{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"el-latigo","title":{"source":"El látigo","translated":"The Whip"},"section":"Part Two","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-latigo","lines":204},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-secuestro","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/discurso-del-astrologo","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"el-latigo-p1-s1","source":"La treta ideada por Erdosain y llevada a cabo por el Astrólogo tuvo éxito, y éste resolvió que el día miércoles se llevara a cabo la primera reunión en la que se conocerían los «jefes».","translation":"The ploy conceived by Erdosain and carried out by the Astrologer was a success, and the latter decided that on Wednesday the first meeting would be held, at which the \"chiefs\" would meet one another.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se llevara a cabo","title":"Imperfect subjunctive after «resolver que»","body":"«resolvió que… se llevara a cabo» uses the imperfect subjunctive «llevara» because the main verb «resolver» ('to decide / resolve that') imposes a wish or order on what follows. «Llevar a cabo» is a fixed idiom meaning 'to carry out / accomplish'."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of treta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"treta","lemma":"treta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tuvo","gloss":"ploy"},{"surface":"ideada","lemma":"idear","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies treta","gloss":"conceived"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"agent of ideada","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"llevada","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ideada","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabo","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"cabo","lemma":"cabo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compound with llevada","gloss":"completion","note":"Idiom: llevar a cabo = 'to carry out / accomplish.'"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"agent of llevada","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"éxito","lemma":"éxito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"success"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of resolvió","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"resolvió","lemma":"resolver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tuvo","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llevara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevara","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"miércoles","lemma":"miércoles","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compound with día","gloss":"Wednesday"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of llevara","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"llevara","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of resolvió","gloss":"would be held"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabo","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"cabo","lemma":"cabo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compound with llevara","gloss":"completion"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of reunión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies reunión","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"reunión","lemma":"reunión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llevara","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to reunión, complement of conocerían","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of conocerían","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"conocerían","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying reunión","gloss":"would meet"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of jefes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jefes","lemma":"jefe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of conocerían","gloss":"chiefs"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"el-latigo-p2-s1","source":"El día martes, a las cuatro de la tarde, Erdosain recibió la visita del Astrólogo, quien le avisó que el miércoles de esa semana, a las nueve de la mañana, se reunirían los jefes en Temperley.","translation":"On Tuesday, at four in the afternoon, Erdosain received a visit from the Astrologer, who told him that on the Wednesday of that week, at nine in the morning, the chiefs would gather in Temperley.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"quien le avisó","title":"«quien» as a relative pronoun for people","body":"«quien» ('who') introduces a non-restrictive relative clause referring to a person, here the Astrologer. After a comma it adds extra information, much like English 'who' in 'the Astrologer, who told him…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recibió","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"martes","lemma":"martes","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compound with día","gloss":"Tuesday"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuatro","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cuatro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuatro","lemma":"cuatro","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of recibió","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tarde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cuatro","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recibió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recibió","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of visita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"visita","lemma":"visita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recibió","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies visita","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of avisó","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of avisó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"avisó","lemma":"avisar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause (modifies Astrólogo)","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of reunirían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of miércoles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miércoles","lemma":"miércoles","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reunirían","gloss":"Wednesday"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of semana","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"semana","lemma":"semana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies miércoles","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nueve","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of nueve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nueve","lemma":"nueve","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of reunirían","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mañana","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mañana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nueve","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of reunirían","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"reunirían","lemma":"reunir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of avisó","gloss":"would gather"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of jefes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jefes","lemma":"jefe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of reunirían","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Temperley","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Temperley","lemma":"Temperley","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of reunirían","gloss":"Temperley"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"el-latigo-p3-s1","source":"El Astrólogo permaneció en compañía de Erdosain unos minutos, y cuando éste bajaba la escalera, examinando sobresaltado su reloj, dijo a aquél:","translation":"The Astrologer stayed in Erdosain's company a few minutes, and as Erdosain was going down the stairs, examining his watch with a start, he said to the Astrologer:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"éste / aquél","title":"«éste» vs. «aquél» (the latter / the former)","body":"Spanish uses «éste» ('this one', the latter — nearer in the text) and «aquél» ('that one', the former — farther back) to keep two people straight. The last-mentioned here is Erdosain, so «éste» is Erdosain going down the stairs, and «aquél» is the Astrologer he speaks to."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of permaneció","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"permaneció","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compañía","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"compañía","lemma":"compañía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies compañía","gloss":"Erdosain's"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of minutos","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"minutos","lemma":"minuto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of permaneció","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bajaba","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of bajaba","gloss":"the former","note":"Éste ('this one') and aquél ('that one') are demonstrative pronouns pointing back to previously mentioned people; here rendered as 'the former' and 'the latter' per the translation."},{"surface":"bajaba","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"was going down"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of escalera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escalera","lemma":"escalera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of bajaba","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"examinando","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on bajaba","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"sobresaltado","lemma":"sobresaltado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjective describing éste (startled)","gloss":"startled"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of reloj","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"reloj","lemma":"reloj","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinando","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with permaneció","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aquél","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aquél","lemma":"aquél","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"the latter"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"el-latigo-p4-s1","source":"–Caramba... son las cuatro, tengo que ir a un montón de sitios... lo espero mañana a las nueve...","translation":"–Good grief... it's four o'clock, I have to go to a heap of places... I'll expect you tomorrow at nine...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tengo que ir","title":"«tener que» + infinitive (obligation)","body":"«tener que» followed by an infinitive expresses necessity or obligation: «tengo que ir» = 'I have to go'. It is the everyday way to say one must do something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Caramba","lemma":"Caramba","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"good grief"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to cuatro","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cuatro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuatro","lemma":"cuatro","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links tengo to ir (tener que + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tengo","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking montón","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of montón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"montón","lemma":"montón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ir","gloss":"heap"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sitios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sitios","lemma":"sitio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies montón","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of espero","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"espero","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"I'll expect"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies espero","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nueve","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of nueve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nueve","lemma":"nueve","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of espero","gloss":"nine"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"el-latigo-p5-s1","source":"¡Ay! yo he pensado que el único que podía desempeñar el puesto de Jefe de Industrias era usted.","translation":"Ah! I have thought that the only one who could fill the post of Chief of Industries was you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desempeñar","title":"«desempeñar» — to perform / hold (a post)","body":"«desempeñar» means to carry out a role or hold an office: «desempeñar el puesto» = 'to fill / hold the position'. It is the standard verb for occupying a job or playing a part."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ay","lemma":"Ay","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of pensado","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pensado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"pensado","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of único","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"único","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"only one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of desempeñar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of desempeñar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"desempeñar","lemma":"desempeñar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podía","gloss":"fill"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of puesto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puesto","lemma":"puesto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of desempeñar","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jefe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jefe","lemma":"Jefe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies puesto","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Industrias","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Industrias","lemma":"Industrias","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jefe","gloss":"Industries"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to usted","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"el-latigo-p6-s1","source":"Bueno, mañana conversaremos... ¡Ah!, no se olvide de presentar... mejor dicho, de prepararse un proyecto sobre turbinas hidráulicas, un tipo para usina de montaña, sencillo.","translation":"Well, tomorrow we'll talk... Ah!, don't forget to present... better said, to prepare a project on hydraulic turbines, a model for a mountain power plant, a simple one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no se olvide","title":"Negative «usted» command with a pronoun","body":"«no se olvide» is a negative formal command of «olvidarse» ('to forget'). In the negative the pronoun «se» comes before the verb: 'don't forget'. The verb uses the subjunctive form «olvide» for the «usted» imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conversaremos","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"conversaremos","lemma":"conversar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"we'll talk"},{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"Ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies olvide","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of olvide","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"olvide","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of presentar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"presentar","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of olvide","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"mejor","lemma":"mejor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dicho","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"dicho","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical aside (mejor dicho = 'that is to say')","gloss":"said","note":"Idiom: mejor dicho = 'rather / that is to say / better put' — a parenthetical self-correction."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of prepararse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"prepararse","lemma":"preparar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of olvide","gloss":"prepare"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of proyecto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"proyecto","lemma":"proyecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of prepararse","gloss":"project"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking turbinas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"turbinas","lemma":"turbina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies proyecto","gloss":"turbines"},{"surface":"hidráulicas","lemma":"hidráulico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies turbinas","gloss":"hydraulic"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tipo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tipo","lemma":"tipo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to proyecto","gloss":"model"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usina","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"usina","lemma":"usina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tipo","gloss":"power plant"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking montaña","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"montaña","lemma":"montaña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies usina","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"sencillo","lemma":"sencillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tipo","gloss":"simple"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p6-s2","source":"Sería para la colonia y los trabajos de electrometalurgia.","translation":"It would be for the colony and the electrometallurgy works.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p6-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sería","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to colonia","gloss":"it would be"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colonia","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of colonia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"colonia","lemma":"colonia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"colony"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of trabajos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trabajos","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with colonia","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking electrometalurgia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"electrometalurgia","lemma":"electrometalurgia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies trabajos","gloss":"electrometallurgy"}]},{"number":8,"label":"7","id":"el-latigo-p7-s1","source":"–¿Cuántos kilowats?","translation":"–How many kilowatts?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cuántos","lemma":"cuánto","morphology":"determiner, interrogative, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of kilowats","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"kilowats","lemma":"kilowat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, quantified by Cuántos","gloss":"kilowatts"}]},{"number":9,"label":"8","id":"el-latigo-p8-s1","source":"–No sé... eso debe estudiarlo usted.","translation":"–I don't know... that you must study yourself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"debe estudiarlo","title":"Enclitic object pronoun on an infinitive","body":"In «debe estudiarlo», the object pronoun «lo» ('it') is attached to the end of the infinitive «estudiar». With «deber» + infinitive the pronoun may ride on the infinitive («estudiarlo») or stand before «debe» («lo debe estudiar»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of estudiarlo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of estudiarlo","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"estudiarlo","lemma":"estudiar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"study it","note":"eso is topicalized here and resumed by the clitic lo attached to estudiarlo (clitic doubling)."},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of estudiarlo","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p8-s2","source":"Habrá hornos eléctricos... en fin, arrégleselas usted.","translation":"There will be electric furnaces... anyway, you sort it out yourself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"arrégleselas","title":"«arreglárselas» — to manage / cope","body":"«arreglárselas» is an idiom meaning 'to manage', 'to get by', 'to sort things out for oneself'. The formal command «arrégleselas usted» tells Erdosain to figure it out on his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Habrá","lemma":"haber","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"hornos","lemma":"horno","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Habrá","gloss":"furnaces"},{"surface":"eléctricos","lemma":"eléctrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hornos","gloss":"electric"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the idiom en fin, modifying arrégleselas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom en fin","gloss":"short","note":"en fin is a fixed idiom meaning 'anyway / in short.'"},{"surface":"arrégleselas","lemma":"arreglarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person formal (usted), singular, with enclitic pronouns se + las","role":"main verb of the imperative clause (addressed to usted)","gloss":"sort it out","note":"arreglárselas is an idiom meaning 'to manage / sort something out'; se and las are enclitic pronouns attached to the imperative."},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person formal, singular","role":"emphatic subject of arrégleselas","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p8-s3","source":"Además, ha llegado el Buscador de Oro, mañana él le dará detalles más concretos.","translation":"Besides, the Gold Seeker has arrived; tomorrow he'll give you more concrete details.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p8-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llegado","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of llegado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"llegado","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Buscador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Buscador","lemma":"Buscador","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of llegado","gloss":"Seeker"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Oro","lemma":"Oro","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Buscador","gloss":"Gold"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dará","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, masculine, singular, nominative","role":"subject of dará","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dará","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"dará","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"detalles","lemma":"detalle","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dará","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies concretos","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"concretos","lemma":"concreto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies detalles","gloss":"concrete"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p8-s4","source":"Prepárese para que no lo sorprenda el asunto.","translation":"Get yourself ready so the matter doesn't catch you off guard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p8-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para que no lo sorprenda","title":"«para que» + subjunctive (purpose)","body":"«para que» ('so that', 'in order that') always takes the subjunctive when the two clauses have different subjects. Here «sorprenda» is the present subjunctive of «sorprender» — 'so that the matter does not surprise you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Prepárese","lemma":"prepararse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person formal (usted), singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get ready"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sorprenda","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sorprenda","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sorprenda","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sorprenda","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sorprenda","lemma":"sorprender","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Prepárese","gloss":"catch off guard"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asunto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asunto","lemma":"asunto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sorprenda","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p8-s5","source":"Diablo, se hace tarde... hasta mañana... –arreglándose la chistera llamó a un chofer que pasaba y se acomodó en el automóvil.","translation":"Devil, it's getting late... until tomorrow... –adjusting his top hat, he hailed a passing chauffeur and settled into the automobile.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p8-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se hace tarde","title":"«hacerse» — to get / become","body":"«hacerse» is a pronominal verb of change: «se hace tarde» = 'it is getting late'. The reflexive «se» turns «hacer» ('to make') into 'to become', describing a state coming on by itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Diablo","lemma":"diablo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (interjection)","role":"interjection (exclamation)","gloss":"Devil"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hace","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"getting","note":"se hace tarde is an impersonal idiom meaning 'it's getting late.'"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hace","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mañana","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of the preposition hasta (part of the farewell hasta mañana)","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"arreglándose","lemma":"arreglarse","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on llamó","gloss":"adjusting"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chistera","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article instead of a possessive with reflexive verbs like arreglarse; la chistera here means 'his top hat.'"},{"surface":"chistera","lemma":"chistera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of arreglándose","gloss":"top hat"},{"surface":"llamó","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hailed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chofer","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"The personal 'a' marks a direct object referring to a person; it has no direct English translation."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chofer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chofer","lemma":"chofer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llamó","gloss":"chauffeur"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pasaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying chofer","gloss":"was passing"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acomodó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"acomodó","lemma":"acomodar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with llamó","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking automóvil","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of automóvil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"automóvil","lemma":"automóvil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acomodó","gloss":"automobile"}]},{"number":14,"label":"9","id":"el-latigo-p9-s1","source":"Al día siguiente, Erdosain, caminando por las veredas de Temperley, observaba asombrado que hacía mucho tiempo que no gozaba de una emoción de sosiego semejante.","translation":"The next day, Erdosain, walking along the sidewalks of Temperley, noticed in astonishment that it had been a long time since he had felt such a sense of calm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"veredas","title":"«vereda» — sidewalk (River Plate)","body":"In Argentina and Uruguay «vereda» means 'sidewalk / pavement', where most of the Spanish-speaking world says «acera». It is one of the everyday Río de la Plata words that color Arlt's Buenos Aires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hacía mucho tiempo que no gozaba","title":"«hacía… que» for elapsed time","body":"«hacía mucho tiempo que no gozaba» = 'it had been a long time since he had enjoyed'. The construction «hacía + time + que» in the imperfect describes how long a situation had been going on in the past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of observaba","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"siguiente","lemma":"siguiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of observaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"caminando","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying Erdosain","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veredas","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veredas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veredas","lemma":"vereda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caminando","gloss":"sidewalks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Temperley","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Temperley","lemma":"Temperley","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies veredas","gloss":"Temperley"},{"surface":"observaba","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"asombrado","lemma":"asombrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing the subject (Erdosain)","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hacía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of observaba","gloss":"had been","note":"hacía + a time expression is an idiom for elapsed duration, like English 'it had been ... since.'"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gozaba","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gozaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gozaba","lemma":"gozar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on hacía","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking emoción","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of emoción","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"emoción","lemma":"emoción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition de (with gozaba)","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sosiego","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sosiego","lemma":"sosiego","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies emoción","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"semejante","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sosiego","gloss":"such"}]},{"number":15,"label":"10","id":"el-latigo-p10-s1","source":"Caminaba despacio.","translation":"He walked slowly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"despacio","lemma":"despacio","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Caminaba","gloss":"slowly"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p10-s2","source":"Aquellos túneles vegetales le daban la sensación de un trabajo titánico y disforme.","translation":"Those tunnels of greenery gave him the impression of a titanic, misshapen labor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p10-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aquellos","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of túneles","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"túneles","lemma":"túnel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of daban","gloss":"tunnels"},{"surface":"vegetales","lemma":"vegetal","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies túneles","gloss":"leafy"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of daban","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daban","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of daban","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"titánico","lemma":"titánico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies trabajo","gloss":"titanic"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"disforme","lemma":"disforme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with titánico","gloss":"misshapen"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p10-s3","source":"Miraba deleitado los senderos de grano rojo en los parques, que avanzaban sus láminas escarlatas hasta los prados, manteles verdes esmaltados de flores violáceas, amarillas y rojas.","translation":"Delighted, he looked at the paths of red gravel in the parks, which pushed their scarlet sheets out toward the meadows, green tablecloths enameled with violet, yellow, and red flowers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p10-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Miraba deleitado","title":"Past participle as a predicate adjective","body":"«deleitado» ('delighted') is a past participle used here as an adjective describing the subject as he acts: 'he looked, delighted'. It agrees with the masculine singular subject and adds the manner or mood of the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"deleitado","lemma":"deleitado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing the subject","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of senderos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"senderos","lemma":"sendero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Miraba","gloss":"paths"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grano","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"grano","lemma":"grano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies senderos","gloss":"gravel"},{"surface":"rojo","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies grano","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parques","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of parques","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"parques","lemma":"parque","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies senderos","gloss":"parks"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of avanzaban","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"avanzaban","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying senderos","gloss":"pushed"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of láminas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"láminas","lemma":"lámina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of avanzaban","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"escarlatas","lemma":"escarlata","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies láminas","gloss":"scarlet"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prados","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of prados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prados","lemma":"prado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of avanzaban","gloss":"meadows"},{"surface":"manteles","lemma":"mantel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to prados","gloss":"tablecloths"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies manteles","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"esmaltados","lemma":"esmaltado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies manteles","gloss":"enameled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flores","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"flores","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of esmaltados","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"violáceas","lemma":"violáceas","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies flores","gloss":"violet"},{"surface":"amarillas","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with violáceas, modifies flores","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rojas","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with amarillas, modifies flores","gloss":"red"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p10-s4","source":"Y si levantaba los ojos, se encontraba con aguanosos pozales en el cenit, que le producían un vértigo de caída, pues de pronto el cielo desaparecía en sus pupilas y le dejaba en los ojos una negrura de ceguera, aclarándose el pensamiento en un furtivo mariposeo de átomos de plata, que a su vez se evaporaban, transformándose en terribles azulencos ásperos y secos, ahora en lo alto, como cavernas de azul metileno.","translation":"And if he raised his eyes, he met watery pools at the zenith that gave him a vertigo of falling, for all at once the sky vanished in his pupils and left a blackness of blindness in his eyes, the mind clearing in a furtive fluttering of silver atoms that in turn evaporated, turning into terrible harsh, dry blues, now overhead, like caverns of methylene blue.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p10-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pues","title":"«pues» — for / since (causal)","body":"Here «pues» means 'for' or 'since', introducing the reason for what came before: 'a vertigo of falling, for all at once the sky vanished'. In other contexts «pues» can also be a filler ('well…')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies encontraba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of levantaba","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"levantaba","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on encontraba","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of levantaba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontraba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met","note":"encontrarse con is an idiom meaning 'to come across / meet.'"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pozales","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"aguanosos","lemma":"aguanoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pozales","gloss":"watery"},{"surface":"pozales","lemma":"pozal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition con","gloss":"pools"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cenit","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cenit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cenit","lemma":"cenit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pozales","gloss":"zenith"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of producían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of producían","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"producían","lemma":"producir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying pozales","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vértigo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vértigo","lemma":"vértigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of producían","gloss":"vertigo"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caída","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"caída","lemma":"caída","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vértigo","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of desaparecía","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies desaparecía (part of the idiom de pronto)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb (part of the fixed phrase de pronto)","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"at once","note":"de pronto is a fixed idiom meaning 'suddenly / all at once.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of desaparecía","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"desaparecía","lemma":"desaparecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by pues","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pupilas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pupilas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pupilas","lemma":"pupila","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of desaparecía","gloss":"pupils"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dejaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with desaparecía","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dejaba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of negrura","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"negrura","lemma":"negrura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejaba","gloss":"blackness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ceguera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ceguera","lemma":"ceguera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies negrura","gloss":"blindness"},{"surface":"aclarándose","lemma":"aclararse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on dejaba","gloss":"clearing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pensamiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pensamiento","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aclarándose","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mariposeo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mariposeo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"furtivo","lemma":"furtivo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mariposeo","gloss":"furtive"},{"surface":"mariposeo","lemma":"mariposeo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aclarándose","gloss":"fluttering"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking átomos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"átomos","lemma":"átomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mariposeo","gloss":"atoms"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies átomos","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of evaporaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies evaporaban","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of evaporaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"evaporaban","lemma":"evaporar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying átomos","gloss":"evaporated"},{"surface":"transformándose","lemma":"transformarse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on evaporaban","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azulencos","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies azulencos","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"azulencos","lemma":"azulenco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of transformándose","gloss":"blues"},{"surface":"ásperos","lemma":"áspero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies azulencos","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"secos","lemma":"seco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ásperos","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies transformándose","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alto","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of alto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition en (nominalized by lo)","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cavernas","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"cavernas","lemma":"caverna","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of the preposition como","gloss":"caverns"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azul","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cavernas","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"metileno","lemma":"metileno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, used appositively","role":"modifies azul","gloss":"methylene"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p10-s5","source":"Y el placer que la mañana suscitaba en él, el goce nuevo, soldaba los trozos de su personalidad, rota por los anteriores sufrimientos del desastre, y sentía que su cuerpo estaba ágil para toda aventura.","translation":"And the pleasure the morning stirred in him, the new joy, welded back the pieces of his personality, broken by the earlier sufferings of the disaster, and he felt that his body was nimble for any adventure.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p10-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"suscitaba / soldaba / sentía","title":"Imperfect for the sustained scene","body":"The string of imperfects «suscitaba», «soldaba», «sentía» holds the whole morning open as an ongoing experience rather than a finished event. Arlt favors the imperfect to let these descriptions hover without closing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies soldaba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of placer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placer","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of soldaba","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of suscitaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mañana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of suscitaba","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"suscitaba","lemma":"suscitar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying placer","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of suscitaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of goce","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goce","lemma":"goce","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of soldaba","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"nuevo","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies goce","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"soldaba","lemma":"soldar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"welded back"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of trozos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trozos","lemma":"trozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of soldaba","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personalidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of personalidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"personalidad","lemma":"personalidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"personality"},{"surface":"rota","lemma":"roto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies personalidad","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimientos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sufrimientos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anteriores","lemma":"anterior","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies sufrimientos","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of rota","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desastre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"desastre","lemma":"desastre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sufrimientos","gloss":"disaster"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with soldaba","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb (copula), imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking cuerpo to ágil","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ágil","lemma":"ágil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"nimble"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aventura","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aventura","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"aventura","lemma":"aventura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition para","gloss":"adventure"}]},{"number":20,"label":"11","id":"el-latigo-p11-s1","source":"–Augusto Remo Erdosain –tal como si pronunciar su nombre le produjera un placer físico, que duplicaba la energía infiltrada en sus miembros por el movimiento.","translation":"–Augusto Remo Erdosain –just as if pronouncing his name gave him a physical pleasure, one that doubled the energy infiltrated into his limbs by the motion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si… produjera","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"«como si» ('as if') always triggers the imperfect subjunctive, here «produjera». It frames a hypothetical, unreal comparison: 'as if saying his name gave him pleasure'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Augusto","lemma":"Augusto","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Augusto"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Augusto","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Augusto","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"adverb (part of the fixed phrase tal como si)","role":"introduces the comparative clause tal como si","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase tal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase tal","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"pronunciar","lemma":"pronunciar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of produjera (infinitive clause)","gloss":"pronouncing"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of nombre","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nombre","lemma":"nombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pronunciar","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of produjera","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"produjera","lemma":"producir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the comparative clause introduced by tal como si","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of placer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"placer","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of produjera","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies placer","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of duplicaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"duplicaba","lemma":"duplicar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying placer","gloss":"doubled"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of energía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"energía","lemma":"energía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of duplicaba","gloss":"energy"},{"surface":"infiltrada","lemma":"infiltrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies energía","gloss":"infiltrated"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miembros","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of miembros","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"miembros","lemma":"miembro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of infiltrada","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking movimiento","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of movimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"movimiento","lemma":"movimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of infiltrada","gloss":"motion"}]},{"number":21,"label":"12","id":"el-latigo-p12-s1","source":"Por las calles oblicuas, bajo los conos del sol, avanzaba sintiendo la potencia de su personalidad flamante: Jefe de Industrias.","translation":"Through the slanting streets, beneath the cones of sunlight, he advanced, feeling the power of his brand-new identity: Chief of Industries.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"flamante","title":"«flamante» — brand-new","body":"«flamante» means 'brand-new', 'fresh', often with a shine of pride. Applied to «personalidad» it suggests Erdosain wears his new title like a gleaming new suit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calles","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of calles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calles","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of avanzaba","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"oblicuas","lemma":"oblicua","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies calles","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conos","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of conos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"conos","lemma":"cono","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of avanzaba","gloss":"cones"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies conos","gloss":"sunlight"},{"surface":"avanzaba","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"sintiendo","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of avanzaba","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of potencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"potencia","lemma":"potencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sintiendo","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personalidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of personalidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"personalidad","lemma":"personalidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies potencia","gloss":"identity"},{"surface":"flamante","lemma":"flamante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies personalidad","gloss":"brand-new"},{"surface":"Jefe","lemma":"Jefe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to personalidad","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Industrias","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Industrias","lemma":"Industrias","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Jefe","gloss":"Industries"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p12-s2","source":"La frescura del camino botánico le enriquecía de grandores la conciencia.","translation":"The freshness of the botanical path enriched his consciousness with grandeurs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p12-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frescura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frescura","lemma":"frescura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of enriquecía","gloss":"freshness"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking camino","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"camino","lemma":"camino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies frescura","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"botánico","lemma":"botánico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies camino","gloss":"botanical"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of enriquecía","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"enriquecía","lemma":"enriquecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enriched"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grandores","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"grandores","lemma":"grandor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"grandeurs"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of enriquecía","gloss":"consciousness"}]},{"number":23,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p12-s3","source":"Y esta satisfacción lo aplomaba en las calles, como a esos muñecos de celuloide el lastre de plomo.","translation":"And this satisfaction steadied him in the streets, the way a lead ballast steadies those celluloid dolls.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p12-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aplomaba","title":"«aplomar» — to steady / give poise","body":"«aplomar» means to make something plumb, steady, or self-assured (the noun «aplomo» = 'composure'). The satisfaction gives Erdosain ballast, like the lead weight that keeps a toy doll upright."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies aplomaba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of satisfacción","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"satisfacción","lemma":"satisfacción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aplomaba","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aplomaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aplomaba","lemma":"aplomar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"steadied"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of calles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calles","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aplomaba","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical comparative clause (verb aplomaba is understood)","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muñecos","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"The personal 'a' marks a direct object referring to a person or personified thing here (the dolls)."},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muñecos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"muñecos","lemma":"muñeco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aplomaba (elliptical comparative clause)","gloss":"dolls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking celuloide","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"celuloide","lemma":"celuloide","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies muñecos","gloss":"celluloid"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lastre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lastre","lemma":"lastre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aplomaba (elliptical comparative clause)","gloss":"ballast"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plomo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plomo","lemma":"plomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lastre","gloss":"lead"}]},{"number":24,"label":"13","id":"el-latigo-p13-s1","source":"Pensaba que se mostraría irónico en la reunión, y un desprecio malévolo le surgía para los débiles del mundo.","translation":"He thought he would show himself ironic at the meeting, and a malevolent contempt rose in him for the weak of the world.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mostraría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of mostraría","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"mostraría","lemma":"mostrar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Pensaba","gloss":"he would show"},{"surface":"irónico","lemma":"irónico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of mostraría (se mostraría irónico = would show himself [as] ironic)","gloss":"ironic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reunión","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of reunión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reunión","lemma":"reunión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mostraría","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desprecio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"desprecio","lemma":"desprecio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of surgía","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"malévolo","lemma":"malévolo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desprecio","gloss":"malevolent"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of surgía","gloss":"in him"},{"surface":"surgía","lemma":"surgir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Pensaba","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking débiles","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of débiles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"débiles","lemma":"débil","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"oblique complement of surgía","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies débiles","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p13-s2","source":"El planeta era de los fuertes, eso mismo, de los fuertes.","translation":"The planet belonged to the strong, that's it, to the strong.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"era de los fuertes","title":"«ser de» for possession","body":"«ser de» expresses belonging or ownership: «el planeta era de los fuertes» = 'the planet belonged to the strong'. Literally 'was of the strong', it marks whose the planet is."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of planeta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"planeta","lemma":"planeta","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"planet"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking planeta to fuertes (era de = belonged to)","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fuertes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fuertes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuertes","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"parenthetical resuming El planeta era de los fuertes (eso mismo = that's it)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies eso","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fuertes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fuertes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuertes","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the repeated phrase de los fuertes, emphatic restatement","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p13-s3","source":"Arrasarían al mundo y se presentarían a la canalla que se encalla el trasero en las butacas de todas las oficinas, blindados de grandeza, semejantes a emperadores solitarios y crueles.","translation":"They would lay the world waste and present themselves before the rabble who run aground their backsides in the armchairs of every office, armored with grandeur, like solitary and cruel emperors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la canalla","title":"«la canalla» — the rabble / scum","body":"«la canalla» is a collective, contemptuous word for the mob, the riffraff, despicable people. Arlt's narrators hurl it at the timid office-bound multitude they dream of trampling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Arrasarían","lemma":"arrasar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they would raze"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Arrasarían","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of presentarían","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"presentarían","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Arrasarían","gloss":"they would present"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canalla","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of canalla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of presentarían (a la canalla = to/before the rabble; the reflexive 'se' already fills presentar's direct-object slot, so 'la canalla' cannot be a second direct object)","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of encalla","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"dative reflexive of encalla marking possession of trasero","gloss":"their","note":"Body-part construction: 'se encalla el trasero' literally 'runs aground the backside to itself' — se marks whose backside it is."},{"surface":"encalla","lemma":"encallar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying canalla","gloss":"runs aground"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encalla","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking butacas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of butacas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"butacas","lemma":"butaca","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encalla","gloss":"armchairs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oficinas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of oficinas","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of oficinas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oficinas","lemma":"oficina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies butacas","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"blindados","lemma":"blindado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies the implied subject (ellos), predicate of Arrasarían/presentarían","gloss":"armored"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grandeza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"grandeza","lemma":"grandeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of blindados","gloss":"grandeur"},{"surface":"semejantes","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with blindados, modifies the implied subject","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking emperadores","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"emperadores","lemma":"emperador","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies semejantes","gloss":"emperors"},{"surface":"solitarios","lemma":"solitario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies emperadores","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"crueles","lemma":"cruel","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with solitarios","gloss":"cruel"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p13-s4","source":"Se imaginaban nuevamente en un desmesurado salón de muros encristalados cuyo centro lo ocupaba una mesa redonda.","translation":"They imagined themselves once more in an enormous hall with glassed-in walls, the center of which was taken up by a round table.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuyo centro","title":"«cuyo» — whose (relative)","body":"«cuyo» is the relative possessive 'whose / of which', and it agrees with the thing possessed, not the owner. «cuyo centro» = 'the center of which', agreeing with masculine «centro»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"imaginaban","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they imagined"},{"surface":"nuevamente","lemma":"nuevamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies imaginaban","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salón","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"desmesurado","lemma":"desmesurado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies salón","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"salón","lemma":"salón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of imaginaban","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muros","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"muros","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies salón","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"encristalados","lemma":"encristalado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies muros","gloss":"glassed-in"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centro","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"centro","lemma":"centro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ocupaba, fronted and resumed by lo","gloss":"center"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ocupaba, resuming centro","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ocupaba","lemma":"ocupar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying salón","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ocupaba","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"redonda","lemma":"redondo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mesa","gloss":"round"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p13-s5","source":"Sus cuatro secretarios con papeles en las manos y las plumas tras de la oreja se acercaban a consultarle, mientras que en un rincón, con los sombreros en las manos, inclinadas las cabezas canosas, estaban los delegados de los obreros.","translation":"His four secretaries, papers in their hands and pens behind their ears, would come up to consult him, while in a corner, hats in their hands, their gray heads bowed, stood the delegates of the workers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of secretarios","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuatro","lemma":"cuatro","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies secretarios","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"secretarios","lemma":"secretario","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of acercaban","gloss":"secretaries"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papeles","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"papeles","lemma":"papel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies secretarios","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies secretarios","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of plumas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plumas","lemma":"pluma","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with papeles, modifies secretarios","gloss":"pens"},{"surface":"tras","lemma":"tras","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oreja","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition tras de","gloss":"of","note":"'Tras de' is a colloquial Rioplatense doubling of 'tras' (behind); 'de' adds no separate meaning."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oreja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oreja","lemma":"oreja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plumas","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acercaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"acercaban","lemma":"acercar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause, parallel to estaban","gloss":"would come up"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of consultarle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"consultarle","lemma":"consultar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of acercaban","gloss":"consult him"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction mientras que","gloss":"while","note":"'Mientras que' is a single compound conjunction meaning 'while'; 'que' has no separate translation."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaban","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombreros","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sombreros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sombreros","lemma":"sombrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"part of absolute phrase modifying estaban/delegados","gloss":"hats"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sombreros","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"inclinadas","lemma":"inclinar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"absolute participial construction with cabezas, modifies delegados","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of inclinadas","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"canosas","lemma":"canoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cabezas","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the mientras-clause, parallel to acercaban","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of delegados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"delegados","lemma":"delegado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of estaban","gloss":"delegates"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking obreros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of obreros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"obreros","lemma":"obrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies delegados","gloss":"workers"}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p13-s6","source":"Y Erdosain volviéndose hacia ellos les decía simplemente: «O mañana vuelven al trabajo o los fusilaremos».","translation":"And Erdosain, turning toward them, would say to them simply: \"Either you go back to work tomorrow or we'll shoot you.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"O… o…","title":"«o… o…» — either… or…","body":"The paired «o… o…» frames an exclusive choice: 'either… or…'. Here it issues an ultimatum — go back to work, or be shot — with no third option."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fusilaremos","title":"«fusilar» — to shoot (by firing squad)","body":"«fusilar» specifically means to execute by firing squad, not merely 'to shoot'. The word recurs through the chapter — «fusilamientos», «fusilamos» — as the keynote of Erdosain's fantasy of revolutionary power."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"volviéndose","lemma":"volver él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellos","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition hacia","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"simplemente","lemma":"simplemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies decía","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (o...o = either...or)","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vuelven","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"vuelven","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"you go back"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vuelven","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of fusilaremos","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"fusilaremos","lemma":"fusilar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with vuelven, main verb of the second disjunct","gloss":"we will shoot"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p13-s7","source":"Eso era todo.","translation":"That was all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to todo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p13-s8","source":"Hablaba poco y en voz baja, y su brazo estaba fatigado de firmar decretos.","translation":"He spoke little and in a low voice, and his arm was weary from signing decrees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p13-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hablaba","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Hablaba","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en, phrase coordinated with poco, modifies Hablaba","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"baja","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba/fatigado","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to fatigado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"fatigado","lemma":"fatigado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of estaba, describing brazo","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of firmar","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"firmar","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fatigado","gloss":"signing"},{"surface":"decretos","lemma":"decreto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of firmar","gloss":"decrees"}]},{"number":32,"label":"14","id":"el-latigo-p14-s1","source":"Lo mantenía en pie la ferocidad de los tiempos que necesitaban el alma de un tigre para adornar los confines de todos los crepúsculos de siniestros fusilamientos.","translation":"What held him upright was the ferocity of the times, which needed the soul of a tiger to adorn the edges of every twilight with sinister executions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mantenía en pie","title":"«mantener en pie» — to keep standing","body":"«mantener en pie» means 'to keep (something or someone) standing / on its feet'. The fronted object «Lo mantenía en pie la ferocidad» = 'the ferocity… kept him standing', with the real subject placed at the end for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mantenía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mantenía","lemma":"mantener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en pie, modifies mantenía","gloss":"on","note":"'En pie' together is an idiom meaning 'standing/upright'."},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en pie","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ferocidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ferocidad","lemma":"ferocidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of mantenía","gloss":"ferocity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ferocidad","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of necesitaban","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"necesitaban","lemma":"necesitar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying tiempos","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of necesitaban","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tigre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tigre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tigre","lemma":"tigre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies alma","gloss":"tiger"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of adornar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"adornar","lemma":"adornar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on necesitaban","gloss":"adorn"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of confines","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"confines","lemma":"confín","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of adornar","gloss":"edges"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crepúsculos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of crepúsculos","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of crepúsculos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crepúsculos","lemma":"crepúsculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies confines","gloss":"twilights"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fusilamientos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"siniestros","lemma":"siniestro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fusilamientos","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"fusilamientos","lemma":"fusilamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies crepúsculos","gloss":"executions"}]},{"number":33,"label":"15","id":"el-latigo-p15-s1","source":"Avanzaba ahora hacia la quinta del Astrólogo con el corazón batiente de entusiasmo, repitiéndose la frase de Lenin, como una musiquita llena de voluptuosidad:","translation":"He was now advancing toward the Astrologer's estate, his heart pounding with enthusiasm, repeating to himself Lenin's phrase like a little tune full of voluptuousness:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la quinta","title":"«quinta» — country house / estate","body":"A «quinta» is a country house or villa with grounds, on the outskirts of a city. The Astrologer's «quinta» in Temperley, a suburb south of Buenos Aires, is the secret headquarters of the conspiracy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Avanzaba","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he was advancing"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Avanzaba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quinta","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of quinta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quinta","lemma":"quinta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Avanzaba","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies quinta","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Avanzaba (absolute phrase)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"batiente","lemma":"batiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies corazón","gloss":"pounding"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entusiasmo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"entusiasmo","lemma":"entusiasmo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies batiente","gloss":"enthusiasm"},{"surface":"repitiéndose","lemma":"repetir él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Avanzaba","gloss":"repeating to himself"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frase","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frase","lemma":"frase","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of repitiéndose","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lenin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lenin","lemma":"Lenin","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies frase","gloss":"Lenin"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking musiquita (comparison)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of musiquita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"musiquita","lemma":"musiquita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frase (comparison via como)","gloss":"little tune"},{"surface":"llena","lemma":"lleno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies musiquita","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voluptuosidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voluptuosidad","lemma":"voluptuosidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies llena","gloss":"voluptuousness"}]},{"number":34,"label":"16","id":"el-latigo-p16-s1","source":"«–¡Qué diablo de revolución es ésta si no fusilamos a nadie!».","translation":"\"–What the devil kind of revolution is this if we shoot no one!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no fusilamos a nadie","title":"Double negative «no… nadie»","body":"Spanish requires the double negative: «no fusilamos a nadie» = 'we shoot no one'. When a negative word like «nadie» follows the verb, «no» must precede the verb. The personal «a» appears before «nadie» as the human object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"modifies diablo","gloss":"what","note":"'Qué diablo de X' is an intensifying idiom, 'what the devil kind of X'."},{"surface":"diablo","lemma":"diablo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of es, head of qué diablo de revolución (not the grammatical subject — ésta, feminine, agreeing with revolución, is the subject of es)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking revolución","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"revolución","lemma":"revolución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies diablo","gloss":"revolution"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ésta","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ésta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fusilamos","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fusilamos","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fusilamos","lemma":"fusilar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on ésta","gloss":"we shoot"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nadie","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a', required before a human direct object; no independent translation."},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of fusilamos","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":35,"label":"17","id":"el-latigo-p17-s1","source":"Al llegar a la quinta y entreabrir una de las puertas, vio venir a su encuentro al Astrólogo, cubierto de un largo guardapolvo gris y un sombrero de paja.","translation":"On reaching the estate and pushing one of the doors ajar, he saw the Astrologer coming to meet him, covered in a long gray duster and a straw hat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al llegar… y entreabrir","title":"«Al» + infinitive (on doing)","body":"«Al» followed by an infinitive means 'on / upon doing something': «al llegar» = 'on arriving'. One «al» can govern two infinitives — «al llegar… y entreabrir» = 'on reaching… and pushing ajar' — compressing a clause of time into a few words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking llegar (al + infinitive = upon doing)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"llegar","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on vio","gloss":"arriving"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quinta","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of quinta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quinta","lemma":"quinta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llegar","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entreabrir","lemma":"entreabrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with llegar","gloss":"opening ajar"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of entreabrir","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puertas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of puertas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puertas","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies una","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"vio","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vio","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking encuentro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of encuentro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"encuentro","lemma":"encuentro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of venir (a su encuentro = to meet him)","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo (object of vio venir)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of vio venir, logical subject of venir","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"cubierto","lemma":"cubierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Astrólogo","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking guardapolvo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of guardapolvo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"largo","lemma":"largo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies guardapolvo","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"guardapolvo","lemma":"guardapolvo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cubierto","gloss":"duster"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies guardapolvo","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sombrero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sombrero","lemma":"sombrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with guardapolvo","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paja","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"paja","lemma":"paja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sombrero","gloss":"straw"}]},{"number":36,"label":"18","id":"el-latigo-p18-s1","source":"Con amistad se estrecharon fuertemente las manos al tiempo que decía el Astrólogo:","translation":"In friendship they shook hands firmly while the Astrologer said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se estrecharon las manos","title":"Reciprocal «se» — to each other","body":"«se estrecharon… las manos» uses the reciprocal «se» ('one another'): the two men shake each other's hands. The plural reflexive marks a mutual action between the subjects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amistad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"amistad","lemma":"amistad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estrecharon","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reciprocal particle of estrecharon","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"estrecharon","lemma":"estrechar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they shook"},{"surface":"fuertemente","lemma":"fuertemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estrecharon","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of estrecharon","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound conjunction al tiempo que","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase al tiempo que","gloss":"time","note":"'Al tiempo que' is a compound conjunction meaning 'while, at the same time that'."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction al tiempo que, introduces the clause of decía","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by al tiempo que, modifies estrecharon","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":37,"label":"19","id":"el-latigo-p19-s1","source":"Barsut está tranquilo, ¿sabe?","translation":"Barsut is calm, you know?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of está","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tranquilo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tranquilo","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"tag question addressed to the listener","gloss":"you know","note":"'¿Sabe?' is a conversational tag question, 'you know?', not grammatically part of the main clause."}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p19-s2","source":"Yo creo que no va a oponer mucha resistencia para firmar el cheque.","translation":"I think he won't put up much resistance to signing the check.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p19-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"va a oponer","title":"«ir a» + infinitive (near future)","body":"«ir a» plus an infinitive expresses the near or intended future: «no va a oponer» = 'he is not going to put up'. It is the colloquial counterpart of the simple future tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of creo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"creo","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of oponer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies va (negates the periphrasis va a oponer)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of oponer","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of oponer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"oponer","lemma":"oponer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the periphrastic future va a oponer, complement of creo","gloss":"put up"},{"surface":"mucha","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of resistencia","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"resistencia","lemma":"resistencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of oponer","gloss":"resistance"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of firmar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"firmar","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying resistencia","gloss":"signing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cheque","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cheque","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of firmar","gloss":"check"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p19-s3","source":"Ya llegaron esos tipos, pero primero veremos a Barsut.","translation":"Those fellows have already arrived, but first we'll see Barsut.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p19-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"esos tipos","title":"«tipo» — guy / fellow","body":"«tipo» is informal for 'guy', 'fellow', 'bloke'. «esos tipos» = 'those guys / those characters', a casual, slightly dismissive way to refer to the chiefs who have shown up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llegaron","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"llegaron","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tipos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"tipos","lemma":"tipo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of llegaron","gloss":"fellows"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"primero","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veremos","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"veremos","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with llegaron","gloss":"we'll see"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a', required before a human direct object; no independent translation."},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of veremos","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p19-s4","source":"¡Que esperen, qué diablo!","translation":"Let them wait, what the devil!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p19-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¡Que esperen!","title":"«Que» + subjunctive as a third-person command","body":"«¡Que esperen!» = 'Let them wait!'. «Que» plus the present subjunctive expresses an indirect command or wish toward someone not present — the speaker orders the waiting chiefs at a distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the jussive clause esperen (que + subjunctive = let...)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"esperen","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"them wait"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, exclamatory, singular","role":"modifies diablo, exclamatory interjection","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"diablo","lemma":"diablo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory interjection (qué diablo = what the devil), not part of the esperen clause","gloss":"devil"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p19-s5","source":"¿Se da cuenta usted de mi situación?","translation":"Do you realize my situation?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p19-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¿Se da cuenta?","title":"«darse cuenta de» — to realize","body":"«darse cuenta de» means 'to realize / become aware of'. The formal «¿se da cuenta usted?» = 'do you realize?', addressed with «usted». Do not confuse it with «dar cuenta de» ('to account for'), a different idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of the idiom darse cuenta, agrees with usted","gloss":"yourself","note":"'Darse cuenta (de)' is a fixed reflexive idiom meaning 'to realize'."},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da (darse cuenta idiom)","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of da","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking situación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of situación","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"situación","lemma":"situación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, complement of the idiom darse cuenta","gloss":"situation"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p19-s6","source":"Con ese dinero el mundo es nuestro.","translation":"With that money the world is ours.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p19-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dinero","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the clause (modifies es...nuestro)","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to nuestro","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nuestro","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ours"}]},{"number":43,"label":"20","id":"el-latigo-p20-s1","source":"Ahora habían entrado al escritorio y el Astrólogo, haciendo girar el anillo con la piedra violeta y mirando el mapa de Estados Unidos, prosiguió:","translation":"By now they had entered the study, and the Astrologer, turning the ring with the violet stone and looking at the map of the United States, went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"habían entrado","title":"Pluperfect — an action before the past","body":"«habían entrado» is the pluperfect (past perfect): 'they had entered'. It places this action before the main past narration that follows, setting the scene that is already in place when the Astrologer speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entrado","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of entrado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"entrado","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition, contraction of a + el","role":"preposition marking escritorio","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"escritorio","lemma":"escritorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entrado","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of prosiguió","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"haciendo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on prosiguió","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"girar","lemma":"girar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of haciendo","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of anillo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anillo","lemma":"anillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of girar","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedra","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piedra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piedra","lemma":"piedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies anillo","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"violeta","lemma":"violeta","morphology":"adjective, invariable","role":"modifies piedra","gloss":"violet"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with haciendo","gloss":"looking at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mapa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mapa","lemma":"mapa","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mirando","gloss":"map"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Estados","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Estados","lemma":"Estados","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies mapa","gloss":"States"},{"surface":"Unidos","lemma":"Unidos","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Estados","gloss":"United"},{"surface":"prosiguió","lemma":"proseguir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":44,"label":"21","id":"el-latigo-p21-s1","source":"–Conquistaremos la tierra, realizaremos nuestra «idea»... podemos instalar un prostíbulo en San Martín o en Ciudadela, y la colonia de los Santos en la montaña.","translation":"–We will conquer the earth, we will realize our \"idea\"... we can set up a brothel in San Martín or in Ciudadela, and the colony of the Saints in the mountains.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Conquistaremos / realizaremos","title":"The simple future tense","body":"«conquistaremos» and «realizaremos» are simple futures ('we will conquer', 'we will realize'), formed by adding endings (-emos) to the infinitive. The Astrologer uses the grand future to lay out the megalomaniac plan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Conquistaremos","lemma":"conquistar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we will conquer"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Conquistaremos","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"realizaremos","lemma":"realizar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we will realize"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of realizaremos","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"podemos","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of instalar","gloss":"we can"},{"surface":"instalar","lemma":"instalar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of instalar","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking San","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"San","lemma":"San","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of instalar","gloss":"San"},{"surface":"Martín","lemma":"Martín","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name San","gloss":"Martín"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ciudadela","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ciudadela","lemma":"Ciudadela","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with San","gloss":"Ciudadela"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of colonia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"colonia","lemma":"colonia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of instalar, coordinated with prostíbulo","gloss":"colony"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Santos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Santos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Santos","lemma":"Santos","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies colonia","gloss":"Saints"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking montaña","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of montaña","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"montaña","lemma":"montaña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies colonia","gloss":"mountain"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p21-s2","source":"¿Quién más apto para regentear el prostíbulo que el Rufián Melancólico?","translation":"Who is more fit to run the brothel than the Melancholy Ruffian?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p21-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"regentear","title":"«regentear» — to manage / run","body":"«regentear» means to manage or run an establishment, often with a sense of presiding over it. Here it is the brothel that the Melancholy Ruffian (a pimp character) is judged best suited to operate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies apto","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"apto","lemma":"apto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Quién","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of regentear","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"regentear","lemma":"regentear","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of apto","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of regentear","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, comparative (than)","role":"comparative conjunction linking Quién and Rufián","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"compared with Quién","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"Melancólico","lemma":"Melancólico","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Rufián","gloss":"Melancholy"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p21-s3","source":"Le nombraremos Gran Patriarca Prostibulario.","translation":"We will name him Grand Brothel Patriarch.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p21-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of nombraremos","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: the dative-form \"le\" is used here as the masculine direct object (\"him\"), common in this register."},{"surface":"nombraremos","lemma":"nombrar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we will name"},{"surface":"Gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Patriarca","gloss":"Grand"},{"surface":"Patriarca","lemma":"Patriarca","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object complement of nombraremos","gloss":"Patriarch"},{"surface":"Prostibulario","lemma":"Prostibulario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Patriarca","gloss":"Brothel"}]},{"number":47,"label":"22","id":"el-latigo-p22-s1","source":"Erdosain se acercó a la ventana...","translation":"Erdosain went up to the window...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of acercó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acercó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"acercó","lemma":"acercar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventana","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ventana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ventana","lemma":"ventana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acercó","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p22-s2","source":"Los rosales vertían un perfume potentísimo, agudo, todo el espacio se poblaba de una fragancia roja, fresca como un caudal de agua.","translation":"The rosebushes poured out a most powerful, sharp perfume; the whole space filled with a red fragrance, cool as a flow of water.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p22-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"potentísimo","title":"Absolute superlative «-ísimo»","body":"The suffix «-ísimo» forms the absolute superlative: «potentísimo» = 'extremely / most powerful', without comparing to anything else. It intensifies the adjective the way English 'very / utterly' would."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rosales","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"rosales","lemma":"rosal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of vertían","gloss":"rosebushes"},{"surface":"vertían","lemma":"verter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of perfume","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perfume","lemma":"perfume","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vertían","gloss":"perfume"},{"surface":"potentísimo","lemma":"potente","morphology":"adjective, superlative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perfume","gloss":"most powerful"},{"surface":"agudo","lemma":"agudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perfume","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies espacio","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espacio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espacio","lemma":"espacio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of poblaba","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of poblaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"poblaba","lemma":"poblar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fragancia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fragancia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fragancia","lemma":"fragancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of poblaba","gloss":"fragrance"},{"surface":"roja","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fragancia","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"fresca","lemma":"fresco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fragancia","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of caudal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caudal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"caudal","lemma":"caudal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fresca","gloss":"flow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agua","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"agua","lemma":"agua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies caudal","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p22-s3","source":"Moscardones de alas de cristal revoloteaban en torno de las manchas escarlatas de los granados.","translation":"Blowflies with crystal wings fluttered around the scarlet patches of the pomegranate trees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p22-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Moscardones","lemma":"moscardón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of revoloteaban","gloss":"Blowflies"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"alas","lemma":"ala","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Moscardones","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cristal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cristal","lemma":"cristal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies alas","gloss":"crystal"},{"surface":"revoloteaban","lemma":"revolotear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fluttered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manchas (part of the fixed phrase \"en torno de\")","gloss":"around","note":"\"En torno de\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"around.\""},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manchas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manchas","lemma":"mancha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of revoloteaban","gloss":"patches"},{"surface":"escarlatas","lemma":"escarlata","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies manchas","gloss":"scarlet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking granados","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of granados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"granados","lemma":"granado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies manchas","gloss":"pomegranate trees"}]},{"number":50,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p22-s4","source":"Erdosain permaneció algunos segundos así.","translation":"Erdosain stayed like that for some seconds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p22-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of permaneció","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"permaneció","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"algunos","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of segundos","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"segundos","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of permaneció","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies permaneció","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p22-s5","source":"El espectáculo lo retrotrajo a la idéntica tarde aquella en que había estado allí, en el mismo lugar.","translation":"The sight carried him back to that very same afternoon when he had been there, in the same place.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p22-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"retrotrajo","title":"«retrotraer» — to carry back (in time)","body":"«retrotraer» means to take or carry something back to an earlier point, especially in time or memory. «lo retrotrajo a… aquella tarde» = 'carried him back to that afternoon'. It is irregular like «traer» («retrotrajo» in the preterite)."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espectáculo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"espectáculo","lemma":"espectáculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of retrotrajo","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of retrotrajo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"retrotrajo","lemma":"retrotraer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried back"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tarde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"idéntica","lemma":"idéntico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of retrotrajo","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular (postposed demonstrative)","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que; forms \"en que\" (= when), referring to tarde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to tarde, object of en","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of estado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"estado","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying tarde","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estado","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lugar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lugar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lugar","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"lugar","lemma":"lugar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estado","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p22-s6","source":"Y sin embargo, no se imaginaba que la noche lo esperaba con la sorpresa de la partida de Elsa.","translation":"And yet, he did not imagine that the night awaited him with the surprise of Elsa's departure.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p22-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sin embargo","title":"«sin embargo» — nevertheless / and yet","body":"«sin embargo» is a fixed adverbial phrase meaning 'however', 'nevertheless', 'and yet'. It introduces a contrast — the calm sight versus the catastrophe the night holds in store."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase \"y sin embargo\" (and yet), modifies imaginaba","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase \"sin embargo\" (however/yet), modifies imaginaba","gloss":"yet","note":"\"Sin embargo\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"however/yet.\""},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sin","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies imaginaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"imaginaba","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of esperaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of esperaba","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of esperaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"esperaba","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginaba","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sorpresa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sorpresa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sorpresa","lemma":"sorpresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of esperaba","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking partida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of partida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"partida","lemma":"partida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sorpresa","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies partida","gloss":"Elsa"}]},{"number":53,"label":"23","id":"el-latigo-p23-s1","source":"El verdor multiforme penetraba por sus ojos, pero él no lo veía.","translation":"The many-shaped greenery entered through his eyes, but he did not see it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of verdor","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"verdor","lemma":"verdor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of penetraba","gloss":"greenery"},{"surface":"multiforme","lemma":"multiforme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies verdor","gloss":"many-shaped"},{"surface":"penetraba","lemma":"penetrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of penetraba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of veía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of veía","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with penetraba","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p23-s2","source":"Allá en el fondo de su existencia, con la mejilla apoyada en los pezones violetas de un cuadrado pecho masculino, estaba su esposa, lánguida, la mirada floja, los labios entreabiertos para la obscena boca del otro.","translation":"There in the depths of his existence, her cheek resting on the violet nipples of a square male chest, was his wife, languid, her gaze slack, her lips parted for the obscene mouth of the other man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p23-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"con la mejilla apoyada","title":"«con» + noun + past participle","body":"«con la mejilla apoyada» = 'with her cheek resting / leaning'. This «con» + noun + past participle pattern describes a posture or accompanying state; «apoyada» agrees with feminine «mejilla»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking existencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of existencia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"existencia","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mejilla","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mejilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mejilla","lemma":"mejilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"cheek"},{"surface":"apoyada","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mejilla","gloss":"resting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pezones","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pezones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pezones","lemma":"pezón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apoyada","gloss":"nipples"},{"surface":"violetas","lemma":"violeta","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies pezones","gloss":"violet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuadrado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuadrado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuadrado","lemma":"cuadrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pecho","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pezones","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"masculino","lemma":"masculino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pecho","gloss":"male"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"lánguida","lemma":"lánguido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esposa","gloss":"languid"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"describes esposa (absolute construction)","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"floja","lemma":"flojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"slack"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"describes esposa (absolute construction)","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"entreabiertos","lemma":"entreabierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boca","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"obscena","lemma":"obsceno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies boca","gloss":"obscene"},{"surface":"boca","lemma":"boca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entreabiertos","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contraction of de + el","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies boca","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":55,"label":"24","id":"el-latigo-p24-s1","source":"Un pájaro pasó ante sus ojos, y Erdosain volviéndose al Astrólogo, dijo con voz forzadamente suave:","translation":"A bird passed before his eyes, and Erdosain, turning to the Astrologer, said in a forcedly gentle voice:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pájaro","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"pájaro","lemma":"pájaro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pasó","gloss":"bird"},{"surface":"pasó","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pasó","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"volviéndose","lemma":"volverse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition, contraction of a + el","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of volviéndose","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"forzadamente","lemma":"forzadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies suave","gloss":"forcedly"},{"surface":"suave","lemma":"suave","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"gentle"}]},{"number":56,"label":"25","id":"el-latigo-p25-s1","source":"–Hombre, haga usted lo que quiera.","translation":"–Man, do whatever you want.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que quiera","title":"Subjunctive after «lo que» (whatever)","body":"«lo que quiera» = 'whatever you want'. The present subjunctive «quiera» turns the relative «lo que» into an open, unspecified 'whatever', leaving the choice undetermined."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, vocative","role":"vocative, addresses the listener","gloss":"Man"},{"surface":"haga","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal (usted), singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of haga","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"forms \"lo que\" with que; direct object of haga","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, links lo to quiera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quiera","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of haga","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p25-s2","source":"–Luego sentóse, encendió un cigarrillo y observándolo al otro, que con un compás marcaba un círculo en un mapa azul, preguntó–: ¿Pero qué piensa hacer usted?","translation":"–Then he sat down, lit a cigarette, and watching the other man, who with a compass was drawing a circle on a blue map, asked–: But what do you intend to do?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sentóse","title":"Enclitic pronoun on a finite verb","body":"«sentóse» is «se sentó» ('he sat down') with the reflexive pronoun attached to the end of the conjugated verb — a literary inversion Arlt favors. The accent on «sentóse» keeps the original stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sentóse","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"sentóse","lemma":"sentarse","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular, reflexive (enclitic se)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"encendió","lemma":"encender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cigarrillo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cigarrillo","lemma":"cigarrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encendió","gloss":"cigarette"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"observándolo","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, gerund, + enclitic direct object lo","role":"coordinated with encendió","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition, contraction of a + el","role":"preposition marking otro (clitic-doubling with lo)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to lo, direct object of observándolo (clitic doubling)","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of marcaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compás","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of compás","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"compás","lemma":"compás","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of marcaba","gloss":"compass"},{"surface":"marcaba","lemma":"marcar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying otro","gloss":"was drawing"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of círculo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of marcaba","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mapa","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mapa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mapa","lemma":"mapa","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of marcaba","gloss":"map"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mapa","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies piensa","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hacer (fronted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of preguntó","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of piensa","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of piensa","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p25-s3","source":"¿El Rufián Melancólico se prestará para administrar los prostíbulos?","translation":"Will the Melancholy Ruffian be willing to manage the brothels?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p25-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se prestará","title":"«prestarse a/para» — to be willing / lend oneself","body":"«prestarse a/para» means 'to be willing to', 'to lend oneself to (doing) something'. «¿se prestará para administrar?» asks whether the Ruffian will agree to run the brothels."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of prestará","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"Melancólico","lemma":"Melancólico","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Rufián","gloss":"Melancholy"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of prestará","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"prestará","lemma":"prestar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be willing"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of administrar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"administrar","lemma":"administrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on prestará","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of prostíbulos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostíbulos","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of administrar","gloss":"brothels"}]},{"number":59,"label":"26","id":"el-latigo-p26-s1","source":"–Sí, de eso no hay cuidado y Barsut no va a oponer mayor resistencia.","translation":"–Yes, no worry about that, and Barsut won't put up much resistance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"no hay cuidado","title":"«no hay cuidado» — no need to worry","body":"«no hay cuidado» is a set phrase meaning 'there's nothing to worry about', 'rest easy'. «de eso no hay cuidado» = 'no worries on that score'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of hay","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cuidado","lemma":"cuidado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of oponer","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies va","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of oponer","gloss":"is going to"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of oponer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"oponer","lemma":"oponer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put up"},{"surface":"mayor","lemma":"mayor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"modifies resistencia","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"resistencia","lemma":"resistencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of oponer","gloss":"resistance"}]},{"number":60,"label":"27","id":"el-latigo-p27-s1","source":"–¿Siempre está en la cochera?","translation":"–Is he still in the coach house?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la cochera","title":"«cochera» — coach house / garage","body":"A «cochera» is a coach house or garage — the outbuilding where carriages or cars are kept. In this scene it adjoins the stable («caballeriza») where Barsut is held prisoner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies está","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cochera","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cochera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cochera","lemma":"cochera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of está","gloss":"coach house"}]},{"number":61,"label":"28","id":"el-latigo-p28-s1","source":"–Me pareció prudente secuestrarlo.","translation":"–It seemed prudent to me to kidnap him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pareció","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"pareció","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"prudente","lemma":"prudente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"complement of pareció","gloss":"prudent"},{"surface":"secuestrarlo","lemma":"secuestrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive, + enclitic direct object lo","role":"subject of pareció","gloss":"to kidnap him"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p28-s2","source":"Lo encadené en la caballeriza.","translation":"I chained him up in the stable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p28-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"caballeriza","title":"«caballeriza» — stable","body":"A «caballeriza» is a stable for horses (from «caballo», 'horse'). The Astrologer chooses it as the one solid place to chain Barsut."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encadené","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"encadené","lemma":"encadenar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chained"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caballeriza","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caballeriza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caballeriza","lemma":"caballeriza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encadené","gloss":"stable"}]},{"number":63,"label":"29","id":"el-latigo-p29-s1","source":"–¿En la caballeriza?","translation":"–In the stable?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caballeriza","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caballeriza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caballeriza","lemma":"caballeriza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stable"}]},{"number":64,"label":"30","id":"el-latigo-p30-s1","source":"–Era el único lugar sólido donde lo podía guardar.","translation":"–It was the only solid place where I could keep him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p30-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lugar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lugar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"único","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lugar","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"lugar","lemma":"lugar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"sólido","lemma":"sólido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lugar","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative adverb referring to lugar, modifies guardar","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guardar","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of guardar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"guardar","lemma":"guardar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying lugar","gloss":"keep"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p30-s2","source":"Además, en una pieza arriba de la cochera duerme el Hombre que vio a la Partera...","translation":"Besides, in a room above the coach house sleeps the Man Who Saw the Midwife...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p30-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pieza","title":"«pieza» — room (River Plate)","body":"In River Plate Spanish «pieza» commonly means 'room', especially a bedroom — where Spain would more often say «habitación» or «cuarto». «una pieza arriba de la cochera» = 'a room above the coach house'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duerme","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieza","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of duerme","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"arriba","lemma":"arriba","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase arriba de, modifies pieza","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase arriba de, marking cochera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cochera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cochera","lemma":"cochera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arriba","gloss":"coach house"},{"surface":"duerme","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hombre","lemma":"Hombre","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of duerme","gloss":"Man","note":"Capitalized as part of the character's epithet, 'the Man Who Saw the Midwife' — Arlt names several characters this way instead of giving them ordinary names."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vio","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vio","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Hombre","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a, marking Partera","gloss":"(marks object)","note":"Personal 'a' before a human direct object — required by Spanish grammar but has no word-for-word English translation."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Partera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Partera","lemma":"Partera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of vio","gloss":"Midwife"}]},{"number":66,"label":"31","id":"el-latigo-p31-s1","source":"–¿Qué es eso?","translation":"–What is that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":67,"label":"32","id":"el-latigo-p32-s1","source":"–Algún día le contaré.","translation":"–Some day I'll tell you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p32-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of contaré","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contaré","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"contaré","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"}]},{"number":68,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p32-s2","source":"Vio la partera y no puede dormir de noche.","translation":"He saw the midwife and can't sleep at night.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p32-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vio","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of partera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"partera","lemma":"partera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Vio","gloss":"midwife"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puede","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dormir, coordinated with Vio","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dormir","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of puede","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormir","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p32-s3","source":"Bueno, yo había pensado que usted...","translation":"Well, I had thought that you...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p32-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker opening the sentence","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of pensado","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pensado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"pensado","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of the elided following clause","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":70,"label":"33","id":"el-latigo-p33-s1","source":"–¿Cómo, voy a ser el que...?","translation":"–What, am I to be the one who...?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p33-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, independent","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"clausal complement of ser","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":71,"label":"34","id":"el-latigo-p34-s1","source":"–Déjeme hablar.","translation":"–Let me speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p34-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Déjeme hablar","title":"«dejar» + infinitive (to let)","body":"«dejar» + infinitive means 'to let / allow someone do something'. «Déjeme hablar» is the formal «usted» command of «dejar» with «me» attached: 'let me speak'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Déjeme","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal (usted), singular + clitic me","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Let me","note":"Déjeme = formal usted command of dejar ('let/allow') plus the clitic pronoun me attached to the end."},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Déjeme","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":72,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p34-s2","source":"Que usted lo viera y tratara de convencerlo para que firmara, en fin, que le expusiera nuestras ideas...","translation":"That you should see him and try to convince him to sign, in short, that you should lay out our ideas to him...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p34-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"viera / tratara / firmara / expusiera","title":"A chain of imperfect subjunctives","body":"«viera», «tratara», «firmara», «expusiera» are all imperfect subjunctives expressing what the Astrologer wishes Erdosain to do. The wish reaches back through «yo había pensado que…», so every subordinate verb stays in the subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viera","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of viera","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of viera","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"viera","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should see"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tratara","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with viera","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of convencerlo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"convencerlo","lemma":"convencer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tratara","gloss":"convince him"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase para que, introduces the clause of firmara","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase para que, introduces the clause of firmara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"firmara","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause of purpose on convencerlo","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase en fin (discourse marker)","gloss":"in","note":"en fin is a fixed phrase meaning 'in short/anyway', not literally 'in the end' here."},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en fin","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of expusiera, coordinated with viera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of expusiera","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"expusiera","lemma":"exponer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with viera","gloss":"should lay out"},{"surface":"nuestras","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ideas","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of expusiera","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":73,"label":"35","id":"el-latigo-p35-s1","source":"–Va a haber que hacerlo firmar a la fuerza...","translation":"–We're going to have to make him sign by force...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p35-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Va a haber que hacerlo firmar","title":"«haber que» — impersonal obligation","body":"«hay que» / «haber que» + infinitive states an impersonal necessity: 'one must / it is necessary to'. «va a haber que hacerlo firmar» = 'it's going to be necessary to make him sign'. «a la fuerza» = 'by force'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of haber","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of haber","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hacerlo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacerlo","lemma":"hacer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of haber que","gloss":"make him"},{"surface":"firmar","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacerlo","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase a la fuerza, marking fuerza","gloss":"by","note":"a la fuerza is a fixed phrase meaning 'by force'."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fuerza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuerza","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of firmar","gloss":"force"}]},{"number":74,"label":"36","id":"el-latigo-p36-s1","source":"–Pero, ¿cómo?","translation":"–But how so?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p36-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies cómo","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how"}]},{"number":75,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p36-s2","source":"Yo, naturalmente, soy enemigo de la violencia, pero usted me entiende.","translation":"I, naturally, am an enemy of violence, but you understand me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p36-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of enemigo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"naturalmente","lemma":"naturalmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soy","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enemigo","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"enemigo","lemma":"enemigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking violencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of violencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"violencia","lemma":"violencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies enemigo","gloss":"violence"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of entiende","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of entiende","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"entiende","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with soy","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":76,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p36-s3","source":"Nuestra idea está por encima de todo sentimentalismo, de eso es lo que usted debe enterarlo a Barsut, en fin, que nosotros no quisiéramos vernos en la obligación de tostarle los pies u otra cosa peor... para que nos firmara el cheque.","translation":"Our idea stands above all sentimentality; that is what you must make Barsut aware of — in short, that we would not want to find ourselves obliged to roast his feet or something worse... to get him to sign the check for us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p36-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"por encima de","title":"«por encima de» — above / over","body":"«por encima de» means 'above', 'over', or figuratively 'beyond / superior to': «está por encima de todo sentimentalismo» = 'stands above all sentimentality'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"no quisiéramos","title":"Imperfect subjunctive as soft conditional","body":"«no quisiéramos» ('we would not want') is the imperfect subjunctive of «querer» used to soften a statement, like a conditional. It makes the menace politely hypothetical — 'we wouldn't want to have to roast his feet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"Our"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase por encima de, marking sentimentalismo","gloss":"above","note":"por encima de is a fixed phrase meaning 'above/beyond'."},{"surface":"encima","lemma":"encima","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase por encima de","gloss":"top"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase por encima de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentimentalismo","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sentimentalismo","lemma":"sentimentalismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of está","gloss":"sentimentality"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso, fronted complement of enterarlo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"fronted complement of enterarlo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun lo que","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause (with lo), predicate of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of debe","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of enterarlo","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"enterarlo","lemma":"enterar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of debe","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a, marking Barsut","gloss":"(marks object)","note":"Personal 'a' before a human direct object; here it doubles the clitic lo, common in colloquial Rioplatense speech."},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of enterarlo","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase en fin (discourse marker)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en fin","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quisiéramos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of quisiéramos","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quisiéramos","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quisiéramos","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with enterarlo (parallel content clause)","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"vernos","lemma":"ver yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quisiéramos","gloss":"find ourselves"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking obligación","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of obligación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"obligación","lemma":"obligación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vernos","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tostarle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tostarle","lemma":"tostar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying obligación","gloss":"roast"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tostarle","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cosa","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with pies","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"peor","lemma":"peor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"modifies cosa","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase para que, introduces the clause of firmara","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase para que, introduces the clause of firmara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of firmara","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"firmara","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause of purpose on quisiéramos","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cheque","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cheque","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of firmara","gloss":"check"}]},{"number":77,"label":"37","id":"el-latigo-p37-s1","source":"–¿Y usted está dispuesto?","translation":"–And are you prepared to?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p37-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"está dispuesto","title":"«estar dispuesto a» — to be willing / ready","body":"«estar dispuesto (a)» means 'to be willing / ready / prepared (to)'. «¿está dispuesto?» asks whether the Astrologer is ready to go through with the torture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dispuesto","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to dispuesto","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dispuesto","lemma":"dispuesto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prepared"}]},{"number":78,"label":"38","id":"el-latigo-p38-s1","source":"–Sí, nosotros estamos dispuestos porque no podemos perder esta única oportunidad.","translation":"–Yes, we are prepared, because we cannot lose this one and only chance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p38-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, independent","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of dispuestos","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"estamos","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"copula linking to dispuestos","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dispuestos","lemma":"dispuesto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of podemos","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podemos","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podemos","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of perder","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"perder","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podemos","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oportunidad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"única","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies oportunidad","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"oportunidad","lemma":"oportunidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of perder","gloss":"chance"}]},{"number":79,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p38-s2","source":"Yo contaba con su invento de la rosa de cobre, pero eso es lento.","translation":"I was counting on your invention of the copper rose, but that is slow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p38-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"contaba con","title":"«contar con» — to count on / rely on","body":"«contar con» means 'to count on', 'to rely on', or 'to have available'. «yo contaba con su invento» = 'I was counting on your invention'. Do not read «contar» here as 'to tell' or 'to count numbers'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of contaba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"contaba","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was counting"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking invento","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of invento","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"invento","lemma":"invento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contaba","gloss":"invention"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rosa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies invento","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of lento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lento","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lento","lemma":"lento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"slow"}]},{"number":80,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p38-s3","source":"Al Rufián Melancólico no conviene pedirle dinero.","translation":"It's not advisable to ask the Melancholy Ruffian for money.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p38-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no conviene pedirle","title":"«convenir» — to be advisable","body":"«convenir» here means 'to be advisable / suitable'. Used impersonally, «no conviene pedirle dinero» = 'it is not advisable to ask him for money'. The fronted «Al Rufián Melancólico» marks the indirect object echoed by «le»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"a el","morphology":"preposition, contraction of a + el","role":"preposition marking Rufián","gloss":"To the"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object (dative experiencer) of conviene","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"Melancólico","lemma":"Melancólico","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Rufián","gloss":"Melancholy"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conviene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"conviene","lemma":"convenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is advisable"},{"surface":"pedirle","lemma":"pedir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of conviene","gloss":"to ask him"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pedirle","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":81,"label":"39","id":"el-latigo-p39-s1","source":"Si no lo tiene lo pondremos en un apuro, y si lo tiene y no nos lo quiere dar, perderemos un amigo.","translation":"If he doesn't have it we'll put him in a tight spot, and if he has it and won't give it to us, we'll lose a friend.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p39-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un apuro","title":"«apuro» — a tight spot / jam","body":"«apuro» means a difficulty, predicament, or jam: «poner en un apuro» = 'to put in a tight spot / embarrass'. In some regions «apuro» also means 'haste', but here it is the bind they would put the Ruffian in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tiene","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on pondremos","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pondremos","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"pondremos","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll put"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking apuro","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of apuro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"apuro","lemma":"apuro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pondremos","gloss":"tight spot"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tiene","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on perderemos","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiere","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of quiere dar","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of quiere dar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tiene","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"dar","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiere","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"perderemos","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with pondremos","gloss":"we'll lose"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amigo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of perderemos","gloss":"friend"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p39-s2","source":"El hecho de que haya sido generoso con usted no quiere decir que lo sea con nosotros.","translation":"The fact that he has been generous with you doesn't mean he'll be so with us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p39-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"El hecho de que haya sido","title":"«el hecho de que» + subjunctive","body":"«el hecho de que» ('the fact that') normally takes the subjunctive — «haya sido» (present perfect subjunctive). «no quiere decir que lo sea» again forces the subjunctive «sea» after a negated 'mean that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hecho","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of quiere","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of generoso","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of generoso","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haya","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of generoso","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"copula linking to generoso","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"generoso","lemma":"generoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying hecho","gloss":"generous"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"oblique complement of generoso","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiere","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, forms the idiom quiere decir with decir","gloss":"mean","note":"querer decir is an idiom meaning 'to mean', not literally 'to want to say'."},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"forms the idiom quiere decir with quiere","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sea","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of sea, referring back to generoso","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lo","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nosotros","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sea","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p39-s3","source":"Además, es un neurasténico que no sabe lo que da de sí.","translation":"Besides, he's a neurasthenic who doesn't know what he's good for.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p39-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lo que da de sí","title":"«dar de sí» — to be capable of / yield","body":"«dar de sí» is an idiom meaning 'to yield', 'to stretch', or figuratively 'to be capable of': «no sabe lo que da de sí» = 'doesn't know what he's capable of / what he has in him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to neurasténico","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of neurasténico","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"neurasténico","lemma":"neurasténico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (substantive use of adjective)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"neurasthenic"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying neurasténico","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun lo que","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"part of the relative pronoun lo que, direct object of da","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"compound with da","gloss":"himself","note":"dar de sí is an idiom roughly meaning 'to be good for/capable of' — lo que da de sí = 'what he's good for'."}]},{"number":84,"label":"40","id":"el-latigo-p40-s1","source":"Erdosain miraba por los cuadriláteros formados por los hierros de la ventana, las manchas escarlatas en las copas verdes de los granados.","translation":"Erdosain looked, through the quadrangles formed by the iron bars of the window, at the scarlet patches in the green crowns of the pomegranate trees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p40-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuadriláteros","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cuadriláteros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuadriláteros","lemma":"cuadrilátero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of miraba","gloss":"quadrangles"},{"surface":"formados","lemma":"formado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cuadriláteros","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"agent of formados","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hierros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hierros","lemma":"hierro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of formados","gloss":"iron bars"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ventana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ventana","lemma":"ventana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hierros","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manchas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manchas","lemma":"mancha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"patches"},{"surface":"escarlatas","lemma":"escarlata","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies manchas","gloss":"scarlet"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking copas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of copas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"copas","lemma":"copa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies manchas","gloss":"crowns"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies copas","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking granados","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of granados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"granados","lemma":"granado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies copas","gloss":"pomegranate trees"}]},{"number":85,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p40-s2","source":"Una franja amarilla de sol cortaba el muro en lo alto de la estancia.","translation":"A yellow band of sun cut across the wall high up in the room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p40-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la estancia","title":"«estancia» — room (here)","body":"«estancia» can mean a stay/sojourn, or in Argentina a large ranch, but here it simply means 'room / chamber' — the study where the two men talk. Context decides which sense is meant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of franja","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"franja","lemma":"franja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cortaba","gloss":"band"},{"surface":"amarilla","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies franja","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies franja","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"cortaba","lemma":"cortar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of muro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muro","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cortaba","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en lo alto, marking alto","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"nominalizes alto (part of the phrase lo alto)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (used as a noun)","role":"oblique complement of cortaba","gloss":"high part"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estancia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estancia","lemma":"estancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies alto","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":86,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p40-s3","source":"Una tristeza enorme pasó por su corazón.","translation":"An enormous sadness passed through his heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p40-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tristeza","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"tristeza","lemma":"tristeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of pasó","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies tristeza","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"pasó","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pasó","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":87,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p40-s4","source":"¿Qué es lo que había hecho de su vida?","translation":"What was it that he had made of his life?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p40-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Qué es lo que había hecho?","title":"«¿Qué es lo que…?» — what is it that…","body":"«¿Qué es lo que…?» is an emphatic way to ask 'what?', literally 'what is it that…?'. It adds weight to the question. «había hecho» is the pluperfect — 'had made / done'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun lo que","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"part of the relative pronoun lo que, subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause, subject of es","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hecho","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":88,"label":"41","id":"el-latigo-p41-s1","source":"El astrólogo reparó en su silencio y dijo:","translation":"The Astrologer noticed his silence and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p41-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"reparó en","title":"«reparar en» — to notice","body":"«reparar en» means 'to notice', 'to take note of': «reparó en su silencio» = 'he noticed his silence'. Without «en», «reparar» means 'to repair / mend', a quite different verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of astrólogo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"astrólogo","lemma":"astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of reparó","gloss":"Astrologer","note":"This token appears lowercase in the source ('astrólogo'), not capitalized — unlike the epithets elsewhere in this batch (Hombre, Partera, Rufián Melancólico). It still refers to the character known elsewhere in the novel as 'el Astrólogo,' but this particular occurrence is not itself capitalized."},{"surface":"reparó","lemma":"reparar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed","note":"reparar en is an idiom meaning 'to notice/take note of'."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom reparar en, marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reparó","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with reparó","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":89,"label":"42","id":"el-latigo-p42-s1","source":"–Vea, Erdosain.","translation":"–Look here, Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p42-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vea","title":"«Vea» — formal command of «ver»","body":"«Vea» is the «usted» imperative of «ver» ('to see'), used here as a discourse marker: 'Look', 'Look here', 'See now'. It signals the start of an argument the speaker wants you to attend to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vea","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal (usted), singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative discourse opener)","gloss":"Look","note":"Vea is the formal usted imperative of ver ('see'), used here as a conversational opener ('look here')."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":90,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p42-s2","source":"No nos queda otro remedio que afrontar todo o abandonar.","translation":"We have no choice left but to face everything or give up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p42-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"No nos queda otro remedio que","title":"«no quedar otro remedio que» — no choice but","body":"«no quedar otro remedio que» is an idiom: 'to have no other choice / no alternative but to'. «no nos queda otro remedio que afrontar» = 'we have no choice but to face up to it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies queda","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of queda","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"queda","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have left"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of remedio","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"remedio","lemma":"remedio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of queda","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afrontar","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"afrontar","lemma":"afrontar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying remedio","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of afrontar","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"abandonar","lemma":"abandonar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with afrontar","gloss":"give up"}]},{"number":91,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p42-s3","source":"La vida es así, triste... ¿pero qué quiere que hagamos?","translation":"Life is like that, sad... but what do you want us to do?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p42-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿qué quiere que hagamos?","title":"«querer que» + subjunctive","body":"«querer que» ('to want that') takes the subjunctive in the subordinate clause: «¿qué quiere que hagamos?» = 'what do you want us to do?'. «hagamos» is the present subjunctive of «hacer»."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of así","gloss":"Life"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with así","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of quiere","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hagamos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hagamos","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of quiere","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":92,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p42-s4","source":"Yo también sé que lo agradable sería hacer las cosas sin sacrificios.","translation":"I too know that the pleasant thing would be to do things without sacrifices.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p42-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo agradable","title":"«lo» + adjective (the … thing)","body":"«lo» plus a masculine-singular adjective forms an abstract noun: «lo agradable» = 'the pleasant thing', 'what is pleasant'. Spanish uses this «lo» + adjective pattern constantly to talk about a quality in the abstract."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of sé","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of agradable","gloss":"the","note":"'Lo' + adjective forms a neuter noun phrase ('lo agradable' = 'the pleasant thing')."},{"surface":"agradable","lemma":"agradable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"subject of sería","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"sería","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sé","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of sería","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sacrificios","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"sacrificios","lemma":"sacrificio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hacer","gloss":"sacrifices"}]},{"number":93,"label":"43","id":"el-latigo-p43-s1","source":"–Es que en este caso el sacrificio es otro...","translation":"–The thing is, in this case the sacrifice is a different one...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p43-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Es que","title":"«Es que» — the thing is / it's that","body":"«Es que» introduces an explanation or excuse: 'the thing is', 'it's just that'. It softens the reply and frames what follows as the real reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is","note":"'Es que' is an idiomatic opener meaning 'the thing is / it's just that.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caso","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caso","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"caso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies es","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sacrificio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sacrificio","lemma":"sacrificio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to otro","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"different"}]},{"number":94,"label":"44","id":"el-latigo-p44-s1","source":"–Y nosotros, Erdosain, y nosotros que nos jugamos la cárcel y la libertad por tiempo indeterminado.","translation":"–And us, Erdosain, and us who are gambling prison and our freedom for an indefinite time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p44-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"nos jugamos","title":"«jugarse» — to risk / gamble","body":"The pronominal «jugarse» means 'to risk', 'to stake', 'to put on the line': «nos jugamos la cárcel y la libertad» = 'we are risking prison and freedom'. Stronger than plain «jugar» ('to play')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous utterance","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with nosotros","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with nosotros","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of jugamos","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of jugamos","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"jugamos","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clause modifying nosotros","gloss":"are gambling","note":"'Jugarse algo' means 'to risk/gamble something'."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cárcel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cárcel","lemma":"cárcel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of jugamos","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of libertad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"libertad","lemma":"libertad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with cárcel","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jugamos","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"indeterminado","lemma":"indeterminado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tiempo","gloss":"indefinite"}]},{"number":95,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p44-s2","source":"¿Usted no ha leído las «Vidas Paralelas» de Plutarco?","translation":"Have you not read Plutarch's \"Parallel Lives\"?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p44-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of leído","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leído","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of leído","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"leído","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of Vidas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vidas","lemma":"Vidas","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lives"},{"surface":"Paralelas","lemma":"Paralelas","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Vidas","gloss":"Parallel"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Plutarco","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Plutarco","lemma":"Plutarco","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Vidas","gloss":"Plutarch","note":"Refers to Plutarch's Parallel Lives, paired biographies of Greek and Roman notables."}]},{"number":96,"label":"45","id":"el-latigo-p45-s1","source":"–No...","translation":"–No...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p45-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"}]},{"number":97,"label":"46","id":"el-latigo-p46-s1","source":"–Pues se las voy a regalar para que leyéndolas aprenda que la vida humana vale menos que la de un perro, si para imprimir un nuevo rumbo a la sociedad, hay que destruir esa vida.","translation":"–Well, I'm going to give them to you as a gift, so that, reading them, you learn that human life is worth less than a dog's, if to impress a new course on society one must destroy that life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p46-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se las voy a regalar","title":"«se las» — two object pronouns","body":"«se las» combines the indirect object 'to you' and the direct object 'them'. When two third-person pronouns meet, the indirect «le/les» becomes «se», so «le las» → «se las» = 'them to you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of regalar","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of regalar","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of regalar","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of regalar","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of regalar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"regalar","lemma":"regalar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of aprenda","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aprenda","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"leyéndolas","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial gerund clause modifying aprenda","gloss":"reading them","note":"'-las' is an enclitic direct object ('them'), referring to the books mentioned earlier."},{"surface":"aprenda","lemma":"aprender","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on regalar","gloss":"you learn"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vale","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vale","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"humana","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"vale","lemma":"valer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of aprenda","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"menos","lemma":"menos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vale","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative particle after menos","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical pronoun for vida, compared by que","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of perro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perro","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies la","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hay","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of imprimir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"imprimir","lemma":"imprimir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on hay","gloss":"impress"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rumbo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nuevo","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rumbo","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"rumbo","lemma":"rumbo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of imprimir","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of imprimir","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vale","gloss":"one must","note":"'Hay que' + infinitive means 'one must ...'."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links hay to the infinitive destruir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"destruir","lemma":"destruir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hay","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of destruir","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":98,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p46-s2","source":"¿Sabe usted cuántos asesinatos cuesta el triunfo de un Lenin o de un Mussolini?","translation":"Do you know how many murders the triumph of a Lenin or a Mussolini costs?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p46-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of Sabe","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cuántos","lemma":"cuántos","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of asesinatos","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"asesinatos","lemma":"asesinato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cuesta","gloss":"murders"},{"surface":"cuesta","lemma":"costar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabe","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of triunfo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"triunfo","lemma":"triunfo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cuesta","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lenin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Lenin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Lenin","lemma":"Lenin","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies triunfo","gloss":"Lenin"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mussolini","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Mussolini","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Mussolini","lemma":"Mussolini","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Lenin","gloss":"Mussolini"}]},{"number":99,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p46-s3","source":"A la gente no le interesa eso.","translation":"People aren't interested in that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p46-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no le interesa eso","title":"«interesar» like «gustar»","body":"«interesar» works like «gustar»: the thing that interests is the grammatical subject. «A la gente no le interesa eso» = 'that does not interest people' / 'people aren't interested in that', with «le» referring back to «la gente»."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gente","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of interesa (fronted, doubled by le)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interesa","gloss":"to them","note":"Doubles 'a la gente'; both the clitic and the fronted phrase are needed, as with gustar."},{"surface":"interesa","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interests","note":"'Interesar' works like 'gustar': the person affected is the indirect object, and the thing is the grammatical subject."},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of interesa","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":100,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p46-s4","source":"¿Por qué no le interesa?","translation":"Why aren't they interested?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p46-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for","note":"'Por qué' together means 'why'."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"modifies interesa","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interesa","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"interesa","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does it interest"}]},{"number":101,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p46-s5","source":"Porque Lenin y Mussolini triunfaron.","translation":"Because Lenin and Mussolini triumphed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p46-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of triunfaron","gloss":"Because"},{"surface":"Lenin","lemma":"Lenin","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of triunfaron","gloss":"Lenin"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Mussolini","lemma":"Mussolini","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Lenin","gloss":"Mussolini"},{"surface":"triunfaron","lemma":"triunfar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"triumphed"}]},{"number":102,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p46-s6","source":"Eso es lo esencial, lo que justifica toda causa injusta o justa.","translation":"That is the essential thing, what justifies every cause, unjust or just.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p46-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esencial","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of esencial","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esencial","lemma":"esencial","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que (subject of justifica)","gloss":"that","note":"'Lo que' together means 'that which/what'."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of justifica","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"justifica","lemma":"justificar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"appositive clause explaining lo esencial","gloss":"justifies"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of causa","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"causa","lemma":"causa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of justifica","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"injusta","lemma":"injusto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies causa","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"justa","lemma":"justo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with injusta","gloss":"just"}]},{"number":103,"label":"47","id":"el-latigo-p47-s1","source":"–¿Y quién lo va a asesinar a Barsut?","translation":"–And who is going to murder Barsut?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p47-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo va a asesinar a Barsut","title":"Redundant object pronoun","body":"River Plate speech often doubles the object: «lo va a asesinar a Barsut» repeats Barsut both as the pronoun «lo» and as the full noun with personal «a». English just says 'murder Barsut'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous utterance","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of asesinar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of asesinar","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of asesinar","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of asesinar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"asesinar","lemma":"asesinar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"to","note":"The 'personal a' marks a human direct object; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of asesinar","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":104,"label":"48","id":"el-latigo-p48-s1","source":"–Bromberg, el que vio a la partera...","translation":"–Bromberg, the one who saw the midwife...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p48-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"el que vio","title":"«el que» — the one who","body":"«el que» means 'the one who / that': «el que vio a la partera» = 'the one who saw the midwife'. It picks out a specific person already known in context, here Bromberg."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bromberg","lemma":"Bromberg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Bromberg"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"combines with que to form 'el que' (the one who)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vio","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vio","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Bromberg","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking partera","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a' marks a human direct object here (la partera); it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of partera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"partera","lemma":"partera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vio","gloss":"midwife"}]},{"number":105,"label":"49","id":"el-latigo-p49-s1","source":"–Usted no me había dicho...","translation":"–You hadn't told me...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p49-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dicho","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dicho","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dicho","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":106,"label":"50","id":"el-latigo-p50-s1","source":"–Ni había objeto, porque de ese lado todo estaba resuelto.","translation":"–There was no point, either, because on that side everything was settled.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p50-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ni había objeto","title":"«ni» — not even / nor","body":"«ni» negates and adds: 'nor', 'not even'. «Ni había objeto» = 'there wasn't even any point'. It connects to the unspoken idea that there was no reason to tell him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies había","gloss":"Nor"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"objeto","lemma":"objeto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of resuelto","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of resuelto","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to resuelto","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"resuelto","lemma":"resuelto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"settled"}]},{"number":107,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p50-s2","source":"Una ráfaga de perfume se volcó en la estancia.","translation":"A gust of perfume spilled into the room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p50-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ráfaga","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"ráfaga","lemma":"ráfaga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of volcó","gloss":"gust"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perfume","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perfume","lemma":"perfume","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ráfaga","gloss":"perfume"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volcó","gloss":"itself","note":"Part of the pronominal verb 'volcarse' (to spill/tip over); not separately translated."},{"surface":"volcó","lemma":"volcar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spilled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estancia","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estancia","lemma":"estancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volcó","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":108,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p50-s3","source":"Se hizo nítido el ruido del agua que caía en el tonel.","translation":"The sound of the water falling into the cask grew distinct.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p50-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se hizo nítido","title":"«hacerse» + adjective (to become)","body":"«hacerse» + adjective means 'to become / grow': «se hizo nítido el ruido» = 'the sound grew distinct'. The verb-first word order («se hizo nítido el ruido») is a common literary inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hizo","gloss":"itself","note":"Part of the pronominal verb 'hacerse' (to become)."},{"surface":"hizo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"nítido","lemma":"nítido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of hizo","gloss":"distinct"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ruido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruido","lemma":"ruido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hizo","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agua","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"agua","lemma":"agua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ruido","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of caía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying agua","gloss":"was falling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tonel","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tonel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tonel","lemma":"tonel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caía","gloss":"cask"}]},{"number":109,"label":"51","id":"el-latigo-p51-s1","source":"–Así que el asunto ya lo conocemos...","translation":"–So we already know about the matter...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p51-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Así que","title":"«así que» — so / therefore","body":"«así que» introduces a consequence: 'so', 'therefore'. «Así que el asunto ya lo conocemos» = 'so we already know about the affair', drawing a conclusion from the preceding exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of conocemos","gloss":"So","note":"'Así que' together means 'so/thus.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Así","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asunto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asunto","lemma":"asunto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of conocemos (fronted, doubled by lo)","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conocemos","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of conocemos","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"conocemos","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we know"}]},{"number":110,"label":"52","id":"el-latigo-p52-s1","source":"–Usted, yo y Bromberg...","translation":"–You, I, and Bromberg...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p52-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with Usted","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Bromberg","lemma":"Bromberg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Usted","gloss":"Bromberg"}]},{"number":111,"label":"53","id":"el-latigo-p53-s1","source":"–Demasiada gente para un secreto...","translation":"–Too many people for a secret...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p53-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Demasiada gente","title":"«demasiado» agreeing as an adjective","body":"Before a noun, «demasiado» behaves as an adjective and agrees in gender and number: «demasiada gente» (feminine) = 'too much / too many people'. As an adverb («demasiado tarde») it stays invariable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Demasiada","lemma":"demasiado","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"Too many"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking secreto","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of secreto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"secreto","lemma":"secreto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gente","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":112,"label":"54","id":"el-latigo-p54-s1","source":"–No, porque Bromberg es mi esclavo, es esclavo de sí mismo, que es lo peor.","translation":"–No, because Bromberg is my slave, he is a slave of himself, which is the worst thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p54-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de sí mismo","title":"«sí mismo» — himself (reflexive)","body":"«sí» is the reflexive pronoun after a preposition, reinforced by «mismo»: «esclavo de sí mismo» = 'a slave of himself'. It refers back to the subject, Bromberg."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"interjection, negative response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Bromberg","lemma":"Bromberg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"Bromberg"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esclavo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esclavo","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esclavo","lemma":"esclavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"slave"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esclavo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"esclavo","lemma":"esclavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"slave"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"modifies esclavo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sí","gloss":"self","note":"'Sí mismo' together means 'himself' (emphatic reflexive)."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to peor","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of peor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peor","lemma":"peor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"worst"}]},{"number":113,"label":"55","id":"el-latigo-p55-s1","source":"–Perfectamente, pero usted me va a entregar a mí un documento firmado en el que usted y Bromberg se confiesen autores del crimen.","translation":"–Very well, but you are going to hand me a signed document in which you and Bromberg confess yourselves the authors of the crime.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p55-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en el que… se confiesen","title":"Subjunctive in a relative clause of intent","body":"«un documento… en el que… se confiesen» uses the subjunctive «confiesen» because the document does not yet exist — Erdosain describes the kind of paper he requires, not a real one. The reflexive «se confiesen» = 'confess themselves (to be)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Perfectamente","lemma":"perfectamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Very well"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of entregar","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of entregar","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of entregar","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of entregar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"entregar","lemma":"entregar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hand over"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of entregar (emphatic doubling of me)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of documento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"documento","lemma":"documento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entregar","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"firmado","lemma":"firmado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies documento","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of confiesen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of confiesen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Bromberg","lemma":"Bromberg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with usted","gloss":"Bromberg"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of confiesen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"confiesen","lemma":"confesar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause modifying documento","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"autores","lemma":"autor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of confiesen","gloss":"authors"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crimen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"crimen","lemma":"crimen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies autores","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":114,"label":"56","id":"el-latigo-p56-s1","source":"–¿Y para qué quiere usted eso?","translation":"–And what do you want that for?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p56-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿para qué?","title":"«¿para qué?» vs. «¿por qué?»","body":"«¿para qué?» asks 'for what purpose / what for?', looking forward to a goal, while «¿por qué?» asks 'why?', looking back to a cause. Here the Astrologer wants Erdosain's purpose in demanding the document."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous utterance","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of quiere","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of quiere","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of quiere","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":115,"label":"57","id":"el-latigo-p57-s1","source":"–Para estar seguro que no me engaña.","translation":"–To be sure you're not deceiving me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p57-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of estar","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to seguro","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"seguro","lemma":"seguro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of engaña","gloss":"that","note":"'Seguro que' here elides the preposition 'de' (colloquial for 'seguro de que')."},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies engaña","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of engaña","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"engaña","lemma":"engañar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of seguro","gloss":"is deceiving"}]},{"number":116,"label":"58","id":"el-latigo-p58-s1","source":"Con gesto maquinal el Astrólogo acomodó su galera, cogió su mongólico rostro entre sus gruesos dedos, y caminó hasta el centro de la estancia, así, con el codo apoyado en la palma de la otra mano, y dijo:","translation":"With a mechanical gesture the Astrologer adjusted his top hat, took his Mongoloid face between his thick fingers, and walked to the center of the room, like that, his elbow propped in the palm of his other hand, and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p58-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"galera","title":"«galera» — top hat (River Plate)","body":"In Argentina a «galera» is a top hat — the same head-piece called «chistera» elsewhere in the chapter. Both words name the Astrologer's signature top hat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesto","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"gesto","lemma":"gesto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acomodó","gloss":"gesture"},{"surface":"maquinal","lemma":"maquinal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies gesto","gloss":"mechanical"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of acomodó","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"acomodó","lemma":"acomodar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adjusted"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of galera","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"galera","lemma":"galera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of acomodó","gloss":"top hat"},{"surface":"cogió","lemma":"coger","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with acomodó","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mongólico","lemma":"mongólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"Mongoloid","note":"A period term (1929) linked to Down syndrome facial features; considered offensive today but reflects Arlt's original wording."},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cogió","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gruesos","lemma":"grueso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies dedos","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cogió","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"caminó","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with acomodó","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"centro","lemma":"centro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminó","gloss":"center"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estancia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estancia","lemma":"estancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies centro","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caminó","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking codo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of codo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"codo","lemma":"codo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminó","gloss":"elbow"},{"surface":"apoyado","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies codo","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palma","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palma","lemma":"palma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyado","gloss":"palm"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mano","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies palma","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with acomodó","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":117,"label":"59","id":"el-latigo-p59-s1","source":"–No tengo inconvenientes en darle lo que usted me pide, pero no se olvide de esto.","translation":"–I have no objection to giving you what you ask of me, but don't forget this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"No tengo inconvenientes en","title":"«tener inconveniente en» — to mind / object","body":"«tener inconveniente en» means 'to have an objection to', 'to mind' doing something. «No tengo inconvenientes en darle» = 'I have no objection to giving you', 'I don't mind giving you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tengo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"inconvenientes","lemma":"inconveniente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"objection"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of darle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"darle","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying inconvenientes","gloss":"give you","note":"Enclitic '-le' is the indirect object ('to you', formal)."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the relative phrase lo que (object of pide and darle)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of pide","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of pide","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pide","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"pide","lemma":"pedir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of darle","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies olvide","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of olvide","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"olvide","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tengo","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of olvide","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":118,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s2","source":"Yo vivo exclusivamente para realizar mi idea.","translation":"I live exclusively to realize my idea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vivo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vivo","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"exclusivamente","lemma":"exclusivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivo","gloss":"exclusively"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of realizar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"realizar","lemma":"realizar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on vivo","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of realizar","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":119,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s3","source":"Vienen tiempos extraordinarios.","translation":"Extraordinary times are coming.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vienen tiempos","title":"Verb-before-subject word order","body":"«Vienen tiempos extraordinarios» places the verb before the subject — literally 'come extraordinary times'. With verbs of arriving and existing, Spanish often fronts the verb; English needs 'are coming'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vienen","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are coming"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Vienen","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"extraordinarios","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"extraordinary"}]},{"number":120,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s4","source":"Yo no podría explicarle todos los prodigios que van a ocurrir porque no tengo tiempo ni ganas de discutir.","translation":"I couldn't explain to you all the wonders that are going to happen, because I have neither the time nor the wish to argue.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ni ganas","title":"«ganas» — desire / inclination","body":"«ganas» means 'desire', 'the urge / wish' to do something — «tener ganas de» = 'to feel like'. «no tengo tiempo ni ganas» = 'I have neither time nor any wish'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of explicarle","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of explicarle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"explicarle","lemma":"explicar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explain to you"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of los","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of prodigios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prodigios","lemma":"prodigio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of explicarle","gloss":"wonders"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ocurrir","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of ocurrir","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ocurrir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ocurrir","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying prodigios","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tengo","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tengo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on explicarle","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ganas","lemma":"gana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with tiempo","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of discutir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"discutir","lemma":"discutir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying ganas","gloss":"argue"}]},{"number":121,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s5","source":"Vienen sin duda tiempos nuevos.","translation":"New times are coming, without a doubt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vienen","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are coming"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies Vienen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"duda","lemma":"duda","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase sin","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Vienen","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"nuevos","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"new"}]},{"number":122,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s6","source":"¿Quienes los conocerán?","translation":"Who will know them?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quienes","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of conocerán","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of conocerán","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"conocerán","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will know"}]},{"number":123,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s7","source":"Los elegidos.","translation":"The chosen ones.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Los elegidos","title":"Past participle as a noun","body":"«elegidos» is the past participle of «elegir» ('to choose') used as a noun: «los elegidos» = 'the chosen ones', 'the elect'. Spanish freely turns participles into nouns this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of elegidos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"elegidos","lemma":"elegido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"chosen ones"}]},{"number":124,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s8","source":"El día que yo encuentre un hombre capaz de substituirme y la empresa esté encaminada, me retiraré a meditar a la montaña.","translation":"The day I find a man capable of replacing me and the enterprise is well under way, I will retire to meditate in the mountains.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"El día que yo encuentre… esté","title":"Subjunctive for a future time clause","body":"After a time expression pointing to the future, Spanish uses the subjunctive: «el día que yo encuentre… y la empresa esté encaminada» = 'the day I find… and the enterprise is under way'. The event hasn't happened yet, so «encuentre» and «esté» stay subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of retiraré","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of encuentre","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of encuentre","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"encuentre","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying día","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encuentre","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"capaz","lemma":"capaz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of substituirme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"substituirme","lemma":"substituir yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying capaz","gloss":"replacing me"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of empresa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"empresa","lemma":"empresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of encaminada","gloss":"enterprise"},{"surface":"esté","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to encaminada","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"encaminada","lemma":"encaminado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with encuentre","gloss":"under way"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of retiraré","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"retiraré","lemma":"retirar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will retire"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of meditar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"meditar","lemma":"meditar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on retiraré","gloss":"meditate"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking montaña","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of montaña","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"montaña","lemma":"montaña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of meditar","gloss":"mountain"}]},{"number":125,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s9","source":"En tanto, todos los que me rodean me deben absoluta obediencia.","translation":"In the meantime, all those who surround me owe me absolute obedience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"En tanto","title":"«en tanto» — meanwhile / as long as","body":"«en tanto» means 'meanwhile / in the meantime' here. It can also mean 'as long as' (with a verb). The Astrologer demands total obedience until the day he finds a successor."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies deben","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"the meantime"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of los","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of deben","gloss":"those","note":"\"todos los que\" = \"all those who\"; los here is the pronoun head, not a determiner on the verb."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rodean","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of rodean","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"rodean","lemma":"rodear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying los","gloss":"surround"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of deben","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"deben","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"owe"},{"surface":"absoluta","lemma":"absoluto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies obediencia","gloss":"absolute"},{"surface":"obediencia","lemma":"obediencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of deben","gloss":"obedience"}]},{"number":126,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p59-s10","source":"Esto debe entenderlo usted si no quiere seguir el camino del otro...","translation":"This you must understand, if you don't want to follow the road of the other man...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p59-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Esto debe entenderlo","title":"Fronted object echoed by «lo»","body":"«Esto debe entenderlo usted» fronts the object «esto» for emphasis, then repeats it with the pronoun «lo» attached to the infinitive — 'this you must understand'. The doubling is normal once the object is moved to the front."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esto","lemma":"esto","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of entenderlo","gloss":"This","note":"Esto is fronted for emphasis; the clitic lo in entenderlo resumes it."},{"surface":"debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of entenderlo","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"entenderlo","lemma":"entender él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of entenderlo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quiere","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiere","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on entenderlo","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"seguir","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiere","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of camino","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"camino","lemma":"camino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of seguir","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies camino","gloss":"other man"}]},{"number":127,"label":"60","id":"el-latigo-p60-s1","source":"–Esa no es forma de hablar.","translation":"–That's no way to talk.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p60-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of forma","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to forma","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hablar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying forma","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":128,"label":"61","id":"el-latigo-p61-s1","source":"–Sí, es forma, porque yo le voy a firmar a usted el documento que me pide.","translation":"–Yes, it is a way, because I am going to sign for you the document you ask me for.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p61-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to forma","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a way"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of firmar","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of firmar","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of firmar","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of firmar","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of firmar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"firmar","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on forma","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"indirect object of firmar","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of documento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"documento","lemma":"documento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of firmar","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of pide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pide","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"pide","lemma":"pedir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying documento","gloss":"ask for"}]},{"number":129,"label":"62","id":"el-latigo-p62-s1","source":"–No lo preciso...","translation":"–I don't need it...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p62-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"No lo preciso","title":"«precisar» — to need","body":"«precisar» commonly means 'to need' (a synonym of «necesitar»), especially in the River Plate: «no lo preciso» = 'I don't need it'. It can also mean 'to specify' in other contexts."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies preciso","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of preciso","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"preciso","lemma":"precisar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"need","note":"preciso is here the verb precisar (\"to need\"), not the adjective \"precise\"."}]},{"number":130,"label":"63","id":"el-latigo-p63-s1","source":"–¿Va a necesitar dinero usted?","translation":"–Are you going to need money?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p63-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of necesitar","gloss":"are you going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of necesitar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"necesitar","lemma":"necesitar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of necesitar","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of necesitar","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":131,"label":"64","id":"el-latigo-p64-s1","source":"–Sí, unos dos mil pesos para...","translation":"–Yes, about two thousand pesos for...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p64-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"unos dos mil","title":"«unos» — approximately","body":"Before a number, «unos» (or «unas») means 'about / approximately': «unos dos mil pesos» = 'around two thousand pesos'. It is not the article 'some' here but an approximator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"modifies dos","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with dos","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"dangling preposition (sentence trails off)","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":132,"label":"65","id":"el-latigo-p65-s1","source":"–No me diga... Se le entregará...","translation":"–You don't say... It will be handed to you...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p65-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se le entregará","title":"Impersonal / passive «se»","body":"«Se le entregará» uses the impersonal-passive «se»: 'it will be handed over to you', with no stated agent. «le» marks the recipient (you). The construction avoids naming who does the giving."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies diga","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of diga","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"diga","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell","note":"Idiom: \"No me diga\" = \"You don't say!\" (surprise), not literally \"don't tell me.\""},{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of entregará","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of entregará","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"entregará","lemma":"entregar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be handed over"}]},{"number":133,"label":"66","id":"el-latigo-p66-s1","source":"–Además, no quiero tener nada que ver con el asunto de los prostíbulos...","translation":"–Besides, I want nothing to do with the business of the brothels...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p66-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tener nada que ver con","title":"«tener que ver con» — to have to do with","body":"«tener que ver con» means 'to have to do with', 'to be connected to': «no quiero tener nada que ver con» = 'I want nothing to do with'. The «nada» reinforces the refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiero","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ver","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying nada","gloss":"do","note":"Idiom: \"tener que ver con\" = \"to have to do with,\" not literally \"to see.\""},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asunto","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asunto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asunto","lemma":"asunto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of prostíbulos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostíbulos","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies asunto","gloss":"brothels"}]},{"number":134,"label":"67","id":"el-latigo-p67-s1","source":"–Muy bien, llevará la contabilidad, pero ¿sabe ahora lo que nos hace falta?","translation":"–Very well, you'll keep the accounts, but do you know now what we need?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p67-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que nos hace falta","title":"«hacer falta» — to be needed","body":"«hacer falta» means 'to be needed / lacking', and works like «gustar»: «lo que nos hace falta» = 'what we need / what is needed by us', with «nos» as the one who needs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Muy","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bien","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llevará","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"llevará","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will keep"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of contabilidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"contabilidad","lemma":"contabilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevará","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with llevará","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabe","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sabe","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hace","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of hace","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"falta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with hace","gloss":"needed","note":"Idiom: \"hacer falta\" = \"to be needed/necessary.\""}]},{"number":135,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p67-s2","source":"Es descubrir un símbolo vulgar para entusiasmar al populacho...","translation":"It's to discover a vulgar symbol to excite the rabble...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p67-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"populacho","title":"«populacho» — the mob (pejorative)","body":"«populacho» is a contemptuous word for the common crowd, the mob, the rabble. It derives from the Latin stem popul- (as in «popular» / Latin populus) + the pejorative suffix «-acho», not from the Spanish word «pueblo». Note that «pueblo + -acho» produces «pueblacho», an unrelated word for a sorry little village. It fits the Astrologer's scorn for the masses he means to manipulate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"descubrir","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of Es","gloss":"to discover"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of símbolo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"símbolo","lemma":"símbolo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of descubrir","gloss":"symbol"},{"surface":"vulgar","lemma":"vulgar","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies símbolo","gloss":"vulgar"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of entusiasmar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"entusiasmar","lemma":"entusiasmar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on descubrir","gloss":"excite"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking populacho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"populacho","lemma":"populacho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entusiasmar","gloss":"rabble"}]},{"number":136,"label":"68","id":"el-latigo-p68-s1","source":"–Lucifer.","translation":"–Lucifer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p68-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lucifer","lemma":"Lucifer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lucifer"}]},{"number":137,"label":"69","id":"el-latigo-p69-s1","source":"–No, ése es un símbolo místico... intelectual... Hay que descubrir algo grosero y estúpido... algo que entre por los sentidos de la multitud como la camisa negra...","translation":"–No, that's a mystical symbol... intellectual... We have to find something coarse and stupid... something that enters through the senses of the multitude like the black shirt...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p69-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"algo que entre","title":"Subjunctive after an indefinite antecedent","body":"«algo que entre por los sentidos» uses the subjunctive «entre» because «algo» is indefinite — they are still searching for a symbol that does not yet exist. With a known, real antecedent it would be the indicative «entra»."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ése","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of símbolo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to símbolo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of símbolo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"símbolo","lemma":"símbolo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"symbol"},{"surface":"místico","lemma":"místico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies símbolo","gloss":"mystical"},{"surface":"intelectual","lemma":"intelectual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies símbolo","gloss":"intellectual"},{"surface":"Hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of descubrir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"descubrir","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of Hay","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of descubrir","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"grosero","lemma":"grosero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"estúpido","lemma":"estúpido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with grosero","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"in apposition to the first algo","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of entre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying algo","gloss":"enters"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentidos","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sentidos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentidos","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of entre","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking multitud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multitud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"multitud","lemma":"multitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sentidos","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking camisa","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of camisa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"camisa","lemma":"camisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of como","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies camisa","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":138,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p69-s2","source":"Ese diablo ha tenido talento.","translation":"That devil has had talent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p69-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of diablo","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"diablo","lemma":"diablo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenido","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tenido","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tenido","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"talento","lemma":"talento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenido","gloss":"talent"}]},{"number":139,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p69-s3","source":"Descubrió que la psicología del pueblo italiano era una psicología de barbero y tenor de opereta...","translation":"He discovered that the psychology of the Italian people was a psychology of a barber and an operetta tenor...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p69-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Descubrió","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He discovered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of psicología","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of psicología","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"psicología","lemma":"psicología","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pueblo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pueblo","lemma":"pueblo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies psicología","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"italiano","lemma":"italiano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pueblo","gloss":"Italian"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to psicología","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of psicología","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"psicología","lemma":"psicología","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Descubrió","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking barbero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"barbero","lemma":"barbero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies psicología","gloss":"barber"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tenor","lemma":"tenor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with barbero","gloss":"tenor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opereta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"opereta","lemma":"opereta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tenor","gloss":"operetta"}]},{"number":140,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p69-s4","source":"En fin, veremos, ya tengo pensada una jerarquía, algo interesante... lo hablaremos otro día... puede que resulte...","translation":"Anyway, we'll see, I already have a hierarchy worked out, something interesting... we'll talk it over another day... maybe it'll work out...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p69-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"puede que resulte","title":"«puede que» + subjunctive (maybe)","body":"«puede que» means 'it may be that / maybe' and always takes the subjunctive: «puede que resulte» = 'maybe it'll work out'. «tengo pensada una jerarquía» uses «tener» + participle for 'I have a hierarchy thought out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies veremos","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"anyway","note":"Idiom: \"en fin\" = \"anyway/in short.\""},{"surface":"veremos","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with tengo","gloss":"we'll see"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tengo","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"pensada","lemma":"pensado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of tengo","gloss":"worked out"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of jerarquía","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jerarquía","lemma":"jerarquía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"hierarchy"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"in apposition to jerarquía","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"interesante","lemma":"interesante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hablaremos","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hablaremos","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with tengo","gloss":"we'll talk"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hablaremos","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tengo","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of resulte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"resulte","lemma":"resultar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of puede","gloss":"works out"}]},{"number":141,"label":"70","id":"el-latigo-p70-s1","source":"–El caso es que podamos sostenernos...","translation":"–The point is that we can keep ourselves going...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p70-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"El caso es que podamos","title":"«el caso es que» + subjunctive of need","body":"«el caso es que» normally means 'the fact is that' with the indicative, but here it carries a sense of 'what matters is that…', so it takes the subjunctive «podamos» — 'the point is that we should be able to keep going'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caso","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"caso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sostenernos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"podamos","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of sostenernos","gloss":"we can"},{"surface":"sostenernos","lemma":"sostener yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"keep ourselves going"}]},{"number":142,"label":"71","id":"el-latigo-p71-s1","source":"–Eso se descuenta... los prostíbulos van a dar... ¿pero va a ir a verlo a Barsut?","translation":"–That's a given... the brothels are going to pay... but are you going to go see Barsut?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p71-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Eso se descuenta","title":"«eso se descuenta» — that goes without saying","body":"«descontar» literally means 'to discount / deduct', but «eso se descuenta» is used idiomatically for 'that's taken for granted', 'that goes without saying'. «los prostíbulos van a dar» = 'the brothels are going to yield (a profit)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"eso","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of descuenta","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of descuenta","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"descuenta","lemma":"descontar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes without saying","note":"Idiom: \"descontarse\" = \"to go without saying/be taken for granted.\""},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of prostíbulos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostíbulos","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of dar","gloss":"brothels"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of dar","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dar","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pay off"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ir","gloss":"are you going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of verlo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlo","lemma":"ver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on ir","gloss":"see him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of verlo","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":143,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p71-s2","source":"¿Sabe lo que le dirá?","translation":"Do you know what you'll say to him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p71-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do you know"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Sabe","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dirá","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dirá","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"dirá","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabe","gloss":"will say"}]},{"number":144,"label":"72","id":"el-latigo-p72-s1","source":"–Sí...","translation":"–Yes...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p72-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":145,"label":"73","id":"el-latigo-p73-s1","source":"Erdosain salió en dirección a la cochera, en donde estaban instaladas las caballerizas.","translation":"Erdosain went out toward the coach house, where the stables were installed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p73-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of salió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"salió","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cochera","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dirección","lemma":"dirección","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"direction","note":"Idiom: \"en dirección a\" = \"toward, in the direction of.\""},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cochera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cochera","lemma":"cochera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salió","gloss":"coach house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking donde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of estaban","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to instaladas","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"instaladas","lemma":"instalado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"clause modifying cochera","gloss":"installed"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of caballerizas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caballerizas","lemma":"caballeriza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of instaladas","gloss":"stables"}]},{"number":146,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p73-s2","source":"Era aquélla una casona de gruesas paredes y con piso alto donde había numerosas piezas vacías, recorridas de ratas.","translation":"It was a great rambling house with thick walls and an upper floor where there were numerous empty rooms, overrun with rats.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p73-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"casona","title":"«-ón / -ona» augmentative","body":"«casona» is «casa» plus the augmentative «-ona»: a big, rambling old house. The augmentative suffix «-ón/-ona» enlarges a noun the way «-ito/-ita» shrinks it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to casona","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aquélla","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of casona","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casona","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"casona","lemma":"casona","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"big house"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paredes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gruesas","lemma":"grueso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies paredes","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"paredes","lemma":"pared","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies casona","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piso","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"piso","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with paredes","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies piso","gloss":"upper"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of había","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying piso","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"numerosas","lemma":"numeroso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies piezas","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"piezas","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"vacías","lemma":"vacío","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies piezas","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"recorridas","lemma":"recorrido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies piezas","gloss":"overrun"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ratas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ratas","lemma":"rata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies recorridas","gloss":"rats"}]},{"number":147,"label":"74","id":"el-latigo-p74-s1","source":"En una de ellas vivía, o mejor dicho, dormía, el siniestro Bromberg, a quien Erdosain había visto el día del secuestro.","translation":"In one of them lived, or rather slept, the sinister Bromberg, whom Erdosain had seen on the day of the kidnapping.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p74-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a quien… había visto","title":"«a quien» — whom","body":"«a quien» is the object relative for people, 'whom': «a quien Erdosain había visto» = 'whom Erdosain had seen'. The personal «a» marks the human object even inside the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking una","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vivía","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ellas","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies una","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"vivía","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"mejor","lemma":"mejor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dicho","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom mejor dicho","gloss":"said","note":"'mejor dicho' is a set phrase meaning 'rather' / 'that is to say'."},{"surface":"dormía","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with vivía","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Bromberg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"siniestro","lemma":"siniestro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Bromberg","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"Bromberg","lemma":"Bromberg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vivía and dormía","gloss":"Bromberg"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of visto","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of visto","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of visto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause modifying Bromberg","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of visto","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking secuestro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"secuestro","lemma":"secuestro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"kidnapping"}]},{"number":148,"label":"75","id":"el-latigo-p75-s1","source":"Comprendía que ahora iba en camino hacia un hundimiento del cual no se imaginaba de qué forma saldría maltrecha su vida, y esta incertidumbre así como su absoluta falta de entusiasmo por los proyectos del Astrólogo, le causaba la impresión de que estaba obrando en falso, creándose gratuitamente una situación absurda.","translation":"He understood that he was now on his way toward a collapse from which he could not imagine in what shape his life would come out battered, and this uncertainty, as well as his utter lack of enthusiasm for the Astrologer's projects, gave him the impression that he was acting falsely, gratuitously creating an absurd situation for himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p75-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"saldría maltrecha","title":"Conditional inside an indirect question","body":"«no se imaginaba de qué forma saldría maltrecha su vida» = 'he couldn't imagine in what shape his life would come out battered'. The conditional «saldría» reports a future-in-the-past inside the embedded question, and «maltrecha» agrees with feminine «vida»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comprendía","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of iba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Comprendía","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking camino","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"camino","lemma":"camino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iba","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hundimiento","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hundimiento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hundimiento","lemma":"hundimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iba","gloss":"collapse"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cual","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of saldría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies imaginaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginaba","gloss":"to himself","note":"'imaginarse' means 'to imagine'; the reflexive doesn't add a separate meaning here."},{"surface":"imaginaba","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hundimiento","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of saldría","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"saldría","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginaba","gloss":"would come out"},{"surface":"maltrecha","lemma":"maltrecho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing vida","gloss":"battered"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of saldría","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of incertidumbre","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"incertidumbre","lemma":"incertidumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of causaba, coordinated with falta","gloss":"uncertainty"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative así como","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the correlative así como","gloss":"well as"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of falta","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"absoluta","lemma":"absoluto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies falta","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"falta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with incertidumbre, subject of causaba","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entusiasmo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"entusiasmo","lemma":"entusiasmo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies falta","gloss":"enthusiasm"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proyectos","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of proyectos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proyectos","lemma":"proyecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies entusiasmo","gloss":"projects"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies proyectos","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of causaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"causaba","lemma":"causar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"second main verb, coordinated with Comprendía","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of impresión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"impresión","lemma":"impresión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of causaba","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estaba obrando (impresión de que)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba obrando","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of obrando","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"obrando","lemma":"obrar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying impresión","gloss":"acting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking falso","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"falso","lemma":"falso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom en falso, modifies obrando","gloss":"falsely","note":"'obrar en falso' is an idiom meaning to act without real basis / in vain."},{"surface":"creándose","lemma":"crearse","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on obrando","gloss":"creating for himself"},{"surface":"gratuitamente","lemma":"gratuitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creándose","gloss":"gratuitously"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of situación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"situación","lemma":"situación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of creándose","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"absurda","lemma":"absurdo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies situación","gloss":"absurd"}]},{"number":149,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p75-s2","source":"«Todo había hecho bancarrota en mí», diríase más tarde; mas sobreponiéndose a su cansancio e indiferencia marchaba hacia la cochera.","translation":"\"Everything had gone bankrupt in me,\" he would say later; but, overcoming his weariness and indifference, he marched toward the coach house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p75-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"diríase","title":"«diríase» — one would say","body":"«diríase» is the impersonal «se diría» ('one would say', 'it would be said') with the pronoun attached. «mas» (without accent) is a literary 'but', equivalent to «pero»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hecho","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the quoted clause, complement of diríase","gloss":"made","note":"'hacer bancarrota' is an idiom meaning 'to go bankrupt'; 'hecho' is a form of 'hacer' ('made/done'), not 'ir' ('gone')."},{"surface":"bancarrota","lemma":"bancarrota","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"bankruptcy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of hecho","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"diríase","lemma":"decirse","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular, impersonal reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence (frames the quoted clause)","gloss":"he would say"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies diríase","gloss":"late","note":"'más tarde' together means 'later'."},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"sobreponiéndose","lemma":"sobreponerse","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on marchaba","gloss":"overcoming"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cansancio","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cansancio","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cansancio","lemma":"cansancio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a, complement of sobreponiéndose","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"indiferencia","lemma":"indiferencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with cansancio","gloss":"indifference"},{"surface":"marchaba","lemma":"marchar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"marched"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cochera","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cochera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cochera","lemma":"cochera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of marchaba","gloss":"coach house"}]},{"number":150,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p75-s3","source":"Su corazón golpeaba fuertemente al saber que se encontraría «con el enemigo».","translation":"His heart beat hard at knowing that he would meet \"the enemy\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p75-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of golpeaba","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"golpeaba","lemma":"golpear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"fuertemente","lemma":"fuertemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies golpeaba","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saber","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"saber","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the al-infinitive clause (al saber que...)","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontraría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontraría","gloss":"himself","note":"'encontrarse con' means 'to meet, run into'."},{"surface":"encontraría","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of saber","gloss":"would meet"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enemigo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of enemigo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"enemigo","lemma":"enemigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontraría","gloss":"enemy"}]},{"number":151,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p75-s4","source":"A instantes arrugaba el ceño y su rencor era evidente.","translation":"At moments he furrowed his brow and his rancor was plain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p75-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"arrugaba el ceño","title":"«arrugar / fruncir el ceño» — to frown","body":"«arrugar el ceño» (also «fruncir el ceño») means 'to frown / knit one's brow'. «el ceño» is the brow or the space between the eyebrows; wrinkling it signals displeasure."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instantes","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"instantes","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of a (adverbial phrase modifying arrugaba)","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"arrugaba","lemma":"arrugar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"furrowed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ceño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ceño","lemma":"ceño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of arrugaba","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rencor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rencor","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to evidente","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"evidente","lemma":"evidente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of era","gloss":"plain"}]},{"number":152,"label":"76","id":"el-latigo-p76-s1","source":"Abrió el candado, descorrió la cadena y súbitamente encurioseado empujó una de las hojas del portón.","translation":"He opened the padlock, drew back the chain, and, suddenly seized with curiosity, pushed one of the leaves of the gate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p76-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"las hojas del portón","title":"«hoja» — leaf (of a door)","body":"Besides 'leaf' or 'sheet', «hoja» names one of the swinging panels of a double door or gate: «las hojas del portón» = 'the leaves / panels of the gate'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Abrió","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of candado","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"candado","lemma":"candado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Abrió","gloss":"padlock"},{"surface":"descorrió","lemma":"descorrer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Abrió, second main verb","gloss":"drew back"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cadena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cadena","lemma":"cadena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of descorrió","gloss":"chain"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encurioseado","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"encurioseado","lemma":"encurioseado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"participial clause modifying empujó (describes the subject)","gloss":"seized with curiosity"},{"surface":"empujó","lemma":"empujar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Abrió, third main verb","gloss":"pushed"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of empujó","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hojas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of hojas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hojas","lemma":"hoja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies una","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portón","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"portón","lemma":"portón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hojas","gloss":"gate"}]},{"number":153,"label":"77","id":"el-latigo-p77-s1","source":"El prisionero se disponía a comer, desnudos los brazos en el círculo de la luz amarilla que sobre una mesa de pino extendía la lámpara de kerosene.","translation":"The prisoner was getting ready to eat, his arms bare in the circle of yellow light that the kerosene lamp spread over a pine table.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p77-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se disponía a comer","title":"«disponerse a» — to get ready to","body":"«disponerse a» means 'to get ready / be about to' do something: «se disponía a comer» = 'he was getting ready to eat'. «desnudos los brazos» = 'his arms bare', an absolute construction with the noun after the adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prisionero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prisionero","lemma":"prisionero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of disponía","gloss":"prisoner"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of disponía","gloss":"himself","note":"'disponerse a' means 'to get ready to'."},{"surface":"disponía","lemma":"disponer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was getting ready"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of comer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"comer","lemma":"comer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of disponía","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"desnudos","lemma":"desnudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective describing brazos (absolute construction)","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of brazos","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive; 'los brazos' = 'his arms'."},{"surface":"brazos","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the absolute construction desnudos","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking círculo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of círculo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"locative complement of desnudos","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies círculo","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"amarilla","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies luz","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of extendía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of extendía","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pino","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pino","lemma":"pino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mesa","gloss":"pine"},{"surface":"extendía","lemma":"extender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying luz","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of extendía","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerosene","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kerosene","lemma":"kerosene","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lámpara","gloss":"kerosene"}]},{"number":154,"label":"78","id":"el-latigo-p78-s1","source":"Estaba Barsut sentado bajo el triángulo de la pesebrera metálica, entre los muros de madera de un box, y al verlo a Erdosain arrugando la frente, detuvo por un segundo la aceitera con que regaba un trozo de carne rodeada de patatas; luego, sin decir palabra que revelara su sorpresa, se engolfó nuevamente en su nutricio trabajo.","translation":"Barsut was sitting beneath the triangle of the metal manger, between the wooden walls of a stall, and on seeing Erdosain frowning, he stopped for a second the oil cruet with which he was drizzling a piece of meat surrounded by potatoes; then, without a word that might reveal his surprise, he plunged back into his nourishing work.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p78-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al verlo a Erdosain","title":"«al» + infinitive with a doubled object","body":"«al verlo a Erdosain» = 'on seeing Erdosain'. «al» + infinitive marks the moment ('on seeing'), and the object is doubled — pronoun «lo» plus the noun «a Erdosain», a River Plate habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"que revelara su sorpresa","title":"Subjunctive in a negated relative","body":"«sin decir palabra que revelara su sorpresa» uses the imperfect subjunctive «revelara» because the word is hypothetical and negated — there was no such word. A real, existing word would take the indicative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sentado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of Estaba","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"sentado","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of Estaba (main verb of the sentence)","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking triángulo","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of triángulo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"triángulo","lemma":"triángulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sentado","gloss":"triangle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pesebrera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pesebrera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pesebrera","lemma":"pesebrera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies triángulo","gloss":"manger"},{"surface":"metálica","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pesebrera","gloss":"metal"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muros","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muros","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sentado","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking madera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"madera","lemma":"madera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies muros","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking box","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of box","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"box","lemma":"box","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies muros","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"verlo","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on detuvo","gloss":"seeing him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain (personal a)","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"Personal 'a' marks Erdosain as the direct object, clarifying 'lo' in 'verlo'; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to the object of verlo (clarifies lo)","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"arrugando","lemma":"arrugar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause complement of verlo (describes Erdosain)","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of arrugando","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"second main verb, coordinated with Estaba sentado","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking segundo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of segundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"segundo","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aceitera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aceitera","lemma":"aceitera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of detuvo","gloss":"oil cruet"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of regaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"regaba","lemma":"regar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying aceitera","gloss":"was drizzling"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trozo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"trozo","lemma":"trozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of regaba","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies trozo","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"rodeada","lemma":"rodeado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking patatas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"patatas","lemma":"patata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, complement of rodeada","gloss":"potatoes"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies engolfó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decir","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on engolfó","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of decir","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of revelara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"revelara","lemma":"revelar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying palabra","gloss":"might reveal"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sorpresa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sorpresa","lemma":"sorpresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of revelara","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of engolfó","gloss":"himself","note":"'engolfarse en' means 'to become absorbed in, plunge into'."},{"surface":"engolfó","lemma":"engolfar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with detuvo","gloss":"plunged"},{"surface":"nuevamente","lemma":"nuevamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies engolfó","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nutricio","lemma":"nutricio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies trabajo","gloss":"nourishing"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of engolfó","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":155,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p78-s2","source":"Alargando el brazo y cogiendo entre sus dedos una pizca de sal espolvoreó las patatas.","translation":"Stretching out his arm and taking a pinch of salt between his fingers, he sprinkled the potatoes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p78-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Alargando","lemma":"alargar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"gerund clause modifying espolvoreó","gloss":"stretching out"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Alargando","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cogiendo","lemma":"coger","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with Alargando","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cogiendo","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pizca","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pizca","lemma":"pizca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cogiendo","gloss":"pinch"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sal","lemma":"sal","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pizca","gloss":"salt"},{"surface":"espolvoreó","lemma":"espolvorear","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprinkled"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of patatas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patatas","lemma":"patata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of espolvoreó","gloss":"potatoes"}]},{"number":156,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p78-s3","source":"Guardaba compostura sombría a pesar de que un agujero de su camiseta rosa dejaba ver su sobaco negro.","translation":"He kept a somber composure despite the fact that a hole in his pink undershirt let his blackened armpit show.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p78-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a pesar de que","title":"«a pesar de (que)» — despite / in spite of","body":"«a pesar de» + noun, or «a pesar de que» + clause, means 'despite / in spite of (the fact that)'. Here it concedes the undignified detail against Barsut's careful composure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Guardaba","lemma":"guardar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"compostura","lemma":"compostura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Guardaba","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"sombría","lemma":"sombrío","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies compostura","gloss":"somber"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a pesar de que, introduces clause of dejaba","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"pesar","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase a pesar de que","gloss":"weight","note":"'a pesar de que' is a set phrase meaning 'despite / although'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a pesar de que","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase a pesar de que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of agujero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"agujero","lemma":"agujero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dejaba","gloss":"hole"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking camiseta","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of camiseta","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"camiseta","lemma":"camiseta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies agujero","gloss":"undershirt"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies camiseta","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the pesar de que clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejaba","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sobaco","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sobaco","lemma":"sobaco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"armpit"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sobaco","gloss":"blackened"}]},{"number":157,"label":"79","id":"el-latigo-p79-s1","source":"Los ojos fijos en el fiambre, certificaban que Barsut le daba más importancia a su vianda que a Erdosain, detenido a tres pasos de allí.","translation":"His eyes fixed on the cold cut certified that Barsut gave more importance to his food than to Erdosain, halted three steps away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p79-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"más importancia… que","title":"«más… que» — comparison of inequality","body":"«más… que» forms the comparison 'more… than': «le daba más importancia a su vianda que a Erdosain» = 'he gave more importance to his food than to Erdosain'. «fiambre» specifically denotes cold cuts or cold cooked food; «vianda» means food or provisions in general, with no inherent sense of 'cold'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive; 'los ojos' = 'his eyes'."},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of certificaban","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"fijos","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiambre","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fiambre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fiambre","lemma":"fiambre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fijos","gloss":"cold cut"},{"surface":"certificaban","lemma":"certificar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"certified"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of daba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of daba","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative clitic doubling a su vianda (indirect object)","gloss":"to it","note":"'le' here doubles the indirect object 'a su vianda' ('to his food'), a common Spanish construction; it has no separate word in the translation."},{"surface":"daba","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of certificaban","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importancia","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"importancia","lemma":"importancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of daba","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vianda","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vianda","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vianda","lemma":"vianda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of daba (via a)","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative conjunction, than-phrase introducing a Erdosain","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of a, comparandum with vianda","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"detenido","lemma":"detenido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"halted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pasos","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"pasos","lemma":"paso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of a, locative complement of detenido","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allí","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasos","gloss":"away"}]},{"number":158,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p79-s2","source":"El resto del establo permanecía en la oscuridad.","translation":"The rest of the stable remained in darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p79-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of resto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resto","lemma":"resto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of permanecía","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking establo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"establo","lemma":"establo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies resto","gloss":"stable"},{"surface":"permanecía","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of permanecía","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":159,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p79-s3","source":"Por los intersticios de los muros entraban oblicuas saetas de sol que dejaban en el polvo del suelo porosos discos de oro.","translation":"Through the chinks in the walls came slanting arrows of sun that left porous discs of gold in the dust of the floor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p79-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intersticios","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of intersticios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intersticios","lemma":"intersticio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of entraban","gloss":"chinks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muros","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muros","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies intersticios","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"entraban","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"oblicuas","lemma":"oblicuo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies saetas","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"saetas","lemma":"saeta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of entraban","gloss":"arrows"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies saetas","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dejaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dejaban","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying saetas","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking polvo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of polvo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"polvo","lemma":"polvo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dejaban","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suelo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"suelo","lemma":"suelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies polvo","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"porosos","lemma":"poroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies discos","gloss":"porous"},{"surface":"discos","lemma":"disco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dejaban","gloss":"discs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oro","lemma":"oro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies discos","gloss":"gold"}]},{"number":160,"label":"80","id":"el-latigo-p80-s1","source":"Barsut no se dignaba ver nada.","translation":"Barsut did not deign to look at anything.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p80-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"no se dignaba","title":"«dignarse» — to deign / condescend","body":"«dignarse» means 'to deign / condescend to' do something: «no se dignaba ver nada» = 'he did not deign to look at anything'. It conveys haughty refusal, fitting Barsut's contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dignaba","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dignaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dignaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"dignaba","lemma":"dignar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dignaba","gloss":"look at"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":161,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p80-s2","source":"Apretó el pan en la tabla de la mesa, cortó enérgicamente una rebanada, se sirvió soda, no sin previamente lanzar un chorro contra el piso para limpiar la boquilla, y luego se inclinó para leer un libraco al costado de su plato, mientras masticaba una mezcla de carne, pan y patatas.","translation":"He pressed the bread against the board of the table, energetically cut a slice, served himself soda, not without first shooting a jet against the floor to clean the spout, and then leaned over to read a fat old book beside his plate while he chewed a mix of meat, bread, and potatoes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p80-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no sin previamente","title":"«no sin» — not without","body":"«no sin» = 'not without': «no sin previamente lanzar un chorro» = 'not without first shooting a jet'. The double negative quietly adds the careful preliminary action. «libraco» is «libro» plus the pejorative «-aco» — a big shabby book."}],"words":[{"surface":"Apretó","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sirvió","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pan","lemma":"pan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Apretó","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tabla","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tabla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tabla","lemma":"tabla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Apretó","gloss":"board"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tabla","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"cortó","lemma":"cortar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sirvió","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"enérgicamente","lemma":"enérgicamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cortó","gloss":"energetically"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rebanada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rebanada","lemma":"rebanada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cortó","gloss":"slice"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sirvió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sirvió","lemma":"servir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"soda","lemma":"soda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sirvió","gloss":"soda"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sirvió","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of lanzar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"previamente","lemma":"previamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lanzar","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"lanzar","lemma":"lanzar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on sirvió","gloss":"shooting"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chorro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chorro","lemma":"chorro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of lanzar","gloss":"jet"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piso","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of piso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piso","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lanzar","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of limpiar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"limpiar","lemma":"limpiar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on lanzar","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boquilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boquilla","lemma":"boquilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of limpiar","gloss":"spout"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inclinó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of inclinó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"inclinó","lemma":"inclinar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sirvió","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of leer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leer","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on inclinó","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of libraco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"libraco","lemma":"libraco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of leer","gloss":"fat old book","note":"Augmentative/pejorative of libro — a big, tattered old tome."},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking costado","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"costado","lemma":"costado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies libraco","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plato","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of plato","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plato","lemma":"plato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies costado","gloss":"plate"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of masticaba","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"masticaba","lemma":"masticar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on inclinó","gloss":"chewed"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mezcla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mezcla","lemma":"mezcla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of masticaba","gloss":"mix"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mezcla","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"pan","lemma":"pan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with carne","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"patatas","lemma":"patata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with carne","gloss":"potatoes"}]},{"number":162,"label":"81","id":"el-latigo-p81-s1","source":"Erdosain se apoyó en una pilastra que soportaba el techo, mareado del olor a pasto seco, y con los ojos entrecerrados distinguió a Barsut, que tenía medio rostro iluminado por la verdosa claridad de la pantalla, mientras sus maxilares se movían en la luz cruda que arrojaba el mechero de la lámpara.","translation":"Erdosain leaned against a pillar that held up the roof, dizzy from the smell of dry hay, and with half-closed eyes made out Barsut, half of whose face was lit by the greenish glow of the shade, while his jaws moved in the raw light cast by the lamp's burner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p81-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"olor a pasto seco","title":"«olor a» — smell of","body":"To say what something smells of, Spanish uses «olor a» + noun (no article): «olor a pasto seco» = 'smell of dry hay / grass'. The same «a» appears with «saber a» (to taste of) and «sonar a» (to sound like)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of apoyó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apoyó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"apoyó","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pilastra","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pilastra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pilastra","lemma":"pilastra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyó","gloss":"pillar"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of soportaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"soportaba","lemma":"soportar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying pilastra","gloss":"held up"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of techo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"techo","lemma":"techo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of soportaba","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"mareado","lemma":"mareado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"dizzy"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking olor","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"olor","lemma":"olor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mareado","gloss":"smell"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pasto","lemma":"pasto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies olor","gloss":"hay"},{"surface":"seco","lemma":"seco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pasto","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of distinguió","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"entrecerrados","lemma":"entrecerrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"half-closed"},{"surface":"distinguió","lemma":"distinguir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with apoyó","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"(personal a)"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of distinguió","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Barsut","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"medio","lemma":"medio","morphology":"numeral, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies rostro","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"iluminado","lemma":"iluminado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking claridad","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of claridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdosa","lemma":"verdoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies claridad","gloss":"greenish"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iluminado","gloss":"glow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pantalla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pantalla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pantalla","lemma":"pantalla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies claridad","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of movían","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of maxilares","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"maxilares","lemma":"maxilar","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of movían","gloss":"jaws"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"movían","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on distinguió","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movían","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"cruda","lemma":"crudo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies luz","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of arrojaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arrojaba","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying luz","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mechero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mechero","lemma":"mechero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of arrojaba","gloss":"burner","note":"Usually means \"lighter\" in modern Spanish; here it is the wick/burner of an oil lamp."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lámpara","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mechero","gloss":"lamp"}]},{"number":163,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p81-s2","source":"En estas circunstancias giró la cabeza y distinguió un látigo colgado en la pared.","translation":"In these circumstances he turned his head and made out a whip hanging on the wall.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p81-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un látigo","title":"«látigo» — whip","body":"«látigo» is the word in the chapter's title, 'whip'. Later the same object is called «la fusta» (riding crop) and «el rebenque» (the gaucho's lash, here as «rebencazo», a lash-blow) — three names for the lash that suddenly fixes Erdosain's attention."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancias","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of circunstancias","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"circunstancias","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of giró","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"giró","lemma":"girar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of giró","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"distinguió","lemma":"distinguir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with giró","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of látigo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"látigo","lemma":"látigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of distinguió","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"colgado","lemma":"colgado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies látigo","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pared","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pared","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pared","lemma":"pared","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of colgado","gloss":"wall"}]},{"number":164,"label":"82","id":"el-latigo-p82-s1","source":"Erdosain se sobresaltó.","translation":"Erdosain gave a start.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sobresaltó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sobresaltó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"sobresaltó","lemma":"sobresaltar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"}]},{"number":165,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s2","source":"Tenía el mango largo y la lonja corta, y Barsut, que ahora seguía su mirada, frunció el labio despectivamente.","translation":"It had a long handle and a short lash, and Barsut, who now followed his gaze, curled his lip contemptuously.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mango","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mango","lemma":"mango","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"handle"},{"surface":"largo","lemma":"largo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mango","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lonja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lonja","lemma":"lonja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with mango","gloss":"lash"},{"surface":"corta","lemma":"corto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lonja","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of frunció","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of seguía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies seguía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"seguía","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Barsut","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of seguía","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"frunció","lemma":"fruncir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Tenía","gloss":"curled"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of labio","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"labio","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of frunció","gloss":"lip"},{"surface":"despectivamente","lemma":"despectivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies frunció","gloss":"contemptuously"}]},{"number":166,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s3","source":"Erdosain miró sucesivamente al hombre y al látigo y sonrió nuevamente.","translation":"Erdosain looked in turn at the man and at the whip and smiled again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"sucesivamente","lemma":"sucesivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miró","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking látigo","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"látigo","lemma":"látigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with hombre","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sonrió","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miró","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"nuevamente","lemma":"nuevamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonrió","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":167,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s4","source":"Se dirigió hacia el rincón y descolgó la fusta.","translation":"He headed toward the corner and took down the riding crop.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Se dirigió hacia","title":"«dirigirse hacia/a» — to head toward","body":"«dirigirse a/hacia» means 'to head / make one's way toward': «se dirigió hacia el rincón» = 'he headed toward the corner'. The same verb «dirigirse a alguien» can also mean 'to address someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dirigió","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"dirigió","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"headed"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dirigió","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"descolgó","lemma":"descolgar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dirigió","gloss":"took down"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fusta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fusta","lemma":"fusta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of descolgó","gloss":"riding crop"}]},{"number":168,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s5","source":"Ahora Barsut se había puesto de pie y con los ojos terriblemente fijos en Erdosain, echaba el cuerpo afuera del box.","translation":"Now Barsut had risen to his feet, and with his eyes terribly fixed on Erdosain, he leaned his body out of the stall.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se había puesto de pie","title":"«ponerse de pie» — to stand up","body":"«ponerse de pie» means 'to stand up / get to one's feet'. The pluperfect «se había puesto de pie» = 'he had risen to his feet', already standing by the time Erdosain notices."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puesto","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of puesto","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of puesto","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of puesto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"puesto","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of puesto","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of echaba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"terriblemente","lemma":"terriblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fijos","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"fijos","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of fijos","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"echaba","lemma":"echar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with puesto","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of echaba","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"afuera","lemma":"afuera","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies echaba","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking box","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"box","lemma":"box","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of afuera","gloss":"stall"}]},{"number":169,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s6","source":"Las venas del cuello se le dilataron extraordinariamente.","translation":"The veins of his neck swelled extraordinarily.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se le dilataron","title":"Dative of possession with body parts","body":"Spanish marks whose body part it is with a dative pronoun rather than a possessive: «las venas del cuello se le dilataron» = 'his neck veins swelled (on him)'. The «le» tells us the veins are Barsut's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of venas","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"venas","lemma":"vena","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of dilataron","gloss":"veins"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuello","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cuello","lemma":"cuello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies venas","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dilataron","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dilataron","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"dilataron","lemma":"dilatar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swelled"},{"surface":"extraordinariamente","lemma":"extraordinariamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dilataron","gloss":"extraordinarily"}]},{"number":170,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s7","source":"Iba a hablar, pero el orgullo le impedía pronunciar una sola palabra.","translation":"He was going to speak, but pride prevented him from uttering a single word.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le impedía pronunciar","title":"«impedir» + infinitive (to prevent)","body":"«impedir» means 'to prevent / stop': «el orgullo le impedía pronunciar» = 'pride prevented him from uttering'. It is followed directly by the infinitive, with «le» as the one prevented."}],"words":[{"surface":"Iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hablar","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hablar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of orgullo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orgullo","lemma":"orgullo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of impedía","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of impedía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"impedía","lemma":"impedir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Iba","gloss":"prevented"},{"surface":"pronunciar","lemma":"pronunciar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of impedía","gloss":"uttering"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sola","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies palabra","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pronunciar","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":171,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s8","source":"Sonó un chasquido seco.","translation":"A dry crack rang out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sonó","lemma":"sonar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chasquido","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"chasquido","lemma":"chasquido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Sonó","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"seco","lemma":"seco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chasquido","gloss":"dry"}]},{"number":172,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p82-s9","source":"Erdosain había descargado un rebencazo en la madera para probar la flexibilidad del cuero, luego se encogió de hombros y la oblicua solar que cortaba las tinieblas fue atravesada por una raya negra, y el látigo cayó entre el pasto.","translation":"Erdosain had brought down a lash-stroke on the wood to test the flexibility of the leather; then he shrugged his shoulders, and the slanting sunbeam that cut through the darkness was crossed by a black streak, and the whip fell among the hay.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p82-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un rebencazo","title":"«rebencazo» — a blow with a lash","body":"A «rebenque» is the gaucho's short leather whip; «rebencazo» (with the blow-suffix «-azo») is a stroke or lash given with it. «encogerse de hombros» = 'to shrug one's shoulders'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of descargado","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of descargado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"descargado","lemma":"descargar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought down"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rebencazo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rebencazo","lemma":"rebencazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of descargado","gloss":"lash-stroke","note":"-azo is a productive Rioplatense suffix for \"a blow/strike with X\" — here, with a rebenque (riding crop)."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking madera","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of madera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"madera","lemma":"madera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of descargado","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of probar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"probar","lemma":"probar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on descargado","gloss":"test"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flexibilidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flexibilidad","lemma":"flexibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of probar","gloss":"flexibility"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuero","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cuero","lemma":"cuero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies flexibilidad","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encogió","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encogió","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"encogió","lemma":"encoger","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with descargado","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombros","lemma":"hombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encogió","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oblicua","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oblicua","lemma":"oblicua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of atravesada","gloss":"slanting beam","note":"A substantivized adjective — Arlt leaves the noun (\"beam\"/\"streak\") unstated, letting oblicua carry it."},{"surface":"solar","lemma":"solar","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies oblicua","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cortaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cortaba","lemma":"cortar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying oblicua","gloss":"cut through"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tinieblas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of cortaba","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of atravesada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"atravesada","lemma":"atravesar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with descargado","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking raya","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of raya","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"raya","lemma":"raya","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of atravesada","gloss":"streak"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies raya","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of látigo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"látigo","lemma":"látigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cayó","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"cayó","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with descargado","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasto","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pasto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pasto","lemma":"pasto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cayó","gloss":"hay"}]},{"number":173,"label":"83","id":"el-latigo-p83-s1","source":"Erdosain se paseaba en silencio por el establo.","translation":"Erdosain paced in silence about the stable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p83-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se paseaba","title":"«pasearse» — to pace / stroll","body":"The pronominal «pasearse» means 'to stroll / pace about' for its own sake: «se paseaba por el establo» = 'he paced about the stable'. The plain «pasear» can also mean 'to take (someone) for a walk'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of paseaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of paseaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"paseaba","lemma":"pasear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paced"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of paseaba","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking establo","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of establo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"establo","lemma":"establo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of paseaba","gloss":"stable"}]},{"number":174,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p83-s2","source":"Pensaba que aquella vida estaba en sus manos, que nadie podía arrebatársela, mas este sentimiento no lo hacía más feliz.","translation":"He thought that that life was in his hands, that no one could snatch it from him, but this feeling did not make him any happier.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p83-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"arrebatársela","title":"Two pronouns on an infinitive","body":"«arrebatársela» attaches both «se» (to him) and «la» (it = the life) to the infinitive «arrebatar» ('to snatch'): 'to snatch it from him'. «mas» here is again the literary 'but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Pensaba","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arrebatársela","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of arrebatársela","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of arrebatársela","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"arrebatársela","lemma":"arrebatar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of Pensaba","gloss":"snatch it from him","note":"arrebatar + se (dative \"from him\") + la (accusative \"it\", i.e. his life) — le+la regularly becomes se+la when clitics combine."},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentimiento","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sentimiento","lemma":"sentimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hacía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Pensaba","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies feliz","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"feliz","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"object complement of hacía","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":175,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p83-s3","source":"Barsut encima de la divisoria de madera observaba el campo soleado, por la hendija que dejaba el portalón.","translation":"Barsut, up over the wooden partition, watched the sunlit field through the gap left by the big gate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p83-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of observaba","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"encima","lemma":"encima","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking divisoria","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking divisoria","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of divisoria","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"divisoria","lemma":"divisoria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of observaba","gloss":"partition"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking madera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"madera","lemma":"madera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies divisoria","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"observaba","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of campo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"campo","lemma":"campo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of observaba","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"soleado","lemma":"soleado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies campo","gloss":"sunlit"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hendija","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hendija","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hendija","lemma":"hendija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of observaba","gloss":"gap"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dejaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hendija","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of portalón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"portalón","lemma":"portalón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dejaba","gloss":"big gate"}]},{"number":176,"label":"84","id":"el-latigo-p84-s1","source":"Habían cambiado los tiempos.","translation":"The times had changed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p84-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of cambiado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"cambiado","lemma":"cambiar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of cambiado","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":177,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p84-s2","source":"Eso era todo.","translation":"That was all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p84-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to todo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":178,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p84-s3","source":"Lo miró con rencor a Barsut:","translation":"He looked at Barsut with rancor:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p84-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lo miró… a Barsut","title":"Doubled object again","body":"«Lo miró con rencor a Barsut» repeats the object as both the pronoun «lo» and the full «a Barsut» — the River Plate doubling seen throughout the chapter. English simply says 'he looked at Barsut'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him","note":"Lo ... a Barsut is clitic doubling — the pronoun lo and the phrase a Barsut both refer to the same person."},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rencor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rencor","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of miró","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":179,"label":"85","id":"el-latigo-p85-s1","source":"–¿Vas a firmar el cheque o no?","translation":"–Are you going to sign the check or not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p85-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Vas a firmar?","title":"«vos / tú» — the shift to «vas»","body":"Here Erdosain switches to the familiar form, «¿Vas a firmar?» ('Are you going to sign?'), dropping the «usted» he uses with the Astrologer. With Barsut, his rival, the tone is intimate and hostile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of firmar","gloss":"are you going","note":"Ir a + infinitive is the near-future construction: \"vas a firmar\" = \"you're going to sign.\""},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of firmar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"firmar","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cheque","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cheque","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of firmar","gloss":"check"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with firmar","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":180,"label":"86","id":"el-latigo-p86-s1","source":"Barsut se encogió de hombros y Erdosain no volvió a preguntar.","translation":"Barsut shrugged his shoulders and Erdosain did not ask again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p86-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no volvió a preguntar","title":"«volver a» + infinitive (to do again)","body":"«volver a» + infinitive means 'to do something again': «no volvió a preguntar» = 'he did not ask again'. Literally 'returned to asking', it is the standard way to say 'again' with a verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of encogió","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encogió","gloss":"himself","note":"Encogerse de hombros is an idiom for \"to shrug\"; the reflexive se here doesn't translate as a separate word."},{"surface":"encogió","lemma":"encoger","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombros","lemma":"hombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encogió","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of volvió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volvió","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with encogió","gloss":"again","note":"Volver a + infinitive means \"to do (something) again,\" so volvió a preguntar = \"asked again.\""},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of preguntar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"preguntar","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of volvió","gloss":"ask"}]},{"number":181,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p86-s2","source":"Quizás él se encontrara algún día y a esa misma hora en una celda oscura mientras que su memoria evocaría en aquel mismo instante el espectáculo de una cancha con piso de polvo de ladrillo, a la orilla del río, y las raquetas reticulando el cielo, de algunas chicas jugando al tenis.","translation":"Perhaps he himself would find himself some day, at that very hour, in a dark cell, while his memory would summon up at that same instant the sight of a court with a floor of brick dust, by the riverbank, and the rackets netting the sky, of some girls playing tennis.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p86-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quizás… se encontrara","title":"«quizás» + subjunctive (perhaps)","body":"«quizás» ('perhaps / maybe') takes the subjunctive to mark genuine uncertainty: «quizás él se encontrara» = 'perhaps he would find himself'. The imperfect subjunctive «encontrara» projects the doubt into a possible future-in-the-past."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"una cancha","title":"«cancha» — court / pitch (River Plate)","body":"«cancha» is the general River Plate word for a sports court, field, or pitch: «una cancha con piso de polvo de ladrillo» is a court surfaced in brick dust — the classic clay court. Read the following «de algunas chicas jugando al tenis» with «el espectáculo», not with «cancha»: what memory summons is the sight *of some girls playing tennis*."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quizás","lemma":"quizás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encontrara","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of encontrara","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontrara","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"encontrara","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrara","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hora","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hora","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"misma","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hora","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with día","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking celda","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of celda","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"celda","lemma":"celda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrara","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"oscura","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies celda","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of evocaría","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of memoria","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"memoria","lemma":"memoria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of evocaría","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"evocaría","lemma":"evocar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the mientras clause","gloss":"would summon"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instante","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies instante","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of evocaría","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espectáculo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espectáculo","lemma":"espectáculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of evocaría","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cancha","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cancha","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cancha","lemma":"cancha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies espectáculo","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piso","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"piso","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cancha","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking polvo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"polvo","lemma":"polvo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies piso","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ladrillo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ladrillo","lemma":"ladrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies polvo","gloss":"brick"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orilla","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of orilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orilla","lemma":"orilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cancha","gloss":"bank"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking río","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"río","lemma":"río","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies orilla","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of raquetas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"raquetas","lemma":"raqueta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with espectáculo","gloss":"rackets"},{"surface":"reticulando","lemma":"reticular","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"modifies raquetas","gloss":"netting"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of reticulando","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chicas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"algunas","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of chicas","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"chicas","lemma":"chica","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies raquetas","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"jugando","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"modifies chicas","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tenis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tenis","lemma":"tenis","morphology":"noun, masculine","role":"oblique complement of jugando","gloss":"tennis"}]},{"number":182,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p86-s3","source":"Y sin poderse contener exclamó no tanto dirigiéndose a Barsut, como hablándose a sí mismo:","translation":"And, unable to contain himself, he exclaimed, not so much addressing Barsut as speaking to himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p86-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no tanto… como","title":"«no tanto… como» — not so much… as","body":"«no tanto… como» frames a contrast of degree: 'not so much… as'. «no tanto dirigiéndose a Barsut, como hablándose a sí mismo» = 'not so much addressing Barsut as speaking to himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies exclamó","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of contener","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"poderse","lemma":"poder él","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of contener","gloss":"being able"},{"surface":"contener","lemma":"contener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on exclamó","gloss":"contain himself"},{"surface":"exclamó","lemma":"exclamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies dirigiéndose","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase no","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"dirigiéndose","lemma":"dirigir él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on exclamó","gloss":"addressing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of dirigiéndose","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hablándose","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hablándose","lemma":"hablar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dirigiéndose","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of hablándose","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sí","gloss":"self","note":"Sí mismo is the emphatic reflexive \"himself,\" reinforcing sí."}]},{"number":183,"label":"87","id":"el-latigo-p87-s1","source":"–¿Te acordás?","translation":"–Do you remember?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Te acordás?","title":"«voseo» — «acordás» for «acuerdas»","body":"«acordás» is the «vos» form of «acordarse» ('to remember'), used instead of «tú te acuerdas». The «voseo» — «vos» plus stressed endings like «-ás», «-és», «callate» — is the everyday second-person of Buenos Aires speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive, singular","role":"reflexive particle of acordás","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"acordás","lemma":"acordarse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember","note":"Acordás is the voseo present-tense form (vos), equivalent to standard te acuerdas (tú)."}]},{"number":184,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s2","source":"Yo tenía para vos cara de infeliz.","translation":"To you I had the face of a poor wretch.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para vos","title":"«vos» — the River Plate 'you'","body":"«vos» replaces «tú» as the familiar 'you' throughout Argentina and Uruguay: «para vos» = 'for you / to you'. «infeliz» literally 'unhappy' here means a poor wretch, a hapless nobody."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, singular","role":"oblique complement of tenía","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infeliz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"infeliz","lemma":"infeliz","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies cara","gloss":"wretch"}]},{"number":185,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s3","source":"No hables.","translation":"Don't talk.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No hables","title":"Negative familiar command","body":"A negative «tú/vos» command uses the present subjunctive: «no hables» = 'don't talk'. Note the contrast with the affirmative «voseo» command «callate» ('shut up') two sentences later, which keeps the «vos» stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hables","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"hables","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":186,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s4","source":"Y vos no sabías lo que yo estaba sufriendo.","translation":"And you didn't know what I was suffering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies sabías","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sabías","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabías","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sabías","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase que","gloss":"what","note":"Lo que together form the relative pronoun \"what/that which.\""},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of sufriendo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sufriendo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sufriendo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"sufriendo","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clausal complement of sabías","gloss":"suffering"}]},{"number":187,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s5","source":"Ni vos ni ella.","translation":"Neither you nor she.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ni vos ni ella","title":"«ni… ni…» — neither… nor…","body":"The paired «ni… ni…» means 'neither… nor…': «Ni vos ni ella» = 'neither you nor she'. It bundles two negated subjects — neither Barsut nor Elsa understood his suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with vos","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":188,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s6","source":"Callate.","translation":"Shut up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Callate","title":"«voseo» command — «callate»","body":"«callate» is the affirmative «vos» command of «callarse» ('to be quiet'), stressed on the last-but-one syllable, where «tú» would give «cállate». It is the live Buenos Aires imperative: 'shut up / be quiet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Callate","lemma":"callarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shut up","note":"Callate is the vos imperative of callarse (\"be quiet\"); unlike tú's cállate, the vos form needs no accent mark."}]},{"number":189,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s7","source":"¿Te pensás que me interesa tu dinero?","translation":"Do you think your money interests me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Te pensás?","title":"«voseo» — «pensás» with reflexive","body":"«pensás» is the «vos» form of «pensar» ('to think'). The extra reflexive «te» in «¿Te pensás?» is colloquial River Plate emphasis — roughly 'do you reckon (to yourself)?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive, singular","role":"reflexive particle of pensás","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"pensás","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think","note":"Pensás is the voseo present-tense form (vos), equivalent to standard piensas (tú)."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of interesa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interesa","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"interesa","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensás","gloss":"interests"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of interesa","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":190,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s8","source":"No, hombre.","translation":"No, man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":191,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s9","source":"Lo que hay es que estoy triste.","translation":"The thing is that I'm sad.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lo que hay es que","title":"«lo que hay es que» — the thing is that","body":"«lo que hay es que» is a colloquial framing phrase, 'the thing is that / what's going on is that'. It introduces the real explanation: «estoy triste» = 'I'm sad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase que","gloss":"the","note":"Lo que together form the relative pronoun \"what/that which.\""},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on es","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of triste","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to triste","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"sad"}]},{"number":192,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s10","source":"Vos y ella me han llevado a todo esto.","translation":"You and she have brought me to all this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of llevado","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llevado","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of llevado","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of llevado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"llevado","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esto","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevado","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":193,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s11","source":"No sé ni por qué hablo.","translation":"I don't even know why I'm talking.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No sé ni por qué","title":"«ni» — not even","body":"«ni» here means 'not even': «No sé ni por qué hablo» = 'I don't even know why I'm talking'. It heightens the negation, stressing how lost in himself Erdosain has become."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablo","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of hablo","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hablo","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sé","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":194,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s12","source":"Lo único que sé es que estoy cansado.","translation":"The only thing I know is that I'm tired.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lo único que sé","title":"«lo único que» — the only thing that","body":"«lo único que» = 'the only thing that': «lo único que sé» = 'the only thing I know'. The neuter «lo» + «único» + «que» picks out a single fact, much like «lo que» ('what') with «único» added."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of único","gloss":"the","note":"Lo único = \"the only thing\"; lo nominalizes the adjective único."},{"surface":"único","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Lo","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of sé","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying único","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cansado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cansado","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"cansado","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"tired"}]},{"number":195,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s13","source":"Pero para qué hablar... –Y se disponía a salir cuando el Astrólogo entró.","translation":"But what's the use of talking... –And he was getting ready to leave when the Astrologer came in.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿para qué hablar?","title":"«para qué» + infinitive — what's the use","body":"«para qué» + a bare infinitive asks 'what's the use / point of (doing)?': «¿para qué hablar?» = 'what's the use of talking?'. The infinitive leaves the subject general and weary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies hablar","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hablar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of hablar","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of disponía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"disponía","lemma":"disponer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was getting ready"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of salir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of disponía","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entró","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of entró","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"entró","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying disponía","gloss":"came in"}]},{"number":196,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p87-s14","source":"Barsut le revisó las manos con la mirada y el Astrólogo, removiendo la chistera en la cabeza, tomó la lámpara, la apagó y sentándose en un cajón, dijo:","translation":"Barsut went over his hands with his gaze, and the Astrologer, shifting the top hat on his head, took the lamp, put it out, and, sitting down on a crate, said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p87-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le revisó las manos con la mirada","title":"«revisar con la mirada» — to scan","body":"«revisar» means 'to check / inspect'; «revisar con la mirada» = 'to look over, scan with the eyes'. Barsut checks the Astrologer's hands by sight, with the dative «le» marking whose hands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of revisó","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of revisó","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"revisó","lemma":"revisar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dijo","gloss":"went over"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of revisó","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of revisó","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tomó","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"removiendo","lemma":"remover","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on tomó","gloss":"shifting"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chistera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chistera","lemma":"chistera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of removiendo","gloss":"top hat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabeza","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of removiendo","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"tomó","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dijo","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tomó","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of apagó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"apagó","lemma":"apagar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tomó","gloss":"put out"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sentándose","lemma":"sentar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"sitting down"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cajón","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cajón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cajón","lemma":"cajón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sentándose","gloss":"crate"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":197,"label":"88","id":"el-latigo-p88-s1","source":"–Venía a verlo para que arregláramos esa cuestión del cheque.","translation":"–I was coming to see you so that we might settle that matter of the check.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p88-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para que arregláramos","title":"«para que» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"«para que» ('so that') takes the subjunctive; because the main verb «venía» is past, it pulls the imperfect subjunctive «arregláramos» — 'so that we might settle'. The tense agreement is automatic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Venía","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was coming"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of verlo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlo","lemma":"ver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Venía","gloss":"see you"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of arregláramos","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arregláramos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arregláramos","lemma":"arreglar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, first-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on Venía","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cuestión","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cuestión","lemma":"cuestión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of arregláramos","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cheque","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cheque","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuestión","gloss":"check"}]},{"number":198,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p88-s2","source":"Usted sabrá que por eso lo secuestramos.","translation":"You must be aware that that's why we kidnapped you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p88-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Usted sabrá","title":"Future of probability","body":"The future «sabrá» here does not state a future fact but a present conjecture: «Usted sabrá» = 'you surely know / you must be aware'. Spanish often uses the future tense to express probability about the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of sabrá","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"sabrá","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must know"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of secuestramos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of secuestramos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of secuestramos","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"secuestramos","lemma":"secuestrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of sabrá","gloss":"kidnapped"}]},{"number":199,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p88-s3","source":"Claro está que yo no le hablaría a usted de esta forma si en la libreta que le encontramos en el bolsillo y que Erdosain quiso quemar, impidiéndolo yo, no hubiera leído un pensamiento sencillamente formidable: «El dinero convierte al hombre en un dios.","translation":"Of course I wouldn't be speaking to you this way if, in the notebook we found in your pocket and that Erdosain wanted to burn — I preventing it — I had not read a thought that was quite simply tremendous: \"Money turns a man into a god.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p88-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no le hablaría… si… no hubiera leído","title":"Contrary-to-fact conditional","body":"This is an unreal conditional: «no le hablaría… si… no hubiera leído» = 'I wouldn't be speaking… if I had not read'. The «si» clause takes the pluperfect subjunctive «hubiera leído» and the main clause the conditional «hablaría»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies está","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hablaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hablaría","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablaría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hablaría","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hablaría","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of está","gloss":"would speak"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"restates the object le","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hablaría","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leído","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking libreta","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of libreta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"libreta","lemma":"libreta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of leído","gloss":"notebook"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of encontramos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of encontramos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"encontramos","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clause modifying libreta","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolsillo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bolsillo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bolsillo","lemma":"bolsillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontramos","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of quemar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quiso","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"quiso","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying libreta","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"quemar","lemma":"quemar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiso","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"impidiéndolo","lemma":"impedir él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on leído","gloss":"preventing","note":"Impidiéndolo yo is an absolute gerund construction: \"I preventing it,\" a parenthetical aside."},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of impidiéndolo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leído","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of leído","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"leído","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on hablaría","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pensamiento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pensamiento","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of leído","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"sencillamente","lemma":"sencillamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies formidable","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"formidable","lemma":"formidable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pensamiento","gloss":"tremendous"},{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of convierte","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"convierte","lemma":"convertir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying pensamiento","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of convierte","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dios","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dios","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dios","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of convierte","gloss":"god"}]},{"number":200,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p88-s4","source":"Luego Ford, es un dios.","translation":"Therefore Ford is a god.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p88-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Luego","title":"«luego» — therefore (logical)","body":"Besides 'then / later', «luego» can be a logical connector, 'therefore / hence', as in syllogisms: 'Money makes a man a god. Therefore Ford is a god.' The mock-logic is Barsut's grandiose joke quoted back at him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"Ford","lemma":"Ford","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"Ford"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to dios","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dios","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dios","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"god"}]},{"number":201,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p88-s5","source":"Si es un dios puede destruir la luna».","translation":"If he is a god he can destroy the moon.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p88-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to dios","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dios","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dios","lemma":"dios","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of destruir","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"destruir","lemma":"destruir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luna","lemma":"luna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of destruir","gloss":"moon"}]},{"number":202,"label":"89","id":"el-latigo-p89-s1","source":"Aquello era mentira, pero Barsut no se conmovió.","translation":"That was a lie, but Barsut was not moved.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p89-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"no se conmovió","title":"«conmoverse» — to be moved","body":"«conmoverse» means 'to be moved / stirred (emotionally)': «no se conmovió» = 'he was not moved'. The plain «conmover» means 'to move (someone) emotionally'; the pronominal form turns it inward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aquello","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mentira","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"mentira","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of era","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of conmovió","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conmovió","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of conmovió","gloss":"itself","note":"Passive/reflexive 'se': 'no se conmovió' reads as 'was not moved,' not literally 'did not move itself.'"},{"surface":"conmovió","lemma":"conmover","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by pero","gloss":"was moved"}]},{"number":203,"label":"90","id":"el-latigo-p90-s1","source":"Erdosain observaba el impenetrable rostro romboidal del Astrólogo.","translation":"Erdosain watched the impenetrable rhomboid face of the Astrologer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p90-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of observaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"observaba","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"impenetrable","lemma":"impenetrable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"impenetrable"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of observaba","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"romboidal","lemma":"romboidal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"rhomboid"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":204,"label":"","id":"el-latigo-p90-s2","source":"Era evidente que éste estaba ejecutando una comedia y que en ella Barsut no creía, seguro de que el otro le engañaba.","translation":"It was evident that the latter was performing a comedy, and that Barsut did not believe in it, certain that the other man was deceiving him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/el-latigo-p90-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estaba ejecutando","title":"Past progressive «estar» + gerund","body":"«estaba ejecutando» is the past progressive, «estar» (imperfect) + gerund: 'was performing'. It frames the Astrologer's act as an ongoing performance, with «éste» ('the latter') pointing back to the Astrologer just named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to evidente","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"evidente","lemma":"evidente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Era","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ejecutando","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ejecutando","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ejecutando","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ejecutando","lemma":"ejecutar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clausal complement of evidente","gloss":"performing"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of comedia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"comedia","lemma":"comedia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ejecutando","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of creía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of creía","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of creía","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ejecutando","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"seguro","lemma":"seguro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Barsut","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase seguro","gloss":"of","note":"'seguro de que' = 'certain that'; 'de' is part of the fixed phrase, not translated separately."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of engañaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of engañaba","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of engañaba","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: 'le' (normally dative) stands in for the masculine direct object 'lo' with 'engañar,' common in this register."},{"surface":"engañaba","lemma":"engañar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying seguro","gloss":"was deceiving"}]}]}