whole theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"object of the preposition A, doubling le for emphasis","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative) of parecerá","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"parecerá","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will seem"},{"surface":"extraño","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of parecerá","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause that is the subject of parecerá","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative) of hable","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"hable","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the subject clause of parecerá","gloss":"I speak"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimientos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancias","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of circunstancias","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"circunstancias","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hable","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of están","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to tristes","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tristes","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"tristes","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective of están","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (tan...que) of tienen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the result clause modifying tristes","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"necesidad","lemma":"necesidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tienen","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of humillados","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"humillados","lemma":"humillar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"passive participle with ser, object of de","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alguien","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"alguien","lemma":"alguien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"agent of humillados (passive by-phrase)","gloss":"someone"}]},{"number":62,"label":"34","id":"el-humillado-p34-s1","source":"–Yo no veo tal cosa.","translation":"—I see no such thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p34-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of veo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"veo","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cosa","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of veo","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":63,"label":"35","id":"el-humillado-p35-s1","source":"–Claro, usted con su sueldo... ¿Qué sueldo gana usted?","translation":"—Of course, you with your salary... What salary do you earn?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p35-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Claro","title":"«claro» as 'of course'","body":"«claro» literally means 'clear', but on its own as an interjection it means 'of course, sure, naturally'. Here it is faintly sarcastic: 'Of course — you, with your salary...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker (interjection)","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb (clause trails off)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sueldo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sueldo","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"sueldo","lemma":"sueldo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sueldo","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"sueldo","lemma":"sueldo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of gana","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"gana","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"earn"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of gana","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p35-s2","source":"¿Quinientos?","translation":"Five hundred?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p35-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quinientos","lemma":"quinientos","morphology":"numeral, cardinal, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical for ¿gana quinientos?)","gloss":"Five hundred"}]},{"number":65,"label":"36","id":"el-humillado-p36-s1","source":"–Más o menos.","translation":"—More or less.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p36-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"More"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Más","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"menos","lemma":"menos","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Más","gloss":"less"}]},{"number":66,"label":"37","id":"el-humillado-p37-s1","source":"–Claro, con ese sueldo es lógico...","translation":"—Of course, with that salary it's logical...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p37-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker (interjection)","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sueldo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueldo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sueldo","lemma":"sueldo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of es","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lógico","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lógico","lemma":"lógico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"logical"}]},{"number":67,"label":"38","id":"el-humillado-p38-s1","source":"–¿Qué es lógico?","translation":"—What is logical?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p38-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lógico","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lógico","lemma":"lógico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"logical"}]},{"number":68,"label":"39","id":"el-humillado-p39-s1","source":"–Que no sienta su servidumbre.","translation":"—That you don't feel your servitude.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p39-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Que no sienta","title":"Subjunctive in the answer","body":"The reply «Que no sienta su servidumbre» completes the earlier 'it's logical that...', so the verb stays subjunctive: «sienta» (subjunctive of «sentir»). Spanish keeps the subjunctive across the question-and-answer because the clause is still governed by 'it's logical that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sienta","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sienta","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sienta","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of servidumbre","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"servidumbre","lemma":"servidumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sienta","gloss":"servitude"}]},{"number":69,"label":"40","id":"el-humillado-p40-s1","source":"El capitán detuvo una mirada severa en Erdosain.","translation":"The captain held a severe look on Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p40-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of detuvo","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"severa","lemma":"severo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":70,"label":"41","id":"el-humillado-p41-s1","source":"–Germán, no le haga caso –interrumpió Elsa–.","translation":"—Germán, pay him no mind —Elsa broke in—.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p41-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"no le haga caso","title":"«hacer caso» = to pay attention","body":"«hacer caso (a alguien)» is an idiom: 'to pay attention to, to take notice of someone'. «No le haga caso» = 'Don't pay him any mind, ignore him' — here a polite (usted) command to the captain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Germán","lemma":"Germán","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Germán"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haga","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative) of haga","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"haga","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive (imperative usted), third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"caso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of haga","gloss":"mind","note":"Hacer caso a alguien is an idiom meaning 'to pay attention to/heed someone.'"},{"surface":"interrumpió","lemma":"interrumpir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause (dialogue tag)","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of interrumpió","gloss":"Elsa"}]},{"number":71,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p41-s2","source":"Remo está siempre con esa historia de la angustia.","translation":"Remo is always going on with that story about anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p41-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of está","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies está","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking historia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of historia","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"historia","lemma":"historia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of está","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies historia","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":72,"label":"42","id":"el-humillado-p42-s1","source":"–¿Es cierto?","translation":"—Is that true?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p42-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cierto","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Es","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":73,"label":"43","id":"el-humillado-p43-s1","source":"–Sí... ella, en cambio, cree en la felicidad, en el sentido de «eterna felicidad» que estaría en su vida si pudiera pasar los días entre fiestas...","translation":"—Yes... she, on the other hand, believes in happiness — in the sense of an 'eternal happiness' that would fill her life if she could spend her days among parties...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p43-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estaría... si pudiera","title":"Unreal conditional","body":"«estaría... si pudiera» is the contrary-to-fact conditional: imperfect subjunctive in the «si» clause («si pudiera», 'if she could'), conditional in the main clause («estaría», 'would be'). It frames Elsa's happiness as a wish that present life denies her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb, affirmative","role":"discourse marker (interjection), stands alone","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the parenthetical phrase en cambio, modifies cree","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"cambio","lemma":"cambio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"the other hand","note":"En cambio = 'on the other hand/however' — a contrastive idiom."},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking felicidad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition en","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentido","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cree","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking felicidad (the quoted phrase)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eterna","lemma":"eterno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies felicidad","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sentido","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaría","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying felicidad","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaría","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pasar","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"pudiera","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pasar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"pasar","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on estaría","gloss":"spend"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pasar","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiestas","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"fiestas","lemma":"fiesta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pasar","gloss":"parties"}]},{"number":74,"label":"44","id":"el-humillado-p44-s1","source":"–Detesto la miseria.","translation":"—I detest poverty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p44-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Detesto","lemma":"detestar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I detest"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Detesto","gloss":"poverty"}]},{"number":75,"label":"45","id":"el-humillado-p45-s1","source":"–Claro, porque vos no crees en la miseria... la horrible miseria está en nosotros, es la miseria de adentro... del alma que nos cala los huesos como la sífilis.","translation":"—Of course, because you don't believe in misery... the horrible misery is inside us, it's the misery within... of the soul, which soaks into our bones like syphilis.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p45-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la miseria","title":"«miseria» — two senses","body":"«miseria» can mean material 'destitution, poverty' or moral/spiritual 'wretchedness, misery'. Erdosain plays on both: Elsa hates «la miseria» as poverty, while he means «la miseria de adentro», the wretchedness of the soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker (interjection)","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of crees","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular (voseo)","role":"subject of crees","gloss":"you","note":"Vos is the Rioplatense (Argentine) second-person pronoun, replacing tú in porteño speech — a hallmark of Arlt's dialogue."},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies crees","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"crees","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miseria","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition en","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies miseria","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to nosotros","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nosotros","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition en, complement of está","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to miseria","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adentro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"adentro","lemma":"adentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miseria","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alma","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies miseria","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cala","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of cala","gloss":"our","note":"Nos here is a dative of possession — 'our bones' — though nos literally means 'us.'"},{"surface":"cala","lemma":"calar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying alma","gloss":"soaks"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of huesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huesos","lemma":"hueso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cala","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with sífilis","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sífilis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sífilis","lemma":"sífilis","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cala (comparison)","gloss":"syphilis"}]},{"number":76,"label":"46","id":"el-humillado-p46-s1","source":"Callaron.","translation":"They fell silent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p46-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Callaron","title":"«callar» = to fall silent","body":"«callar» (and pronominal «callarse») means 'to go quiet, to fall silent' — not 'to be quiet' as a state but the act of stopping speech. «Callaron» = 'they fell silent', a single completed turn in the preterite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Callaron","lemma":"callar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p46-s2","source":"El capitán, ostensiblemente aburrido, examinaba sus uñas, cuidadosamente lustradas.","translation":"The captain, plainly bored, was examining his nails, carefully buffed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p46-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of examinaba","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"ostensiblemente","lemma":"ostensiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aburrido","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"aburrido","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"describes capitán (appositive)","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"examinaba","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was examining"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of uñas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"uñas","lemma":"uña","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of examinaba","gloss":"nails"},{"surface":"cuidadosamente","lemma":"cuidadosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lustradas","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"lustradas","lemma":"lustrada","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies uñas","gloss":"buffed"}]},{"number":78,"label":"47","id":"el-humillado-p47-s1","source":"Elsa miraba fijamente tras los rombos del velo, el semblante demacrado de aquel esposo que tanto quisiera un día, en tanto que Erdosain se preguntaba por qué existía en él un vacío tan inmenso, vacío en el que su conciencia se disolvía sin acertar con palabras que ladraran su pena de un modo eterno.","translation":"Elsa gazed fixedly through the diamonds of her veil at the gaunt face of that husband she had once loved so much, while Erdosain asked himself why there existed in him so immense a void — a void in which his consciousness dissolved without finding words that might bark out his sorrow in some eternal way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p47-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en tanto que","title":"«en tanto que» = while","body":"«en tanto que» is a literary connector meaning 'while, whereas', setting two things side by side. It runs Elsa's gaze and Erdosain's inner questioning in parallel within one long sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"que ladraran","title":"Subjunctive in a relative clause","body":"«palabras que ladraran su pena» uses the imperfect subjunctive «ladraran» because the words are sought but not found — hypothetical, not actual. Spanish puts the verb of a relative clause into the subjunctive when its antecedent is desired or uncertain rather than real."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"fijamente","lemma":"fijamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miraba","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"tras","lemma":"tras","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rombos","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rombos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rombos","lemma":"rombo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of miraba","gloss":"diamonds"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"velo","lemma":"velo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rombos","gloss":"veil"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"demacrado","lemma":"demacrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esposo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"esposo","lemma":"esposo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of quisiera (refers to esposo)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quisiera","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"quisiera","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying esposo","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial temporal phrase, modifies quisiera","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase en tanto que (idiom: while)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"the meantime","note":"En tanto que = 'while/whereas' — a temporal idiom, glossed word-by-word here (in + the meantime + that)."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of preguntaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"preguntaba","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the en tanto que clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of existía","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"existía","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of preguntaba","gloss":"there existed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of existía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vacío","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vacío","lemma":"vacío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of existía","gloss":"void"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inmenso","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"inmenso","lemma":"inmenso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vacío","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"vacío","lemma":"vacío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to vacío (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"void"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound relative pronoun el que","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of disolvía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of disolvía","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of disolvía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"disolvía","lemma":"disolver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying vacío","gloss":"dissolved"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of acertar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"acertar","lemma":"acertar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on disolvía","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acertar","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ladraran","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ladraran","lemma":"ladrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying palabras","gloss":"might bark","note":"Ladrar (to bark) is used figuratively — words fierce enough to voice his pain."},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ladraran","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of modo","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"modo","lemma":"modo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ladraran","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"eterno","lemma":"eterno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies modo","gloss":"eternal"}]},{"number":79,"label":"48","id":"el-humillado-p48-s1","source":"De pronto el capitán levantó la cabeza.","translation":"Suddenly the captain raised his head.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p48-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"De pronto","title":"«de pronto» = suddenly","body":"«de pronto» means 'suddenly, all at once'. It is one of Arlt's favourite hinges, snapping the static tableau back into motion — it recurs throughout the chapter to mark each abrupt shift."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the idiom de pronto, modifies levantó","gloss":"Suddenly","note":"De pronto = 'suddenly' — a fixed idiom; the two words together carry this one meaning."},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase De","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of levantó","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the","note":"La is the definite article ('the'), not a possessive; Spanish uses the article with body parts where English idiomatically supplies a possessive ('levantó la cabeza' = literally 'raised the head', rendered 'raised his head')."},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of levantó","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":80,"label":"49","id":"el-humillado-p49-s1","source":"–¿Y cómo piensa usted metalizar sus flores?","translation":"—And how do you intend to metallize your flowers?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p49-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"piensa... metalizar","title":"«pensar» + infinitive = to intend","body":"«pensar» followed by an infinitive means 'to plan / intend to do something', not 'to think about'. «¿Cómo piensa usted metalizar...?» = 'How do you intend to metallize...?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous line, introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"questions piensa metalizar","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of piensa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"metalizar","lemma":"metalizar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on piensa","gloss":"to metallize"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of flores","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"flores","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of metalizar","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":81,"label":"50","id":"el-humillado-p50-s1","source":"–Fácilmente...","translation":"—Easily...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p50-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Fácilmente","lemma":"fácilmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Easily"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p50-s2","source":"Se toma una rosa, por ejemplo, y se la sumerge en una solución de nitrato de plata disuelto en alcohol.","translation":"You take a rose, for example, and submerge it in a solution of silver nitrate dissolved in alcohol.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p50-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se toma... se la sumerge","title":"Impersonal «se» = 'you / one'","body":"«se toma una rosa», «se la sumerge» use the impersonal «se»: 'one takes a rose', 'one submerges it'. With no named subject, it states a general procedure, the natural Spanish for recipes and instructions — English renders it with 'you' or the passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive (impersonal)","role":"impersonal particle of toma","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"toma","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of toma","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the idiom por ejemplo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ejemplo","lemma":"ejemplo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase por","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive (impersonal)","role":"impersonal particle of sumerge","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sumerge","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sumerge","lemma":"sumergir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with toma","gloss":"submerge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking solución","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of solución","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"solución","lemma":"solución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sumerge","gloss":"solution"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nitrato","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nitrato","lemma":"nitrato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies solución","gloss":"nitrate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nitrato","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"disuelto","lemma":"disuelto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nitrato","gloss":"dissolved"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alcohol","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"alcohol","lemma":"alcohol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of disuelto","gloss":"alcohol"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p50-s3","source":"Luego se coloca la flor a la luz que reduce el nitrato a plata metálica, quedando de consiguiente la rosa cubierta de una finísima película metálica, conductora de corriente.","translation":"Then the flower is placed in the light, which reduces the nitrate to metallic silver, the rose consequently being left coated in a very fine metallic film that conducts current.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p50-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"finísima","title":"Superlative «-ísimo»","body":"«finísima» is «fina» ('fine, thin') plus the absolute superlative «-ísima»: 'extremely fine, very finest'. The «-ísimo/-ísima» ending intensifies an adjective without needing «muy» — «una finísima película» = 'an exceedingly fine film'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies coloca","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive (passive)","role":"passive particle of coloca","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"coloca","lemma":"colocar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flor","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of coloca","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of coloca","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of reduce","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"reduce","lemma":"reducir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying luz","gloss":"reduces"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nitrato","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nitrato","lemma":"nitrato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of reduce","gloss":"nitrate"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reduce","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"metálica","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plata","gloss":"metallic"},{"surface":"quedando","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on coloca","gloss":"being left"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the idiom de consiguiente, modifies quedando","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"consiguiente","lemma":"consiguiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"consequently","note":"De consiguiente ('consequently') is an older/regional variant of the more common por consiguiente."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of quedando","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"cubierta","lemma":"cubierto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"coated"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking película","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of película","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"finísima","lemma":"finísimo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies película","gloss":"very fine"},{"surface":"película","lemma":"película","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition de, complement of cubierta","gloss":"film"},{"surface":"metálica","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies película","gloss":"metallic"},{"surface":"conductora","lemma":"conductor","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies película","gloss":"conducting"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corriente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"corriente","lemma":"corriente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies conductora","gloss":"current"}]},{"number":84,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p50-s4","source":"Luego se trata por el común procedimiento galvanoplastia» del cabreado... y, naturalmente, la flor queda convertida en una rosa de cobre.","translation":"Then it's treated by the common electroplating process of copper-plating... and, naturally, the flower ends up turned into a rose of copper.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p50-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"queda convertida","title":"«quedar» + participle = to end up","body":"«quedar» plus a past participle expresses the resulting state: 'to end up / be left (in some condition)'. «la flor queda convertida en una rosa de cobre» = 'the flower ends up turned into a copper rose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trata","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive (passive)","role":"passive particle of trata","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"trata","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking procedimiento","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of procedimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"común","lemma":"común","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies procedimiento","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"procedimiento","lemma":"procedimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition por","gloss":"process"},{"surface":"galvanoplastia","lemma":"galvanoplastia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to procedimiento","gloss":"electroplating"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabreado","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cabreado","lemma":"cabreado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies procedimiento","gloss":"copper-plating","note":"Likely a misprint/OCR variant of cobreado ('copper-plated'), which fits the copper-plating process described; glossed per that intended sense."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naturalmente","lemma":"naturalmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies queda","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flor","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of queda","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"queda","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with trata","gloss":"ends up"},{"surface":"convertida","lemma":"convertido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of queda","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rosa","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition en, complement of convertida","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"copper"}]},{"number":85,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p50-s5","source":"Tendría muchas aplicaciones.","translation":"It would have many applications.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p50-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"muchas","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of aplicaciones","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"aplicaciones","lemma":"aplicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Tendría","gloss":"applications"}]},{"number":86,"label":"51","id":"el-humillado-p51-s1","source":"–La idea es original.","translation":"—The idea is original.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p51-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to original","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"original","lemma":"original","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"original"}]},{"number":87,"label":"52","id":"el-humillado-p52-s1","source":"–¿No le decía yo, Germán, que Remo tiene talento?","translation":"—Didn't I tell you, Germán, that Remo has talent?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p52-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies decía","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Germán","lemma":"Germán","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address, not a grammatical argument","gloss":"Germán","note":"Directly addressed by name here, not the subject of decía."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of decía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of decía","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"talento","lemma":"talento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"talent"}]},{"number":88,"label":"53","id":"el-humillado-p53-s1","source":"–Lo creo.","translation":"—I believe it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p53-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lo creo","title":"Neuter «lo» = 'it'","body":"The «lo» in «Lo creo» is the neuter object pronoun standing for a whole idea, not a masculine noun: 'I believe it' — i.e. that Remo has talent. Spanish uses «lo» this way to refer back to an entire statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of creo","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"creo","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"}]},{"number":89,"label":"54","id":"el-humillado-p54-s1","source":"–Sí, puede ser que tenga talento, pero me falta vida... entusiasmo... algo que sea como un sueño extraordinario... una mentira grande que empuje la realización... pero, hablando de todo un poco, ¿esperan ustedes ser felices?","translation":"—Yes, it may be that I have talent, but I lack life... enthusiasm... something that would be like an extraordinary dream... a great lie to drive the achievement... but, speaking of a bit of everything, do you two expect to be happy?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p54-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me falta vida","title":"«faltar» like «gustar»","body":"«faltar» ('to be lacking') works backwards like «gustar»: the thing lacking is the subject and the person is an indirect object. «me falta vida» literally 'life is lacking to me' = 'I lack life'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"response particle opening the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenga","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of ser","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"talento","lemma":"talento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"talent"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of falta","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"faltar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ser","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of falta","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"entusiasmo","lemma":"entusiasmo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with vida, subject of falta","gloss":"enthusiasm"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of falta","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sea","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sueño","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative marker before sueño","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of como, complement of sea","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"extraordinario","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sueño","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mentira","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mentira","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with vida, subject of falta (elided)","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"grande","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mentira","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of empuje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"empuje","lemma":"empujar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mentira","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realización","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"realización","lemma":"realización","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of empuje","gloss":"achievement"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hablando","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on esperan","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase todo un poco","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poco (idiom: de todo un poco = a bit of everything)","gloss":"everything","note":"'de todo un poco' is a fixed idiom meaning 'a bit of everything.'"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"esperan","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"ustedes","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of esperan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to felices","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"felices","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of esperan","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":90,"label":"55","id":"el-humillado-p55-s1","source":"–Sí.","translation":"—Yes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p55-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":91,"label":"56","id":"el-humillado-p56-s1","source":"Otra vez sobrevino el silencio.","translation":"Once again silence came over them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p56-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sobrevino","gloss":"time","note":"'Otra vez' together means 'again/once again.'"},{"surface":"sobrevino","lemma":"sobrevenir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sobrevino","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":92,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p56-s2","source":"En torno de la lámpara amarilla los tres semblantes parecían tres mascarillas de cera.","translation":"Around the yellow lamp the three faces seemed three wax masks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p56-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en torno de","title":"«en torno de/a» = around","body":"«en torno de» (also «en torno a») means 'around, surrounding'. «En torno de la lámpara» = 'around the lamp'. It is more literary than the everyday «alrededor de»."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lámpara","gloss":"around","note":"'En torno de' is a fixed phrase meaning 'around.'"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the phrase en torno de","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"amarilla","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lámpara","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of semblantes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies semblantes","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"semblantes","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of parecían","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"parecían","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mascarillas","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"mascarillas","lemma":"mascarilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of parecían","gloss":"masks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cera","lemma":"cera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mascarillas","gloss":"wax"}]},{"number":93,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p56-s3","source":"Erdosain sabía que dentro de breves instantes todo terminaría y escarbando en su angustia, le preguntó al capitán:","translation":"Erdosain knew that within a few moments it would all be over, and digging into his anguish, he asked the captain:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p56-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terminaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terminaría (dentro de = within)","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instantes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"breves","lemma":"breve","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies instantes","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"instantes","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of terminaría","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"terminaría","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"would end"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"escarbando","lemma":"escarbar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on preguntó","gloss":"digging"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escarbando","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of preguntó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sabía (main verb)","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capitán","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of preguntó","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":94,"label":"57","id":"el-humillado-p57-s1","source":"–¿Por qué vino usted a mi casa?","translation":"—Why did you come to my house?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p57-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why","note":"'Por qué' together means 'why.'"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of vino","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"vino","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vino","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vino","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":95,"label":"58","id":"el-humillado-p58-s1","source":"El otro vaciló, después:","translation":"The other man hesitated, then:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p58-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vaciló","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"vaciló","lemma":"vacilar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaciló","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":96,"label":"59","id":"el-humillado-p59-s1","source":"–Tenía interés en conocerlo.","translation":"—I was interested in meeting you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p59-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"interés","lemma":"interés","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of conocerlo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"conocerlo","lemma":"conocer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of interés (via en)","gloss":"meeting you"}]},{"number":97,"label":"60","id":"el-humillado-p60-s1","source":"–¿Le parecía divertido?","translation":"—Did it seem amusing to you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p60-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecía","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"divertido","lemma":"divertido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of parecía","gloss":"amusing"}]},{"number":98,"label":"61","id":"el-humillado-p61-s1","source":"–No... le juro que no.","translation":"—No... I swear to you it didn't.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p61-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"stand-alone negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of juro","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"juro","lemma":"jurar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swear"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of no","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the elided clause (que no = that it wasn't)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":99,"label":"62","id":"el-humillado-p62-s1","source":"–¿Y entonces?","translation":"—And so?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p62-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse connective introducing the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":100,"label":"63","id":"el-humillado-p63-s1","source":"–Curiosidad de conocerlo.","translation":"—Curiosity to meet you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p63-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Curiosidad","lemma":"curiosidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of conocerlo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"conocerlo","lemma":"conocer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying Curiosidad","gloss":"meet you"}]},{"number":101,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p63-s2","source":"Su esposa me habló mucho de usted en estos últimos tiempos.","translation":"Your wife has spoken to me a great deal about you lately.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p63-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of habló","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of habló","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"habló","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has spoken"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies habló","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of habló","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"estos","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"últimos","lemma":"último","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"recent","note":"'Estos últimos tiempos' (these last times) idiomatically means 'lately.'"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of habló","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":102,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p63-s3","source":"Además, nunca imaginé encontrarme en una situación semejante... en realidad, no podría explicarme por qué he venido.","translation":"Besides, I never imagined finding myself in such a situation... in truth, I couldn't explain to myself why I have come.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p63-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en realidad","title":"«en realidad» (false friend)","body":"«en realidad» means 'actually, in fact, in truth' — not 'in reality' in the philosophical sense. It signals a correction or admission: 'in truth, I couldn't explain why I came.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies imaginé","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies imaginé","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"imaginé","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"encontrarme","lemma":"encontrar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of imaginé","gloss":"finding myself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking situación","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of situación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"situación","lemma":"situación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrarme","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"semejante","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies situación","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies podría (en realidad = in truth)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of explicarme","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"explicarme","lemma":"explicar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podría","gloss":"explain to myself"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of venido","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of venido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"venido","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of explicarme","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":103,"label":"64","id":"el-humillado-p64-s1","source":"–¿Ha visto usted?","translation":"—You see?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p64-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of visto","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of visto","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":104,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p64-s2","source":"Hay cosas inexplicables.","translation":"There are inexplicable things.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p64-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Hay","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"inexplicables","lemma":"inexplicable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cosas","gloss":"inexplicable"}]},{"number":105,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p64-s3","source":"Yo, desde hace un rato, trato de explicarme por qué no lo mato de un tiro teniendo el revólver aquí, en el bolsillo.","translation":"I, for a while now, have been trying to explain to myself why I don't shoot you dead, having the revolver right here in my pocket.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p64-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"desde hace un rato","title":"«desde hace» + time","body":"«desde hace un rato» means 'for a while now' — «desde hace» plus a span marks how long an ongoing action has been happening. Spanish keeps the present tense («trato») where English uses 'have been trying'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of trato","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hace","gloss":"for","note":"'Desde hace un rato' (since it makes a while) idiomatically means 'for a while now.'"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on trato","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rato","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rato","lemma":"rato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"trato","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I try"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of explicarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"explicarme","lemma":"explicar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trato","gloss":"explain to myself"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of mato","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mato","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mato","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mato","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of explicarme","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiro","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tiro","lemma":"tiro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mato","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"teniendo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on mato","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of revólver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revólver","lemma":"revólver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of teniendo","gloss":"revolver"},{"surface":"aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teniendo","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolsillo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bolsillo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bolsillo","lemma":"bolsillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of teniendo","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":106,"label":"65","id":"el-humillado-p65-s1","source":"Elsa levantó la cabeza hacia Erdosain, que estaba a la cabecera de la mesa...","translation":"Elsa raised her head toward Erdosain, who was at the head of the table...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p65-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of levantó","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of levantó","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of levantó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cabecera","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabecera","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabecera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabecera","lemma":"cabecera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of estaba (via a)","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabecera","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":107,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p65-s2","source":"El capitán preguntó:","translation":"The captain asked:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p65-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of preguntó","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":108,"label":"66","id":"el-humillado-p66-s1","source":"–¿Qué es lo que lo contiene?","translation":"—What is it that holds you back?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p66-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que","title":"«lo que» = what / that which","body":"«lo que» means 'what' in the sense of 'that which'. «¿Qué es lo que lo contiene?» literally 'what is that which holds you back?' — an emphatic way of asking 'what holds you back?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que (= that which)","gloss":"that","note":"'Lo que' together is a relative pronoun meaning 'that which/what.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of contiene (as part of lo que)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contiene","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"contiene","lemma":"contener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"holds back"}]},{"number":109,"label":"67","id":"el-humillado-p67-s1","source":"–En verdad, no sé... o... sí, tengo la seguridad de que es por esto.","translation":"—In truth, I don't know... or... yes, I'm certain it's because of this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p67-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"in","note":"'En verdad' together means 'in truth/truly.'"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative particle introducing tengo","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sé","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of seguridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"seguridad","lemma":"seguridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement clause of seguridad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of seguridad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esto","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of por, complement of es","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":110,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p67-s2","source":"Creo que en el corazón de cada uno de nosotros hay una longitud de destino.","translation":"I believe that in the heart of each one of us there is a length of destiny.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p67-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Creo","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hay","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hay","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of uno","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corazón","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nosotros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"nosotros","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies uno","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Creo","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of longitud","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"longitud","lemma":"longitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"length"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking destino","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"destino","lemma":"destino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies longitud","gloss":"destiny"}]},{"number":111,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p67-s3","source":"Es como una adivinación de las cosas por intermedio de un misterioso instinto.","translation":"It is like a divination of things by means of a mysterious instinct.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p67-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to adivinación","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of adivinación","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of adivinación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"adivinación","lemma":"adivinación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"divination"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cosas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies adivinación","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intermedio","gloss":"by","note":"'Por intermedio de' together means 'by means of.'"},{"surface":"intermedio","lemma":"intermedio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies adivinación (por intermedio de = by means of)","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instinto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instinto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"misterioso","lemma":"misterioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies instinto","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"instinto","lemma":"instinto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de (por intermedio de instinto)","gloss":"instinct"}]},{"number":112,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p67-s4","source":"Lo que ahora me sucede, lo siento comprendido en esa longitud de destino... algo así como si lo hubiera visto ya... no sé en qué parte.","translation":"What is happening to me now, I feel contained within that length of destiny... something like having seen it already... I don't know where.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p67-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si lo hubiera visto","title":"«como si» + past subjunctive","body":"«como si» ('as if') always takes a past subjunctive, here the pluperfect «hubiera visto». «como si lo hubiera visto ya» = 'as if I had already seen it' — a comparison to something contrary to fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que (= what)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sucede","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sucede","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of sucede","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"sucede","lemma":"suceder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause (subject of siento)","gloss":"is happening"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of siento","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"siento","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"comprendido","lemma":"comprendido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of siento, describing lo","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking longitud","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of longitud","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"longitud","lemma":"longitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of comprendido","gloss":"length"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking destino","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"destino","lemma":"destino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies longitud","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of an elliptical clause (something like...)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom así como (= like), modifies algo","gloss":"like","note":"'Así como' together means 'like/as if.'"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase así","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of visto","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of visto","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of visto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying algo","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies visto","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parte","gloss":"in","note":"'En qué parte' idiomatically means 'where.'"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of parte","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"parte","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sé","gloss":"part"}]},{"number":113,"label":"68","id":"el-humillado-p68-s1","source":"–¿Cómo?","translation":"—What?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p68-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what","note":"'¿Cómo?' (literally 'how?') is used here as 'What (did you say)?'"}]},{"number":114,"label":"69","id":"el-humillado-p69-s1","source":"–¿Qué decís?","translation":"—What are you saying?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p69-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"decís","title":"Voseo present: «decir»","body":"«decís» is the «vos» present of «decir» ('to say'), where «tú» would give «dices». The voseo form keeps the stem regular and stresses the ending. «¿Qué decís?» = 'What are you saying?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of decís","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"decís","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say","note":"'Decís' is the voseo present-tense form (vos decís) of decir, used instead of 'dices.'"}]},{"number":115,"label":"70","id":"el-humillado-p70-s1","source":"–No era porque vos me dieras motivo... no... ya te digo... una certidumbre remota.","translation":"—It wasn't because you gave me cause... no... I'm telling you... a remote certainty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p70-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"porque vos me dieras","title":"Subjunctive after negated cause","body":"«No era porque vos me dieras motivo» uses the imperfect subjunctive «dieras» because the reason is being denied: 'it wasn't because you gave me cause'. Spanish often shifts «porque» into the subjunctive when the cause it introduces is rejected."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dieras","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of dieras","gloss":"you","note":"'Vos' is the Rioplatense voseo second-person pronoun."},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dieras","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dieras","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"motivo","lemma":"motivo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dieras","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"stand-alone negative response (elliptical)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies digo","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of digo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"digo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"independent clause (aside)","gloss":"I'm telling you"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of certidumbre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"certidumbre","lemma":"certidumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of digo","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"remota","lemma":"remoto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies certidumbre","gloss":"remote"}]},{"number":116,"label":"71","id":"el-humillado-p71-s1","source":"–No lo entiendo.","translation":"—I don't understand it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p71-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entiendo","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entiendo","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"entiendo","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":117,"label":"72","id":"el-humillado-p72-s1","source":"–Yo sí me entiendo.","translation":"—I understand myself, though.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p72-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of entiendo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic particle modifying entiendo (yo sí = I do)","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"direct object of entiendo","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"entiendo","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":118,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p72-s2","source":"Vea, es así.","translation":"Look, it's like this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p72-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vea","title":"«vea» — usted command","body":"«Vea» is the formal (usted) command of «ver» ('to look, to see'), used as a conversational opener: 'Look,' 'See here.' The captain and Erdosain address each other with «usted», so the commands take this -a ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vea","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal (usted)","role":"discourse marker addressing the listener","gloss":"look","note":"'Vea' is the formal (usted) imperative of ver, used here as a conversational filler ('Look,...')."},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of es","gloss":"like this"}]},{"number":119,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p72-s3","source":"De pronto a uno se le ocurre que tienen que sucederle determinadas cosas en la vida... para que la vida se transforme y se haga nueva.","translation":"All at once it occurs to one that certain things have to happen to one in life... so that life may be transformed and made new.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p72-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para que... se transforme","title":"«para que» + subjunctive","body":"«para que» ('so that, in order that') always takes the subjunctive: «para que la vida se transforme y se haga nueva» = 'so that life may be transformed and made new'. Purpose pointing at an unrealized goal calls for the subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto ('suddenly'), modifying ocurre","gloss":"All at","note":"'de pronto' is an idiom meaning 'suddenly, all at once.'"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifying ocurre","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uno","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ocurre, coreferent with le","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"impersonal particle of ocurre (ocurrírsele construction)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative clitic of ocurre, doubling a uno","gloss":"to one"},{"surface":"ocurre","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of ocurre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the subject clause of ocurre; agrees with cosas (subject)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links tener with the infinitive (tener que + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sucederle","lemma":"suceder él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tienen (tener que sucederle)","gloss":"happen to one"},{"surface":"determinadas","lemma":"determinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cosas","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of tienen/sucederle (raising construction)","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sucederle","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of transforme (para que)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of transforme (para que)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of transforme","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive-passive particle of transforme","gloss":"be","note":"'se' here forms the reflexive-passive: 'se transforme' = 'is/may be transformed.'"},{"surface":"transforme","lemma":"transformar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"purpose clause modifying tienen que sucederle","gloss":"transformed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive-passive particle of haga","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"haga","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with transforme","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"nueva","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of haga (describing vida)","gloss":"new"}]},{"number":120,"label":"73","id":"el-humillado-p73-s1","source":"–¿Y vos?","translation":"—And you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p73-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction introducing the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical subject)","gloss":"you","note":"vos is the Rioplatense second-person singular pronoun (voseo), used instead of tú."}]},{"number":121,"label":"74","id":"el-humillado-p74-s1","source":"–¿Usted cree que su vida?","translation":"—Do you believe that your life...?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p74-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the interrupted clause of vida","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, possessive, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the interrupted clause introduced by que","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":122,"label":"75","id":"el-humillado-p75-s1","source":"Erdosain, desentendiéndose de la pregunta, continuó:","translation":"Erdosain, ignoring the question, went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p75-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desentendiéndose de","title":"«desentenderse de»","body":"«desentenderse de» means 'to take no notice of, to wash one's hands of, to ignore'. As a gerund with its pronoun, «desentendiéndose de la pregunta» = 'paying no attention to the question'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"desentendiéndose","lemma":"desentenderse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on continuó","gloss":"ignoring"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pregunta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pregunta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pregunta","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desentendiéndose","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":123,"label":"76","id":"el-humillado-p76-s1","source":"–Y lo de ahora no me extraña.","translation":"—And what's happening now doesn't surprise me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p76-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo de ahora","title":"«lo de» = the matter of","body":"«lo de» plus a phrase means 'the business / matter of'. «lo de ahora» = 'this present business, what's happening now'. Spanish uses neuter «lo» to nominalize a situation without naming it outright."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous utterance","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo de ahora, subject of extraña","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase lo de ahora","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase lo de ahora, complement of de","gloss":"now","note":"'lo de ahora' is an idiom: 'the matter of now' = 'what's happening now.'"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extraña","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first-person, singular","role":"direct object of extraña","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"extraña","lemma":"extrañar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surprises"}]},{"number":124,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p76-s2","source":"Si usted me dijera que fuese a comprarle un paquete de cigarrillos, a propósito, ¿tiene un cigarrillo usted?","translation":"If you were to tell me to go buy you a pack of cigarettes — by the way, do you have a cigarette?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p76-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dijera... fuese","title":"Two imperfect subjunctives","body":"«Si usted me dijera que fuese...» chains two imperfect subjunctives: «dijera» in the hypothetical «si» clause and «fuese» governed by «decir que» as a command-in-the-past. Note Spanish has two interchangeable forms, «-ra» («dijera») and «-se» («fuese»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dijera","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dijera","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijera","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijera","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by Si (utterance trails off, no stated apodosis)","gloss":"were to tell"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fuese","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"fuese","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular (periphrasis ir a + infinitive)","role":"verb of the clause complement of dijera (ir a + infinitive)","gloss":"go","note":"'fuese' is from ir ('to go'), not ser ('to be') — the two verbs share this subjunctive form."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of comprarle (ir a + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"comprarle","lemma":"comprar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of fuese","gloss":"buy you"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of paquete","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paquete","lemma":"paquete","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of comprarle","gloss":"pack"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cigarrillos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cigarrillos","lemma":"cigarrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies paquete","gloss":"cigarettes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a propósito ('by the way')","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"propósito","lemma":"propósito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom a propósito","gloss":"the way","note":"'a propósito' is an idiom meaning 'by the way.'"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cigarrillo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cigarrillo","lemma":"cigarrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"cigarette"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of tiene (postposed)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":125,"label":"77","id":"el-humillado-p77-s1","source":"–Sírvase... ¿y luego?","translation":"—Help yourself... and then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p77-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sírvase","title":"«servirse» — usted command","body":"«Sírvase» is the formal command of pronominal «servirse» ('to help oneself, to serve oneself'). Offering the cigarettes, the captain says «Sírvase» = 'Help yourself,' with the pronoun «se» attached to the command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sírvase","lemma":"servirse","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person formal, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Help yourself"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical question)","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":126,"label":"78","id":"el-humillado-p78-s1","source":"–No sé.","translation":"—I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p78-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":127,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p78-s2","source":"En estos últimos tiempos he vivido incoherentemente... aturdido por la angustia.","translation":"Lately I've lived incoherently... dazed by anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p78-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"estos","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"últimos","lemma":"último","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of vivido","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vivido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"vivido","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"incoherentemente","lemma":"incoherentemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivido","gloss":"incoherently"},{"surface":"aturdido","lemma":"aturdido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of vivido, describing the subject (yo)","gloss":"dazed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aturdido","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":128,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p78-s3","source":"Ya ve con qué tranquilidad converso con usted.","translation":"You can see how calmly I'm conversing with you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p78-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ve","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ve","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tranquilidad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner, exclamative","role":"determiner of tranquilidad","gloss":"how","note":"'con qué tranquilidad' = 'how calmly' (qué as an exclamatory degree word)."},{"surface":"tranquilidad","lemma":"tranquilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of converso","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"converso","lemma":"conversar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause complement of ve","gloss":"conversing"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"oblique complement of converso (object of con)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":129,"label":"79","id":"el-humillado-p79-s1","source":"–Sí, siempre esperó él algo extraordinario.","translation":"—Yes, he always expected something extraordinary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p79-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle, response 'yes'","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies esperó","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"esperó","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of esperó","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of esperó","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"extraordinario","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"extraordinary"}]},{"number":130,"label":"80","id":"el-humillado-p80-s1","source":"–Y vos también.","translation":"—And you too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p80-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction introducing the phrase","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vos","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":131,"label":"81","id":"el-humillado-p81-s1","source":"–¿Cómo?","translation":"—What?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p81-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical question)","gloss":"What"}]},{"number":132,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p81-s2","source":"¿Usted, Elsa, también?","translation":"You too, Elsa?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p81-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical subject)","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Elsa","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied predicate (elliptical 'you too')","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":133,"label":"82","id":"el-humillado-p82-s1","source":"–Sí.","translation":"—Yes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p82-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":134,"label":"83","id":"el-humillado-p83-s1","source":"–¿Pero usted?","translation":"—But you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p83-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction introducing the phrase","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":135,"label":"84","id":"el-humillado-p84-s1","source":"–Siga, capitán, yo lo entiendo.","translation":"—Go on, captain, I understand you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p84-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Siga","title":"«seguir» — usted command","body":"«Siga» is the formal command of «seguir» ('to continue, to go on'). «Siga, capitán» = 'Go on, captain.' The stem-change «e→i» of «seguir» shows up in the command as well."}],"words":[{"surface":"Siga","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person formal, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go on"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the captain","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of entiendo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entiendo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"entiendo","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of its own clause (juxtaposed with Siga)","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":136,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p84-s2","source":"Usted quiere decir que lo extraordinario de Elsa está ocurriendo ahora, ¿no?","translation":"You mean to say that Elsa's extraordinary thing is happening right now, don't you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p84-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"quiere decir","title":"«querer decir» = to mean","body":"«querer decir» literally 'to want to say' is the ordinary idiom for 'to mean'. «Usted quiere decir que...» = 'You mean that...'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of quiere","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of quiere (querer decir = 'to mean')","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ocurriendo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"neuter article forming lo extraordinario ('the extraordinary thing'), subject of está ocurriendo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"extraordinario","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (nominalized)","role":"head of lo extraordinario, subject of está ocurriendo","gloss":"extraordinary thing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of de, possessor of lo extraordinario","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocurriendo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ocurriendo","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que (complement of decir)","gloss":"happening"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocurriendo","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"tag question appended to the sentence ('¿no?' = 'don't you?')","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":137,"label":"85","id":"el-humillado-p85-s1","source":"–Sí.","translation":"—Yes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p85-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":138,"label":"86","id":"el-humillado-p86-s1","source":"–Pues está equivocado, ¿no es cierto, Elsa?","translation":"—Well, you're mistaken — isn't that right, Elsa?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p86-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"está equivocado","title":"«estar equivocado» = to be wrong","body":"«estar equivocado» means 'to be mistaken / wrong'. It uses «estar» (a state someone is in), not «ser». «está equivocado» = 'you're mistaken'. The verb «equivocarse» gives the action, 'to make a mistake'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"adverb (discourse marker)","role":"discourse particle introducing the statement","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to equivocado","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"equivocado","lemma":"equivocado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cierto","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cierto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the tag question ¿no es cierto?","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Elsa","gloss":"Elsa"}]},{"number":139,"label":"87","id":"el-humillado-p87-s1","source":"–¿Vos crees?","translation":"—You think so?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p87-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of crees","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"crees","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":140,"label":"88","id":"el-humillado-p88-s1","source":"–Decí la verdad, vos esperas algo extraordinario que no es esto, ¿no?","translation":"—Tell the truth: you're expecting something extraordinary that isn't this, aren't you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p88-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Decí","title":"Voseo command: «decir»","body":"«Decí» is the affirmative «vos» command of «decir» ('to say'). Voseo commands are formed by dropping the final -r of the infinitive and adding an accent: «decir» → «decí». A «tú» speaker would say «di»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Decí","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Tell"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Decí","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of esperas","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"esperas","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of its own clause (juxtaposed with Decí)","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of esperas","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"extraordinario","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative pronoun introducing the clause modifying algo extraordinario, subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"tag question appended to the sentence ('¿no?' = 'aren't you?')","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":141,"label":"89","id":"el-humillado-p89-s1","source":"–No sé.","translation":"—I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p89-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":142,"label":"90","id":"el-humillado-p90-s1","source":"–¿Ha visto, capitán?","translation":"—You see, captain?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p90-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of visto","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the captain","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":143,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p90-s2","source":"Siempre fue ésa nuestra vida.","translation":"That was always our life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p90-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fue","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to vida","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ésa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fue","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fue (nuestra vida)","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":144,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p90-s3","source":"Estábamos los dos en silencio junto a esta mesa...","translation":"The two of us would sit in silence beside this table...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p90-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estábamos","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were","note":"The imperfect here conveys habitual past ('would sit'), not simple 'were.'"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"subject of Estábamos","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Estábamos","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"preposition (compound junto a)","role":"part of the compound preposition junto a, marking mesa","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition junto a","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of junto a (beside this table)","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":145,"label":"91","id":"el-humillado-p91-s1","source":"–Callate.","translation":"—Be quiet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p91-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Callate","title":"Voseo command: «callarse»","body":"«Callate» is the affirmative «vos» command of pronominal «callarse» ('to be quiet, to shut up'), with «-te» attached. Note the voseo stress: «callate» (on the second syllable): ca-LLÁ-te. The tú form «cállate» is stressed on the first syllable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Callate","lemma":"callarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo), reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Be quiet"}]},{"number":146,"label":"92","id":"el-humillado-p92-s1","source":"–¿Para qué?","translation":"—What for?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p92-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Para qué?","title":"«¿para qué?» vs «¿por qué?»","body":"«¿Para qué?» asks 'for what purpose? to what end?', while «¿por qué?» asks 'for what reason / cause?'. Here «¿Para qué?» = 'What for?' — Erdosain challenges the point of staying quiet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":147,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p92-s2","source":"Estábamos sentados y comprendíamos sin decirnos, lo que éramos, dos desdichados, de un desigual deseo.","translation":"We would be sitting there and we understood, without telling each other, what we were: two wretched souls, of an unequal desire.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p92-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desdichados","title":"«desdichado»","body":"«desdichado» means 'wretched, unfortunate, hapless' — literally 'un-fortuned' (the opposite of «dicha», 'happiness, good fortune'). «dos desdichados» = 'two wretched souls', the couple's verdict on themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estábamos","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"copula linking to sentados","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"sentados","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"comprendíamos","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Estábamos","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decirnos","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"decirnos","lemma":"decir nosotros","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reciprocal","role":"adverbial clause on comprendíamos","gloss":"telling each other"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo que (what), direct object of comprendíamos","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative pronoun introducing éramos, part of lo que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"éramos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"copula linking to desdichados","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies desdichados","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"desdichados","lemma":"desdichado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural (nominalized)","role":"predicate complement of éramos","gloss":"wretched souls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deseo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"desigual","lemma":"desigual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies deseo","gloss":"unequal"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desdichados (object of de)","gloss":"desire"}]},{"number":148,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p92-s3","source":"Y cuando nos acostábamos...","translation":"And when we would lie down to sleep...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p92-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous utterance","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of acostábamos","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acostábamos","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"acostábamos","lemma":"acostar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay down"}]},{"number":149,"label":"93","id":"el-humillado-p93-s1","source":"–¡Remo!","translation":"—Remo!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p93-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase (vocative)","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":150,"label":"94","id":"el-humillado-p94-s1","source":"–¡Señor Erdosain!","translation":"—Señor Erdosain!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p94-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (title)","role":"head of the phrase (vocative, title + name)","gloss":"Señor","note":"Señor is a formal title of address ('Mister/Sir'), often left untranslated."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Señor Erdosain","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":151,"label":"95","id":"el-humillado-p95-s1","source":"–Déjense de aspavientos ridículos... ¿no se van a acostar ustedes acaso?","translation":"—Stop with the ridiculous fuss... aren't the two of you going to go to bed, after all?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p95-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Déjense de aspavientos","title":"«dejarse de» + noun","body":"«dejarse de (algo)» is a colloquial idiom: 'to cut out, to quit (something)'. «Déjense de aspavientos» = 'Quit the fuss / drop the theatrics'. «aspavientos» are exaggerated gestures of shock or alarm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Déjense","lemma":"dejarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person plural formal, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aspavientos (dejarse de)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"aspavientos","lemma":"aspaviento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Déjense (object of de)","gloss":"fuss"},{"surface":"ridículos","lemma":"ridículo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies aspavientos","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies van","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acostar","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of acostar (periphrasis van a acostar)","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of acostar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"acostar","lemma":"acostar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the periphrasis van a acostar","gloss":"go to bed"},{"surface":"ustedes","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, plural","role":"subject of van (periphrasis van a acostar)","gloss":"you two"},{"surface":"acaso","lemma":"acaso","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acostar","gloss":"after all"}]},{"number":152,"label":"96","id":"el-humillado-p96-s1","source":"–De esta forma no podemos seguir hablando.","translation":"—This way we can't go on talking.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p96-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"manner complement modifying podemos seguir hablando","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podemos","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podemos","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"seguir","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of podemos","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"hablando","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of seguir","gloss":"talking"}]},{"number":153,"label":"97","id":"el-humillado-p97-s1","source":"–Bueno, y cuando nos separábamos teníamos esta idea semejante: ¿y el placer de la vida y del amor consiste en esto?...","translation":"—All right, and when we would part we both had this same idea: so the pleasure of life and of love consists in this?...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p97-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adverb (discourse marker)","role":"discourse particle ('all right'), head of the phrase","gloss":"All right"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of separábamos","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of separábamos","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"separábamos","lemma":"separar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on teníamos","gloss":"would part"},{"surface":"teníamos","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of teníamos","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"semejante","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies idea","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the following question (discourse 'and/so')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of placer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placer","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of consiste","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies placer","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with vida","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"consiste","lemma":"consistir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esto","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of consiste (object of en)","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":154,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p97-s2","source":"Y sin decir nada comprendíamos que pensábamos en lo mismo... mas cambiando de tema... ¿piensan ustedes quedarse aquí en la ciudad?","translation":"And without saying anything we understood that we were thinking the same thing... but, to change the subject... do you two plan to stay here in the city?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p97-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cambiando de tema","title":"«cambiar de tema»","body":"«cambiar de tema» means 'to change the subject'. The pattern «cambiar de + noun» (de tema, de idea, de ropa) expresses swapping one thing for another of the same kind, without an article."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction linking to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decir","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on comprendíamos","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of decir","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"comprendíamos","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pensábamos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pensábamos","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of comprendíamos","gloss":"were thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mismo (pensar en)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo mismo (the same thing), object of en","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular (nominalized)","role":"part of the phrase lo mismo, object of en","gloss":"same thing"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction, adversative","role":"coordinating conjunction, introduces cambiando (discourse 'but')","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"cambiando","lemma":"cambiar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial gerund clause (discourse transition)","gloss":"changing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tema","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tema","lemma":"tema","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cambiando","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"piensan","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"ustedes","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, plural","role":"subject of piensan","gloss":"you two"},{"surface":"quedarse","lemma":"quedar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"complement of piensan","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quedarse","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quedarse","gloss":"city"}]},{"number":155,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p97-s3","source":"Súbitamente Erdosain tuvo la fría sensación del viaje.","translation":"Suddenly Erdosain had the cold sensation of the voyage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p97-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tuvo","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tuvo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fría","lemma":"frío","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sensación","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking viaje","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"viaje","lemma":"viaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sensación","gloss":"voyage"}]},{"number":156,"label":"98","id":"el-humillado-p98-s1","source":"Le pareció verla a Elsa en el pasamano, bajo la hilera de vidriosos ojos de buey, contemplando el hilo azul de la distancia.","translation":"He seemed to see Elsa at the railing, beneath the row of glassy portholes, gazing at the blue thread of the distance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p98-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ojos de buey","title":"«ojo de buey» = porthole","body":"«ojo de buey» (literally 'ox eye') is the nautical term for a round ship's window, a porthole. The vision is of an ocean liner — the 'final journey' the trunk foretold at the start of the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pareció","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"pareció","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"verla","lemma":"ver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pareció","gloss":"see her"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition (personal a)","role":"marks Elsa as the direct object of verla, doubling la","gloss":"to","note":"This is the 'personal a,' required before a specific human direct object; it has no independent English translation."},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verla (doubling la), marked by personal a","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasamano","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pasamano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pasamano","lemma":"pasamano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of verla","gloss":"railing"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hilera","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hilera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hilera","lemma":"hilera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of verla","gloss":"row"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos (hilera de ... ojos)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vidriosos","lemma":"vidrioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"glassy"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, head of the idiom ojos de buey (portholes)","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buey","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"buey","lemma":"buey","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"bull","note":"'ojo de buey' is an idiom for 'porthole' (literally 'bull's eye')."},{"surface":"contemplando","lemma":"contemplar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on verla","gloss":"gazing at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hilo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hilo","lemma":"hilo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contemplando","gloss":"thread"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies hilo","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distancia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of distancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies hilo","gloss":"distance"}]},{"number":157,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p98-s2","source":"El sol caía en los amarillos trinquetes de los mástiles y en los aguilones negros de los guinches.","translation":"The sun fell on the yellow foremasts of the masts and on the black jibs of the cranes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p98-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of caía","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trinquetes","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of trinquetes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amarillos","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies trinquetes","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"trinquetes","lemma":"trinquete","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caía","gloss":"foremasts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mástiles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mástiles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mástiles","lemma":"mástil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies trinquetes","gloss":"masts"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aguilones","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of aguilones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aguilones","lemma":"aguilón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with trinquetes","gloss":"jibs"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies aguilones","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking guinches","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of guinches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"guinches","lemma":"guinche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies aguilones","gloss":"cranes","note":"'guinche' is a Rioplatense loanword from English 'winch,' used for a hoisting crane."}]},{"number":158,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p98-s3","source":"Atardecía, pero ellos permanecían con el pensamiento fijo en otros climas, a la sombra de las camareras, apoyados en la pasarela blanca.","translation":"Evening was falling, but they remained with their thoughts fixed on other climes, in the shade of the stewardesses, leaning on the white gangway.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p98-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Atardecía","title":"Impersonal weather verb","body":"«atardecer» ('to grow late / for evening to fall') is an impersonal verb used only in the third person with no subject, like «llover» or «amanecer». «Atardecía» = 'evening was falling', the imperfect setting the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Atardecía","lemma":"atardecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, impersonal","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was growing dark","note":"Impersonal weather verb: no subject, describes evening falling."},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of permanecían","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"permanecían","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated via pero","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensamiento","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pensamiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pensamiento","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of permanecían","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"fijo","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pensamiento","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking climas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of climas","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"climas","lemma":"clima","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of fijo","gloss":"climes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of permanecían","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking camareras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of camareras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"camareras","lemma":"camarera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sombra","gloss":"stewardesses"},{"surface":"apoyados","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ellos","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasarela","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pasarela","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pasarela","lemma":"pasarela","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyados","gloss":"gangway"},{"surface":"blanca","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pasarela","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":159,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p98-s4","source":"El viento soplaba yodado en las olas y Elsa miraba las aguas a través de cuyo enrejado cambiante se animaba su sombra.","translation":"The wind blew iodine-laden over the waves, and Elsa looked at the waters through whose shifting lattice her shadow came alive.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p98-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a través de cuyo enrejado","title":"«cuyo» = whose","body":"«cuyo/cuya» is the relative possessive 'whose', agreeing with the thing possessed, not the owner: «cuyo enrejado» = 'whose lattice' (masculine, like «enrejado»). It is bookish and rare in speech but common in Arlt's denser passages."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viento","lemma":"viento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of soplaba","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"soplaba","lemma":"soplar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"yodado","lemma":"yodado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies viento (predicate adjective)","gloss":"iodine-laden"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking olas","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of olas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"olas","lemma":"ola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of soplaba","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with soplaba","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of aguas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aguas","lemma":"agua","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"waters"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a través de","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"través","lemma":"través","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase a través de","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a través de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies enrejado","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"enrejado","lemma":"enrejado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of animaba","gloss":"lattice"},{"surface":"cambiante","lemma":"cambiante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies enrejado","gloss":"shifting"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of animaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"animaba","lemma":"animar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying aguas","gloss":"came alive"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of animaba","gloss":"shadow"}]},{"number":160,"label":"99","id":"el-humillado-p99-s1","source":"Por momentos volvía la carita empalidecida y entonces ambos parecían escuchar un reproche que subía de lo profundo del mar.","translation":"Now and then she would turn her paled little face, and then both of them seemed to hear a reproach rising up from the depths of the sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p99-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Por momentos","title":"«por momentos»","body":"«por momentos» means 'now and then, at moments, from time to time'. It marks an intermittent action: «Por momentos volvía la carita» = 'now and then she would turn her little face'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom por momentos","gloss":"at","note":"Idiom: 'por momentos' = now and then, at intervals."},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of volvía","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"volvía","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would turn"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carita","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"carita","lemma":"carita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of volvía","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"empalidecida","lemma":"empalidecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"paled"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies parecían","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ambos","lemma":"ambos","morphology":"numeral, masculine, plural","role":"subject of parecían","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"parecían","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with volvía","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"escuchar","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of parecían","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of reproche","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reproche","lemma":"reproche","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of escuchar","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of subía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"subía","lemma":"subir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying reproche","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking profundo","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of profundo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"profundo","lemma":"profundo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"object of de, complement of subía","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mar","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mar","lemma":"mar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies profundo","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":161,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p99-s2","source":"Y Erdosain se imaginaba que les decía:","translation":"And Erdosain imagined it was saying to them:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p99-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of imaginaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"imaginaba","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of decía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginaba","gloss":"was saying"}]},{"number":162,"label":"100","id":"el-humillado-p100-s1","source":"–¿Qué hicieron del pobre muchachito?","translation":"—What did you do with the poor little boy?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p100-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"muchachito","title":"Diminutive «muchachito»","body":"«muchachito» is «muchacho» ('boy, lad') with the diminutive «-ito», so 'little boy, poor kid'. The pity in the diminutive is the whole point of Erdosain's self-image, spelled out in the parenthesis that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hicieron","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hicieron","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you do"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muchachito","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"pobre","lemma":"pobre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies muchachito","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"muchachito","lemma":"muchachito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of del","gloss":"little boy"}]},{"number":163,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p100-s2","source":"(«Porque yo, a pesar de mi edad, era como un muchacho –decíame más tarde Remo–.","translation":"(\"Because I, in spite of my age, was like a boy,\" Remo would tell me later.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p100-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a pesar de","title":"«a pesar de» = in spite of","body":"«a pesar de» means 'in spite of, despite'. «a pesar de mi edad» = 'in spite of my age'. The phrase concedes one thing while asserting another — grown in years, but a boy at heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of muchacho","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a pesar de","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"pesar","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase a pesar de","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a pesar de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of edad","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"edad","lemma":"edad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, within a pesar de","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to muchacho","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison, preposition marking muchacho","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacho","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muchacho","lemma":"muchacho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era (via como)","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"decíame","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (+ enclitic me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was telling me","note":"Archaic enclitic: decíame = decía + me ('was telling me')."},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase más tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase más tarde","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of decíame","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":164,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p100-s3","source":"¿Usted comprende, un hombre que se deja llevar la mujer en sus barbas... es un desgraciado... es como un muchacho, comprende usted?»)","translation":"Do you understand — a man who lets his wife be taken right under his nose... he's a wretch... he's like a boy, do you understand?\")","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p100-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en sus barbas","title":"«en sus barbas» = to one's face","body":"«(hacer algo) en las barbas de alguien» is an idiom: 'right in front of someone, under their very nose, to their face'. «la mujer en sus barbas» = his wife taken right in front of him — the heart of the humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of comprende","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"comprende","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of comprende","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of deja","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of deja","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"deja","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"llevar","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of deja","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevar","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en sus barbas","gloss":"under","note":"Idiom: 'en sus barbas' = right under his nose (lit. 'in his beard')."},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of barbas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"barbas","lemma":"barba","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llevar","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to desgraciado","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desgraciado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"desgraciado","lemma":"desgraciado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"wretch"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to muchacho","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muchacho","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacho","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muchacho","lemma":"muchacho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es (via como)","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"comprende","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the tag question","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of comprende","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":165,"label":"101","id":"el-humillado-p101-s1","source":"Erdosain se apartó de la alucinación.","translation":"Erdosain pulled away from the hallucination.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p101-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of apartó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apartó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"apartó","lemma":"apartar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pulled away"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alucinación","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alucinación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alucinación","lemma":"alucinación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apartó","gloss":"hallucination"}]},{"number":166,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p101-s2","source":"Aquella pregunta que le surgió, estaba ahondada contra su voluntad en él.","translation":"That question that rose up in him lay buried deep within him against his will.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p101-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pregunta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pregunta","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of surgió","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of surgió","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"surgió","lemma":"surgir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying pregunta","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ahondada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ahondada","lemma":"ahondado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba, describing pregunta","gloss":"buried deep"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voluntad","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of voluntad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voluntad","lemma":"voluntad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ahondada","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, modifies ahondada","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":167,"label":"102","id":"el-humillado-p102-s1","source":"–¿Me vas a escribir?","translation":"—Are you going to write to me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p102-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of escribir","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of escribir","gloss":"are (you) going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of escribir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"escribir","lemma":"escribir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write"}]},{"number":168,"label":"103","id":"el-humillado-p103-s1","source":"–¿Para qué?","translation":"—What for?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p103-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":169,"label":"104","id":"el-humillado-p104-s1","source":"–Sí, claro, ¿para qué? –repitió cerrando los ojos.","translation":"—Yes, of course, what for? —he repeated, closing his eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p104-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of repitió","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Sí","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"depends on Sí","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"repitió","lemma":"repetir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"cerrando","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of repitió","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cerrando","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":170,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p104-s2","source":"Sentíase ahora más que nunca caído en una profundidad no soñada por hombre alguno.","translation":"He felt now more than ever fallen into a depth undreamed of by any man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p104-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hombre alguno","title":"Postposed «alguno» = 'no... at all'","body":"«alguno» placed after the noun becomes emphatically negative: «por hombre alguno» = 'by no man whatsoever', stronger than «ningún hombre». A small but vivid feature of literary Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sentíase","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (+ enclitic se)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt himself","note":"Archaic enclitic: Sentíase = se sentía ('he felt himself')."},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caído","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caído","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of caído","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caído","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"caído","lemma":"caído","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modifies the subject of Sentíase","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking profundidad","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of profundidad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"profundidad","lemma":"profundidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caído","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soñada","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"soñada","lemma":"soñado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies profundidad","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of soñada (passive)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"alguno","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"any"}]},{"number":171,"label":"105","id":"el-humillado-p105-s1","source":"–Bueno, señor Erdosain –y el capitán se levantó–, nosotros nos retiramos.","translation":"—Well, Señor Erdosain —and the captain stood up—, we'll be taking our leave.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p105-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"nos retiramos","title":"«retirarse» = to withdraw / leave","body":"«retirarse» is a pronominal verb meaning 'to withdraw, to take one's leave, to retire (from a place)'. «nosotros nos retiramos» = 'we'll be leaving / taking our leave' — a formal way to announce departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Señor"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name señor","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of levantó","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of levantó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of retiramos","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of retiramos","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"retiramos","lemma":"retirar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"}]},{"number":172,"label":"106","id":"el-humillado-p106-s1","source":"–¡Ah, se van!...","translation":"—Ah, you're leaving!...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p106-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of van","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"}]},{"number":173,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p106-s2","source":"¿Se van ya?","translation":"Are you leaving already?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p106-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of van","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies van","gloss":"already"}]},{"number":174,"label":"107","id":"el-humillado-p107-s1","source":"Elsa le tendió su mano enguantada.","translation":"Elsa held out her gloved hand to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p107-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tendió","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tendió","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"tendió","lemma":"tender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tendió","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"enguantada","lemma":"enguantado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mano","gloss":"gloved"}]},{"number":175,"label":"108","id":"el-humillado-p108-s1","source":"–¿Te vas?","translation":"—You're leaving?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p108-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vas","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"}]},{"number":176,"label":"109","id":"el-humillado-p109-s1","source":"–Sí... me voy... comprendes que...","translation":"—Yes... I'm leaving... you understand that...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p109-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone as affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of voy","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am leaving"},{"surface":"comprendes","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause after comprendes (unfinished)","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":177,"label":"110","id":"el-humillado-p110-s1","source":"–Si... comprendo.","translation":"—Yes... I understand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p110-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone as affirmation","gloss":"yes","note":"Written without the accent in the source ('Si'); functions as sí ('yes'), not si ('if')."},{"surface":"comprendo","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":178,"label":"111","id":"el-humillado-p111-s1","source":"–No podía ser, Remo.","translation":"—It couldn't be, Remo.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p111-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of podía","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":179,"label":"112","id":"el-humillado-p112-s1","source":"–Sí, claro... no podía ser... claro...","translation":"—Yes, of course... it couldn't be... of course...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p112-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone as affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Sí","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podía","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone, repeats claro","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":180,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p112-s2","source":"El capitán describiendo un círculo en torno de la mesa, cogió la valija, la misma valija que Elsa trajo el día de su casamiento.","translation":"The captain, tracing a circle around the table, took up the suitcase, the same suitcase Elsa had brought the day of their wedding.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p112-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"casamiento","title":"«casamiento» = wedding / marriage","body":"«casamiento» means 'wedding, marriage' (from «casarse», 'to get married'). The detail that it is the very suitcase Elsa brought to the marriage closes the circle: she leaves with what she arrived with."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cogió","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"describiendo","lemma":"describir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"gerund clause modifying cogió","gloss":"tracing"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of círculo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of describiendo","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en torno de","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en torno de","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en torno de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of describiendo","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"cogió","lemma":"coger","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of valija","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"valija","lemma":"valija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cogió","gloss":"suitcase"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of valija","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misma","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies valija","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"valija","lemma":"valija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to valija (direct object of cogió)","gloss":"suitcase"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of trajo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of trajo","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"trajo","lemma":"traer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying valija","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial temporal complement of trajo","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casamiento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casamiento","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"casamiento","lemma":"casamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"wedding"}]},{"number":181,"label":"113","id":"el-humillado-p113-s1","source":"–Señor Erdosain, adiós.","translation":"—Señor Erdosain, goodbye.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p113-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Señor"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name señor","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"adiós","lemma":"adiós","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"goodbye"}]},{"number":182,"label":"114","id":"el-humillado-p114-s1","source":"–A sus órdenes, capitán... pero una cosa... ¿se van... vos, Elsa...vos te vas?","translation":"—At your service, captain... but one thing... are you leaving... you, Elsa... you're leaving?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p114-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"A sus órdenes","title":"«a sus órdenes»","body":"«a sus órdenes» literally 'at your orders' is a formal courtesy phrase, 'at your service', common in military and old-fashioned address. Erdosain echoes it back to the officer with bitter politeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a sus órdenes","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of órdenes","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"órdenes","lemma":"orden","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition a","gloss":"service","note":"Idiom: 'a sus órdenes' = at your service (lit. 'at your orders')."},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cosa","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory fragment","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of van","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"are leaving"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to Elsa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address, in apposition to vos","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vas","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vas","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"}]},{"number":183,"label":"115","id":"el-humillado-p115-s1","source":"–Sí, nos vamos.","translation":"—Yes, we're leaving.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p115-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vamos","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vamos","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"vamos","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"}]},{"number":184,"label":"116","id":"el-humillado-p116-s1","source":"–Permiso, me voy a sentar.","translation":"—Excuse me, I'm going to sit down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p116-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Permiso","title":"«permiso» = excuse me","body":"«permiso» (short for «con permiso», 'with your permission') is the courtesy said when moving past someone or doing something in their presence. Here it is 'excuse me / if you'll allow me' as Erdosain sits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Permiso","lemma":"permiso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, stands alone (excuse me)","gloss":"excuse me"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentar","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sentar","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sentar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sentar","lemma":"sentar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"}]},{"number":185,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p116-s2","source":"Permítame un momento, capitán... un momentito.","translation":"Allow me a moment, captain... just a little moment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p116-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Permítame","title":"«permitir» — usted command + pronoun","body":"«Permítame» is the formal command of «permitir» ('to allow') with «me» attached: 'allow me, let me'. The diminutive «momentito» ('just a little moment') softens the request that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Permítame","lemma":"permitir","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular (+ enclitic me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me","note":"Imperative + enclitic pronoun: permítame = permita + me."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Permítame","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momentito","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"momentito","lemma":"momentito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to momento","gloss":"little moment"}]},{"number":186,"label":"117","id":"el-humillado-p117-s1","source":"El intruso reprimió palabras de impaciencia.","translation":"The intruder held back words of impatience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p117-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of intruso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intruso","lemma":"intruso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of reprimió","gloss":"intruder"},{"surface":"reprimió","lemma":"reprimir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of reprimió","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking impaciencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"impaciencia","lemma":"impaciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"impatience"}]},{"number":187,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p117-s2","source":"Tenía unos brutales deseos de gritar a ese marido:","translation":"He had a brutal urge to shout at that husband:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p117-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of deseos","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"brutales","lemma":"brutal","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies deseos","gloss":"brutal"},{"surface":"deseos","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"urges"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of gritar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gritar","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying deseos","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marido","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of marido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"marido","lemma":"marido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of gritar","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":188,"label":"118","id":"el-humillado-p118-s1","source":"«¡A ver, firme, imbécil», mas por consideración a Elsa se retuvo.","translation":"\"Come on, stand at attention, you idiot,\" but out of consideration for Elsa he restrained himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p118-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"firme","title":"«firme» = attention (military)","body":"«¡Firme!» is the military command 'Attention!', the order to stand stiff and straight. The captain's impulse is to bark it at Erdosain like a soldier — a final stroke of contempt and class superiority."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a ver","gloss":"let's","note":"Idiom: '¡A ver!' = 'Come on!'/'Let's see!' — used here as a bark for attention."},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of the idiom a ver","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"firme","lemma":"firme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"elliptical command (stand at attention)","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"imbécil","lemma":"imbécil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"vocative address (insult)","gloss":"idiot"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast with retuvo","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking consideración","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"consideración","lemma":"consideración","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition por","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition a","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of retuvo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"retuvo","lemma":"retener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"restrained"}]},{"number":189,"label":"119","id":"el-humillado-p119-s1","source":"De pronto Erdosain abandonó la silla.","translation":"Suddenly Erdosain rose from the chair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p119-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly","note":"Idiom: 'de pronto' = suddenly."},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of abandonó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"abandonó","lemma":"abandonar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of silla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silla","lemma":"silla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of abandonó","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":190,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p119-s2","source":"Con lentitud fue hasta un rincón del cuarto.","translation":"Slowly he walked to a corner of the room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p119-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase con lentitud, modifying fue","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lentitud","lemma":"lentitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition con, modifying fue","gloss":"slowness"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of hasta, complement of fue","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuarto","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cuarto","lemma":"cuarto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rincón","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":191,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p119-s3","source":"Luego, volviéndose bruscamente al capitán, dijo con voz muy clara, en la que se adivinaba el contenido deseo de que fuera suave:","translation":"Then, turning abruptly to the captain, he spoke in a very clear voice, in which one could sense the held-back wish that it might be gentle:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p119-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"el deseo de que fuera suave","title":"Subjunctive after «el deseo de que»","body":"«el deseo de que fuera suave» takes the imperfect subjunctive «fuera» because a wish (deseo) projects onto something not yet real: 'the wish that it might be gentle'. Expressions of wanting govern the subjunctive in the subordinate clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"volviéndose","lemma":"volver él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"bruscamente","lemma":"bruscamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volviéndose","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capitán","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volviéndose","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"muy","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies clara","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"clara","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase la que, referring to voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of en, referring to voz","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"impersonal-passive particle of adivinaba","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"adivinaba","lemma":"adivinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying voz","gloss":"could sense"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"contenido","lemma":"contenido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies deseo","gloss":"held-back","note":"Past participle of contener ('to hold back'), used here as an adjective — not the noun 'contenido' (content)."},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of adivinaba","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause complementing deseo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of suave","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to suave","gloss":"might be"},{"surface":"suave","lemma":"suave","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gentle"}]},{"number":192,"label":"120","id":"el-humillado-p120-s1","source":"–¿Sabe usted por qué no lo mato como a un perro?","translation":"—Do you know why I don't kill you like a dog?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p120-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of Sabe","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of mato","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mato","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mato","gloss":"you","note":"'Lo' here stands for the captain (usted) as a formal direct object — 'him/it' in the dictionary, 'you' in this scene."},{"surface":"mato","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabe","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of perro","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking perro","gloss":"marks the object","note":"This is the Spanish 'personal a' before a direct object — it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of perro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perro","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mato","gloss":"dog"}]},{"number":193,"label":"121","id":"el-humillado-p121-s1","source":"Los otros se volvieron alarmados.","translation":"The others turned, alarmed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p121-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of otros","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of volvieron","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvieron","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"volvieron","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"alarmados","lemma":"alarmado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies otros","gloss":"alarmed"}]},{"number":194,"label":"122","id":"el-humillado-p122-s1","source":"–Pues porque estoy en frío.","translation":"—Well, because I'm in cold blood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p122-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"estoy en frío","title":"«estar en frío»","body":"«estar en frío» (related to «en frío», 'cold, coolly, in cold blood') describes acting without heat of emotion. Erdosain means he is not in the grip of passion — that detachment, not mercy, is what stops him from shooting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the reply","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of frío","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to frío","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frío","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"frío","lemma":"frío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cold blood","note":"'En frío' is Arlt's idiom for a cold, deliberate state of mind — rendered 'in cold blood.'"}]},{"number":195,"label":"123","id":"el-humillado-p123-s1","source":"Ahora Erdosain caminaba de un lado a otro de la habitación, con las manos cruzadas a la espalda.","translation":"Now Erdosain paced from one side of the room to the other, his hands crossed behind his back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p123-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de un lado a otro","title":"«de un lado a otro» = back and forth","body":"«de un lado a otro» means 'from one side to the other, back and forth, to and fro'. «caminaba de un lado a otro» = 'he paced back and forth' — the imperfect makes the pacing continuous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caminaba","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of caminaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paced"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking habitación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of habitación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"habitación","lemma":"habitación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies otro","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"cruzadas","lemma":"cruzado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies manos","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espalda","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espalda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espalda","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzadas","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":196,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p123-s2","source":"Ellos lo observaban, esperando algo.","translation":"They watched him, waiting for something.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p123-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of observaban","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of observaban","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"observaban","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"esperando","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on observaban","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of esperando","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":197,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p123-s3","source":"Por fin, el marido, sonriendo con un gesto, esguince pálido, continuó suavemente, languidecida su voz en una desesperación de sollozo retenido:","translation":"At last the husband, smiling with a grimace, a pale flinch, went on softly, his voice slackened into a despair of held-back sobbing:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p123-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Por fin","title":"«por fin» = at last","body":"«por fin» means 'at last, finally, in the end'. It marks the arrival of something awaited — here the moment Erdosain finally breaks his pacing to speak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies continuó","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase Por","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of marido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"marido","lemma":"marido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying marido","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesto","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gesto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gesto","lemma":"gesto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonriendo","gloss":"grimace"},{"surface":"esguince","lemma":"esguince","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with gesto","gloss":"flinch"},{"surface":"pálido","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies esguince","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"suavemente","lemma":"suavemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies continuó","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"languidecida","lemma":"languidecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on continuó","gloss":"slackened"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of languidecida","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desesperación","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of desesperación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"desesperación","lemma":"desesperación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of languidecida","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sollozo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sollozo","lemma":"sollozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desesperación","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"retenido","lemma":"retenido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sollozo","gloss":"held-back"}]},{"number":198,"label":"124","id":"el-humillado-p124-s1","source":"–Sí, estaba en frío... estoy en frío.","translation":"—Yes, I was in cold blood... I'm in cold blood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p124-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to frío","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frío","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"frío","lemma":"frío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cold blood","note":"'En frío' is Arlt's idiom for a cold, deliberate state of mind — rendered 'in cold blood.'"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to frío","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frío","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"frío","lemma":"frío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cold blood"}]},{"number":199,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p124-s2","source":"–Ahora su mirada se había tornado vaga, pero sonreía con la misma sonrisa, extraña, alucinada–.","translation":"—By now his gaze had turned vague, but he smiled with the same strange, hallucinated smile—.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p124-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se había tornado","title":"«tornarse» = to turn / become","body":"«tornarse» is a literary pronominal verb meaning 'to become, to turn (into a state)'. «su mirada se había tornado vaga» = 'his gaze had turned vague'. It is a more elevated synonym of «volverse» or «ponerse»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tornado","gloss":"By now"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tornado","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of tornado","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tornado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tornado","lemma":"tornar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"vaga","lemma":"vago","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"sonreía","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tornado","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonrisa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sonrisa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misma","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of la","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonreía","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"extraña","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"alucinada","lemma":"alucinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with extraña, modifies sonrisa","gloss":"hallucinated"}]},{"number":200,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p124-s3","source":"Escúchenme... esto no tendrá explicación para ustedes, pero yo sí le he encontrado la explicación.","translation":"Listen to me... this will have no explanation for you, but I have indeed found the explanation for it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p124-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Escúchenme","title":"«ustedes» command + pronoun","body":"«Escúchenme» is the plural (ustedes) command of «escuchar» with «me» attached: 'listen to me (all of you)'. He now addresses both the captain and Elsa together, so the command takes the -en plural ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Escúchenme","lemma":"escuchar yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen to me"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of tendrá","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tendrá","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tendrá","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have"},{"surface":"explicación","lemma":"explicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tendrá","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ustedes","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ustedes","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, plural","role":"oblique complement of tendrá","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of encontrado","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"adverbial clause on encontrado","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of encontrado","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of encontrado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"encontrado","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with tendrá","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of explicación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"explicación","lemma":"explicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of encontrado","gloss":"explanation"}]},{"number":201,"label":"125","id":"el-humillado-p125-s1","source":"Sus ojos brillaban extraordinariamente y su voz enronqueció a través del esfuerzo que hizo por hablar.","translation":"His eyes shone extraordinarily, and his voice grew hoarse through the effort he made to speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p125-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"brillaban / enronqueció","title":"Imperfect vs preterite together","body":"«brillaban» (imperfect) paints the eyes shining as an ongoing state, while «enronqueció» (preterite) reports the single moment the voice cracked into hoarseness. The two tenses side by side show Spanish framing a continuous backdrop against a sudden event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of brillaban","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"brillaban","lemma":"brillar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"extraordinariamente","lemma":"extraordinariamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brillaban","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of enronqueció","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"enronqueció","lemma":"enronquecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with brillaban","gloss":"grew hoarse"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esfuerzo","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"través","lemma":"través","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esfuerzo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esfuerzo","lemma":"esfuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of enronqueció","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hizo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hizo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying esfuerzo","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hablar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hizo","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":202,"label":"126","id":"el-humillado-p126-s1","source":"–Vean... mi vida ha sido horriblemente ofendida... horriblemente magullada.","translation":"—See... my life has been horribly offended... horribly battered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p126-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ha sido ofendida","title":"Passive with «ser» in the perfect","body":"«ha sido ofendida» is a true passive: «ser» plus a past participle, agreeing with the subject («vida», feminine → «ofendida»). 'My life has been offended.' The participle matches the noun in gender and number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vean","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"See"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ofendida","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ofendida","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"copula linking to ofendida","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"horriblemente","lemma":"horriblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ofendida","gloss":"horribly"},{"surface":"ofendida","lemma":"ofendido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"horriblemente","lemma":"horriblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies magullada","gloss":"horribly"},{"surface":"magullada","lemma":"magullado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ofendida","gloss":"battered"}]},{"number":203,"label":"127","id":"el-humillado-p127-s1","source":"Calló, deteniéndose en un ángulo de la pieza.","translation":"He fell silent, stopping in a corner of the room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p127-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Calló","lemma":"callar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"deteniéndose","lemma":"detener él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Calló","gloss":"stopping"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ángulo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ángulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ángulo","lemma":"ángulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of deteniéndose","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ángulo","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":204,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p127-s2","source":"En su rostro se mantenía la sonrisa extraña del hombre que está viviendo un sueño peligroso.","translation":"On his face there lingered the strange smile of a man who is living a dangerous dream.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p127-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rostro","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mantenía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"impersonal-passive particle of mantenía","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"mantenía","lemma":"mantener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lingered"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sonrisa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of mantenía","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"extraña","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of viviendo","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of viviendo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"viviendo","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of viviendo","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"peligroso","lemma":"peligroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sueño","gloss":"dangerous"}]},{"number":205,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p127-s3","source":"Elsa, repentinamente irritada, mordía la punta de su pañuelo.","translation":"Elsa, suddenly irritated, bit the corner of her handkerchief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p127-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of mordía","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"repentinamente","lemma":"repentinamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies irritada","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"irritada","lemma":"irritado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Elsa","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"mordía","lemma":"morder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of punta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punta","lemma":"punta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of mordía","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pañuelo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pañuelo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"pañuelo","lemma":"pañuelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies punta","gloss":"handkerchief"}]},{"number":206,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p127-s4","source":"El capitán, de pie, junto a la valija, aguardaba.","translation":"The captain, on his feet, beside the suitcase, waited.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p127-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aguardaba","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies capitán","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking valija","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of valija","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"valija","lemma":"valija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aguardaba","gloss":"suitcase"},{"surface":"aguardaba","lemma":"aguardar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"}]},{"number":207,"label":"128","id":"el-humillado-p128-s1","source":"De pronto Erdosain sacó el revólver del bolsillo y lo arrojó a un rincón.","translation":"Suddenly Erdosain pulled the revolver from his pocket and hurled it into a corner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p128-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies sacó","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase De","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sacó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sacó","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pulled"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of revólver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revólver","lemma":"revólver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sacó","gloss":"revolver"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolsillo","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"bolsillo","lemma":"bolsillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies revólver","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of arrojó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"arrojó","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sacó","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojó","gloss":"corner"}]},{"number":208,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p128-s2","source":"La «Browning» desconchó el revoque del muro, golpeando pesadamente en el suelo.","translation":"The Browning chipped the plaster off the wall, striking the floor heavily.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p128-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Browning","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Browning","lemma":"Browning","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of desconchó","gloss":"Browning","note":"Browning is a pistol brand — used here as shorthand for the gun."},{"surface":"desconchó","lemma":"desconchar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chipped"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of revoque","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revoque","lemma":"revoque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of desconchó","gloss":"plaster"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muro","gloss":"off the"},{"surface":"muro","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies revoque","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"golpeando","lemma":"golpear","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on desconchó","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"pesadamente","lemma":"pesadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies golpeando","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suelo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of suelo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suelo","lemma":"suelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of golpeando","gloss":"floor"}]},{"number":209,"label":"129","id":"el-humillado-p129-s1","source":"–¡Para lo que sirve este trasto! –murmuró.","translation":"—For all the good this contraption is! —he muttered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"trasto","title":"«trasto»","body":"«trasto» is a dismissive word for a useless or junky object — 'piece of junk, contraption, old thing'. «¡Para lo que sirve este trasto!» = 'For all the good this junk is!', a scornful exclamation hurled at the discarded pistol."}],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sirve","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que, complement of Para","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que, complement of Para","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sirve","lemma":"servir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of murmuró","gloss":"is good for"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasto","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"trasto","lemma":"trasto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sirve","gloss":"contraption"},{"surface":"murmuró","lemma":"murmurar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"}]},{"number":210,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p129-s2","source":"Luego, con una mano en el bolsillo del saco y la sien apoyada en el muro, habló despacio–:","translation":"Then, with one hand in his coat pocket and his temple resting against the wall, he spoke slowly:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el saco","title":"«saco» (River Plate) = jacket","body":"«saco» in Argentina means a suit jacket or coat, where other dialects say «chaqueta» or «americana». «el bolsillo del saco» = 'his jacket pocket'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies habló","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mano","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of habló","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolsillo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bolsillo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bolsillo","lemma":"bolsillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mano","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saco","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"saco","lemma":"saco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bolsillo","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sien","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sien","lemma":"sien","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with mano","gloss":"temple"},{"surface":"apoyada","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sien","gloss":"resting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muro","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of muro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muro","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyada","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"habló","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"despacio","lemma":"despacio","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies habló","gloss":"slowly"}]},{"number":211,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p129-s3","source":"Sí, mi vida ha sido horriblemente ofendida... humillada.","translation":"Yes, my life has been horribly offended... humiliated.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"adverbial clause on ofendida","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ofendida","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ofendida","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"copula linking to ofendida","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"horriblemente","lemma":"horriblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ofendida","gloss":"horribly"},{"surface":"ofendida","lemma":"ofendido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"humillada","lemma":"humillado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ofendida","gloss":"humiliated"}]},{"number":212,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p129-s4","source":"Créalo, capitán.","translation":"Believe it, captain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Créalo","title":"«creer» — usted command + «lo»","body":"«Créalo» is the formal command of «creer» ('to believe') with the neuter «lo» attached: 'believe it'. The accent on «Cré-» marks the stress kept where it falls before the pronoun is added."}],"words":[{"surface":"Créalo","lemma":"creer lo","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Believe it"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":213,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p129-s5","source":"No se impaciente.","translation":"Don't get impatient.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No se impaciente","title":"Negative usted command, pronominal","body":"«No se impaciente» is the negative formal command of pronominal «impacientarse» ('to grow impatient'). In negative commands the pronoun «se» comes before the verb, not attached: 'don't get impatient.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies impaciente","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of impaciente","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"impaciente","lemma":"impacientar","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get impatient","note":"'Impaciente' here is the subjunctive-imperative form of the reflexive verb impacientarse ('to get impatient'), not the adjective 'impatient.'"}]},{"number":214,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p129-s6","source":"Le voy a contar algo.","translation":"I'm going to tell you something.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contar","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of contar","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of contar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"contar","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of contar","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":215,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p129-s7","source":"Quien comenzó este feroz trabajo de humillación fue mi padre.","translation":"The one who began this ferocious work of humiliation was my father.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quien comenzó","title":"«quien» = the one who","body":"«quien» on its own means 'the one who, whoever'. «Quien comenzó este trabajo fue mi padre» = 'the one who began this work was my father'. It folds a relative clause and its antecedent into a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of comenzó","gloss":"The one who"},{"surface":"comenzó","lemma":"comenzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause serving as subject of fue","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"feroz","lemma":"feroz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies trabajo","gloss":"ferocious"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of comenzó","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humillación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humillación","lemma":"humillación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies trabajo","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to padre","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of padre","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":216,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p129-s8","source":"Cuando yo tenía diez años y había cometido alguna falta, me decía: «Mañana te pegaré».","translation":"When I was ten years old and had committed some misdeed, he would say to me: \"Tomorrow I'll beat you.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p129-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tenía... me decía","title":"Imperfect for habit","body":"«tenía» ('I was') and «me decía» ('he used to say to me') are imperfects of repeated, habitual past action: across his childhood the father said this again and again. English renders the habit with 'would say' or 'used to say'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"diez","lemma":"diez","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of cometido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"cometido","lemma":"cometer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with tenía","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"alguna","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of falta","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"falta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cometido","gloss":"misdeed"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"Mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pegaré","gloss":"Tomorrow"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of pegaré","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pegaré","lemma":"pegar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of decía","gloss":"I'll beat"}]},{"number":217,"label":"130","id":"el-humillado-p130-s1","source":"Siempre era así, mañana...","translation":"It was always like that — tomorrow...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies así","gloss":"Always"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies así","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":218,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s2","source":"¿Se dan cuenta?, mañana...","translation":"Do you realize? — tomorrow...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dan","gloss":"yourselves","note":"'Darse cuenta' is an idiom meaning 'to realize' — se is its reflexive pronoun, not translated on its own."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with dan","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dan","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":219,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s3","source":"Y esa noche dormía, pero dormía mal, con un sueño de perro, despertándome a media noche para mirar asustado los vidrios de la ventana y ver si ya era de día, mas cuando la luna cortaba de barrote del ventanillo, cerraba los ojos, diciéndome: falta mucho tiempo.","translation":"And that night I would sleep, but sleep badly, with a dog's sleep, waking at midnight to stare in fright at the panes of the window and see whether it was already day, but when the moon cut across the bar of the little window, I would close my eyes, telling myself: there's a long time still.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un sueño de perro","title":"«un sueño de perro»","body":"«un sueño de perro» literally 'a dog's sleep' means a restless, broken, fitful sleep — the way a wary dog sleeps with one ear open. It captures the boy's dread the night before the beating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormía","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"dormía","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I would sleep"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dormía","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dormía","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dormía","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sueño","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormía","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perro","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sueño","gloss":"dog's"},{"surface":"despertándome","lemma":"despertar yo","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dormía","gloss":"waking myself"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"media","lemma":"medio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies noche","gloss":"half","note":"\"A media noche\" is a set phrase meaning \"at midnight.\""},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of despertándome","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mirar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mirar","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on despertándome","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"asustado","lemma":"asustado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of mirar","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of vidrios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vidrios","lemma":"vidrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of mirar","gloss":"panes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ventana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ventana","lemma":"ventana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vidrios","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with mirar","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to día","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but","note":"\"Mas\" (no accent) is a literary word for \"but\" — don't confuse it with \"más\" (\"more\")."},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cortaba","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luna","lemma":"luna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cortaba","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"cortaba","lemma":"cortar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on cerraba","gloss":"cut across"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking barrote","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"barrote","lemma":"barrote","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cortaba","gloss":"bar"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventanillo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ventanillo","lemma":"ventanillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies barrote","gloss":"little window"},{"surface":"cerraba","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dormía","gloss":"I would close"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cerraba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"diciéndome","lemma":"decir yo","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on cerraba","gloss":"telling myself"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"faltar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of diciéndome","gloss":"is left","note":"\"Falta mucho tiempo\" is an impersonal construction, literally \"much time is lacking,\" meaning there's still a long way to go."},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of falta","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":220,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s4","source":"Más tarde me despertaba otra vez, al sentir el canto de los gallos.","translation":"Later I would wake again, on hearing the crowing of the roosters.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies despertaba","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of despertaba","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"despertaba","lemma":"despertar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I would wake"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of despertaba","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentir","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"sentir","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on despertaba","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of canto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canto","lemma":"canto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sentir","gloss":"crowing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gallos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of gallos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gallos","lemma":"gallo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies canto","gloss":"roosters"}]},{"number":221,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s5","source":"La luna ya no estaba allí, pero una claridad azulada entraba por los cristales, y entonces yo me tapaba la cabeza con las sábanas para no mirarla, aunque sabía que estaba allí... aunque sabía que no había fuerza humana que pudiera echarla a esa claridad.","translation":"The moon was no longer there, but a bluish brightness came in through the panes, and then I would cover my head with the sheets so as not to look at it, even though I knew it was there... even though I knew there was no human force that could drive that brightness away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que pudiera echarla","title":"Subjunctive after a negated antecedent","body":"«no había fuerza humana que pudiera echarla» uses the imperfect subjunctive «pudiera» because the force is denied to exist: 'there was no human force that could drive it away'. A relative clause describing a non-existent thing takes the subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luna","lemma":"luna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of entraba","gloss":"brightness"},{"surface":"azulada","lemma":"azulado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies claridad","gloss":"bluish"},{"surface":"entraba","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with estaba","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cristales","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cristales","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cristales","lemma":"cristal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of entraba","gloss":"panes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tapaba","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of tapaba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tapaba","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"tapaba","lemma":"tapar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with estaba","gloss":"I would cover"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tapaba","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sábanas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sábanas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sábanas","lemma":"sábana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of tapaba","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mirarla","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mirarla","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mirarla","lemma":"mirar ella","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on tapaba","gloss":"look at it"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sabía","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tapaba","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sabía","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tapaba","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of había","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"fuerza","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"humana","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fuerza","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of echarla","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pudiera","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of echarla","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"echarla","lemma":"echar ella","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying fuerza","gloss":"drive it away","note":"The clitic \"la\" in \"echarla\" is echoed by \"a esa claridad\" right after it, a common doubling for clarity in spoken-style narration."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking claridad","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of echarla","gloss":"brightness"}]},{"number":222,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s6","source":"Y cuando al fin me había dormido para mucho tiempo, una mano me sacudía la cabeza en la almohada.","translation":"And when at last I had fallen asleep for a good while, a hand would shake my head on the pillow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dormido","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies dormido","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase al","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dormido","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dormido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dormido","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sacudía","gloss":"fallen asleep"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormido","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sacudía","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of sacudía","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"sacudía","lemma":"sacudir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would shake"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sacudía","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almohada","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of almohada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almohada","lemma":"almohada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sacudía","gloss":"pillow"}]},{"number":223,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s7","source":"Era él que me decía con voz áspera: «Vamos... es hora».","translation":"It was he, saying to me in a harsh voice: \"Come on... it's time.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to él","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying él","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of decía","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"áspera","lemma":"áspero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"Vamos","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"Come on","note":"\"Vamos\" is used here as an exclamation (\"Come on!\"), not literally \"we go.\""},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to hora","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":224,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s8","source":"Y mientras yo me vestía lentamente, sentía que en el patio ese hombre movía la silla.","translation":"And while I dressed slowly, I could hear that man moving the chair out in the patio.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vestía","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vestía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vestía","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"vestía","lemma":"vestir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sentía","gloss":"was dressing"},{"surface":"lentamente","lemma":"lentamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vestía","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I could hear"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of movía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking patio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of patio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patio","lemma":"patio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movía","gloss":"patio"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sentía","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of silla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silla","lemma":"silla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of movía","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":225,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s9","source":"«Vamos», me gritaba otra vez, y yo, hipnotizado, iba en línea en línea recta hacia él: quería hablar, pero eso era imposible ante su espantosa mirada.","translation":"\"Come on,\" he would shout at me again, and I, hypnotized, walked in a straight line toward him: I wanted to speak, but that was impossible before his terrifying stare.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vamos","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of gritaba","gloss":"Come on"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gritaba","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"gritaba","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would shout"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gritaba","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of iba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hipnotizado","lemma":"hipnotizado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies yo","gloss":"hypnotized"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with gritaba","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking línea","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"línea","lemma":"línea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iba","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking línea","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"línea","lemma":"línea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iba","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"recta","lemma":"recto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"compound with línea","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with iba","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of imposible","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to imposible","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"imposible","lemma":"imposible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espantosa","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"terrifying"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of imposible","gloss":"stare"}]},{"number":226,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s10","source":"Caía su mano sobre mi hombro obligándome a arrodillarme, yo apoyaba el pecho en el asiento de la silla, tomaba mi cabeza entre sus rodillas y, de pronto, crueles latigazos me cruzaban las nalgas.","translation":"His hand would fall on my shoulder, forcing me to kneel, I would rest my chest on the seat of the chair, he gripped my head between his knees, and suddenly cruel lashes crossed my buttocks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"arrodillarme","title":"«arrodillarse» = to kneel","body":"«arrodillarse» means 'to kneel down' (from «rodilla», 'knee'). «obligándome a arrodillarme» = 'forcing me to kneel'. The pronominal form marks the action done to one's own body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would fall"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Caía","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombro","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hombro","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hombro","lemma":"hombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Caía","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"obligándome","lemma":"obligar yo","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Caía","gloss":"forcing me"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of arrodillarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"arrodillarme","lemma":"arrodillar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of obligándome","gloss":"kneel"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of apoyaba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"apoyaba","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Caía","gloss":"would rest"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of apoyaba","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asiento","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asiento","lemma":"asiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyaba","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of silla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silla","lemma":"silla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies asiento","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"tomaba","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Caía","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tomaba","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rodillas","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rodillas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rodillas","lemma":"rodilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of tomaba","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies cruzaban","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"crueles","lemma":"cruel","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies latigazos","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"latigazos","lemma":"latigazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of cruzaban","gloss":"lashes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of cruzaban","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cruzaban","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Caía","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of nalgas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nalgas","lemma":"nalga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of cruzaban","gloss":"buttocks"}]},{"number":227,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s11","source":"Cuando me soltaba, corría llorando a mi cuarto.","translation":"When he let go of me, I would run crying to my room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of soltaba","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of soltaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"soltaba","lemma":"soltar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on corría","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"corría","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I would run"},{"surface":"llorando","lemma":"llorar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of corría","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuarto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuarto","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cuarto","lemma":"cuarto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of corría","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":228,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s12","source":"Una vergüenza enorme me hundía el alma en las tinieblas.","translation":"An enormous shame sank my soul into darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vergüenza","title":"«vergüenza» = shame","body":"«vergüenza» means 'shame, embarrassment'. It is the emotional engine of the whole confession: not the pain of the lashes but the «vergüenza» they leave behind is what 'sinks his soul into darkness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vergüenza","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vergüenza","lemma":"vergüenza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of hundía","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vergüenza","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hundía","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hundía","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hundía","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tinieblas","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tinieblas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hundía","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":229,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p130-s13","source":"Porque las tinieblas existen aunque usted no lo crea.","translation":"Because the darkness exists, even if you don't believe it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p130-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aunque usted no lo crea","title":"«aunque» + subjunctive","body":"«aunque» takes the subjunctive when the concession is hypothetical or set aside as not the point: «aunque usted no lo crea» = 'even if / even though you don't believe it'. The subjunctive «crea» leaves the captain's belief open."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of existen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tinieblas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of existen","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"existen","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of crea","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of crea","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies crea","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of crea","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"crea","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on existen","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":230,"label":"131","id":"el-humillado-p131-s1","source":"Elsa miraba sobresaltada a su esposo.","translation":"Elsa looked, startled, at her husband.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p131-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"sobresaltada","lemma":"sobresaltado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Elsa","gloss":"startled"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"esposo","lemma":"esposo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of miraba","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":231,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p131-s2","source":"El capitán, de pie, cruzados los brazos, escuchaba aburrido.","translation":"The captain, on his feet, his arms crossed, listened, bored.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p131-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cruzados los brazos","title":"Absolute participle again","body":"«cruzados los brazos» is another absolute participle: 'his arms crossed', a posture stated as a compact clause. Arlt repeatedly freezes the captain in such postures — standing, arms folded, examining his nails — to mark his cold detachment."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of escuchaba","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies escuchaba","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"cruzados","lemma":"cruzado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies brazos","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of brazos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brazos","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies escuchaba","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"escuchaba","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"aburrido","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies capitán","gloss":"bored"}]},{"number":232,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p131-s3","source":"Erdosain sonreía con vaguedad.","translation":"Erdosain smiled vaguely.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p131-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sonreía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sonreía","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vaguedad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vaguedad","lemma":"vaguedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonreía","gloss":"vagueness"}]},{"number":233,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p131-s4","source":"Continuó:","translation":"He went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p131-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":234,"label":"132","id":"el-humillado-p132-s1","source":"–Yo sabía que a la mayoría de los chicos los padres no les pegaban y en la escuela, cuando les oía hablar de sus casas, me paralizaba una angustia tan atroz que si estábamos en clase y el maestro me llamaba, yo lo miraba atontado, sin darme cuenta del sentido de sus preguntas, hasta que un día me gritó: «¿Pero usted, Erdosain, es un imbécil que no me oye?»","translation":"—I knew that most children weren't beaten by their parents, and at school, when I heard them talk about their homes, I was paralyzed by an anguish so atrocious that if we were in class and the teacher called on me, I would look at him stunned, not grasping the meaning of his questions, until one day he shouted at me: \"But you, Erdosain, are you an idiot who can't hear me?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p132-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"los padres no les pegaban","title":"«pegar a» + indirect object","body":"«pegar» in the sense 'to hit / beat (someone)' takes an indirect object: «les pegaban» = 'they beat them / hit them'. The «les» refers to «los chicos» — one beats 'to' a person in Spanish, hence the dative pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pegaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking mayoría (fronted object of pegaban)","gloss":"marks object"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mayoría","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mayoría","lemma":"mayoría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pegaban (fronted)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chicos, complement of mayoría","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of chicos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chicos","lemma":"chico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of mayoría (object of de)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of padres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"padres","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of pegaban","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pegaban","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"direct object of pegaban (refers to chicos)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"pegaban","lemma":"pegar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"hit"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escuela","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of escuela","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escuela","lemma":"escuela","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of paralizaba","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of oía","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"direct object of oía (subject of hablar)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"oía","lemma":"oír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on paralizaba","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of oía","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casas","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of casas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"casas","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of hablar (object of preposition de)","gloss":"homes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of paralizaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"paralizaba","lemma":"paralizar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with pegaban","gloss":"paralyzed"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of paralizaba","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies atroz","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"atroz","lemma":"atroz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies angustia","gloss":"atrocious"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (tan...que), headed by miraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estábamos","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"estábamos","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the si-clause","gloss":"we were"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking clase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"clase","lemma":"clase","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estábamos","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of maestro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maestro","lemma":"maestro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llamaba","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of llamaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"llamaba","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with estábamos","gloss":"called on"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of atroz (main verb of the result clause)","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"atontado","lemma":"atontado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing yo","gloss":"stunned"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of darme","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"darme","lemma":"dar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on miraba","gloss":"realizing","note":"darse cuenta (de) = 'to realize/notice' — split here as darme...cuenta."},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with darme","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentido","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of cuenta","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking preguntas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of preguntas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"preguntas","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of sentido","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of gritó","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of hasta que (until)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gritó","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gritó","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"gritó","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on miraba","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse connective introducing the quoted question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to usted","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to imbécil","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of imbécil","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"imbécil","lemma":"imbécil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"idiot"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of oye","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oye","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of oye","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"oye","lemma":"oír","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying imbécil","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":235,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p132-s2","source":"Toda la clase se echó a reír, y desde ese día me llamaron Erdosain «el imbécil».","translation":"The whole class burst out laughing, and from that day they called me Erdosain \"the idiot.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p132-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se echó a reír","title":"«echarse a» + infinitive","body":"«echarse a» plus an infinitive means 'to start / burst out (doing something)' suddenly: «se echó a reír» = 'burst out laughing'. It stresses the abrupt onset of the action, more vivid than plain «empezó a reír»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"quantifier modifying clase","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of clase","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"clase","lemma":"clase","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of echó","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of echó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"echó","lemma":"echar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reír","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"reír","lemma":"reír","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of echó","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llamaron","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of llamaron","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"llamaron","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with echó","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicate complement of llamaron, renaming me","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of imbécil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imbécil","lemma":"imbécil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"in apposition to Erdosain, predicate complement of llamaron","gloss":"idiot"}]},{"number":236,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p132-s3","source":"Y yo, más triste, sintiéndome más ofendido que nunca, callaba por temor a los latigazos de mi padre, sonriendo a los que me insultaban... pero tímidamente.","translation":"And I, sadder, feeling more offended than ever, would keep silent for fear of my father's lashes, smiling at those who insulted me... but timidly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p132-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"por temor a","title":"«por temor a» = for fear of","body":"«por temor a» means 'for fear of, out of fear of'. «callaba por temor a los latigazos» = 'I kept silent for fear of the lashes'. «temor» is fear, dread — a slightly more formal word than «miedo»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies callaba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of callaba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies triste","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies yo","gloss":"sadder"},{"surface":"sintiéndome","lemma":"sentir yo","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on callaba","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ofendido","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ofendido","lemma":"ofendido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of sintiéndome","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative marker, introduces nunca","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ofendido","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"callaba","lemma":"callar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking temor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"temor","lemma":"temor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of callaba","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking latigazos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of latigazos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"latigazos","lemma":"latigazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of temor","gloss":"lashes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking padre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of padre","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies latigazos","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on callaba","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase los que (those who)","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of insultaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of insultaban","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"insultaban","lemma":"insultar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause modifying los","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tímidamente","lemma":"tímidamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"timidly"}]},{"number":237,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p132-s4","source":"¿Se da cuenta, capitán?","translation":"Do you realize, captain?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p132-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of da","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da","gloss":"notice","note":"darse cuenta = 'to realize/notice', split across da...cuenta."},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":238,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p132-s5","source":"Lo insultan a usted... y usted todavía sonríe tímidamente, como si le hicieran un favor al injuriarlo.","translation":"They insult you... and you still smile timidly, as if they were doing you a favor by insulting you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p132-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al injuriarlo","title":"«al» + infinitive (means/time)","body":"«al injuriarlo» is «al» plus infinitive again: 'on / by insulting him'. Here it expresses the circumstance — 'as if they were doing you a favor by insulting you'. The pronoun «lo» ('him/you') attaches to the infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of insultan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"insultan","lemma":"insultar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking usted","gloss":"marks object"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"direct object of insultan (doubling Lo)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of sonríe","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"todavía","lemma":"todavía","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonríe","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"sonríe","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with insultan","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"tímidamente","lemma":"tímidamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonríe","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hicieran","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hicieran","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hicieran","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hicieran","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on sonríe","gloss":"were doing"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of favor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"favor","lemma":"favor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hicieran","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking injuriarlo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"injuriarlo","lemma":"injuriar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on hicieran (via al)","gloss":"insulting you"}]},{"number":239,"label":"133","id":"el-humillado-p133-s1","source":"El intruso frunció el ceño.","translation":"The intruder frowned.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p133-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"frunció el ceño","title":"«fruncir el ceño» = to frown","body":"«fruncir el ceño» is the set phrase for 'to frown, to knit one's brow' — «ceño» is the frown / the brow itself. «El intruso frunció el ceño» = 'the intruder frowned'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of intruso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intruso","lemma":"intruso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of frunció","gloss":"intruder"},{"surface":"frunció","lemma":"fruncir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ceño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ceño","lemma":"ceño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of frunció","gloss":"brow","note":"fruncir el ceño = 'to frown' (lit. 'furrow the brow')."}]},{"number":240,"label":"134","id":"el-humillado-p134-s1","source":"–Más tarde –permítame, capitán–, más tarde me llamaron muchas veces «el imbécil».","translation":"—Later —allow me, captain—, later they called me \"the idiot\" many times.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p134-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llamaron (interrupted by parenthetical)","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"permítame","lemma":"permitir yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, singular","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llamaron","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of llamaron","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"llamaron","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"muchas","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llamaron","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of imbécil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imbécil","lemma":"imbécil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of llamaron, renaming me","gloss":"idiot"}]},{"number":241,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p134-s2","source":"Entonces súbitamente el alma se me recogía a lo largo de los nervios, y esa sensación de que el alma se escondía avergonzada dentro de mi misma carne, me aniquilaba todo coraje; sintiendo que me hundía cada vez más y mirando a los ojos al que me injuriaba, en vez de tumbarlo de una cachetada, me decía:","translation":"Then suddenly my soul would draw itself in along my nerves, and that sensation of the soul hiding in shame inside my own flesh annihilated all my courage; feeling myself sink deeper and deeper and looking into the eyes of the one insulting me, instead of knocking him down with a slap, I would tell myself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p134-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en vez de tumbarlo","title":"«en vez de» + infinitive","body":"«en vez de» ('instead of') is followed by an infinitive: «en vez de tumbarlo de una cachetada» = 'instead of knocking him down with a slap'. «cachetada» is a slap across the face — the retaliation Erdosain never delivers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recogía","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recogía","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of recogía","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of recogía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of interest (indirect object) of recogía","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"recogía","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew back"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase a lo largo de, marking nervios","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase a lo largo de","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"largo","lemma":"largo","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a lo largo de","gloss":"length","note":"a lo largo de = 'along, throughout'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a lo largo de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of nervios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nervios","lemma":"nervio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of recogía","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aniquilaba","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of escondía, complement of sensación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of escondía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of escondía","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of escondía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"escondía","lemma":"esconder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying sensación","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"avergonzada","lemma":"avergonzado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing alma","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies escondía","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"misma","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"intensifier modifying carne","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of aniquilaba (dative of possession)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"aniquilaba","lemma":"aniquilar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recogía","gloss":"annihilated"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coraje","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"coraje","lemma":"coraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aniquilaba","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"sintiendo","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hundía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive, singular","role":"reflexive particle of hundía","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"hundía","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sintiendo","gloss":"was sinking"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom cada vez más (more and more)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hundía","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with sintiendo","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of mirando (via a)","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of injuriaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of injuriaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"injuriaba","lemma":"injuriar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying que","gloss":"was insulting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase en vez de (instead of)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en vez de","gloss":"place","note":"en vez de = 'instead of'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en vez de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tumbarlo","lemma":"tumbar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"knocking him down"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cachetada","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cachetada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cachetada","lemma":"cachetada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tumbarlo","gloss":"slap"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"reflexive particle of decía","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told myself"}]},{"number":242,"label":"135","id":"el-humillado-p135-s1","source":"¿Se dará cuenta este hombre hasta que punto me humilla?","translation":"Does this man realize to what point he humiliates me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p135-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Se dará cuenta?","title":"Future of conjecture","body":"«¿Se dará cuenta...?» uses the future tense not for time but for conjecture about the present: 'I wonder whether he realizes...'. Spanish often uses the future to muse about something happening right now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dará","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"dará","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with dará","gloss":"notice","note":"darse cuenta = 'to realize/notice', split across dará...cuenta."},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dará","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hasta qué punto, complement of dará","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner, interrogative, singular","role":"determiner of punto (what point)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"punto","lemma":"punto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of hasta qué","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of humilla","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"humilla","lemma":"humillar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dará (object of dará cuenta)","gloss":"humiliates"}]},{"number":243,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p135-s2","source":"Luego me iba; comprendía que los otros no hacían más que terminar lo que había comenzado mi padre.","translation":"Then I would leave; I understood that the others were only finishing what my father had begun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p135-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no hacían más que terminar","title":"«no hacer más que» = to do nothing but","body":"«no hacer más que» plus an infinitive means 'to do nothing but, to merely (do)': «no hacían más que terminar» = 'they were only finishing / they did nothing but finish'. It limits the action to that one thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iba","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive, singular","role":"reflexive particle of iba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"comprendía","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hacían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of otros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of hacían","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hacían","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hacían","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of comprendía","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hacían","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase no...más que (only)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"terminar","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacían","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of terminar (part of lo que, what)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of comenzado","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of comenzado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"comenzado","lemma":"comenzar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause modifying lo (what my father had begun)","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of padre","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of comenzado","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":244,"label":"136","id":"el-humillado-p136-s1","source":"–Y ahora –repuso el capitán– ¿yo también lo hundo?","translation":"—And now —the captain rejoined— do I sink you too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p136-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"repuso","title":"«reponer» = to retort / reply","body":"«repuso» is the preterite of «reponer» in its sense 'to reply, retort, rejoin' (an irregular like «poner»). In dialogue tags Arlt varies «dijo» with «repuso», «objetó», «interrumpió» to color who is pushing back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies repuso","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies repuso","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"repuso","lemma":"reponer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejoined"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of repuso","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hundo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hundo","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hundo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hundo","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"sink"}]},{"number":245,"label":"137","id":"el-humillado-p137-s1","source":"–No, hombre, usted no.","translation":"—No, man, not you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p137-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, addressing the listener","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of the elided clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies usted (negates the elided predicate)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":246,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p137-s2","source":"Naturalmente, he sufrido tanto, que ahora el coraje está en mi encogido, escondido.","translation":"Naturally, I've suffered so much that now my courage is shrunken, hidden away inside me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p137-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Naturalmente","lemma":"naturalmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrido","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sufrido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"sufrido","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrido","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause, headed by está","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies está","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coraje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coraje","lemma":"coraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to encogido","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí (in me)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mí","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"object of preposition en","gloss":"me","note":"Printed 'mi' here is the tonic pronoun 'mí' (in me), not the possessive 'mi' (my) — 'está en mí encogido' = 'is shrunken inside me.'"},{"surface":"encogido","lemma":"encogido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of está, describes coraje","gloss":"shrunken"},{"surface":"escondido","lemma":"escondido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with encogido, predicate complement of está","gloss":"hidden"}]},{"number":247,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p137-s3","source":"Yo soy mi espectador y me pregunto: ¿Cuándo saltará mi coraje?","translation":"I am my own spectator, and I ask myself: when will my courage leap out?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p137-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of soy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to espectador","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espectador","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"espectador","lemma":"espectador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of soy","gloss":"spectator"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pregunto","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"pregunto","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with soy","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"Cuándo","lemma":"cuándo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies saltará","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"saltará","lemma":"saltar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pregunto","gloss":"will leap out"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coraje","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coraje","lemma":"coraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of saltará","gloss":"courage"}]},{"number":248,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p137-s4","source":"Y ése es el acontecimiento que espero.","translation":"And that is the event I am waiting for.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p137-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"acontecimiento","title":"«acontecimiento» = event","body":"«acontecimiento» means a momentous 'event, happening, occurrence' — weightier than the plain «suceso». Erdosain awaits not just any event but the great «acontecimiento» that will remake him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies es","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ése","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to acontecimiento","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of acontecimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acontecimiento","lemma":"acontecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"event"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of espero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"espero","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying acontecimiento","gloss":"wait for"}]},{"number":249,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p137-s5","source":"Algún día algo monstruosamente estallará en mí y yo me convertiré en otro hombre.","translation":"Someday something will monstrously explode within me, and I will turn into another man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p137-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me convertiré en","title":"«convertirse en» = to turn into","body":"«convertirse en (algo)» means 'to turn into, to become (something)', with «en» before the new state. «me convertiré en otro hombre» = 'I will turn into another man'. Note the «en», not «a»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estallará","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of estallará","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"monstruosamente","lemma":"monstruosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estallará","gloss":"monstrously"},{"surface":"estallará","lemma":"estallar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will explode"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of estallará","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of convertiré","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"reflexive particle of convertiré","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"convertiré","lemma":"convertir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with estallará","gloss":"will turn"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of convertiré (via en)","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":250,"label":"138","id":"el-humillado-p138-s1","source":"Entonces, si usted vive, iré a buscarle y le escupiré en la cara.","translation":"Then, if you are alive, I will come looking for you and spit in your face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p138-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le escupiré en la cara","title":"«escupir» = to spit","body":"«escupir» means 'to spit'. «le escupiré en la cara» = 'I will spit in your (his) face'. The future tense makes it a vow — the promised act of the new, fearless man Erdosain dreams he will become."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iré","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vive","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vive","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vive","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the si-clause, modifies iré","gloss":"are alive"},{"surface":"iré","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of buscarle","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of buscarle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buscarle","lemma":"buscar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of iré","gloss":"look for you","note":"'buscarle' uses leísta 'le' for the formal 'usted' as direct object, common in this register."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of escupiré","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"escupiré","lemma":"escupir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with iré","gloss":"I will spit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cara","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escupiré","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":251,"label":"139","id":"el-humillado-p139-s1","source":"El intruso lo miró sereno.","translation":"The intruder looked at him, calm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p139-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of intruso","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"intruso","lemma":"intruso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"intruder"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"sereno","lemma":"sereno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate modifying intruso","gloss":"calm"}]},{"number":252,"label":"140","id":"el-humillado-p140-s1","source":"–Pero no por odio, sino para jugar con mi coraje, que me parecerá la cosa más nueva del mundo...","translation":"—But not out of hatred, rather to play with my courage, which will seem to me the newest thing in the world...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p140-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no por odio, sino para","title":"«sino» vs «pero»","body":"«sino» means 'but rather', correcting a preceding negative: «no por odio, sino para jugar» = 'not out of hatred, but rather to play'. Use «sino» (not «pero») after a negation when replacing one idea with another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates por odio","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking odio","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"odio","lemma":"odio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of por","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of jugar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"jugar","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object of para","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coraje","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coraje","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coraje","lemma":"coraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of jugar","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of parecerá","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecerá","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"parecerá","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying coraje","gloss":"will seem"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of parecerá","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nueva","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"nueva","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cosa","gloss":"newest"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nueva","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":253,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p140-s2","source":"Ahora, puede usted retirarse.","translation":"Now, you may withdraw.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p140-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puede","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of retirarse","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of puede","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"retirarse","lemma":"retirar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdraw"}]},{"number":254,"label":"141","id":"el-humillado-p141-s1","source":"El intruso vaciló un instante.","translation":"The intruder hesitated an instant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p141-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of intruso","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"intruso","lemma":"intruso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vaciló","gloss":"intruder"},{"surface":"vaciló","lemma":"vacilar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of vaciló","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":255,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p141-s2","source":"La mirada de Erdosain, intensamente agrandada, estaba fija en él.","translation":"Erdosain's gaze, intensely enlarged, was fixed on him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p141-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"Erdosain's"},{"surface":"intensamente","lemma":"intensamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies agrandada","gloss":"intensely"},{"surface":"agrandada","lemma":"agrandado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"enlarged"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to fija","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"fija","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fija","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":256,"label":"142","id":"el-humillado-p142-s1","source":"Tomó la valija y salió.","translation":"He took the suitcase and left.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p142-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tomó","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of valija","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"valija","lemma":"valija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tomó","gloss":"suitcase"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"salió","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Tomó","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":257,"label":"143","id":"el-humillado-p143-s1","source":"Elsa se detuvo temblorosa ante su esposo.","translation":"Elsa stopped, trembling, before her husband.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p143-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"temblorosa","lemma":"tembloroso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"secondary predicate modifying Elsa","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposo","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"esposo","lemma":"esposo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":258,"label":"144","id":"el-humillado-p144-s1","source":"–Bueno, me voy, Remo... era necesario que esto terminara así.","translation":"—Well, I'm going, Remo... it was necessary that this end this way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p144-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"necesario que esto terminara","title":"Subjunctive after «necesario que»","body":"«era necesario que esto terminara así» uses the imperfect subjunctive «terminara» because impersonal expressions of necessity govern the subjunctive: 'it was necessary that this end this way'. The tense is past because the main verb «era» is past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of voy","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Remo","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesario","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"necesario","lemma":"necesario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terminara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of terminara","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"terminara","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"subject clause of necesario","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terminara","gloss":"this way"}]},{"number":259,"label":"145","id":"el-humillado-p145-s1","source":"–Pero, ¿tú?... ¿tú?...","translation":"—But... you?... you?...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p145-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"tú","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tú","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"repetition of tú (emphasis)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":260,"label":"146","id":"el-humillado-p146-s1","source":"–¿Y qué querías que hiciese?","translation":"—And what did you want me to do?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p146-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"querías que hiciese","title":"Wanting + subjunctive (past)","body":"«¿Qué querías que hiciese?» pairs «querer» in the imperfect with the imperfect subjunctive «hiciese»: 'What did you want me to do?'. When the wanting and the wished-for action have different subjects, the second verb goes subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to previous statement","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of querías","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"querías","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you want"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hiciese","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hiciese","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of querías","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":261,"label":"147","id":"el-humillado-p147-s1","source":"–No sé.","translation":"—I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p147-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":262,"label":"148","id":"el-humillado-p148-s1","source":"–¿Y entonces?","translation":"—And so?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p148-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":263,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p148-s2","source":"Quédate tranquilo, te pido.","translation":"Stay calm, I beg you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p148-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quédate","lemma":"quedar él","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Stay"},{"surface":"tranquilo","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate modifying the subject of Quédate","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pido","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pido","lemma":"pedir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"}]},{"number":264,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p148-s3","source":"Ya te dejé la ropa preparada.","translation":"I've already left your clothes laid out for you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p148-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dejé","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dejé","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"dejé","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ropa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ropa","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejé","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"preparada","lemma":"preparado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ropa","gloss":"ready"}]},{"number":265,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p148-s4","source":"Cambiate el cuello.","translation":"Change your collar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p148-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Cambiate","title":"Voseo command: «cambiarse»","body":"«Cambiate» is the «vos» command of pronominal «cambiarse» ('to change one's clothes'), with «-te» attached. Voseo stresses the syllable before the pronoun: «cambiate», versus the «tú» form «cámbiate». «el cuello» here is a detachable shirt collar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cambiate","lemma":"cambiar él","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Change"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuello","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"cuello","lemma":"cuello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Cambiate","gloss":"collar"}]},{"number":266,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p148-s5","source":"Siempre le haces pasar vergüenza a una.","translation":"You always make a person feel ashamed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p148-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hacer pasar vergüenza","title":"«hacer pasar vergüenza»","body":"«hacer pasar vergüenza a alguien» means 'to embarrass someone, to make someone feel ashamed'. «a una» is Elsa referring to herself impersonally as 'a woman / a person', a softened way of saying 'you embarrass me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haces","gloss":"Always"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of haces, coreferential with una","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"haces","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you make"},{"surface":"pasar","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of haces","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"vergüenza","lemma":"vergüenza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pasar","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking una","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"object of a, coreferential with le","gloss":"a person","note":"Elsa uses 'una' ('one'/'a woman') to refer to herself indirectly — a self-distancing idiom common in Rioplatense speech."}]},{"number":267,"label":"149","id":"el-humillado-p149-s1","source":"–Pero tú, Elsa... ¿tú?","translation":"—But you, Elsa... you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p149-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"tú","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to tú","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"tú","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"repetition of tú (emphasis)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":268,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p149-s2","source":"¿Y nuestros proyectos?","translation":"And our plans?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p149-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"nuestros","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of proyectos","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"proyectos","lemma":"proyecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"plans"}]},{"number":269,"label":"150","id":"el-humillado-p150-s1","source":"–Ilusiones, Remo... esplendores.","translation":"—Illusions, Remo... splendors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p150-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ilusiones","lemma":"ilusión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Illusions"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Remo","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"esplendores","lemma":"esplendor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Ilusiones","gloss":"splendors"}]},{"number":270,"label":"151","id":"el-humillado-p151-s1","source":"–Sí, esplendores... pero ¿dónde aprendiste esa palabra tan linda?","translation":"—Yes, splendors... but where did you learn that such a lovely word?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p151-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"linda","title":"«lindo/linda» (River Plate)","body":"«lindo/linda» means 'lovely, pretty, nice' and is the everyday word for it in Argentina, where Peninsular Spanish leans on «bonito» or «guapo». «esa palabra tan linda» = 'that such a lovely word'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, affirms previous statement","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"esplendores","lemma":"esplendor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"splendors"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dónde","lemma":"dónde","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of aprendiste","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"aprendiste","lemma":"aprender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you learn"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aprendiste","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies linda","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"linda","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies palabra","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":271,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p151-s2","source":"Esplendores.","translation":"Splendors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p151-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Esplendores","lemma":"esplendor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Splendors"}]},{"number":272,"label":"152","id":"el-humillado-p152-s1","source":"–No sé.","translation":"—I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p152-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":273,"label":"153","id":"el-humillado-p153-s1","source":"–¿Y nuestra vida quedará siempre deshecha?","translation":"—And will our life remain forever undone?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p153-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"deshecha","title":"«deshecho» = undone / shattered","body":"«deshecho/deshecha» is the participle of «deshacer» ('to undo'), meaning 'undone, ruined, shattered, fallen apart'. «nuestra vida quedará deshecha» = 'our life will be left shattered'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to previous statement","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of quedará","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"quedará","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deshecha","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"deshecha","lemma":"deshecho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of quedará","gloss":"undone"}]},{"number":274,"label":"154","id":"el-humillado-p154-s1","source":"–¿Qué querés?","translation":"—What do you want?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p154-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"querés","title":"Voseo present: «querer»","body":"«querés» is the «vos» present of «querer» ('to want'), where «tú» gives «quieres». Voseo keeps the stem regular (no «e→ie» change) and stresses the ending. «¿Qué querés?» = 'What do you want?', here close to 'What can you do?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of querés","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"}]},{"number":275,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p154-s2","source":"Sin embargo yo fui buena.","translation":"And yet I was good.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p154-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Sin embargo","title":"«sin embargo» = nevertheless","body":"«sin embargo» means 'however, nevertheless, and yet'. It introduces a contrast with what came before: 'And yet I was good.' One of the most common Spanish discourse connectors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial modifier of fui (fixed phrase 'sin embargo')","gloss":"And yet","note":"'Sin embargo' is a fixed phrase meaning 'however/nevertheless.'"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase 'sin embargo'","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of fui","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"fui","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to buena","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"buena","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fui","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":276,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p154-s3","source":"Después te tomé odio... pero ¿por qué no fuiste también igual?...","translation":"Afterward I came to hate you... but why weren't you the same too?...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p154-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te tomé odio","title":"«tomar odio» = to come to hate","body":"«tomar odio a alguien» is an idiom: 'to come to hate, to take a hatred to someone'. «te tomé odio» = 'I came to hate you'. The pattern «tomar + emotion» (tomar cariño, tomar odio) means to grow into that feeling toward someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tomé","gloss":"Afterward"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tomé","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tomé","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"odio","lemma":"odio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tomé","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of fuiste","gloss":"what","note":"'por qué' together means 'why.'"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuiste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fuiste","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the pero-clause","gloss":"were you"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies igual","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"igual","lemma":"igual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of fuiste","gloss":"the same"}]},{"number":277,"label":"155","id":"el-humillado-p155-s1","source":"–¡Ah!,sí... igual... igual...","translation":"—Ah, yes... the same... the same...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p155-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah!,sí","lemma":"ah, sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah, yes"},{"surface":"igual","lemma":"igual","morphology":"adverb","role":"repetition, echoes 'igual' (emphasis)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"igual","lemma":"igual","morphology":"adverb","role":"repetition, echoes 'igual' (emphasis)","gloss":"the same"}]},{"number":278,"label":"156","id":"el-humillado-p156-s1","source":"Lo aturdía la pena como un gran día de sol en el trópico.","translation":"Grief dazed him like a great day of tropical sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p156-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aturdía","title":"«aturdir» = to daze / stun","body":"«aturdir» means 'to daze, stun, bewilder, leave reeling'. «Lo aturdía la pena» = 'grief dazed him', with «la pena» (the grief) as subject and «lo» (him) as object — the sorrow acting upon him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aturdía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aturdía","lemma":"aturdir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dazed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aturdía","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of día","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of como (comparison with aturdía)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trópico","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trópico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trópico","lemma":"trópico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"tropics"}]},{"number":279,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p156-s2","source":"Se le caían los párpados.","translation":"His eyelids were drooping.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p156-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se le caían los párpados","title":"«se» + dative of the affected person","body":"«Se le caían los párpados» literally 'the eyelids were falling to him' = 'his eyelids were drooping'. Spanish marks involuntary bodily events with «se» plus an indirect-object pronoun («le») for the person, rather than a possessive 'his'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of caían","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession, refers to him","gloss":"his","note":"'se le caían' uses a dative of possession — literally 'the eyelids were falling to him,' i.e. 'his eyelids.'"},{"surface":"caían","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were drooping"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of caían","gloss":"eyelids"}]},{"number":280,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p156-s3","source":"Hubiera querido dormir.","translation":"He would have liked to sleep.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p156-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"He would have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"dormir","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"to sleep"}]},{"number":281,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p156-s4","source":"El sentido de las palabras se hundía en su entendimiento con la lentitud de una piedra en un agua demasiado espesa.","translation":"The meaning of the words sank into his understanding with the slowness of a stone in water too thick.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p156-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hundía","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sentido","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hundía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"hundía","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entendimiento","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of entendimiento","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"entendimiento","lemma":"entendimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hundía","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lentitud","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lentitud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lentitud","lemma":"lentitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hundía","gloss":"slowness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piedra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"piedra","lemma":"piedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lentitud","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agua","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of agua","gloss":"a","note":"'Agua' is feminine, but takes 'un/el' instead of 'una/la' because it starts with stressed 'a' — agreement stays feminine, as shown by 'espesa.'"},{"surface":"agua","lemma":"agua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piedra","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"demasiado","lemma":"demasiado","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies espesa","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"espesa","lemma":"espeso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies agua","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":282,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p156-s5","source":"Cuando la palabra tocaba en el fondo de su conciencia, fuerzas oscuras retorcían su angustia.","translation":"When the word touched the bottom of his consciousness, dark forces wrung his anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p156-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tocaba","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tocaba","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"tocaba","lemma":"tocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on retorcían","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tocaba","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conciencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"fuerzas","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of retorcían","gloss":"forces"},{"surface":"oscuras","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fuerzas","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"retorcían","lemma":"retorcer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrung"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of retorcían","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":283,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p156-s6","source":"Y durante un instante, en el fondo de su pecho, quedaban flotando y estremecidas como en el fangal de un charco, sus hierbajos de sufrimiento.","translation":"And for an instant, at the bottom of his chest, his weeds of suffering remained floating and shuddering as in the mire of a puddle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p156-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hierbajos","title":"«hierbajo» = weed (pejorative)","body":"«hierbajo» is «hierba» ('grass, weed') with the disparaging suffix «-ajo»: a worthless, ugly weed. «sus hierbajos de sufrimiento» = 'his weeds of suffering', a grotesque image of pain as rank vegetation in stagnant water."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies quedaban","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instante","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quedaban","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quedaban","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecho","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"quedaban","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"flotando","lemma":"flotar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of quedaban","gloss":"floating"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"estremecidas","lemma":"estremecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with flotando","gloss":"shuddering","note":"Feminine plural though it modifies the masculine plural 'hierbajos' — an inconsistency preserved from Arlt's original text."},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fangal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fangal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fangal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fangal","lemma":"fangal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of flotando","gloss":"mire"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking charco","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of charco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"charco","lemma":"charco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fangal","gloss":"puddle"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hierbajos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hierbajos","lemma":"hierbajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of quedaban","gloss":"weeds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimiento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sufrimiento","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hierbajos","gloss":"suffering"}]},{"number":284,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p156-s7","source":"Ella continuó con la voz apaciguada por una resignación interior:","translation":"She went on, her voice calmed by an inner resignation:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p156-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of continuó","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"apaciguada","lemma":"apaciguado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"calmed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resignación","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of resignación","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"resignación","lemma":"resignación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of apaciguada","gloss":"resignation"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies resignación","gloss":"inner"}]},{"number":285,"label":"157","id":"el-humillado-p157-s1","source":"–Ahora es inútil... ahora yo me voy.","translation":"—Now it's useless... now I'm leaving.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p157-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inútil","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inútil","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voy","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of voy","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"'m leaving"}]},{"number":286,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p157-s2","source":"¿Por qué no fuiste bueno vos?","translation":"Why weren't you good?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p157-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of fuiste","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuiste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fuiste","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were you"},{"surface":"bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fuiste","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of fuiste (emphatic, postposed)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":287,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p157-s3","source":"¿Por qué no trabajaste?","translation":"Why didn't you work?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p157-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of trabajaste","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trabajaste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"trabajaste","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you work"}]},{"number":288,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p157-s4","source":"Erdosain tuvo la certidumbre como él, y una piedad inmensa lo hizo caer al borde de la silla, aplastada la cabeza sobre el brazo estirado en la mesa.","translation":"Erdosain had the certainty, as he did, and an immense pity made him drop onto the edge of the chair, his head crushed against his arm stretched out on the table.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p157-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo hizo caer","title":"«hacer» + infinitive (causative)","body":"«hacer» plus an infinitive is the causative 'to make someone do something': «una piedad inmensa lo hizo caer» = 'an immense pity made him fall'. The pronoun «lo» is the one made to act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tuvo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of certidumbre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"certidumbre","lemma":"certidumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of él","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the comparison clause introduced by como","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piedad","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"piedad","lemma":"piedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of hizo","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"inmensa","lemma":"inmenso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piedad","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hizo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hizo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tuvo","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"caer","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hizo","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borde","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"borde","lemma":"borde","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of caer","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of silla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silla","lemma":"silla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies borde","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"aplastada","lemma":"aplastado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the absolute clause, modified by aplastada","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazo","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aplastada","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"estirado","lemma":"estirado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies brazo","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estirado","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":289,"label":"158","id":"el-humillado-p158-s1","source":"–¿Así que te vas?","translation":"—So you're leaving?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p158-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the fixed phrase 'así que', modifies vas","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase 'así que'","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"reflexive particle of vas","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"}]},{"number":290,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p158-s2","source":"¿De veras que te vas?","translation":"Are you really leaving?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p158-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"De veras","title":"«de veras» = really / truly","body":"«de veras» means 'really, truly, for real'. «¿De veras que te vas?» = 'Are you really leaving?' — an incredulous plea, asking her to confirm what he can't believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the fixed idiom de veras, modifies vas","gloss":"really","note":"'De veras' is a fixed idiom meaning 'really, truly'."},{"surface":"veras","lemma":"veras","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition De, forming the idiom de veras","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause te vas, complement of de veras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"pronominal particle of irse (vas)","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"}]},{"number":291,"label":"159","id":"el-humillado-p159-s1","source":"–Sí, quiero ver si nuestra vida mejora, ¿sabes?","translation":"—Yes, I want to see if our life gets better, you know?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p159-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker, stands alone","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiero","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mejora, complement of ver","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of mejora","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"mejora","lemma":"mejorar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by si","gloss":"gets better"},{"surface":"sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"parenthetical tag question, addressed to the listener","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":292,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p159-s2","source":"Mira mis manos –y desenguantando la diestra la presentó magullada por los fríos, mordida por las lejías, picoteada por las agujas de la costura, oscurecida por el hollín de las cacerolas.","translation":"Look at my hands —and ungloving the right one she held it out, bruised by the cold, eaten by the lyes, pricked by the sewing needles, darkened by the soot of the pots.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p159-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la diestra","title":"«la diestra» = the right hand","body":"«la diestra» is a literary word for 'the right hand' (from «diestro», 'right, dexterous'). The catalogue of damage that follows — bruised, eaten by lye, pricked, soot-darkened — makes Elsa's hand the evidence of the poverty she is fleeing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mira","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look at"},{"surface":"mis","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Mira","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"desenguantando","lemma":"desenguantar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on presentó","gloss":"ungloving"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of diestra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diestra","lemma":"diestra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desenguantando","gloss":"right hand"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of presentó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"presentó","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, implicit subject ella, coordinated with Mira","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"magullada","lemma":"magullado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying la (the hand), complement of presentó","gloss":"bruised"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fríos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fríos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fríos","lemma":"frío","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition por, agent complement of magullada","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"mordida","lemma":"mordido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with magullada, modifies la","gloss":"eaten"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lejías","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of lejías","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lejías","lemma":"lejía","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition por, agent complement of mordida","gloss":"lye"},{"surface":"picoteada","lemma":"picoteado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with magullada, modifies la","gloss":"pricked"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agujas","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of agujas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"agujas","lemma":"aguja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition por, agent complement of picoteada","gloss":"needles"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking costura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of costura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"costura","lemma":"costura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies agujas","gloss":"sewing"},{"surface":"oscurecida","lemma":"oscurecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with magullada, modifies la","gloss":"darkened"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hollín","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hollín","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollín","lemma":"hollín","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition por, agent complement of oscurecida","gloss":"soot"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cacerolas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cacerolas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cacerolas","lemma":"cacerola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies hollín","gloss":"pots"}]},{"number":293,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p159-s3","source":"Erdosain se levantó, envarado por una alucinación.","translation":"Erdosain rose, stiffened by a hallucination.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p159-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of levantó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"pronominal particle of levantarse (levantó)","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"envarado","lemma":"envarado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies Erdosain","gloss":"stiffened"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alucinación","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alucinación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alucinación","lemma":"alucinación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition por, agent complement of envarado","gloss":"hallucination"}]},{"number":294,"label":"160","id":"el-humillado-p160-s1","source":"Veía a su desdichada esposa en los tumultos monstruosos de las ciudades de portland y de hierro, cruzando diagonales oscuras a la oblicua sombra de los rascacielos bajo una amenazadora red de negros cables de alta tensión.","translation":"He saw his wretched wife in the monstrous tumults of the cities of Portland cement and iron, crossing dark diagonals in the slanting shade of the skyscrapers beneath a threatening web of black high-tension cables.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p160-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rascacielos","title":"«rascacielos» = skyscraper","body":"«rascacielos» literally 'scrape-skies' is a compound noun meaning 'skyscraper', invariable in the plural. Arlt's vision of cement, iron and high-tension cables is the industrial modern city that haunts the whole novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition (personal a)","role":"marks esposa as a personal direct object of Veía","gloss":"(marks person)"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"desdichada","lemma":"desdichado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esposa","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Veía","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tumultos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tumultos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tumultos","lemma":"tumulto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Veía","gloss":"tumults"},{"surface":"monstruosos","lemma":"monstruoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tumultos","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudades","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ciudades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudades","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition de, modifies tumultos","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"portland","lemma":"portland","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition de, material describing ciudades","gloss":"cement","note":"'Portland' here refers to Portland cement, not the city."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hierro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hierro","lemma":"hierro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with portland","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"cruzando","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"participial/gerund clause describing esposa (she is the one crossing the diagonals), a secondary predicate complement in the 'Veía a...esposa...cruzando' construction — not an adverbial clause on Veía's own subject","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"diagonales","lemma":"diagonal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of cruzando","gloss":"diagonals"},{"surface":"oscuras","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies diagonales","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oblicua","lemma":"oblicuo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sombra","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzando","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rascacielos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rascacielos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rascacielos","lemma":"rascacielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sombra","gloss":"skyscrapers"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking red","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of red","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amenazadora","lemma":"amenazador","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies red","gloss":"threatening"},{"surface":"red","lemma":"red","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzando","gloss":"web"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cables","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cables","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"cables","lemma":"cable","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies red","gloss":"cables"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tensión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alta","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tensión","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"tensión","lemma":"tensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cables","gloss":"tension"}]},{"number":295,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p160-s2","source":"Pasaba una multitud de hombres de negocios protegidos por paraguas.","translation":"A crowd of businessmen passed by, shielded by umbrellas.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p160-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multitud","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"multitud","lemma":"multitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Pasaba","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking negocios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"negocios","lemma":"negocio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"protegidos","lemma":"protegido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"shielded"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paraguas","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"paraguas","lemma":"paraguas","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition por, agent complement of protegidos","gloss":"umbrellas"}]},{"number":296,"label":"161","id":"el-humillado-p161-s1","source":"Su carita estaba más pálida que nunca, pero ella lo recordaba mientras el aliento de los desconocidos se cortaba en su perfil.","translation":"Her little face was paler than ever, but she remembered him while the breath of strangers broke against her profile.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p161-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carita","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"carita","lemma":"carita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking carita to pálida","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pálida","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"pálida","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of estaba","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative particle, introduces nunca","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pálida, in comparison que nunca","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of recordaba","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of recordaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with estaba","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cortaba","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aliento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aliento","lemma":"aliento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cortaba","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desconocidos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of desconocidos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desconocidos","lemma":"desconocido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies aliento","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"pronominal particle of cortaba (passive/middle sense)","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"cortaba","lemma":"cortar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by mientras, modifies recordaba","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perfil","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of perfil","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"perfil","lemma":"perfil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cortaba","gloss":"profile"}]},{"number":297,"label":"162","id":"el-humillado-p162-s1","source":"«–¿Dónde estará mi muchachito?»","translation":"\"—Where can my little boy be?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p162-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Dónde estará?","title":"Future of conjecture","body":"«¿Dónde estará mi muchachito?» uses the future «estará» to wonder about the present: 'Where can my little boy be?' / 'I wonder where he is.' The future tense is the Spanish way of voicing a present-tense guess or musing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dónde","lemma":"dónde","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"oblique complement of estará","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"estará","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of muchachito","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"muchachito","lemma":"muchachito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estará","gloss":"little boy"}]},{"number":298,"label":"163","id":"el-humillado-p163-s1","source":"Erdosain interrumpió su proyección de futuro:","translation":"Erdosain interrupted his projection of the future:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p163-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of interrumpió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"interrumpió","lemma":"interrumpir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of proyección","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"proyección","lemma":"proyección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of interrumpió","gloss":"projection"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking futuro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"futuro","lemma":"futuro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies proyección","gloss":"future"}]},{"number":299,"label":"164","id":"el-humillado-p164-s1","source":"–Elsa... ya sabes... vení cuando quieras... podes venir... pero decí la verdad, ¿me quisiste alguna vez?","translation":"—Elsa... you know... come whenever you want... you can come... but tell the truth, did you ever love me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p164-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vení cuando quieras","title":"Voseo command + subjunctive","body":"«vení» is the «vos» command of «venir» ('come!'), formed by dropping the -r and adding an accent: «venir» → «vení» (a «tú» speaker says «ven»). «cuando quieras» ('whenever you want') keeps the subjunctive «quieras» for an unset future time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Elsa","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabes","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"vení","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quieras","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"quieras","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vení","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"podes","lemma":"poder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the clause, complement venir","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podes","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"decí","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of decí","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of quisiste","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"quisiste","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you love"},{"surface":"alguna","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quisiste, alguna vez = ever","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":300,"label":"165","id":"el-humillado-p165-s1","source":"Despaciosamente levantó ella los párpados.","translation":"Slowly she raised her eyelids.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p165-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Despaciosamente","lemma":"despaciosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies levantó","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of levantó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"the","note":"Spanish uses the definite article, not a possessive, with body parts; understood as 'her' from context."},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of levantó","gloss":"eyelids"}]},{"number":301,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p165-s2","source":"Sus pupilas se agrandaron.","translation":"Her pupils widened.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p165-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pupilas","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"pupilas","lemma":"pupila","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of agrandaron","gloss":"pupils"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"pronominal particle of agrandarse (agrandaron)","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"agrandaron","lemma":"agrandar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"widened"}]},{"number":302,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p165-s3","source":"La voz llenaba el cuarto de calidez humana.","translation":"Her voice filled the room with human warmth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p165-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llenaba","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"llenaba","lemma":"llenar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuarto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuarto","lemma":"cuarto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llenaba","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calidez","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"calidez","lemma":"calidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cuarto","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"humana","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies calidez","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":303,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p165-s4","source":"A Erdosain le parecía vivir ahora.","translation":"To Erdosain it seemed he was alive now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p165-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"topicalized dative, coreferent with le (indirect object of parecía)","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecía, coreferent with Erdosain","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of parecía","gloss":"being alive"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivir","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":304,"label":"166","id":"el-humillado-p166-s1","source":"–Siempre te quise... ahora también te quiero... nunca, ¿por qué nunca hablaste como esta noche?","translation":"—I always loved you... now I love you too... never, why did you never speak as you did tonight?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p166-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te quise / te quiero","title":"«querer» = to love","body":"Beyond 'to want', «querer» means 'to love' for people. «Siempre te quise» (preterite) = 'I always loved you'; «te quiero» (present) = 'I love you'. The shift from past to present tracks Elsa's feeling reviving in the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quise","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of quise","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"quise","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with quise","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical exclamation, stands alone","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the interrogative phrase por qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the interrogative phrase por qué, modifies hablaste","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablaste","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"hablaste","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did you speak"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative, introduces esta noche","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hablaste","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":305,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p166-s2","source":"Siento que te voy a querer toda la vida... que el otro a tu lado es la sombra de un hombre...","translation":"I feel I'm going to love you all my life... that the other one beside you is the shadow of a man...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p166-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Siento","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of querer, complement of Siento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of querer","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querer (periphrastic future)","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"links voy to querer (periphrastic future)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"querer","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause (voy a querer), complement of Siento","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida (toda la vida = all my life)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of querer","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es, complement of Siento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies otro","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula, links otro to sombra","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sombra","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":306,"label":"167","id":"el-humillado-p167-s1","source":"–Alma, mi pobre alma... qué vida la nuestra... qué vida...","translation":"—Soul, my poor soul... what a life ours is... what a life...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p167-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Alma","title":"«alma» as an endearment","body":"«alma» ('soul') is used here as a term of endearment, like 'my soul, my darling'. Erdosain calls Elsa «alma» throughout this last exchange — the same word that names the inner wound he has been describing all night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, term of endearment, in apposition with alma (w4)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pobre","lemma":"pobre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies alma","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, further describes Alma (w1)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner, exclamative","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"what (a)"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"exclamative predicate, head of qué vida","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"part of the possessive pronoun la nuestra (ours)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"possessive pronoun, predicate of vida (qué vida la nuestra = what a life ours is)","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner, exclamative","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"what (a)"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"exclamative predicate, repetition of qué vida","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":307,"label":"168","id":"el-humillado-p168-s1","source":"Un rizo de sonrisa encrespó dolorosamente los labios de ella.","translation":"A curl of a smile crimped her lips painfully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p168-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rizo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rizo","lemma":"rizo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of encrespó","gloss":"curl"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonrisa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rizo","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"encrespó","lemma":"encrespar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crimped"},{"surface":"dolorosamente","lemma":"dolorosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encrespó","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of encrespó","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de, possessive complement of labios","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":308,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p168-s2","source":"Elsa lo miró ardientemente un instante.","translation":"Elsa looked at him ardently for an instant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p168-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"ardientemente","lemma":"ardientemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miró","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifies miró","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":309,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p168-s3","source":"Luego, con la voz seria de promesas:","translation":"Then, with a voice grave with promises:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p168-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"introductory adverb, sets the scene","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition con","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"seria","lemma":"serio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking promesas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"promesas","lemma":"promesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"promises"}]},{"number":310,"label":"169","id":"el-humillado-p169-s1","source":"–Mira... espérame.","translation":"—Look... wait for me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p169-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mira","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"espérame","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular, with attached pronoun me","role":"independent imperative clause, coordinated with Mira","gloss":"wait for me"}]},{"number":311,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p169-s2","source":"Si la vida es como siempre me dijiste, yo vuelvo, ¿sabes?, y entonces, si vos querés, nos matamos juntos... ¿Estás contento?","translation":"If life is the way you always told me, I'll come back, you know, and then, if you want, we'll kill ourselves together... Are you happy?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p169-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nos matamos juntos","title":"Reciprocal / planned present","body":"«nos matamos juntos» uses the reflexive-reciprocal «nos» — 'we kill ourselves together' — with the present tense standing in for a near-certain future ('we'll kill ourselves'). Spanish often uses the present for a planned or promised future action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of es","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb (copula) of the conditional clause introduced by si","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of dijiste, modifies es","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijiste","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijiste","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijiste","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by como, modifies es","gloss":"you told"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vuelvo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vuelvo","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the independent clause","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"parenthetical tag question","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies matamos","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (vos querés), modifies matamos","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of querés","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of matamos","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"matamos","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"juntos","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective, modifies nos","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence, links to contento","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"contento","lemma":"contento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of Estás","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":312,"label":"170","id":"el-humillado-p170-s1","source":"Una ola de sangre subió hasta las sienes del hombre.","translation":"A wave of blood rose to the man's temples.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p170-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ola","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ola","lemma":"ola","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of subió","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sangre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ola","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"subió","lemma":"subir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sienes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sienes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sienes","lemma":"sien","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of subió","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sienes","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":313,"label":"171","id":"el-humillado-p171-s1","source":"–Alma, qué buena sos, alma... dame esa mano –y mientras ella, aun sobrecogida, sonreía con timidez, Erdosain se la besó–.","translation":"—Soul, how good you are, soul... give me that hand —and while she, still overcome, smiled timidly, Erdosain kissed it—.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p171-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qué buena sos","title":"Voseo present: «ser»","body":"«sos» is the «vos» present of «ser» ('to be'), where «tú» gives «eres». «qué buena sos» = 'how good you are'. «sos» is one of the most recognizable markers of Argentine speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing her as 'soul'","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"adverb, exclamative","role":"modifies buena (exclamative degree)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"buena","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of sos","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"copula, main verb of the exclamation, addressing Alma","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, repeats address to Alma (w1)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular, with attached pronoun me","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give me"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dame","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sonreía","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sonreía","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"aun","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sobrecogida","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"sobrecogida","lemma":"sobrecogido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ella","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"sonreía","lemma":"sonreir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by mientras","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking timidez","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"timidez","lemma":"timidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonreía","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of besó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person, singular (le→se before la)","role":"indirect object of besó","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of besó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"besó","lemma":"besar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"}]},{"number":314,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p171-s2","source":"¿No te enojas, alma?","translation":"You're not angry, soul?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p171-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te enojas","title":"«enojarse» = to get angry","body":"«enojarse» is the standard Latin American verb for 'to get angry / upset', where Spain often prefers «enfadarse». «¿No te enojas?» = 'You're not getting angry / upset?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enojas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"pronominal particle of enojarse (enojas)","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"enojas","lemma":"enojar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are angry"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing her as 'soul'","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":315,"label":"172","id":"el-humillado-p172-s1","source":"Ella enderezó la cabeza grave de dicha.","translation":"She straightened her head, grave with happiness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p172-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dicha","title":"«dicha» = bliss / happiness","body":"«dicha» (noun) means 'happiness, bliss, good fortune' — the root behind «dichoso» ('happy') and the opposite of «desdicha». «grave de dicha» = 'grave / solemn with happiness', a strange, weighted joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"ella","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of enderezó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"enderezó","lemma":"enderezar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"straightened"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of enderezó","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"grave","lemma":"grave","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dicha, modifies grave","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dicha","lemma":"dicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, complement of grave","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":316,"label":"173","id":"el-humillado-p173-s1","source":"–Mirá Remo... yo voy a venir, ¿sabes?, y si es cierto lo que decís de la vida... sí, yo vengo... voy a venir.","translation":"—Look, Remo... I'm going to come, you know, and if what you say about life is true... yes, I'll come... I'm going to come.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p173-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mirá","title":"Voseo command: «mirar»","body":"«Mirá» is the «vos» command of «mirar» ('look!'), with the stress on the final syllable, versus the «tú» form «mira». Elsa shifts between «Mira» and «Mirá» in these closing lines — Arlt's spelling tracks the intimate voseo of their speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mirá","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (vos)","role":"main verb, addresses Remo","gloss":"look","note":"Voseo imperative of mirar — Elsa addresses Remo directly."},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee of Mirá","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of venir (periphrastic future)","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"links voy to venir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voy","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"parenthetical, addressed to Remo","gloss":"you know","note":"Standard 'sabes' rather than the voseo 'sabés' Elsa uses elsewhere in this speech — a naturalistic register slip."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause es cierto","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula, predicate cierto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of es","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relativizer, direct object of decís","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"decís","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (vos)","role":"relative clause modifying lo","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies decís","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vengo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vengo","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of venir (periphrastic future)","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"links voy to venir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voy","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":317,"label":"174","id":"el-humillado-p174-s1","source":"–¿Vas a venir?","translation":"—You're going to come?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p174-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of venir (periphrastic future)","gloss":"are you going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"links Vas to venir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Vas","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":318,"label":"175","id":"el-humillado-p175-s1","source":"–Con lo que tenga.","translation":"—With whatever I have.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p175-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que tenga","title":"«lo que» + subjunctive","body":"«con lo que tenga» = 'with whatever I (may) have', using the subjunctive «tenga» because the amount is unknown and future. «lo que» plus subjunctive expresses 'whatever' about something not yet determined."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing lo que tenga","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Con, antecedent of que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject yo (elided)","gloss":"I have"}]},{"number":319,"label":"176","id":"el-humillado-p176-s1","source":"–¿Aunque seas rica?","translation":"—Even if you're rich?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p176-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aunque seas rica","title":"«aunque» + subjunctive (hypothetical)","body":"«¿Aunque seas rica?» uses the subjunctive «seas» because the wealth is hypothetical, not a fact: 'even if you're rich'. «aunque» with the subjunctive means 'even if'; with the indicative it would mean 'even though (you are)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rica","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"seas","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to rica","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"rica","lemma":"rico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of seas","gloss":"rich"}]},{"number":320,"label":"177","id":"el-humillado-p177-s1","source":"–Aunque tenga todos los millones de la tierra, vengo.","translation":"—Even if I have all the millions on earth, I'll come.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p177-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenga","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vengo","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifier modifying millones","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of millones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millones","lemma":"millón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tierra","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies millones","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"vengo","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll come"}]},{"number":321,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p177-s2","source":"¡Te lo juro!","translation":"I swear it to you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p177-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Te lo juro","title":"Two object pronouns","body":"«Te lo juro» stacks two pronouns: «te» (indirect, 'to you') then «lo» (direct, 'it') — 'I swear it to you'. The indirect object always comes before the direct in Spanish, the reverse of the English order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of juro","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of juro","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"juro","lemma":"jurar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"}]},{"number":322,"label":"178","id":"el-humillado-p178-s1","source":"–¡Alma, pobre alma!","translation":"—Soul, poor soul!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p178-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"soul","note":"Common noun 'alma' (soul), capitalized only because it opens the exclamation — not a character's name."},{"surface":"pobre","lemma":"pobre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies alma","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Alma","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":323,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p178-s2","source":"¡Qué alma la tuya!","translation":"What a soul yours is!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p178-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner, exclamative","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"what (a)"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tuya, stands for alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuya","lemma":"tuyo","morphology":"pronoun, possessive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, in apposition to alma","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":324,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p178-s3","source":"Sin embargo, vos no me conociste... no importa... ¡ah, nuestra vida!","translation":"And yet, you never knew me... it doesn't matter... ah, our life!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p178-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the idiom sin embargo, modifies conociste","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second part of the idiom sin embargo","gloss":"however","note":"Fixed idiom 'sin embargo' = 'however/nevertheless' — not literal 'without seizure.'"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular (vos)","role":"subject of conociste","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conociste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of conociste","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"conociste","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you knew"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"importa","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (impersonal)","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation nuestra vida","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":325,"label":"179","id":"el-humillado-p179-s1","source":"–No importa.","translation":"—It doesn't matter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p179-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"No importa","title":"«no importa» = it doesn't matter","body":"«no importa» means 'it doesn't matter, never mind'. «importar» here is 'to matter / be important', working like «gustar» (the thing that matters is the subject). A staple of everyday spoken Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importa","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"importa","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":326,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p179-s2","source":"Estoy contenta.","translation":"I'm happy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p179-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to contenta","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"contenta","lemma":"contento","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":327,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p179-s3","source":"¿Te das cuenta de tu sorpresa, Remo?","translation":"Do you realize your surprise, Remo?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p179-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"yourself","note":"'Darse cuenta de' is an idiom meaning 'to realize.'"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiom te das cuenta = you realize)","gloss":"do you realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with das","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sorpresa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sorpresa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"sorpresa","lemma":"sorpresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, complement of cuenta","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":328,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p179-s4","source":"Estás sólito, de noche.","translation":"You're all alone, at night.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p179-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sólito","title":"Diminutive «solito»","body":"«sólito» (more usually written «solito») is «solo» ('alone') with the diminutive «-ito», softening it to 'all alone, all by yourself' with a note of tenderness. Elsa is painting the lonely scene of her imagined return."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sólito","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"sólito","lemma":"sólito","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all alone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sólito","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":329,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p179-s5","source":"Estás solo... de pronto, cric... la puerta se abre... y soy yo... ¡yo que he venido!","translation":"You're alone... suddenly, click... the door opens... and it's me... me, who has come!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p179-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to solo","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Estás","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"cric","lemma":"cric","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"click"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of abre","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of abre","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"abre","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"opens"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to yo","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate of soy","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase, antecedent of que","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of he venido (relative)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of venido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"venido","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying yo","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":330,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p179-s6","source":"Estás con un traje de baile... zapatos blancos y tenés un collar de perlas.","translation":"You're in a ball gown... white shoes, and you have a pearl necklace.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p179-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traje","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of traje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"traje","lemma":"traje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Estás","gloss":"gown"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baile","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"baile","lemma":"baile","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies traje","gloss":"ball"},{"surface":"zapatos","lemma":"zapato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with traje (elliptical object of con)","gloss":"shoes"},{"surface":"blancos","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies zapatos","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (vos)","role":"coordinated with Estás","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of collar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenés","gloss":"necklace"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perlas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perlas","lemma":"perla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies collar","gloss":"pearls"}]},{"number":331,"label":"180","id":"el-humillado-p180-s1","source":"–Y vine sola, a pie por las calles oscuras, buscándote... pero vos no me ves, estás solo... la cabeza...","translation":"—And I came alone, on foot through the dark streets, looking for you... but you don't see me, you're alone... your head...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p180-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a pie","title":"«a pie» = on foot","body":"«a pie» means 'on foot, walking'. «vine sola, a pie por las calles oscuras» = 'I came alone, on foot through the dark streets'. The fixed phrase takes no article."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence, introduces vine","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vine","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"sola","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the subject (yo)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a pie, modifies vine","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom a pie","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calles, modifies vine","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of calles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calles","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of por","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"oscuras","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies calles","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"buscándote","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, gerund, with enclitic pronoun te (direct object)","role":"adverbial gerund clause modifying vine","gloss":"looking for you"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular (vos)","role":"subject of ves","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ves","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ves","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ves","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to solo","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of estás","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"fragment, topic (sentence trails off)","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":332,"label":"181","id":"el-humillado-p181-s1","source":"–Decí... habla... habla...","translation":"—Say it... speak... speak...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p181-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Decí","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (vos)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say (it)","note":"Voseo imperative of decir."},{"surface":"habla","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"habla","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":333,"label":"182","id":"el-humillado-p182-s1","source":"–La cabeza apoyada en la mano y el codo en la mesa... me miras... y de pronto...","translation":"—Your head resting on your hand and your elbow on the table... you look at me... and suddenly...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p182-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"your","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive."},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the fragment (topic, elliptical)","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"apoyada","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"resting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mano","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyada","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of codo","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"codo","lemma":"codo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with mano","gloss":"elbow"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyada (elided for codo)","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of miras","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"miras","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you look at"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":334,"label":"183","id":"el-humillado-p183-s1","source":"–Te reconozco y te digo: Elsa, ¿sos vos, Elsa?","translation":"—I recognize you and I say to you: Elsa, is it you, Elsa?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p183-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿sos vos?","title":"«¿sos vos?» = is it you?","body":"«¿sos vos?» is the wholly Argentine way to say 'is it you?', pairing «sos» (vos form of «ser») with the pronoun «vos» for emphasis. Where standard Spanish says «¿eres tú?», the River Plate says «¿sos vos?»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of reconozco","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reconozco","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I recognize"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of digo","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"digo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with reconozco","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee of digo","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (vos)","role":"copula, links implicit subject to vos","gloss":"are","note":"Voseo present of ser (vos sos = you are)."},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, predicate, singular (vos)","role":"predicate of sos","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, repeated address","gloss":"Elsa"}]},{"number":335,"label":"184","id":"el-humillado-p184-s1","source":"–Y yo te contesto: Remo, yo vine, ¿te acordás de esa noche?","translation":"—And I answer you: Remo, I came, do you remember that night?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p184-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of contesto","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contesto","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"contesto","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vine","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vine","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acordás","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"acordás","lemma":"acordarse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (vos)","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you remember","note":"Voseo present of acordarse (vos te acordás = you remember)."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acordás","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":336,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p184-s2","source":"Esa noche es esta noche y afuera sopla el gran viento y nosotros no tenemos frío ni pena.","translation":"That night is this night, and outside the great wind is blowing, and we feel neither cold nor sorrow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p184-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no tenemos frío ni pena","title":"«tener» for states","body":"Spanish uses «tener» ('to have') where English uses 'to be' for many bodily and emotional states: «tener frío» = 'to be cold', «tener pena» = 'to feel sorrow'. «no tenemos frío ni pena» = 'we are neither cold nor sorrowful'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to noche","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of es","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"afuera","lemma":"afuera","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sopla","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"sopla","lemma":"soplar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies viento","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"viento","lemma":"viento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sopla","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"nosotros","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of tenemos","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenemos","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"tenemos","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"frío","lemma":"frío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenemos","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with frío","gloss":"sorrow"}]},{"number":337,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p184-s3","source":"¿Estás contento, Remo?","translation":"Are you happy, Remo?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p184-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to contento","gloss":"are you"},{"surface":"contento","lemma":"contento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Estás","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":338,"label":"185","id":"el-humillado-p185-s1","source":"–Sí, te juro que estoy contento.","translation":"—Yes, I swear to you I'm happy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p185-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of juro","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"juro","lemma":"jurar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of contento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to contento","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"contento","lemma":"contento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of juro","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":339,"label":"186","id":"el-humillado-p186-s1","source":"–Bueno, me voy.","translation":"—All right, I'm going.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p186-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker, introduces voy","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of voy","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"irse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm going"}]},{"number":340,"label":"187","id":"el-humillado-p187-s1","source":"–¿Te vas?","translation":"—You're leaving?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p187-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vas","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"irse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you leaving"}]},{"number":341,"label":"188","id":"el-humillado-p188-s1","source":"–Sí...","translation":"—Yes...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p188-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":342,"label":"189","id":"el-humillado-p189-s1","source":"El semblante del hombre se deformó en la súbita pena.","translation":"The man's face contorted in the sudden grief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p189-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"semblante","title":"«semblante» = face / countenance","body":"«semblante» is a literary word for 'face, countenance, expression' — the face as it shows feeling. Arlt uses «semblante» throughout for the masklike faces around the lamp; here it 'contorts' as grief breaks through."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of deformó","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of deformó","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"deformó","lemma":"deformar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contorted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pena","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"súbita","lemma":"súbito","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pena","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of deformó","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":343,"label":"190","id":"el-humillado-p190-s1","source":"–Bueno, ándate.","translation":"—All right, go.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p190-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ándate","title":"«ándate» — the tú command, beside River Plate «andate»","body":"«ándate» (from «andarse», colloquial for 'to go / be off') is the familiar command 'get going, off you go'. As printed — stressed on the first syllable, with the written accent — it is the «tú» form; the River Plate voseo equivalent is «andate», stressed on the last syllable of the stem, or simply «andá». Arlt's dialogue moves between the two."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies ándate","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"ándate","lemma":"irse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (vos), with enclitic pronoun te","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go","note":"Voseo imperative 'andate' (irse) + enclitic te — go away/leave."}]},{"number":344,"label":"191","id":"el-humillado-p191-s1","source":"–Hasta pronto, mi esposo.","translation":"—See you soon, my husband.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p191-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hasta pronto","title":"«hasta pronto» = see you soon","body":"«hasta pronto» means 'see you soon, until soon'. The «hasta + ...» family of farewells (hasta luego, hasta mañana) literally says 'until...'. Calling him «mi esposo» as she leaves is what makes him ask her to repeat it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom hasta pronto","gloss":"see you"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom hasta pronto","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposo","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposo","lemma":"esposo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":345,"label":"192","id":"el-humillado-p192-s1","source":"–¿Qué dijiste?","translation":"—What did you say?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p192-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of dijiste","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dijiste","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you say"}]},{"number":346,"label":"193","id":"el-humillado-p193-s1","source":"–Te digo esto, Remo.","translation":"—I'm telling you this, Remo.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p193-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of digo","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"digo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm telling"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of digo","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":347,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p193-s2","source":"Espérame.","translation":"Wait for me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p193-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Espérame","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (tú), with enclitic pronoun me (direct object)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait for me"}]},{"number":348,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p193-s3","source":"Aunque tenga todos los millones del mundo, yo vuelvo.","translation":"Even if I have all the millions in the world, I'll come back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p193-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenga","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vuelvo","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifier modifying millones","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of millones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millones","lemma":"millón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millones","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vuelvo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vuelvo","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come back"}]},{"number":349,"label":"194","id":"el-humillado-p194-s1","source":"–Bueno... entonces adiós... pero dame un beso.","translation":"—All right... then goodbye... but give me a kiss.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p194-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dame","title":"«dar» command + pronoun","body":"«dame» is the familiar command of «dar» ('give!') with «me» attached: 'give me'. «dame un beso» = 'give me a kiss'. Affirmative commands take the pronoun on the end; the same form serves «tú» and «vos» here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies adiós","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies adiós","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"adiós","lemma":"adiós","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (tú), with enclitic pronoun me (indirect object)","role":"coordinated with adiós","gloss":"give me"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of beso","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beso","lemma":"beso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dame","gloss":"kiss"}]},{"number":350,"label":"195","id":"el-humillado-p195-s1","source":"–No, cuando vuelva... adiós, mi esposo.","translation":"—No, when I come back... goodbye, my husband.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p195-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuando vuelva","title":"«cuando» + subjunctive (future)","body":"«cuando vuelva» = 'when I come back', with the subjunctive «vuelva» because the return is in the unrealized future. After «cuando», Spanish uses the subjunctive for an event yet to happen, the indicative for habitual or past ones."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vuelva","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"vuelva","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause modifying adiós","gloss":"I come back"},{"surface":"adiós","lemma":"adiós","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposo","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposo","lemma":"esposo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, addressee","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":351,"label":"196","id":"el-humillado-p196-s1","source":"De pronto, Erdosain lanzado por un espasmo sin nombre, la cogió brutalmente de las manos por los pulsos.","translation":"Suddenly, Erdosain, flung forward by a nameless spasm, seized her brutally by the hands, by the wrists.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p196-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of cogió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"lanzado","lemma":"lanzado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espasmo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espasmo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"espasmo","lemma":"espasmo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of lanzado (object of por)","gloss":"spasm"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nombre","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"nombre","lemma":"nombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies espasmo","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cogió","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cogió","lemma":"coger","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"brutalmente","lemma":"brutalmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cogió","gloss":"brutally"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cogió (object of de)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pulsos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pulsos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pulsos","lemma":"pulso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cogió (object of por)","gloss":"wrists"}]},{"number":352,"label":"197","id":"el-humillado-p197-s1","source":"–Decíme: ¿te acostaste con él?","translation":"—Tell me: did you sleep with him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p197-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te acostaste con él","title":"«acostarse con» = to sleep with","body":"«acostarse» is 'to lie down / go to bed'; «acostarse con alguien» is the idiom 'to sleep with someone' in the sexual sense. «Decíme» is the voseo command of «decir» with «me» attached — 'tell me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Decíme","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (vos), with enclitic pronoun me (indirect object)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me","note":"Voseo imperative 'decí' + enclitic me."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acostaste","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"acostaste","lemma":"acostarse","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did you sleep"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acostaste","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":353,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p197-s2","source":"–Soltame, Remo... yo no creía que vos...","translation":"—Let go of me, Remo... I didn't think you...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p197-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Soltame","title":"Voseo command: «soltar»","body":"«Soltame» is the «vos» command of «soltar» ('to let go, release') with «-me» attached: 'let go of me'. The «vos» command keeps the stem whole (no «o→ue» change) and stresses the ending — «soltame», not «suéltame»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Soltame","lemma":"soltar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (vos), with enclitic pronoun me (direct object)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go of me","note":"Voseo imperative 'soltá' + enclitic me."},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of creía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creía","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular (vos)","role":"subject of the unfinished clause (que vos...)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":354,"label":"198","id":"el-humillado-p198-s1","source":"–Confesa, ¿te acostaste o no?","translation":"—Confess: did you sleep with him or not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p198-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Confesa","lemma":"confesar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (vos)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confess","note":"Likely 'confesá' (voseo imperative) printed without its accent mark, matching the voseo used throughout this exchange."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acostaste","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"acostaste","lemma":"acostarse","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did you sleep"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with acostaste","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":355,"label":"199","id":"el-humillado-p199-s1","source":"–No.","translation":"—No.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p199-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":356,"label":"200","id":"el-humillado-p200-s1","source":"En el marco de la puerta se detuvo el capitán.","translation":"In the doorframe the captain stopped.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p200-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marco","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of marco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"marco","lemma":"marco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies marco","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitán","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":357,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p200-s2","source":"Una flojedad inmensa relajó los nervios de sus dedos.","translation":"An immense slackness loosened the nerves of his fingers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p200-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flojedad","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"flojedad","lemma":"flojedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of relajó","gloss":"slackness"},{"surface":"inmensa","lemma":"inmenso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies flojedad","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"relajó","lemma":"relajar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loosened"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of nervios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nervios","lemma":"nervio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of relajó","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies nervios","gloss":"fingers"}]},{"number":358,"label":"","id":"el-humillado-p200-s3","source":"Erdosain sintió que caía y ya no vio más.","translation":"Erdosain felt himself falling and saw nothing more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-humillado-p200-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ya no vio más","title":"«ya no» = no longer","body":"«ya no» means 'no longer, not anymore'. «ya no vio más» = 'he saw no more, he saw nothing further'. «ya no» marks the end of a state that held until now — a fitting last beat for the chapter, as consciousness goes out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sintió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sintió","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of caía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sintió","gloss":"was falling"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vio","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vio","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vio","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sintió","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vio","gloss":"more"}]}]}