{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"en-la-caverna","title":{"source":"En la caverna","translated":"In the Cavern"},"section":"Part Two","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/en-la-caverna","lines":310},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-coja","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/los-espila","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"en-la-caverna-p1-s1","source":"Ya en la calle, Erdosain observó que orvallaba, pero continuó caminando, empujado por un rencor sordo, malhumor de no poder pensar.","translation":"Out in the street now, Erdosain noticed that it was drizzling, but he kept walking, driven by a dull resentment, the bad mood of not being able to think.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"orvallaba","title":"«orvallar» — to drizzle","body":"«orvallar» is a regional verb meaning 'to drizzle', to rain in a fine mist. The imperfect «orvallaba» sets the weather as an ongoing backdrop rather than a single event. It is a bookish, almost dialectal touch among Arlt's otherwise raw street vocabulary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies observó","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle, forms adverbial phrase with observó","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition en; the phrase modifies observó","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of observó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"observó","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of orvallaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"orvallaba","lemma":"orvallar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of observó","gloss":"was drizzling","note":"orvallar is a regional verb (from Galician orballo, 'dew') meaning 'to drizzle lightly'; less common than lloviznar."},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with observó","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"caminando","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"gerund complement of continuó (continuar + gerund = kept on walking)","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"empujado","lemma":"empujar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain (participial clause describing the subject)","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rencor","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rencor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rencor","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of empujado","gloss":"resentment"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rencor","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"malhumor","lemma":"malhumor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to rencor","gloss":"bad mood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pensar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"poder","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of pensar","gloss":"being able"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying malhumor","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":2,"label":"3","id":"en-la-caverna-p3-s1","source":"Los acontecimientos se complicaban... y él, en tanto, ¿qué era en medio de esos engranajes que lo iban bloqueando, metiéndose cada vez más adentro de la vida, sumergiéndolo en un fangal que le desesperaba?","translation":"Events were growing tangled... and he, meanwhile, what was he in the middle of those gears that kept locking him in, working their way ever deeper into his life, sinking him into a mire that drove him to despair?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iban bloqueando","title":"«ir» + gerund = a process underway","body":"«ir» plus a gerund frames an action as gradual and continuing: «lo iban bloqueando» = 'they kept blocking him', 'they were closing in on him bit by bit'. Arlt strings three gerunds together («bloqueando, metiéndose, sumergiéndolo») to make the gears feel relentless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of acontecimientos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acontecimientos","lemma":"acontecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of complicaban","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of complicaban","gloss":"reflexive marker"},{"surface":"complicaban","lemma":"complicar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were growing tangled"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiomatic phrase en tanto (meanwhile), modifies era","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"the meantime","note":"en tanto = meanwhile/in the meantime (fixed idiomatic phrase)."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of era (interrogative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking él (subject) and qué (predicate)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase en medio de, modifies era","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"medio","lemma":"medio","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of engranajes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"engranajes","lemma":"engranaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of the phrase en medio de (oblique complement of era)","gloss":"gears"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bloqueando","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of bloqueando","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"iban","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of bloqueando","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"bloqueando","lemma":"bloquear","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the relative clause (with iban) modifying engranajes","gloss":"locking in"},{"surface":"metiéndose","lemma":"meterse","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"gerund clause coordinated with bloqueando, modifies engranajes","gloss":"working its way"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the intensifying phrase cada vez más (ever more), modifies adentro","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies adentro","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"adentro","lemma":"adentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies metiéndose","gloss":"deeper"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de, modifies adentro (into life)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"sumergiéndolo","lemma":"sumergir él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"gerund clause coordinated with bloqueando and metiéndose, modifies engranajes","gloss":"sinking him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fangal","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fangal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fangal","lemma":"fangal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sumergiéndolo","gloss":"mire"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of desesperaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of desesperaba (psych verb like gustar/molestar, cause=fangal; not leísmo — Rioplatense Spanish is non-leísta)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"desesperaba","lemma":"desesperar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fangal","gloss":"drove to despair"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p3-s2","source":"Además, estaba aquello... esa impotencia de pensar, de pensar con razonamientos de líneas nítidas, como son las jugadas de ajedrez, y una incoherencia mental que lo encocoraba contra todos.","translation":"Besides, there was that... that helplessness to think, to think with reasoning of clean lines, the way chess moves are, and a mental incoherence that set him on edge against everyone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"impotencia de pensar","title":"«impotencia de» + infinitive","body":"«impotencia de pensar» = 'the powerlessness to think'. Spanish links the noun to the following infinitive with «de» where English uses 'to'. The repeated «de pensar... de pensar» drives home Erdosain's obsessive circling around the same lack."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba (sentence adverb)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential estar); aquello is its subject","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"aquello","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of impotencia","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"impotencia","lemma":"impotencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to aquello","gloss":"helplessness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pensar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying impotencia","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pensar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying impotencia","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking razonamientos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"razonamientos","lemma":"razonamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition con, oblique complement of pensar","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking líneas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"líneas","lemma":"línea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies razonamientos","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"nítidas","lemma":"nítido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies líneas","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause (como son...), modifies líneas","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb (copula); subject is jugadas (elliptical predicate = líneas nítidas)","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of jugadas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jugadas","lemma":"jugada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of son","gloss":"moves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ajedrez","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ajedrez","lemma":"ajedrez","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jugadas","gloss":"chess"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of incoherencia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"incoherencia","lemma":"incoherencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with impotencia (in apposition to aquello)","gloss":"incoherence"},{"surface":"mental","lemma":"mental","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies incoherencia","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of encocoraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encocoraba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"encocoraba","lemma":"encocorar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying incoherencia","gloss":"set on edge","note":"encocorar is colloquial for 'to annoy/irritate greatly, get on someone's nerves.'"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todos","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encocoraba","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":4,"label":"5","id":"en-la-caverna-p5-s1","source":"Entonces su irritación se volvió contra la bestial felicidad de los tenderos, que a las puertas de sus covachas escupían a la oblicuidad de la lluvia.","translation":"Then his irritation turned against the bestial contentment of the shopkeepers, who at the doors of their hovels spat into the slant of the rain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se volvió contra","title":"«volverse contra» — to turn against","body":"The pronominal «volverse» plus «contra» means 'to turn against'. «Su irritación se volvió contra...» = 'his irritation turned against...'. «Volvió» here is the preterite of «volver», marking the single decisive shift of his anger onto a new target."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volvió","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of irritación","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"irritación","lemma":"irritación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of volvió","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvió","gloss":"reflexive marker"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking felicidad","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestial","lemma":"bestial","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies felicidad","gloss":"bestial"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volvió","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tenderos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tenderos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tenderos","lemma":"tendero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies felicidad","gloss":"shopkeepers"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of escupían","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puertas","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of puertas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puertas","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of escupían","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking covachas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of covachas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"covachas","lemma":"covacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies puertas","gloss":"hovels"},{"surface":"escupían","lemma":"escupir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying tenderos","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oblicuidad","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oblicuidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oblicuidad","lemma":"oblicuidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escupían","gloss":"slant"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lluvia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lluvia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lluvia","lemma":"lluvia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies oblicuidad","gloss":"rain"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p5-s2","source":"Se imaginó que estaban tramando eternos chanchullos, mientras que sus desventradas mujeres se dejaban ver desde las trastiendas, extendiendo manteles en las mesas cojas, arramblando innobles guisotes que al ser descubiertos en las fuentes arrojaban a la calle flatulencias de pimentón y de sebo, y ásperos relentes de milanesas recalentadas.","translation":"He imagined they were hatching endless swindles, while their gutted wives let themselves be seen from the back rooms, spreading tablecloths over wobbly tables, sweeping up vile stews that, when uncovered in their serving dishes, hurled into the street belches of paprika and tallow, and the harsh stale reek of reheated breaded cutlets.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p5-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ser descubiertos","title":"«al» + passive infinitive","body":"«al» plus an infinitive means 'on / when (doing)'; here the infinitive is the passive «ser descubiertos», so «al ser descubiertos» = 'when they were uncovered'. Spanish packs an entire time-and-passive clause into three words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"chanchullos","title":"«chanchullo» — a shady deal","body":"«chanchullo» is a colloquial word for a swindle, a fiddle, a shady piece of business. The plural «eternos chanchullos» = 'endless little swindles', exactly the petty crookedness Erdosain projects onto the shopkeepers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginó","gloss":"reflexive marker"},{"surface":"imaginó","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tramando","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of tramando","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"tramando","lemma":"tramar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the clause complementing imaginó","gloss":"hatching"},{"surface":"eternos","lemma":"eterno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies chanchullos","gloss":"endless"},{"surface":"chanchullos","lemma":"chanchullo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tramando","gloss":"swindles"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the compound conjunction mientras que, introduces the contrastive clause","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"desventradas","lemma":"desventrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mujeres","gloss":"gutted","note":"desventrado literally means 'disemboweled'; used figuratively here for worn-out, careworn women."},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of dejaban","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dejaban (dejarse ver = let themselves be seen)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"dejaban","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by mientras que","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejaban","gloss":"be seen"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trastiendas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of trastiendas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trastiendas","lemma":"trastienda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ver","gloss":"back rooms"},{"surface":"extendiendo","lemma":"extender","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dejaban","gloss":"spreading"},{"surface":"manteles","lemma":"mantel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of extendiendo","gloss":"tablecloths"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mesas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesas","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of extendiendo","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"cojas","lemma":"cojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mesas","gloss":"wobbly"},{"surface":"arramblando","lemma":"arramblar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dejaban, coordinated with extendiendo","gloss":"sweeping up"},{"surface":"innobles","lemma":"innoble","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies guisotes","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"guisotes","lemma":"guisote","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of arramblando","gloss":"stews","note":"guisote is an augmentative/pejorative form of guiso ('stew') — a big, ugly stew."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of arrojaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal clause 'al ser descubiertos' (when uncovered)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of descubiertos","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"descubiertos","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial clause on arrojaban","gloss":"uncovered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fuentes","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fuentes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuentes","lemma":"fuente","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of descubiertos","gloss":"serving dishes"},{"surface":"arrojaban","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying guisotes","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojaban","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"flatulencias","lemma":"flatulencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of arrojaban","gloss":"belches"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pimentón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pimentón","lemma":"pimentón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies flatulencias","gloss":"paprika"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sebo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sebo","lemma":"sebo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with pimentón","gloss":"tallow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ásperos","lemma":"áspero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies relentes","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"relentes","lemma":"relente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with flatulencias (direct object of arrojaban)","gloss":"reek","note":"relente literally means night dampness/chill; used here loosely for a lingering stale odor."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking milanesas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"milanesas","lemma":"milanesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies relentes","gloss":"cutlets"},{"surface":"recalentadas","lemma":"recalentado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies milanesas","gloss":"reheated"}]},{"number":6,"label":"7","id":"en-la-caverna-p7-s1","source":"Caminaba ceñudo, investigando con furor lento las ideas que se incubarían bajo esas frentes estrechas, mirando descaradamente las lívidas caras de los comerciantes, que desde el cuévano de los ojos espiaban con una chispa de ferocidad los compradores que se movían en los negocios fronteros; y Erdosain sentía a momentos ímpetus de insultarlos, antojo de tratarlos de cornudos, de ladrones y de hijos de mala madre, diciéndoles que tenían la falsa gordura de los leprosos y que si algunos estaban flacos era de celar los éxitos de sus prójimos.","translation":"He walked along scowling, probing with a slow fury the ideas that must be incubating beneath those narrow brows, staring brazenly at the livid faces of the merchants, who from the hollows of their eyes spied with a spark of ferocity on the buyers moving about the shops across the way; and at moments Erdosain felt surges to insult them, the urge to call them cuckolds, thieves and sons of a bad mother, to tell them they had the false fatness of lepers and that if some were thin it was from envying their neighbors' successes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se incubarían","title":"Conditional of conjecture","body":"The conditional «se incubarían» here does not mean 'would incubate' but expresses a guess about the present/past: 'must be incubating', 'were probably incubating'. Spanish uses the conditional (and the future) to speculate about what is likely true."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tratarlos de cornudos","title":"«tratar de» + insult","body":"«tratar a alguien de» plus a noun means 'to call someone (a name)': «tratarlos de cornudos» = 'to call them cuckolds'. «Cornudo» (literally 'horned') is a deceived husband, one of the gravest porteño insults."}],"words":[{"surface":"Caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"ceñudo","lemma":"ceñudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Caminaba (predicative adjective describing the subject)","gloss":"scowling"},{"surface":"investigando","lemma":"investigar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Caminaba","gloss":"probing"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking furor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"furor","lemma":"furor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of investigando","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"lento","lemma":"lento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies furor","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ideas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of investigando","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of incubarían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of incubarían","gloss":"reflexive marker"},{"surface":"incubarían","lemma":"incubar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying ideas","gloss":"must be incubating"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frentes","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of frentes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"frentes","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of incubarían","gloss":"brows"},{"surface":"estrechas","lemma":"estrecho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies frentes","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Caminaba","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"descaradamente","lemma":"descaradamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mirando","gloss":"brazenly"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of caras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lívidas","lemma":"lívido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies caras","gloss":"livid"},{"surface":"caras","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mirando","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comerciantes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of comerciantes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"comerciantes","lemma":"comerciante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies caras","gloss":"merchants"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of espiaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuévano","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuévano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuévano","lemma":"cuévano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of espiaban","gloss":"hollows","note":"cuévano literally means 'large basket'; used metaphorically here for the hollows/sockets of the eyes."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cuévano","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"espiaban","lemma":"espiar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying caras","gloss":"spied"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chispa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chispa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chispa","lemma":"chispa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of espiaban","gloss":"spark"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ferocidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ferocidad","lemma":"ferocidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chispa","gloss":"ferocity"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of compradores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"compradores","lemma":"comprador","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of espiaban","gloss":"buyers"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of movían","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movían","gloss":"reflexive marker"},{"surface":"movían","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying compradores","gloss":"were moving"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking negocios","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of negocios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"negocios","lemma":"negocio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of movían","gloss":"shops"},{"surface":"fronteros","lemma":"frontero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies negocios","gloss":"across the way"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sentía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Caminaba","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momentos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sentía","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"ímpetus","lemma":"ímpetu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of sentía","gloss":"surges"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of insultarlos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"insultarlos","lemma":"insultar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying ímpetus","gloss":"insult them"},{"surface":"antojo","lemma":"antojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sentía","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tratarlos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tratarlos","lemma":"tratar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying antojo","gloss":"call them"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cornudos","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"cornudos","lemma":"cornudo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tratarlos","gloss":"cuckolds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ladrones","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ladrones","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with cornudos","gloss":"thieves"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hijos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hijos","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with cornudos","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking madre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mala","lemma":"malo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies madre","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"madre","lemma":"madre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de, modifies hijos (possessive)","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"diciéndoles","lemma":"decir les","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on sentía","gloss":"telling them"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tenían","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of diciéndoles","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gordura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"falsa","lemma":"falso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gordura","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"gordura","lemma":"gordura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenían","gloss":"fatness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leprosos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of leprosos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leprosos","lemma":"leproso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gordura","gloss":"lepers"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of flacos","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"algunos","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of flacos","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to flacos","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"flacos","lemma":"flaco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective linked by estaban, describes algunos","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second que-clause, coordinated with tenían","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of celar","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"celar","lemma":"celar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"envying","note":"celar here means 'to be jealous/envious of' (from celos), not its more common sense of 'to watch over' or 'conceal' — a false friend to watch for."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of éxitos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"éxitos","lemma":"éxito","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of celar","gloss":"successes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prójimos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of prójimos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"prójimos","lemma":"prójimo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies éxitos","gloss":"neighbors"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p7-s2","source":"Y en su fuero interno los iba injuriando atrozmente, imaginándose que los negociantes aquellos estaban atornillados a próximas quiebras por espantosos pagarés, y que la desdicha que le arrojaba a él al fondo de la desesperación se cerniría también sobre sus mugrientas mujeres, que, con los mismos dedos con que momentos antes habían retirado los trapos en que menstruaban, cortarían ahora el pan que ellos devorarían entre maldiciones dirigidas a sus competidores.","translation":"And in his innermost self he went on insulting them atrociously, imagining that those tradesmen were bolted to imminent bankruptcies by dreadful promissory notes, and that the misery flinging him to the depths of despair would also hang over their filthy wives, who, with the same fingers with which moments before they had taken away the rags they bled into, would now cut the bread the men would devour amid curses aimed at their competitors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p7-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en su fuero interno","title":"«en su fuero interno»","body":"«el fuero interno» is the set phrase for one's private conscience, the inner forum where you judge things silently. «En su fuero interno los iba injuriando» = 'in his own mind / inwardly he went on insulting them'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"se cerniría","title":"Conditional as 'future-in-the-past'","body":"Inside a past narrative, the conditional reports what was still to come: «se cerniría también sobre sus mujeres» = 'would also hang over their wives'. The same form drives the chained conditionals «cortarían» and «devorarían» that finish the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies injuriando","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fuero","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fuero","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"fuero","lemma":"fuero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of injuriando","gloss":"self","note":"«fuero interno» is a fixed phrase meaning one's innermost self/conscience."},{"surface":"interno","lemma":"interno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fuero","gloss":"innermost"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of injuriando","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of injuriando","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"injuriando","lemma":"injuriar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insulting"},{"surface":"atrozmente","lemma":"atrozmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies injuriando","gloss":"atrociously"},{"surface":"imaginándose","lemma":"imaginar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on injuriando","gloss":"imagining"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of atornillados","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of negociantes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"negociantes","lemma":"negociante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of atornillados","gloss":"tradesmen"},{"surface":"aquellos","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies negociantes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to atornillados","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"atornillados","lemma":"atornillado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"clausal complement of imaginándose","gloss":"bolted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quiebras","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"próximas","lemma":"próximo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies quiebras","gloss":"imminent"},{"surface":"quiebras","lemma":"quiebra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of atornillados","gloss":"bankruptcies"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pagarés","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"espantosos","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pagarés","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"pagarés","lemma":"pagaré","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of atornillados","gloss":"promissory notes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cerniría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of desdicha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desdicha","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cerniría","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of arrojaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of arrojaba (doubles él)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"arrojaba","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying desdicha","gloss":"flinging"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of arrojaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojaba","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desesperación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of desesperación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desesperación","lemma":"desesperación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of cerniría","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"cerniría","lemma":"cerner él","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with atornillados","gloss":"would hang"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cerniría","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"mugrientas","lemma":"mugriento","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mujeres","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cerniría (object of sobre)","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of cortarían","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mismos","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"modifies dedos","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cortarían","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"oblique complement of retirado (object of con)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of retirado","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies retirado","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of retirado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"retirado","lemma":"retirar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying dedos","gloss":"taken away"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of trapos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trapos","lemma":"trapo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of retirado","gloss":"rags"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"oblique complement of menstruaban","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"menstruaban","lemma":"menstruar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying trapos","gloss":"bled"},{"surface":"cortarían","lemma":"cortar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying mujeres","gloss":"would cut"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cortarían","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pan","lemma":"pan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cortarían","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of devorarían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of devorarían","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"devorarían","lemma":"devorar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying pan","gloss":"would devour"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maldiciones","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"maldiciones","lemma":"maldición","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of devorarían (object of entre)","gloss":"curses"},{"surface":"dirigidas","lemma":"dirigido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies maldiciones","gloss":"aimed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking competidores","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of competidores","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"competidores","lemma":"competidor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dirigidas (object of a)","gloss":"competitors"}]},{"number":8,"label":"9","id":"en-la-caverna-p9-s1","source":"Y sin podérselo explicar se decía que el más educado de esos bribones era de una grosería solapada y profunda, todos envidiosos hasta el tuétano y más desalmados e implacables que cartagineses.","translation":"And without being able to explain it to himself, he told himself that the most polished of those scoundrels was of a sly, deep coarseness, all of them envious to the marrow and more heartless and implacable than Carthaginians.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sin podérselo explicar","title":"Two pronouns on an infinitive","body":"When pronouns attach to an infinitive they pile up and an accent is added: «podér-se-lo» = «poder» + «se» (to himself) + «lo» (it). «Sin podérselo explicar» = 'without being able to explain it to himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies decía","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of podérselo","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"podérselo","lemma":"poder se lo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of explicar","gloss":"being able","note":"«podérselo» fuses poder + se (\"to himself\") + lo (\"it\")."},{"surface":"explicar","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podérselo","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of decía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of grosería","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of educado","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies educado","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"educado","lemma":"educado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of grosería","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bribones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bribones","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"bribones","lemma":"bribón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies educado","gloss":"scoundrels"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to grosería","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grosería","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of grosería","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grosería","lemma":"grosería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on decía","gloss":"coarseness"},{"surface":"solapada","lemma":"solapado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies grosería","gloss":"sly"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"profunda","lemma":"profundo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with solapada","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to bribones","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"envidiosos","lemma":"envidioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies todos","gloss":"envious"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuétano","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tuétano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuétano","lemma":"tuétano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies envidiosos","gloss":"marrow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desalmados","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"desalmados","lemma":"desalmado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with envidiosos","gloss":"heartless"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"implacables","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with desalmados","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces comparison with cartagineses","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"cartagineses","lemma":"cartaginés","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comparison (que) with desalmados/implacables","gloss":"Carthaginians"}]},{"number":9,"label":"11","id":"en-la-caverna-p11-s1","source":"A media que iba pasando frente a colchonerías y almacenes y tiendas, pensaba que esos hombres no tenían ningún objeto noble en la existencia, que se pasaban la vida escudriñando con goces malvados la intimidad de sus vecinos, tan canallas como ellos, regocijándose con palabras de falsa compasión de las desgracias que les ocurrían a éstos, chismorreando a diestra y siniestra de aburridos que estaban, y esto le produjo súbitamente tanto encono que de pronto aceptó que lo mejor que podría hacer era irse, pues si no tendría un incidente con esos brutos, bajo cuyas cataduras enfáticas veía alzarse el alma de la ciudad, encanallada, implacable y feroz como ellos.","translation":"As he went on passing in front of mattress shops and grocery stores and dry-goods shops, he thought that those men had no noble purpose in existence, that they spent their lives scrutinizing with wicked relish the private affairs of their neighbors, as scoundrelly as themselves, gloating with words of false compassion over the misfortunes that befell them, gossiping right and left out of sheer boredom, and this suddenly filled him with such rancor that he abruptly accepted that the best thing he could do was leave, for otherwise he would have an incident with those brutes, beneath whose emphatic mugs he saw the soul of the city rise up, debased, implacable and ferocious like them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a diestra y siniestra","title":"«a diestra y siniestra»","body":"«a diestra y siniestra» (literally 'to right and left') is the idiom for 'every which way', 'all over the place', 'right and left'. Here it paints the shopkeepers gossiping indiscriminately about everyone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de aburridos que estaban","title":"Causal «de ... que»","body":"«de aburridos que estaban» = 'out of how bored they were', 'so bored were they'. This «de» + adjective + «que» construction gives the cause of an action through an intensified state — a very colloquial turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase «a medida que» (introduces pensaba's adverbial clause)","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"media","lemma":"medida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase «a medida que»","gloss":"measure","note":"«A media que» reads as a shortened/typographic form of the set phrase «a medida que» (\"as/while\")."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes «a medida que», introduces the clause of pasando","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pasando","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"pasando","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"verb of the clause introduced by «a medida que», modifying pensaba","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies pasando","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colchonerías","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"colchonerías","lemma":"colchonería","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of pasando","gloss":"mattress shops"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"almacenes","lemma":"almacén","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with colchonerías","gloss":"grocery stores"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tiendas","lemma":"tienda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with almacenes","gloss":"dry-goods shops"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of tenían","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenían","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenían","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of pensaba","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ningún","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of objeto","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"objeto","lemma":"objeto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenían","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"noble","lemma":"noble","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies objeto","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking existencia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of existencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"existencia","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tenían","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the que-clause of pasaban, coordinated with the que-clause of tenían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pasaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"pasaban","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated clausal complement of pensaba (parallel to tenían's clause)","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pasaban","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"escudriñando","lemma":"escudriñar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on pasaban","gloss":"scrutinizing"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking goces","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"goces","lemma":"goce","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of escudriñando","gloss":"relish"},{"surface":"malvados","lemma":"malvado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies goces","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of intimidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intimidad","lemma":"intimidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of escudriñando","gloss":"private affairs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vecinos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vecinos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"vecinos","lemma":"vecino","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies intimidad","gloss":"neighbors"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies canallas","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"canallas","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies vecinos","gloss":"scoundrelly"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ellos","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"modifies canallas","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"regocijándose","lemma":"regocijar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on pasaban","gloss":"gloating"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of regocijándose","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compasión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"falsa","lemma":"falso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies compasión","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"compasión","lemma":"compasión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desgracias","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of desgracias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desgracias","lemma":"desgracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies compasión","gloss":"misfortunes"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of ocurrían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of ocurrían (doubles éstos)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ocurrían","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying desgracias","gloss":"befell"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éstos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"éstos","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of ocurrían (doubles les)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"chismorreando","lemma":"chismorrear","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on pasaban","gloss":"gossiping"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the idiom «a diestra y siniestra» (modifies chismorreando)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"diestra","lemma":"diestra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase «a diestra y siniestra»","gloss":"right","note":"«a diestra y siniestra» is a fixed idiom meaning \"right and left / indiscriminately.\""},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"siniestra","lemma":"siniestra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with diestra","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of aburridos","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"aburridos","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial clause on chismorreando","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on aburridos","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of produjo","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of produjo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"produjo","lemma":"producir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with pensaba","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies produjo","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encono","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"encono","lemma":"encono","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of produjo","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aceptó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase «de pronto» (modifies aceptó)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase «de pronto»","gloss":"suddenly","note":"«de pronto» is a fixed phrase meaning \"suddenly.\""},{"surface":"aceptó","lemma":"aceptar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of encono","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of mejor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mejor","lemma":"mejor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"subject of era","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hacer","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying mejor","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of aceptó","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"irse","lemma":"ir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tendría","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tendría","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tendría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on aceptó","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of incidente","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"incidente","lemma":"incidente","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"direct object of tendría","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brutos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of brutos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"brutos","lemma":"bruto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies incidente","gloss":"brutes"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cataduras","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"cuyas","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cataduras","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"cataduras","lemma":"catadura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of veía","gloss":"mugs"},{"surface":"enfáticas","lemma":"enfático","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cataduras","gloss":"emphatic"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying brutos","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"alzarse","lemma":"alzar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of veía","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of alzarse","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies alma","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"encanallada","lemma":"encanallado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ciudad","gloss":"debased"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with encanallada","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"feroz","lemma":"feroz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with encanallada","gloss":"ferocious"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ellos","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"object of como, compared with encanallada/implacable/feroz","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":10,"label":"13","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s1","source":"No tenía un propósito determinado, reconocía que tenía el espíritu sucio de asco a la vida, y de pronto al ver que pasaba un tranvía hacia Plaza Once, a grandes saltos trepó a la plataforma.","translation":"He had no fixed purpose; he recognized that his spirit was filthy with disgust at life, and suddenly, seeing a streetcar pass heading toward Plaza Once, in great bounds he scrambled up onto the platform.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ver que pasaba","title":"«al» + infinitive of time","body":"«al ver que pasaba un tranvía» = 'on seeing a streetcar passing'. «Al» plus the infinitive compresses a whole 'when / as' clause; the embedded «pasaba» is imperfect because the streetcar was in mid-motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of propósito","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"propósito","lemma":"propósito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"determinado","lemma":"determinado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies propósito","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"reconocía","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tenía","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of reconocía","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"sucio","lemma":"sucio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies espíritu","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asco","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"asco","lemma":"asco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sucio","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies asco","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase «de pronto» (modifies trepó)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase «de pronto»","gloss":"suddenly","note":"«de pronto» is a fixed phrase meaning \"suddenly.\""},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ver","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on trepó (al + infinitive)","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pasaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of ver","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tranvía","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tranvía","lemma":"tranvía","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pasaba","gloss":"streetcar"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Plaza","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Plaza","lemma":"Plaza","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of pasaba","gloss":"Plaza"},{"surface":"Once","lemma":"Once","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Plaza","gloss":"Once"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saltos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies saltos","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"saltos","lemma":"salto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of trepó","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"trepó","lemma":"trepar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (coordinated with tenía/reconocía)","gloss":"scrambled"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plataforma","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of plataforma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plataforma","lemma":"plataforma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trepó","gloss":"platform"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s2","source":"Ya en la boletería sacó pasaje de ida y vuelta a Ramos Mejía.","translation":"At the ticket window he bought a round-trip ticket to Ramos Mejía.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pasaje de ida y vuelta","title":"«de ida y vuelta» — round trip","body":"«ida y vuelta» literally means 'going and returning', so «pasaje de ida y vuelta» is a round-trip / return ticket. Ramos Mejía is a western suburb of Buenos Aires on the rail line Erdosain is riding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sacó","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boletería","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boletería","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boletería","lemma":"boletería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sacó","gloss":"ticket window"},{"surface":"sacó","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"pasaje","lemma":"pasaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sacó","gloss":"ticket"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ida","lemma":"ida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pasaje","gloss":"outbound"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vuelta","lemma":"vuelta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ida","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ramos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ramos","lemma":"Ramos","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of sacó","gloss":"Ramos"},{"surface":"Mejía","lemma":"Mejía","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ramos","gloss":"Mejía"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s3","source":"Iba para allá como hubiera podido ir en otra dirección.","translation":"He was going there as he might have gone in any other direction.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allá","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Iba","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ir","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ir","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"podido","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"auxiliary of ir","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on Iba","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dirección","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dirección","gloss":"any other"},{"surface":"dirección","lemma":"dirección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ir","gloss":"direction"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s4","source":"Cansado, desconcertado con la certeza de que había arrojado su alma a un foso del cual ya no podría salir nunca más.","translation":"Tired, disconcerted by the certainty that he had hurled his soul into a pit from which he could now never climb out again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"había arrojado","title":"Pluperfect for a prior act","body":"«había arrojado» is the pluperfect ('had hurled'): a past action completed before the moment of the narrative. It frames the soul already thrown into the pit as a done thing he can only now contemplate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cansado","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Tired"},{"surface":"desconcertado","lemma":"desconcertado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Cansado","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking certeza","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of certeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"certeza","lemma":"certeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desconcertado","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of arrojado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arrojado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of arrojado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"arrojado","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying certeza","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of arrojado","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foso","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of foso","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"foso","lemma":"foso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojado","gloss":"pit"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cual","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of salir","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salir","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salir","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of salir","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying foso","gloss":"climb out"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salir","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salir","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s5","source":"Y esperándolo, la Coja.","translation":"And waiting for him, the lame woman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies esperándolo","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"esperándolo","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Coja","gloss":"waiting for him"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Coja","lemma":"Coja","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lame woman","note":"«la Coja» (\"the Lame One\") is a nickname for a recurring character."}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s6","source":"¿No hubiera sido preferible ser capitán de navío y comandar un superdreadnought?","translation":"Wouldn't it have been preferable to be a ship's captain and command a super-dreadnought?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no hubiera sido preferible","title":"Pluperfect subjunctive for a hypothetical past","body":"«hubiera sido preferible» = 'would it have been preferable'. The pluperfect subjunctive («hubiera» + participle) expresses a counterfactual about the past; Spanish often uses it where English uses 'would have been'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hubiera sido preferible","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"copula linking to preferible","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"preferible","lemma":"preferible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the clause","gloss":"preferable"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula introducing capitán, complement of preferible","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking navío","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"navío","lemma":"navío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies capitán","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"comandar","lemma":"comandar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with ser, complement of preferible","gloss":"to command"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of superdreadnought","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"superdreadnought","lemma":"superdreadnought","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of comandar","gloss":"super-dreadnought"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s7","source":"Las chimeneas vomitarían torrentes de humo y en el puente de mando conversaría con el comandante de torre, mientras que en el corazón se le pintaría la imagen de una mujer que acaso no fuera su esposa.","translation":"The funnels would vomit torrents of smoke and on the bridge he would talk with the turret commander, while in his heart there would take shape the image of a woman who perhaps was not his wife.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que acaso no fuera su esposa","title":"Subjunctive after «acaso»","body":"«acaso» ('perhaps') introduces doubt, so the verb shifts to the subjunctive: «una mujer que acaso no fuera su esposa» = 'a woman who perhaps was not his wife'. The imperfect subjunctive «fuera» keeps the whole daydream tentative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of chimeneas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chimeneas","lemma":"chimenea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of vomitarían","gloss":"funnels"},{"surface":"vomitarían","lemma":"vomitar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause, coordinated with conversaría","gloss":"would vomit"},{"surface":"torrentes","lemma":"torrente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of vomitarían","gloss":"torrents"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humo","lemma":"humo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies torrentes","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puente","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of puente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puente","lemma":"puente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conversaría","gloss":"bridge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mando","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mando","lemma":"mando","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies puente","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"conversaría","lemma":"conversar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with vomitarían","gloss":"would talk"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comandante","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of comandante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"comandante","lemma":"comandante","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of conversaría","gloss":"commander"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking torre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"torre","lemma":"torre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies comandante","gloss":"turret"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pintaría (mientras que)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras (=mientras que)","gloss":"while","note":"mientras que together form one conjunction, 'while' — que has no separate meaning here."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pintaría","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/reflexive particle of pintaría","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pintaría (dative of interest)","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"pintaría","lemma":"pintar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the mientras-clause","gloss":"would take shape"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of imagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imagen","lemma":"imagen","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of pintaría","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies imagen","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of fuera","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"acaso","lemma":"acaso","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuera","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuera","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esposa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fuera","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s8","source":"Mas, ¿por qué su vida era así?","translation":"But why was his life like this?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Mas","title":"«mas» vs. «más»","body":"«mas» without an accent is a literary conjunction meaning 'but' (= «pero»). It is not «más» ('more'), which carries the accent. Arlt uses the unaccented «mas» for a slightly elevated, written 'but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adversative conjunction introducing the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué (=por qué, 'why')","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the phrase por (=por qué)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"like this"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p13-s9","source":"Y la de los otros también, también «así» como si el «así» fuera un cuño de desgracia que visto en otro era de relieve más borroso.","translation":"And the lives of others too, also \"like this,\" as if the \"like this\" were a stamp of misfortune that, seen in someone else, stood out in fainter relief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p13-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si el «así» fuera","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"«como si» ('as if') always takes the imperfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive for an unreal comparison: «como si el así fuera un cuño» = 'as if the \"like this\" were a stamp'. The subjunctive «fuera» marks it as hypothetical, not fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical for vida ('life'), head of the phrase","gloss":"that (life)"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of otros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies la","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies la","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies así","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory continuation, echoes era así (previous line)","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with si (=como si, 'as if')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound como si, introduces fuera","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of así (nominalized)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb, used as a noun","role":"subject of fuera","gloss":"like this","note":"In quotes, así ('like this') is treated as a noun — the label itself, not the adverb."},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cuño","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuño","lemma":"cuño","morphology":"noun","role":"predicate complement of fuera","gloss":"stamp"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desgracia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desgracia","lemma":"desgracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cuño","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"participial clause modifying que, parenthetical before era","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of visto","gloss":"someone else"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to relieve","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking relieve (idiom: de relieve)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"relieve","lemma":"relieve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era (idiom: de relieve)","gloss":"relief"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies borroso","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"borroso","lemma":"borroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies relieve","gloss":"blurred"}]},{"number":19,"label":"15","id":"en-la-caverna-p15-s1","source":"¿Qué se había hecho de la vida fuerte, que ciertos hombres contienen en su envase como la sangre de un león?","translation":"What had become of the strong life, the life certain men hold within their vessel like the blood of a lion?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Qué se había hecho de la vida fuerte?","title":"«hacerse de» — to become of","body":"«¿Qué se ha hecho de...?» is the idiom 'what has become of...?'. In the pluperfect, «¿Qué se había hecho de la vida fuerte?» = 'what had become of the strong life?'. The impersonal «se» carries the whole 'become of' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of hecho","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"impersonal/passive particle of hecho","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hecho","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"fuerte","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of contienen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ciertos","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of contienen","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"contienen","lemma":"contener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying vida","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking envase","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of envase","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"envase","lemma":"envase","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of contienen","gloss":"vessel"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (=sangre)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sangre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the comparison como","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking león","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of león","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"león","lemma":"león","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sangre","gloss":"lion"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p15-s2","source":"La vida fuerte que hace de pronto que una existencia se nos aparezca sin los tiempos previos de preparación y que tiene la perfecta soltura de las composiciones cinematográficas.","translation":"The strong life that suddenly makes an existence appear to us without the prior stages of preparation and that has the perfect fluency of cinematic compositions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hace que ... se nos aparezca","title":"«hacer que» + subjunctive","body":"«hacer que» ('to make / cause that') triggers the subjunctive in the following clause: «hace que una existencia se nos aparezca» = 'makes an existence appear to us'. The subjunctive «aparezca» is required because the main verb imposes the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"fuerte","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of hace","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying vida, coordinated with tiene","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto (=suddenly), modifies hace","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de pronto (=suddenly)","gloss":"suddenly","note":"de pronto is a fixed phrase meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aparezca","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of existencia","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"existencia","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aparezca","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aparezca","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of aparezca","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"aparezca","lemma":"aparecer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of hace","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aparezca","gloss":"stages"},{"surface":"previos","lemma":"previo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"prior"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking preparación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"preparación","lemma":"preparación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"preparation"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying vida, coordinated with hace","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of soltura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"perfecta","lemma":"perfecto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies soltura","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"soltura","lemma":"soltura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"fluency"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking composiciones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of composiciones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"composiciones","lemma":"composición","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies soltura","gloss":"compositions"},{"surface":"cinematográficas","lemma":"cinematográfico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies composiciones","gloss":"cinematic"}]},{"number":21,"label":"17","id":"en-la-caverna-p17-s1","source":"¿No eran acaso así las fotografías de los héroes?","translation":"Weren't the photographs of heroes perhaps like this?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eran","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"acaso","lemma":"acaso","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies así","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of eran","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fotografías","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fotografías","lemma":"fotografía","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of eran","gloss":"photographs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking héroes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of héroes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"héroes","lemma":"héroe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fotografías","gloss":"heroes"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p17-s2","source":"¿Quién conservaba una fotografía de los héroes?","translation":"Who kept a photograph of the heroes?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p17-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of conservaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"conservaba","lemma":"conservar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fotografía","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fotografía","lemma":"fotografía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of conservaba","gloss":"photograph"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking héroes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of héroes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"héroes","lemma":"héroe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fotografía","gloss":"heroes"}]},{"number":23,"label":"19","id":"en-la-caverna-p19-s1","source":"¿Quién conservaba una fotografía de Lenin discutiendo en un cuartujo de Londres, o de Mussolini vagabundo por los caminos de Italia?","translation":"Who kept a photograph of Lenin arguing in some grubby little room in London, or of Mussolini tramping the roads of Italy?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cuartujo","title":"«cuartujo» — a wretched little room","body":"«cuartujo» is «cuarto» ('room') plus the pejorative suffix «-ujo», giving 'a mean, shabby little room'. Spanish builds such loaded diminutives/augmentatives freely; the suffix does the work of a whole disparaging adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of conservaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"conservaba","lemma":"conservar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fotografía","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fotografía","lemma":"fotografía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of conservaba","gloss":"photograph"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lenin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lenin","lemma":"Lenin","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies fotografía","gloss":"Lenin"},{"surface":"discutiendo","lemma":"discutir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"participial clause modifying Lenin","gloss":"arguing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuartujo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuartujo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuartujo","lemma":"cuartujo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of discutiendo","gloss":"grubby room","note":"Augmentative/pejorative of cuarto ('room') — a shabby little room."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Londres","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Londres","lemma":"Londres","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies cuartujo","gloss":"London"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mussolini","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Mussolini","lemma":"Mussolini","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Lenin","gloss":"Mussolini"},{"surface":"vagabundo","lemma":"vagabundo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Mussolini","gloss":"tramping"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caminos","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of caminos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caminos","lemma":"camino","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of vagabundo","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Italia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Italia","lemma":"Italia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies caminos","gloss":"Italy"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p19-s2","source":"Y, sin embargo, eran de pronto revelados en un balcón arengando a la multitud barbuda, o entre las columnas truncas de unas ruinas recientes, con zapatos de sport, y un sombrero jipi–japa que no desdecía la fiereza del semblante de conquistador.","translation":"And yet they were suddenly revealed on a balcony haranguing the bearded crowd, or among the broken columns of some recent ruins, in sports shoes and a panama hat that did not belie the fierceness of their conqueror's faces.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p19-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sombrero jipi–japa","title":"«jipijapa» — a panama hat","body":"A «sombrero jipijapa» is a panama hat, named for Jipijapa, the Ecuadorian town famous for weaving them. The clash of the woven straw hat with the 'conqueror's face' is exactly the incongruity Arlt wants."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom sin embargo, modifies revelados","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sin (=sin embargo)","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"eran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to revelados","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifies revelados","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"revelados","lemma":"revelado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of eran","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking balcón","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of balcón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"balcón","lemma":"balcón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of revelados","gloss":"balcony"},{"surface":"arengando","lemma":"arengar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on revelados","gloss":"haranguing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks multitud as direct object (personal a)","gloss":"(marks object)","note":"Personal a — marks a human direct object; not translated as a separate word."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multitud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"multitud","lemma":"multitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of arengando","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"barbuda","lemma":"barbudo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"bearded"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking columnas","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of columnas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"columnas","lemma":"columna","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of revelados, coordinated with balcón","gloss":"columns"},{"surface":"truncas","lemma":"trunco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies columnas","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ruinas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"unas","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ruinas","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ruinas","lemma":"ruina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies columnas","gloss":"ruins"},{"surface":"recientes","lemma":"reciente","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ruinas","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zapatos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zapatos","lemma":"zapato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of revelados, coordinated with balcón/columnas","gloss":"shoes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sport","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sport","lemma":"sport","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies zapatos","gloss":"sports"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sombrero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sombrero","lemma":"sombrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with zapatos, object of con","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"jipi–japa","lemma":"jipijapa","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies sombrero","gloss":"panama","note":"Jipijapa (Panama-hat straw, from Ecuador) — sombrero jipi-japa = 'Panama hat.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of desdecía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desdecía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"desdecía","lemma":"desdecir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause (que)","gloss":"belied"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fiereza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fiereza","lemma":"fiereza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desdecía","gloss":"fierceness"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante (de+el)","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fiereza","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conquistador","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"conquistador","lemma":"conquistador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"conqueror"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p19-s3","source":"En cambio, él sentía allí, localizada en su vida, las pequeñas imágenes de la Coja, del capitán, de su esposa, de Barsut, todas existencias que en cuanto se apartaban de sus ojos quedaban restituidas a la minúscula dimensión que le confiere la distancia a los cuerpos físicos.","translation":"He, by contrast, felt there, lodged in his life, the small images of the lame woman, the captain, his wife, Barsut, all of them lives that, the moment they left his sight, were restored to the tiny dimension that distance confers on physical bodies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p19-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en cuanto se apartaban","title":"«en cuanto» — as soon as","body":"«en cuanto» means 'as soon as / the moment that'. With a habitual past it takes the imperfect: «en cuanto se apartaban de sus ojos» = 'the moment they left his sight'. The pronominal «se apartaban» = 'moved away / withdrew'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en cambio, modifies sentía","gloss":"by contrast"},{"surface":"cambio","lemma":"cambio","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase En (=en cambio)","gloss":"by contrast"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sentía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sentía","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"localizada","lemma":"localizado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"participial phrase modifying imágenes, in apposition","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of localizada","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of imágenes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pequeñas","lemma":"pequeño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies imágenes","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"imágenes","lemma":"imagen","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sentía","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Coja","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Coja","lemma":"Coja","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies imágenes","gloss":"Lame Woman","note":"'La Coja' ('the Lame Woman') is a character's nickname in the novel, not a proper name."},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capitán (de+el)","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies imágenes, coordinated with Coja","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies imágenes, coordinated with capitán","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies imágenes, coordinated with esposa","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of existencias","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"existencias","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of quedaban","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of apartaban and quedaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en cuanto, modifies apartaban","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"cuanto","lemma":"cuanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase en (=en cuanto)","gloss":"the moment","note":"en cuanto = 'as soon as / the moment (that)' — a fixed conjunction."},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apartaban","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"apartaban","lemma":"apartar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying existencias","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apartaban","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"quedaban","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the que-clause, predicate for existencias","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"restituidas","lemma":"restituido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of quedaban","gloss":"restored"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dimensión","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dimensión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minúscula","lemma":"minúsculo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dimensión","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"dimensión","lemma":"dimensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of a, complement of restituidas","gloss":"dimension"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of confiere (=dimensión)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of confiere (doubles a los cuerpos físicos)","gloss":"on them","note":"le anticipates ('doubles') a los cuerpos físicos later in the sentence — a common Spanish dative-doubling pattern."},{"surface":"confiere","lemma":"conferir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying dimensión","gloss":"confers"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of distancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of confiere","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpos","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cuerpos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuerpos","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of confiere (object of a)","gloss":"bodies"},{"surface":"físicos","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cuerpos","gloss":"physical"}]},{"number":26,"label":"21","id":"en-la-caverna-p21-s1","source":"Apoyó la cabeza en el cristal de la ventanilla.","translation":"He rested his head against the glass of the little window.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Apoyó","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rested"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Apoyó","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cristal","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cristal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cristal","lemma":"cristal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Apoyó","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventanilla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ventanilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ventanilla","lemma":"ventanilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cristal","gloss":"little window"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p21-s2","source":"El vagón se deslizó y luego se detuvo, al segundo silbido del guardatren, arrancó el convoy, y éste entró rechinando fieramente en los entrerrieles que chocaban férreamente al ser apartados por el filo de las ruedas.","translation":"The car slid forward and then stopped; at the guard's second whistle the train pulled away, and it entered, screeching fiercely, the points and crossings that clanged like iron as they were forced apart by the edge of the wheels.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p21-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"arrancó el convoy","title":"Preterite of motion","body":"«arrancó» is the preterite of «arrancar», here 'pulled away / started off' (of a vehicle). The chain of preterites — «se deslizó», «se detuvo», «arrancó», «entró» — gives the train's departure as a sequence of sharp, completed actions."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vagón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vagón","lemma":"vagón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of deslizó","gloss":"car"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of deslizó","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"deslizó","lemma":"deslizar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slid"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies detuvo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with deslizó","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silbido","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"segundo","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silbido","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"silbido","lemma":"silbido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrancó","gloss":"whistle"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking guardatren","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"guardatren","lemma":"guardatren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silbido","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"arrancó","lemma":"arrancar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with deslizó","gloss":"pulled away"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of convoy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"convoy","lemma":"convoy","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of arrancó","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of entró","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"entró","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with deslizó","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"rechinando","lemma":"rechinar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of entró","gloss":"screeching"},{"surface":"fieramente","lemma":"fieramente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rechinando","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entrerrieles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of entrerrieles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entrerrieles","lemma":"entrerriel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of entró","gloss":"points and crossings","note":"A compound railway term (entre + riel, 'between rails') for the crossing points/switches where rails meet."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of chocaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"chocaban","lemma":"chocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying entrerrieles","gloss":"clanged"},{"surface":"férreamente","lemma":"férreamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chocaban","gloss":"like iron"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking apartados","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of apartados","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"apartados","lemma":"apartar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial clause on chocaban","gloss":"forced apart"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking filo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of filo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"filo","lemma":"filo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apartados","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ruedas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ruedas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruedas","lemma":"rueda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies filo","gloss":"wheels"}]},{"number":28,"label":"23","id":"en-la-caverna-p23-s1","source":"Las luces verdes y rojas del subterráneo le encandilaron los ojos por un instante, luego volvió a cerrarlos.","translation":"The green and red lights of the underground dazzled his eyes for an instant; then he closed them again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"volvió a cerrarlos","title":"«volver a» + infinitive = to do again","body":"«volver a» plus an infinitive means 'to do something again': «volvió a cerrarlos» = 'he closed them again'. The pronoun «los» (his eyes) attaches to the infinitive «cerrar». Spanish prefers this to a separate word for 'again'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of luces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luces","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of encandilaron","gloss":"lights"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies luces","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rojas","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with verdes","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking subterráneo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"subterráneo","lemma":"subterráneo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies luces","gloss":"underground"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of encandilaron (dative of possession)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"encandilaron","lemma":"encandilar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dazzled"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of encandilaron","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instante","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encandilaron","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volvió","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with encandilaron","gloss":"went back to","note":"'volver a' + infinitive is an idiom meaning 'to do (something) again' — volvió a cerrarlos = 'closed them again.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of cerrarlos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cerrarlos","lemma":"cerrar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with enclitic direct object pronoun","role":"complement of volvió","gloss":"close them"}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p23-s2","source":"En la noche, el tren comunicaba su trepidación a los rieles, y la masa multiplicada por la velocidad, imprimía a sus pensamientos el vértigo de una marcha igualmente implacable y vertiginosa.","translation":"In the night the train communicated its shuddering to the rails, and the mass multiplied by speed imprinted on his thoughts the vertigo of a course equally implacable and dizzying.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p23-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of comunicaba","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of comunicaba","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"comunicaba","lemma":"comunicar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"communicated"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of trepidación","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"trepidación","lemma":"trepidación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of comunicaba","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rieles","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rieles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rieles","lemma":"riel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of comunicaba","gloss":"rails"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of masa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"masa","lemma":"masa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of imprimía","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"multiplicada","lemma":"multiplicado","morphology":"adjective (past participle), feminine, singular","role":"modifies masa","gloss":"multiplied"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velocidad","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of velocidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velocidad","lemma":"velocidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of multiplicada","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"imprimía","lemma":"imprimir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with comunicaba","gloss":"imprinted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensamientos","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pensamientos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pensamientos","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of imprimía","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vértigo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vértigo","lemma":"vértigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of imprimía","gloss":"vertigo"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marcha","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of marcha","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"marcha","lemma":"marcha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vértigo","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"igualmente","lemma":"igualmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies implacable","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies marcha","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vertiginosa","lemma":"vertiginoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with implacable","gloss":"dizzying"}]},{"number":30,"label":"25","id":"en-la-caverna-p25-s1","source":"Cracc... cracc... cracc... arrancaban las ruedas en cada junta de riel, y ese monorritmo sordo y formidable le alivianaba de su rencor, tornaba más ligero su espíritu, mientras que la carne se dejaba estar en la somnolencia que comunica a los sentidos la velocidad.","translation":"Crack... crack... crack... the wheels tore at every rail joint, and that dull, tremendous monorhythm relieved him of his resentment, made his spirit lighter, while the flesh let itself settle into the drowsiness that speed conveys to the senses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se dejaba estar","title":"«dejarse estar» — to let oneself be","body":"«dejarse estar» is a River Plate idiom meaning 'to let oneself go / settle / drift'. «La carne se dejaba estar en la somnolencia» = 'the flesh let itself sink into drowsiness' — a passive, surrendering posture Arlt loves for Erdosain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cracc","lemma":"cracc","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"onomatopoeic interjection","gloss":"Crack"},{"surface":"cracc","lemma":"cracc","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"repeated interjection, coordinated with Cracc","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"cracc","lemma":"cracc","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"repeated interjection, coordinated with Cracc","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"arrancaban","lemma":"arrancar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ruedas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruedas","lemma":"rueda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of arrancaban","gloss":"wheels"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking junta","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of junta","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"junta","lemma":"junta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrancaban","gloss":"joint"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking riel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"riel","lemma":"riel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies junta","gloss":"rail"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of monorritmo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"monorritmo","lemma":"monorritmo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of alivianaba","gloss":"monorhythm"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies monorritmo","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"formidable","lemma":"formidable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with sordo","gloss":"tremendous"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of alivianaba","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: 'le' stands in for the direct object 'him' here rather than the indirect object it usually marks."},{"surface":"alivianaba","lemma":"alivianar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with arrancaban","gloss":"relieved"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rencor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rencor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rencor","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of alivianaba","gloss":"resentment"},{"surface":"tornaba","lemma":"tornar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with alivianaba","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligero","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ligero","lemma":"ligero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"objective complement of tornaba, modifies espíritu","gloss":"lighter"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tornaba","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dejaba","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dejaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by mientras que","gloss":"let","note":"'dejarse estar' is an idiom: 'to let oneself settle/stay,' i.e. to give in to a state."},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejaba","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking somnolencia","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of somnolencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"somnolencia","lemma":"somnolencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estar","gloss":"drowsiness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of comunica","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"comunica","lemma":"comunicar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying somnolencia","gloss":"conveys"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentidos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sentidos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentidos","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of comunica","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of velocidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velocidad","lemma":"velocidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of comunica","gloss":"speed"}]},{"number":31,"label":"27","id":"en-la-caverna-p27-s1","source":"Luego pensó que Ergueta ya estaba loco.","translation":"Then he thought that Ergueta was already mad.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensó","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"pensó","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of loco","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to loco","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"loco","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"mad"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p27-s2","source":"Recordó las palabras del otro cuando estaba a la orilla de la desgracia: «rajá, turrito, rajá», y afirmando la cabeza en el ángulo acolchado del respaldar, pensó en tiempos idos, cerrando los ojos para distinguir con claridad las imágenes de un recuerdo.","translation":"He recalled the other man's words when he stood at the edge of ruin: \"beat it, you little crook, beat it,\" and steadying his head against the padded corner of the seatback, he thought of times gone by, closing his eyes to make out clearly the images of a memory.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p27-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rajá, turrito, rajá","title":"Lunfardo: «rajar» and «turro»","body":"Porteño slang (lunfardo): «rajá» is the voseo command of «rajar», 'beat it / clear off'. «Turrito» is the diminutive of «turro», 'a no-good, a low-life crook'. Together, an affectionately contemptuous 'scram, you little scoundrel'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tiempos idos","title":"«ido» — past participle of «ir»","body":"«idos» is the regular past participle of «ir» ('to go'), following the standard -ir verb -ido pattern, used as an adjective: «tiempos idos» = 'times gone by, bygone days'. It belongs to the regular «-ado/-ido» participle class. Genuine irregular past participles are hecho, dicho, visto, puesto, abierto, roto, muerto, escrito, vuelto."}],"words":[{"surface":"Recordó","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Recordó","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying Recordó","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the cuando-clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orilla","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of orilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orilla","lemma":"orilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desgracia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of desgracia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desgracia","lemma":"desgracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies orilla","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"rajá","lemma":"rajar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular (vos)","role":"quoted imperative verb","gloss":"beat it","note":"Rioplatense voseo imperative of rajar, lunfardo slang for 'scram, get out of here.'"},{"surface":"turrito","lemma":"turrito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (lunfardo)","role":"vocative addressing the listener, in the quoted dialogue","gloss":"little crook","note":"Lunfardo slang (diminutive of turro) for a petty crook or fool."},{"surface":"rajá","lemma":"rajar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular (vos)","role":"repeated quoted imperative verb","gloss":"beat it"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"afirmando","lemma":"afirmar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on pensó","gloss":"steadying"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of afirmando","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ángulo","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ángulo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ángulo","lemma":"ángulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of afirmando","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"acolchado","lemma":"acolchado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ángulo","gloss":"padded"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking respaldar","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"respaldar","lemma":"respaldar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ángulo","gloss":"seatback"},{"surface":"pensó","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Recordó","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pensó","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"idos","lemma":"ido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"gone by"},{"surface":"cerrando","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on pensó","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cerrando","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of distinguir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"distinguir","lemma":"distinguir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on cerrando","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking claridad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"claridad","lemma":"claridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of distinguir","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of imágenes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imágenes","lemma":"imagen","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of distinguir","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recuerdo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies imágenes","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p27-s3","source":"Este le causaba cierta extrañeza, pues era la primera vez que observaba que en un recuerdo ciertas figuras tienen la dimensión normal con que se las ha conocido en la realidad, mientras que otras figuras o cosas son pequeñitas como soldados de plomo o tan sólo presentan un perfil, careciendo de profundidad.","translation":"This produced in him a certain strangeness, for it was the first time he had noticed that in a memory certain figures keep the normal dimension in which one has known them in reality, while other figures or things are tiny like lead soldiers or present only a profile, lacking depth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p27-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"con que se las ha conocido","title":"Impersonal «se» + object pronoun","body":"«se las ha conocido» uses impersonal «se» ('one has known them') with the object pronoun «las» (the figures). Spanish uses «se» + verb where English reaches for 'one' or the passive: 'in which one has known them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Este","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of causaba","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of causaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"causaba","lemma":"causar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"cierta","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of extrañeza","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"extrañeza","lemma":"extrañeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of causaba","gloss":"strangeness"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vez","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to vez","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vez","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying vez","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"observaba","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying vez","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tienen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recuerdo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tienen","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"ciertas","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of figuras","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"figuras","lemma":"figura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of tienen","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of observaba","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dimensión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dimensión","lemma":"dimensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tienen","gloss":"dimension"},{"surface":"normal","lemma":"normal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies dimensión","gloss":"normal"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying dimensión","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"relative pronoun (with con), refers to dimensión","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal (passive se)","role":"impersonal passive particle of conocido","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of conocido","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of conocido","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"conocido","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying dimensión","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking realidad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conocido","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of figuras","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"figuras","lemma":"figura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of son","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with figuras","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to pequeñitas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"pequeñitas","lemma":"pequeñito","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of son","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies pequeñitas","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"soldados","lemma":"soldado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pequeñitas","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plomo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plomo","lemma":"plomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soldados","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies presentan","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies presentan","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"presentan","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with son","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of perfil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perfil","lemma":"perfil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of presentan","gloss":"profile"},{"surface":"careciendo","lemma":"carecer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on presentan","gloss":"lacking"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking profundidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"profundidad","lemma":"profundidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of careciendo","gloss":"depth"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p27-s4","source":"Así, junto a la corpulencia de un negro, cuya mano perdíase en el trasero de un pequeño, veía una mesita minúscula, como para muñecas, sobre la que estaban aplastadas las pequeñas cabezas de unos hombres ladrones, mientras que el techo, de altura real, daba un aspecto de desolación más extraordinaria al gris paraje del recuerdo.","translation":"Thus, beside the bulk of a black man whose hand was lost in the backside of a small boy, he saw a minuscule little table, as if for dolls, on which the small heads of some thieving men were flattened, while the ceiling, at its real height, gave an aspect of even more extraordinary desolation to the gray scene of the memory.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p27-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"perdíase","title":"Enclitic pronoun on a finite verb","body":"In older/literary Spanish the reflexive pronoun could attach to the end of a conjugated verb: «perdíase» = «se perdía», 'was lost / disappeared'. Modern prose places it before («se perdía»); Arlt's enclitic gives a literary, slightly archaic cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb (fixed phrase junto a)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of corpulencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corpulencia","lemma":"corpulencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of veía","gloss":"bulk"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking negro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of negro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corpulencia","gloss":"black man"},{"surface":"cuya","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"possessive relative pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"possessive relative determiner of mano, referring to negro","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of perdíase","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"perdíase","lemma":"perderse","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, with archaic enclitic reflexive pronoun","role":"clause modifying negro","gloss":"was lost","note":"Archaic postposed clitic: perdíase = se perdía ('was getting lost')."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trasero","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of perdíase","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pequeño","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pequeño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pequeño","lemma":"pequeño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies trasero","gloss":"small boy"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parallel clause to mientras","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mesita","lemma":"mesita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of veía","gloss":"little table"},{"surface":"minúscula","lemma":"minúsculo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mesita","gloss":"minuscule"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of muñecas","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muñecas","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"muñecas","lemma":"muñeca","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mesita","gloss":"dolls"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun la que, referring to mesita","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"object of preposition sobre, relative pronoun referring to mesita","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to aplastadas","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"aplastadas","lemma":"aplastado","morphology":"adjective (past participle), feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of estaban","gloss":"flattened"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pequeñas","lemma":"pequeño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cabezas","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of aplastadas","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cabezas","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ladrones","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"thieving"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of techo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"techo","lemma":"techo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of daba","gloss":"ceiling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking altura","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"altura","lemma":"altura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies techo","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"real","lemma":"real","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies altura","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"daba","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parallel clause to mientras","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aspecto","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aspecto","lemma":"aspecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of daba","gloss":"aspect"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desolación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desolación","lemma":"desolación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aspecto","gloss":"desolation"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extraordinaria","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"extraordinaria","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies desolación","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paraje","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies paraje","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"paraje","lemma":"paraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of daba","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recuerdo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paraje","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":35,"label":"29","id":"en-la-caverna-p29-s1","source":"Una muchedumbre oscura se movía allí, en el interior de su alma; luego la sombra, como una nube, cubría de cansancio su pena, y junto a la mesita donde dormían los pequeñitos ladrones adultos, se erguían gigantescos y morrudos como un cráneo de buey, el relieve del patrón de la fonda, con los dedos engrampados en las musculosas bolas de sus brazos.","translation":"A dark multitude stirred there, inside his soul; then the shadow, like a cloud, covered his grief with weariness, and beside the little table where the tiny grown-up thieves slept, there rose up, gigantic and brawny as an ox's skull, the looming shape of the eating-house owner, his fingers clamped into the muscular balls of his arms.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la fonda","title":"«fonda» — a cheap eating house","body":"A «fonda» is a humble, cheap eatery / tavern serving working-class food, often with rooms. It is the 'cavern' of the chapter's title — the den of thieves and newspaper-sellers Erdosain is remembering. «El patrón de la fonda» = 'the owner of the eating house'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muchedumbre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muchedumbre","lemma":"muchedumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"oscura","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies muchedumbre","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies movía","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interior","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of interior","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movía","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alma","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies interior","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cubría","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cubría","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nube","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nube","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nube","lemma":"nube","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cubría","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"cubría","lemma":"cubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with movía","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cansancio","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cansancio","lemma":"cansancio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cubría","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cubría","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking mesita","gloss":"next to","note":"«junto a» is a fixed phrase meaning next to / beside."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesita","lemma":"mesita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of erguían","gloss":"little table"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of dormían","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"dormían","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying mesita","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ladrones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pequeñitos","lemma":"pequeñito","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ladrones","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"ladrones","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of dormían","gloss":"thieves"},{"surface":"adultos","lemma":"adulto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ladrones","gloss":"grown-up"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of erguían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"erguían","lemma":"erguir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with cubría","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"gigantescos","lemma":"gigantesco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies relieve","gloss":"gigantic"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"morrudos","lemma":"morrudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with gigantescos","gloss":"brawny"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cráneo","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cráneo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cráneo","lemma":"cráneo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of erguían","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buey","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"buey","lemma":"buey","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cráneo","gloss":"ox"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of relieve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"relieve","lemma":"relieve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of erguían","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking patrón","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"patrón","lemma":"patrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies relieve","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies patrón","gloss":"eating house"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies relieve","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"engrampados","lemma":"engrampado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies dedos","gloss":"clamped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolas","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of bolas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"musculosas","lemma":"musculoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies bolas","gloss":"muscular"},{"surface":"bolas","lemma":"bola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of engrampados","gloss":"balls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of brazos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brazos","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies bolas","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p29-s2","source":"Y otro recuerdo le demostraba cuán exacto era su presentimiento de inminente caída, cuando aún no había ni pensado defraudar a la Azucarera, pero ya buscaba en los parajes siniestros una imagen de su posible personalidad.","translation":"And another memory showed him how exact his presentiment of imminent ruin had been, when he had not even thought yet of defrauding the Sugar Company, but already sought, in sinister haunts, an image of his possible self.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p29-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuán exacto era","title":"«cuán» — how (+ adjective)","body":"«cuán» is the literary short form of «cuánto» before an adjective or adverb, meaning 'how': «cuán exacto era» = 'how exact it was'. In everyday speech people say «qué exacto era»; «cuán» belongs to a more elevated register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of demostraba","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of demostraba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"demostraba","lemma":"demostrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"cuán","lemma":"cuán","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies exacto","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"exacto","lemma":"exacto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"exact"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to presentimiento","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of presentimiento","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"presentimiento","lemma":"presentimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"presentiment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caída","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"inminente","lemma":"inminente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies caída","gloss":"imminent"},{"surface":"caída","lemma":"caída","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies presentimiento","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of había","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pensado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensado","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"pensado","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on demostraba","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"defraudar","lemma":"defraudar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pensado","gloss":"defrauding"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Azucarera","gloss":"(personal a)","note":"Personal «a» marks a specific direct object here (la Azucarera); it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Azucarera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Azucarera","lemma":"Azucarera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of defraudar","gloss":"Sugar Company"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buscaba","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"buscaba","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with había","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parajes","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of parajes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"parajes","lemma":"paraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of buscaba","gloss":"haunts"},{"surface":"siniestros","lemma":"siniestro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies parajes","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of imagen","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"imagen","lemma":"imagen","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of buscaba","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personalidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of personalidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"posible","lemma":"posible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies personalidad","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"personalidad","lemma":"personalidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies imagen","gloss":"self"}]},{"number":37,"label":"31","id":"en-la-caverna-p31-s1","source":"¡Cuántos senderos había en su cerebro!","translation":"How many paths there were in his brain!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cuántos","lemma":"cuántos","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of senderos","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"senderos","lemma":"sendero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of había","gloss":"paths"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cerebro","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cerebro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cerebro","lemma":"cerebro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había","gloss":"brain"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p31-s2","source":"Pero ahora iba hacia el que conducía a la fonda, la fonda enorme que hundía su cubo taciturno como una carnicería hasta los últimos repliegues de su cerebelo, y aunque el relieve de ese cubo que nacía en su frente y terminaba en la nuca, era de veinte grados, las minúsculas mesitas con los ladroncitos adultos no resbalaban por el piso como hubiera sido lógico, sino que el cubo se enderezaba bajo el contrapeso de una costumbre instantánea, la de pensar en él, y su carne acostumbrada ya a la velocidad multiplicada por la masa del tren eléctrico, se dejaba estar en una inercia vertiginosa; y ahora que el recuerdo había vencido la inercia de todas las células, aparecía ante sus ojos la fonda, como un cuadrilátero exactamente recortado.","translation":"But now he was heading toward the one that led to the eating house, the enormous eating house that sank its taciturn cube like a butcher's shop into the very last folds of his cerebellum, and although the slope of that cube, which began at his forehead and ended at the nape of his neck, was twenty degrees, the minuscule little tables with the grown-up little thieves did not slide across the floor as would have been logical, but rather the cube righted itself under the counterweight of an instantaneous habit, that of thinking about it, and his flesh, already used to speed multiplied by the mass of the electric train, let itself settle into a dizzying inertia; and now that the memory had overcome the inertia of every cell, the eating house appeared before his eyes, like a precisely cut-out quadrilateral.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p31-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como hubiera sido lógico","title":"Pluperfect subjunctive in a comparison","body":"«como hubiera sido lógico» = 'as would have been logical'. After «como» introducing a counterfactual, Spanish uses the pluperfect subjunctive «hubiera sido» to mark what did not in fact happen — the tables did not slide off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with the previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was heading"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of conducía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"conducía","lemma":"conducir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying el","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonda","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conducía","gloss":"eating house"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to fonda","gloss":"eating house"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fonda","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hundía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hundía","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fonda","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hundía","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of carnicería","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carnicería","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"carnicería","lemma":"carnicería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hundía","gloss":"butcher's shop"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking repliegues","gloss":"all the way to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of repliegues","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"últimos","lemma":"último","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies repliegues","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"repliegues","lemma":"repliegue","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hundía","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cerebelo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cerebelo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cerebelo","lemma":"cerebelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies repliegues","gloss":"cerebellum"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of grados","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of relieve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"relieve","lemma":"relieve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"slope"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cubo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies relieve","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of nacía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nacía","lemma":"nacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cubo","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frente","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of nacía","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"terminaba","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with nacía","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuca","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuca","lemma":"nuca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of terminaba","gloss":"nape of the neck"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to grados","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grados","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"veinte","lemma":"veinte","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies grados","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"grados","lemma":"grado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"degrees"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mesitas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minúsculas","lemma":"minúsculo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mesitas","gloss":"minuscule"},{"surface":"mesitas","lemma":"mesita","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of resbalaban","gloss":"little tables"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ladroncitos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ladroncitos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ladroncitos","lemma":"ladroncito","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mesitas","gloss":"little thieves"},{"surface":"adultos","lemma":"adulto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ladroncitos","gloss":"grown-up"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies resbalaban","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"resbalaban","lemma":"resbalar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with iba","gloss":"slide"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piso","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of piso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piso","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of resbalaban","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lógico","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of lógico","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"copula linking to lógico","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"lógico","lemma":"lógico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on resbalaban","gloss":"logical"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather","note":"«sino que» = but rather — introduces a contrasting clause after a negative statement."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of enderezaba","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of enderezaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"enderezaba","lemma":"enderezar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with resbalaban","gloss":"righted"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking contrapeso","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of contrapeso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"contrapeso","lemma":"contrapeso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of enderezaba","gloss":"counterweight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking costumbre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of costumbre","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"costumbre","lemma":"costumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies contrapeso","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"instantánea","lemma":"instantáneo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies costumbre","gloss":"instantaneous"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to costumbre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of la","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dejaba","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"acostumbrada","lemma":"acostumbrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"used to"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acostumbrada","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velocidad","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of velocidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velocidad","lemma":"velocidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acostumbrada","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"multiplicada","lemma":"multiplicado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies velocidad","gloss":"multiplied"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking masa","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of masa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"masa","lemma":"masa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of multiplicada","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tren","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies masa","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"eléctrico","lemma":"eléctrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tren","gloss":"electric"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dejaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with enderezaba","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on dejaba","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inercia","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of inercia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inercia","lemma":"inercia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estar","gloss":"inertia"},{"surface":"vertiginosa","lemma":"vertiginoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies inercia","gloss":"dizzying"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vencido","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vencido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vencido","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vencido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vencido","lemma":"vencer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on aparecía","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of inercia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inercia","lemma":"inercia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vencido","gloss":"inertia"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking células","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies células","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of células","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"células","lemma":"célula","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies inercia","gloss":"cells"},{"surface":"aparecía","lemma":"aparecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dejaba","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aparecía","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aparecía","gloss":"eating house"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cuadrilátero","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuadrilátero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuadrilátero","lemma":"cuadrilátero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fonda","gloss":"quadrilateral"},{"surface":"exactamente","lemma":"exactamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recortado","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"recortado","lemma":"recortado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuadrilátero","gloss":"cut-out"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p31-s3","source":"El cual parecía que ahondaba sus rectas al interior de su pecho, de modo que casi podía admitir que si se mirara a un espejo, el frente de su cuerpo presentara un salón estrecho, ahondado hacia la perspectiva del espejo.","translation":"And it seemed to deepen its straight lines into the interior of his chest, so that he could almost grant that, if he looked at himself in a mirror, the front of his body would present a narrow hall, hollowed toward the perspective of the mirror.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p31-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si se mirara ... presentara","title":"Imperfect subjunctive in an «if» clause","body":"A hypothetical condition takes the imperfect subjunctive in the «si» clause: «si se mirara a un espejo» = 'if he looked at himself in a mirror'. Arlt then keeps the result clause in the subjunctive «presentara» too (literary usage; modern Spanish would use the conditional «presentaría»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cual","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of parecía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ahondaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ahondaba","lemma":"ahondar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of parecía","gloss":"deepened"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rectas","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"rectas","lemma":"recta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ahondaba","gloss":"straight lines"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interior","gloss":"into the"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ahondaba","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecho","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies interior","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of admitir","gloss":"so that","note":"«de modo que» = so that — introduces a clause of result."},{"surface":"modo","lemma":"modo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies admitir","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of admitir","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"admitir","lemma":"admitir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on ahondaba","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mirara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mirara","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of mirara","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"mirara","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of admitir","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espejo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espejo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"espejo","lemma":"espejo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mirara","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of presentara","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"presentara","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with mirara","gloss":"would present"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"salón","lemma":"salón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of presentara","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"estrecho","lemma":"estrecho","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies salón","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"ahondado","lemma":"ahondado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies salón","gloss":"hollowed"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perspectiva","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of perspectiva","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"perspectiva","lemma":"perspectiva","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ahondado","gloss":"perspective"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espejo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"espejo","lemma":"espejo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perspectiva","gloss":"mirror"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p31-s4","source":"Y él caminaba en el interior de sí mismo, sobre un pavimento enfangado de salivazos y aserrín, y cuyo marco perfecto se biselaba hacia lo infinito de las sensaciones adyacentes.","translation":"And he walked about inside himself, over a pavement muddied with gobs of spit and sawdust, whose perfect frame beveled away toward the infinite of the adjacent sensations.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p31-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo infinito","title":"«lo» + adjective = the abstract quality","body":"«lo» before an adjective forms an abstract noun: «lo infinito» = 'the infinite, what is infinite'. Spanish uses «lo» (not «el/la») to turn any adjective into an idea: «lo bueno», 'what is good'; «lo peor», 'the worst part'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies caminaba","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of caminaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interior","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of interior","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of de, part of «sí mismo» modifying interior","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sí","gloss":"self","note":"«sí mismo» together means 'himself.'"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pavimento","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pavimento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pavimento","lemma":"pavimento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"pavement"},{"surface":"enfangado","lemma":"enfangado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pavimento","gloss":"muddied"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salivazos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"salivazos","lemma":"salivazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies enfangado","gloss":"gobs of spit"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aserrín","lemma":"aserrín","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with salivazos","gloss":"sawdust"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"determiner, relative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of marco, refers back to pavimento","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"marco","lemma":"marco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of biselaba","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"perfecto","lemma":"perfecto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies marco","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of biselaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"biselaba","lemma":"biselar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with caminaba","gloss":"beveled away"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infinito, modifies biselaba","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter","role":"determiner of infinito (neuter abstraction: 'the infinite')","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"infinito","lemma":"infinito","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"object of hacia","gloss":"infinite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensaciones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sensaciones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensaciones","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies infinito","gloss":"sensations"},{"surface":"adyacentes","lemma":"adyacente","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies sensaciones","gloss":"adjacent"}]},{"number":41,"label":"33","id":"en-la-caverna-p33-s1","source":"Y pensaba que si la Coja hubiera estado a su lado, él le diría refiriéndose a un recuerdo:","translation":"And he was thinking that if the lame woman had been at his side, he would say to her, referring to a memory:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p33-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si la Coja hubiera estado ... él le diría","title":"Mixed conditional","body":"Arlt mixes tenses: the «si» clause is pluperfect subjunctive «hubiera estado» ('had she been'), but the main clause uses the simple conditional «diría» ('he would say'). The blend keeps the imagined speech vivid and present rather than locked in the past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies pensaba","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of diría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estado","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Coja","lemma":"Coja","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of estado","gloss":"Lame Woman","note":"«la Coja» ('the lame woman') is a nickname for this character, not a real name."},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of estado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"estado","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on diría","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estado","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of diría","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of diría","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"diría","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensaba","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"refiriéndose","lemma":"referir él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on diría","gloss":"referring"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recuerdo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a, complement of refiriéndose","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":42,"label":"35","id":"en-la-caverna-p35-s1","source":"–Aún yo no era ladrón.","translation":"\"I was not yet a thief.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p35-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aún yo no era","title":"«aún no» + imperfect","body":"«aún no» means 'not yet'. With the imperfect «era», «aún no era ladrón» = 'I was not yet a thief' — a continuing state up to a point in the past. The imperfect (not preterite) marks the open, ongoing condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula linking to ladrón","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ladrón","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun complement of era","gloss":"thief"}]},{"number":43,"label":"37","id":"en-la-caverna-p37-s1","source":"Erdosain se imaginó que la Coja lo miraba, y él, con un tono aburrido, continuó:","translation":"Erdosain imagined that the lame woman was looking at him, and he, in a bored tone, went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p37-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of imaginó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"imaginó","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of miraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Coja","lemma":"Coja","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"Lame Woman","note":"«la Coja» ('the lame woman') is a nickname for this character, not a real name."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginó","gloss":"was looking at"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tono","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tono","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tono","lemma":"tono","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of con, modifies continuó","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"aburrido","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tono","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with imaginó","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":44,"label":"39","id":"en-la-caverna-p39-s1","source":"–Al lado del viejo edificio de «Crítica», en la calle Sarmiento, había una fonda.","translation":"\"Beside the old building of Crítica, on Sarmiento Street, there was an eating house.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p39-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"At","note":"«al lado de» is a fixed phrase meaning 'beside, next to.'"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom al lado de, modifies edificio","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of edificio","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"viejo","lemma":"viejo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies edificio","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"edificio","lemma":"edificio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of al lado de, modifies había","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Crítica","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Crítica","lemma":"Crítica","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of de, modifies edificio","gloss":"Crítica","note":"Crítica was a major Buenos Aires newspaper of the era."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"Sarmiento","lemma":"Sarmiento","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calle","gloss":"Sarmiento"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"eating house"}]},{"number":45,"label":"41","id":"en-la-caverna-p41-s1","source":"Hipólita levantó los ojos como interrogándolo, de pronto, entre el traqueteo infernal de los coches al cruzar las entrevias de Caballito, Erdosain se imaginó que era un personaje que había vivido como un bandido, pero que ya se había regenerado, y entonces continuó diciéndole a su interlocutora invisible:","translation":"Hipólita raised her eyes as if questioning him; suddenly, amid the infernal rattle of the cars as they crossed the track-crossings of Caballito, Erdosain imagined he was a character who had lived like a bandit but had already reformed, and so he went on saying to his invisible listener:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p41-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se había regenerado","title":"Pronominal pluperfect","body":"«regenerarse» (pronominal) = 'to reform / turn one's life around'. The pluperfect «se había regenerado» = 'had already reformed', an act completed before the moment he is imagining — the fantasy self he tries on for Hipólita."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of levantó","gloss":"Hipólita"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"her","note":"Spanish uses the definite article ('los') with body parts where English uses a possessive ('her eyes')."},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of levantó","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of interrogándolo","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"interrogándolo","lemma":"interrogar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on levantó","gloss":"questioning him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies imaginó","gloss":"suddenly","note":"«de pronto» is a fixed phrase meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traqueteo, adverbial on imaginó","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of traqueteo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"traqueteo","lemma":"traqueteo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of imaginó","gloss":"rattle"},{"surface":"infernal","lemma":"infernal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies traqueteo","gloss":"infernal"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coches","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of coches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coches","lemma":"coche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies traqueteo","gloss":"cars"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cruzar","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"cruzar","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"temporal clause modifying coches","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of entrevias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entrevias","lemma":"entrevía","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of cruzar","gloss":"tracks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caballito","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caballito","lemma":"Caballito","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies entrevias","gloss":"Caballito","note":"Caballito is a Buenos Aires neighborhood."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of imaginó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"imaginó","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of personaje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to personaje","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of personaje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"personaje","lemma":"personaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginó","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of vivido","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vivido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vivido","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying personaje","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bandido","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bandido","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bandido","lemma":"bandido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vivido","gloss":"bandit"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of regenerado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies regenerado","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of regenerado","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of regenerado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"regenerado","lemma":"regenerar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying personaje, coordinated with vivido","gloss":"reformed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies continuó","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with imaginó","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"diciéndole","lemma":"decir él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on continuó","gloss":"saying to her","note":"The clitic '-le' anticipates 'a su interlocutora' below — both refer to the same listener (clitic doubling)."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interlocutora","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of interlocutora","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"interlocutora","lemma":"interlocutora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of diciéndole (clarifies le)","gloss":"listener"},{"surface":"invisible","lemma":"invisible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies interlocutora","gloss":"invisible"}]},{"number":46,"label":"43","id":"en-la-caverna-p43-s1","source":"–Y allí se reunían vendedores de diarios y ladrones.","translation":"\"And there newspaper sellers and thieves gathered.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p43-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se reunían","title":"«reunirse» — to gather (pronominal)","body":"«reunirse» (pronominal) means 'to gather, meet up'. The imperfect «se reunían» = 'they would gather / used to gather', a habitual past action — this was the regular crowd of the fonda, not a one-time event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies reunían","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reunían","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of reunían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"reunían","lemma":"reunir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"vendedores","lemma":"vendedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of reunían","gloss":"sellers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diarios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"diarios","lemma":"diario","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vendedores","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ladrones","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with vendedores","gloss":"thieves"}]},{"number":47,"label":"45","id":"en-la-caverna-p45-s1","source":"–¿Ah, sí?","translation":"\"Oh, really?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p45-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"depends on sí","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"really"}]},{"number":48,"label":"47","id":"en-la-caverna-p47-s1","source":"El patrón, para evitar que los tumultos formados por esta canalla terminaran de romperles los cristales de los escaparates, tenía bajadas continuamente las cortinas metálicas.","translation":"The owner, to keep the brawls these scoundrels stirred up from finishing off the breaking of his shop windows, kept the metal shutters continuously lowered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p47-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"evitar que ... terminaran","title":"«evitar que» + subjunctive","body":"«evitar que» ('to prevent that / keep from') requires the subjunctive: «evitar que ... terminaran de romper» = 'to keep them from finishing off the breaking'. The imperfect subjunctive «terminaran» follows because the main clause is in the past."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"esta canalla","title":"«canalla» — rabble / scoundrel","body":"«canalla» is both a count noun ('a scoundrel, a swine') and, as here with «esta», a collective: «esta canalla» = 'this rabble, this riffraff'. Arlt uses it repeatedly for the underworld crowd of the cavern."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of patrón","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"patrón","lemma":"patrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of evitar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"evitar","lemma":"evitar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on tenía","gloss":"prevent"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terminaran","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tumultos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tumultos","lemma":"tumulto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of terminaran","gloss":"brawls"},{"surface":"formados","lemma":"formado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tumultos","gloss":"stirred up"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canalla","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of canalla","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of formados (passive), object of por","gloss":"scoundrels"},{"surface":"terminaran","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of evitar","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of romperles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"romperles","lemma":"romper él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on terminaran","gloss":"breaking their"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cristales","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cristales","lemma":"cristal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of romperles","gloss":"panes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escaparates","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of escaparates","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escaparates","lemma":"escaparate","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cristales","gloss":"shop windows"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"bajadas","lemma":"bajado","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"resultative participle modifying cortinas, complement of tenía","gloss":"lowered","note":"'tener' + past participle here forms a resultative: 'kept the shutters lowered.'"},{"surface":"continuamente","lemma":"continuamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"continuously"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cortinas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cortinas","lemma":"cortina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"shutters"},{"surface":"metálicas","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cortinas","gloss":"metal"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"en-la-caverna-p49-s1","source":"La luz entraba al salón por los vidrios de la banderola teñidos de azul, de forma que en esa leonera de muros pintados de gris como los de una carnicería turca, flotaba una oscuridad que tornaba lechosa la humareda de los cigarros.","translation":"The light entered the hall through the blue-tinted panes of the transom, so that in that den of walls painted gray like those of a Turkish butcher shop there floated a darkness that turned the cigar smoke milky.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p49-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"leonera","title":"«leonera» — a den","body":"Literally a «leonera» is a 'lion's cage'; figuratively it means a squalid, chaotic den or hole. It rhymes with the chapter's «caverna» imagery, casting the fonda's clientele as caged beasts."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of entraba","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"entraba","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salón","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"salón","lemma":"salón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entraba","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vidrios","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of vidrios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vidrios","lemma":"vidrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of entraba","gloss":"panes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking banderola","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of banderola","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"banderola","lemma":"banderola","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vidrios","gloss":"transom"},{"surface":"teñidos","lemma":"teñido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vidrios","gloss":"tinted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azul","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, complement of teñidos","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result clause of flotaba","gloss":"of","note":"«de forma que» = so that — introduces a clause of result."},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de forma que","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase de forma que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leonera","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of leonera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"leonera","lemma":"leonera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of flotaba","gloss":"den"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"muros","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies leonera","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"pintados","lemma":"pintado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies muros","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gris","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies pintados","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of los","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"stands for muros (ellipsis), object of como","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carnicería, modifies los","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carnicería","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"carnicería","lemma":"carnicería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies los","gloss":"butcher shop"},{"surface":"turca","lemma":"turco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carnicería","gloss":"Turkish"},{"surface":"flotaba","lemma":"flotar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause (introduced by de forma que)","gloss":"floated"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of flotaba","gloss":"darkness","note":"Word order is inverted: 'una oscuridad' is the subject of 'flotaba' ('a darkness floated'), placed after the verb as is common in Spanish for introducing new information."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of tornaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tornaba","lemma":"tornar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying oscuridad","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"lechosa","lemma":"lechoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of tornaba, describes humareda","gloss":"milky"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of humareda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"humareda","lemma":"humareda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tornaba","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cigarros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cigarros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cigarros","lemma":"cigarro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies humareda","gloss":"cigars"}]},{"number":50,"label":"51","id":"en-la-caverna-p51-s1","source":"En aquel cubo sombrío, de techo cruzado por enormes vigas, y que la cocina de la fonda inundaba de neblinas de menestra y de sebo, se movía el tumulto oscuro, una «merza» de ladrones, sujetos de frentes sombreadas por las viseras de las gorras y pañuelos flojamente anudados en el escote de las camisetas.","translation":"In that gloomy cube, its ceiling crossed by enormous beams, and which the eating house's kitchen flooded with mists of stewed vegetables and tallow, the dark tumult stirred, a \"merza\" of thieves, fellows with brows shaded by the visors of their caps and kerchiefs loosely knotted at the open necks of their undershirts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p51-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«merza»","title":"Lunfardo: «merza»","body":"«merza» is lunfardo (porteño slang) for a low, vulgar crowd — riffraff, a rabble of the cheapest sort. As an adjective it also means 'tacky / cheap'. Arlt flags it with guillemets to mark it as street vocabulary."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cubo","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movía","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"sombrío","lemma":"sombrío","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking techo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"techo","lemma":"techo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"ceiling"},{"surface":"cruzado","lemma":"cruzado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies techo","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vigas","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"enormes","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies vigas","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"vigas","lemma":"viga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cruzado","gloss":"beams"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of inundaba, refers to cubo","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cocina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cocina","lemma":"cocina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of inundaba","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cocina","gloss":"eating house"},{"surface":"inundaba","lemma":"inundar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb modifying cubo, coordinated with cruzado","gloss":"flooded"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neblinas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"neblinas","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of inundaba","gloss":"mists"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menestra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"menestra","lemma":"menestra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies neblinas","gloss":"stewed vegetables"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sebo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sebo","lemma":"sebo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with menestra","gloss":"tallow"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tumulto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tumulto","lemma":"tumulto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"tumult"},{"surface":"oscuro","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tumulto","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of merza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"merza","lemma":"merza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to tumulto","gloss":"gang","note":"'merza' is Lunfardo (Buenos Aires slang) for a gang or mob; the English translation keeps the word untranslated, in quotes."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ladrones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ladrones","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies merza","gloss":"thieves"},{"surface":"sujetos","lemma":"sujeto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to tumulto","gloss":"fellows","note":"Here 'sujetos' means 'guys, fellows,' not the grammatical 'subjects.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frentes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"frentes","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sujetos","gloss":"brows"},{"surface":"sombreadas","lemma":"sombreada","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies frentes","gloss":"shaded"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking viseras","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of viseras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viseras","lemma":"visera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"agent of sombreadas (passive), object of por","gloss":"visors"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gorras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of gorras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gorras","lemma":"gorra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies viseras","gloss":"caps"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pañuelos","lemma":"pañuelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with frentes","gloss":"kerchiefs"},{"surface":"flojamente","lemma":"flojamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anudados","gloss":"loosely"},{"surface":"anudados","lemma":"anudado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pañuelos","gloss":"knotted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escote","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of escote","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escote","lemma":"escote","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of anudados","gloss":"neckline"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking camisetas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of camisetas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"camisetas","lemma":"camiseta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies escote","gloss":"undershirts"}]},{"number":51,"label":"53","id":"en-la-caverna-p53-s1","source":"De once a dos de la tarde se apeñuscaban en torno de las grasientas mesas de marmol, para chupar conchas de almejas podridas o jugar a los naipes entre vasos de vino.","translation":"From eleven to two in the afternoon they crowded around the greasy marble tables to suck on rotten clamshells or play cards among glasses of wine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p53-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"jugar a los naipes","title":"«jugar a» + game","body":"With games and sports Spanish uses «jugar a» + the definite article: «jugar a los naipes» = 'to play cards', «jugar al fútbol» = 'to play soccer'. The «a» is obligatory; dropping it ('jugar fútbol') is a regional shortcut, not standard here."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking once","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"once","lemma":"once","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of apeñuscaban","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"endpoint of the time range, object of a","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tarde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dos","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apeñuscaban","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"apeñuscaban","lemma":"apeñuscar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesas","gloss":"around","note":"«en torno de» is a fixed phrase meaning 'around.'"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en torno de","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en torno de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mesas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grasientas","lemma":"grasienta","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mesas","gloss":"greasy"},{"surface":"mesas","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apeñuscaban","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marmol","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"marmol","lemma":"mármol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mesas","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of chupar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"chupar","lemma":"chupar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on apeñuscaban","gloss":"suck on"},{"surface":"conchas","lemma":"concha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of chupar","gloss":"shells"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almejas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"almejas","lemma":"almeja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies conchas","gloss":"clams"},{"surface":"podridas","lemma":"podrido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies conchas","gloss":"rotten"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"jugar","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with chupar","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naipes","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of naipes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naipes","lemma":"naipe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of a, complement of jugar","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vasos","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"vasos","lemma":"vaso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of jugar","gloss":"glasses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vino","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vino","lemma":"vino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vasos","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":52,"label":"55","id":"en-la-caverna-p55-s1","source":"En aquella bruma hedionda los semblantes afirmaban gestos canallescos, se veían jetas como alargadas por la violencia de una estrangulación, las mandíbulas caídas y los labios aflojados en forma de embudo; negros de ojos de porcelana y brillantes dentaduras entre la almorrana de sus belfos, que le tocaban el trasero a los menores haciendo rechinar los dientes; rateros y «batidores» con perfil de tigre, la frente hundida y la pupila tiesa.","translation":"In that stinking haze the faces fixed scoundrelly expressions; one saw mugs as if stretched out by the violence of a strangling, jaws fallen and lips slackened into a funnel shape; black men with porcelain eyes and gleaming teeth between the hemorrhoidal swell of their thick lips, who pawed at the backsides of the boys while grinding their teeth; petty thieves and \"batidores\" with the profile of a tiger, the forehead sunken and the pupil rigid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p55-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«batidores»","title":"Lunfardo: «batidor»","body":"In lunfardo, «batir» is 'to squeal / inform', so a «batidor» is a snitch, a police informer. The marked spelling and guillemets flag it as underworld jargon — among the thieves, the lowest, most despised type."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"jetas","title":"«jeta» — mug, ugly face","body":"«jeta» is coarse slang for a face, especially a thick-lipped or ugly one — 'mug, kisser'. It belongs to Arlt's deliberately brutal register for the den; «belfos» (next) are an animal's flews, applied here contemptuously to human lips."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bruma","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bruma","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bruma","lemma":"bruma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of afirmaban","gloss":"haze"},{"surface":"hedionda","lemma":"hediondo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bruma","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of semblantes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblantes","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of afirmaban","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"afirmaban","lemma":"afirmar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"gestos","lemma":"gesto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of afirmaban","gloss":"expressions"},{"surface":"canallescos","lemma":"canallesco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gestos","gloss":"scoundrelly"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, impersonal","role":"impersonal particle of veían","gloss":"one","note":"Impersonal/passive 'se': 'se veían jetas' means 'faces were seen' / 'one saw faces,' not a literal reflexive action."},{"surface":"veían","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of this clause (impersonal se construction, coordinate with afirmaban)","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"jetas","lemma":"jeta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of veían","gloss":"mugs"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of alargadas","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"alargadas","lemma":"alargado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies jetas","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking violencia","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of violencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"violencia","lemma":"violencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent complement of alargadas","gloss":"violence"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estrangulación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estrangulación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"estrangulación","lemma":"estrangulación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies violencia","gloss":"strangling"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mandíbulas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mandíbulas","lemma":"mandíbula","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to jetas","gloss":"jaws"},{"surface":"caídas","lemma":"caído","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mandíbulas","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with mandíbulas","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"aflojados","lemma":"aflojado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"slackened"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aflojados","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking embudo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"embudo","lemma":"embudo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies forma","gloss":"funnel"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with jetas","gloss":"black men"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies negros","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking porcelana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"porcelana","lemma":"porcelana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"porcelain"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"brillantes","lemma":"brillante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies dentaduras","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"dentaduras","lemma":"dentadura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ojos","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almorrana","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of almorrana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almorrana","lemma":"almorrana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dentaduras","gloss":"hemorrhoidal swell","note":"'Almorrana' literally means 'hemorrhoid'; used here as a grotesque metaphor for swollen lips."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belfos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of belfos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"belfos","lemma":"belfo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies almorrana","gloss":"thick lips"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of tocaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession for tocaban","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"tocaban","lemma":"tocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause modifying negros","gloss":"pawed at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tocaban","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the dative-doubled possessor menores (not personal a — el trasero is tocaban's direct object, menores restates le)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of menores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menores","lemma":"menor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of a, doubled by le","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"haciendo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on tocaban","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"rechinar","lemma":"rechinar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of haciendo","gloss":"grind"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dientes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rechinar","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"rateros","lemma":"ratero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with negros","gloss":"petty thieves"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"batidores","lemma":"batidor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with rateros","gloss":"batidores","note":"'Batidor' is Lunfardo (Buenos Aires slang) for a police informant or snitch; the translation keeps the term untranslated."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perfil","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"perfil","lemma":"perfil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rateros","gloss":"profile"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tigre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tigre","lemma":"tigre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perfil","gloss":"tiger"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with rateros","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"hundida","lemma":"hundido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"sunken"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pupila","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pupila","lemma":"pupila","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with frente","gloss":"pupil"},{"surface":"tiesa","lemma":"tieso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pupila","gloss":"rigid"}]},{"number":53,"label":"57","id":"en-la-caverna-p57-s1","source":"Un vocerío ronco vomitaba estos racimos espatarrados en los bancos y acodados a los mármoles, entre los que se deslizaban los «lanceros», de traje adecentado, cuello flojo, chaleco gris y hongos de siete pesos.","translation":"A hoarse clamor poured from these clusters sprawled across the benches and propped on their elbows against the marble, among whom slipped the \"lanceros,\" in tidied-up suits, loose collars, gray waistcoats, and seven-peso bowler hats.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p57-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«lanceros»","title":"Lunfardo: «lancero» / «hongo»","body":"A «lancero» in lunfardo is a pickpocket (one who 'lances' a pocket). A «hongo» (literally 'mushroom') is a bowler hat. So these are sharply dressed pickpockets in cheap bowlers — the cleaner-cut grade of the den's thieves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vocerío","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"vocerío","lemma":"vocerío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vomitaba","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"ronco","lemma":"ronco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vocerío","gloss":"hoarse"},{"surface":"vomitaba","lemma":"vomitar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"estos","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of racimos","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"racimos","lemma":"racimo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of vomitaba","gloss":"clusters"},{"surface":"espatarrados","lemma":"espatarrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies racimos","gloss":"sprawled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bancos","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bancos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bancos","lemma":"banco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of espatarrados","gloss":"benches"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"acodados","lemma":"acodado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with espatarrados","gloss":"propped on elbows"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mármoles","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mármoles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mármoles","lemma":"mármol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acodados","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"oblique complement of deslizaban (refers back to racimos)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of deslizaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"deslizaban","lemma":"deslizar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause modifying racimos","gloss":"slipped"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of lanceros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lanceros","lemma":"lancero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of deslizaban","gloss":"lanceros","note":"'Lancero' (from 'lanza,' Lunfardo slang for a pickpocket) names a cutpurse/pickpocket who works a crowd; the translation keeps the term untranslated."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traje","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"traje","lemma":"traje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lanceros","gloss":"suit"},{"surface":"adecentado","lemma":"adecentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies traje","gloss":"tidied-up"},{"surface":"cuello","lemma":"cuello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to lanceros","gloss":"collar"},{"surface":"flojo","lemma":"flojo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuello","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"chaleco","lemma":"chaleco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to lanceros","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies chaleco","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hongos","lemma":"hongo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with chaleco","gloss":"bowler hats","note":"'Hongo' literally means 'mushroom'; colloquially it names a bowler/derby hat, from its shape."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pesos","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hongos","gloss":"pesos"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p57-s2","source":"Algunos acababan de salir de Azcuénaga y daban noticias de los nuevos presos transmitiendo mensajes, otros para inspirar confianza, gastaban anteojos de carey, y todos al entrar soslayaban el antro con rapidísimas miradas.","translation":"Some had just gotten out of Azcuénaga and were giving news of the new prisoners, passing along messages; others, to inspire confidence, wore tortoiseshell glasses; and all of them, on entering, scanned the dive sidelong with very rapid glances.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p57-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"acababan de salir","title":"«acabar de» + infinitive = to have just","body":"«acabar de» plus an infinitive means 'to have just (done)': «acababan de salir de Azcuénaga» = 'they had just gotten out of Azcuénaga' (a police-precinct / jail). The imperfect «acababan» fits the habitual scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Algunos","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of acababan","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"acababan","lemma":"acabar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had just"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of salir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of acababan","gloss":"getting out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Azcuénaga","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Azcuénaga","lemma":"Azcuénaga","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of salir","gloss":"Azcuénaga","note":"A Buenos Aires street associated with a police jail; used here as shorthand for the lockup."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daban","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with acababan","gloss":"were giving"},{"surface":"noticias","lemma":"noticia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of daban","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking presos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of presos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuevos","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies presos","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"presos","lemma":"preso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies noticias","gloss":"prisoners"},{"surface":"transmitiendo","lemma":"transmitir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on daban","gloss":"passing along"},{"surface":"mensajes","lemma":"mensaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of transmitiendo","gloss":"messages"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of gastaban","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of inspirar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"inspirar","lemma":"inspirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on gastaban","gloss":"inspire"},{"surface":"confianza","lemma":"confianza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of inspirar","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"gastaban","lemma":"gastar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with daban","gloss":"wore","note":"Colloquial use of 'gastar' (normally 'to spend / wear out') meaning 'to wear/sport' an item of clothing."},{"surface":"anteojos","lemma":"anteojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of gastaban","gloss":"glasses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carey","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carey","lemma":"carey","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies anteojos","gloss":"tortoiseshell"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of soslayaban","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entrar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"entrar","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on soslayaban","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"soslayaban","lemma":"soslayar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with gastaban","gloss":"scanned sidelong"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of antro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antro","lemma":"antro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of soslayaban","gloss":"dive"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miradas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rapidísimas","lemma":"rapidísimo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural, superlative","role":"modifies miradas","gloss":"very rapid"},{"surface":"miradas","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of soslayaban","gloss":"glances"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p57-s3","source":"Hablaban en voz baja, sonriendo convulsivamente, pagando botellas de cerveza a extraños compinches y salían y entraban varias veces en un cuarto de hora, llamados por misteriosas diligencias.","translation":"They spoke in low voices, smiling convulsively, buying bottles of beer for odd cronies, and they came and went several times in a quarter of an hour, summoned by mysterious errands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p57-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"compinches","title":"«compinche» — crony, pal","body":"«compinche» is a colloquial word for a buddy, mate, partner-in-crime. «Extraños compinches» = 'odd / strange cronies'. It carries a faint whiff of complicity — exactly right among these conspiratorial thieves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hablaban","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Hablaban","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"baja","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Hablaban","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"convulsivamente","lemma":"convulsivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"pagando","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Hablaban (parallel to sonriendo)","gloss":"buying"},{"surface":"botellas","lemma":"botella","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of pagando","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cerveza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cerveza","lemma":"cerveza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies botellas","gloss":"beer"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compinches","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"extraños","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies compinches","gloss":"odd"},{"surface":"compinches","lemma":"compinche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of pagando","gloss":"cronies"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"salían","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Hablaban","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entraban","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with salían","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"varias","lemma":"varios","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of entraban","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuarto","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuarto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuarto","lemma":"cuarto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entraban","gloss":"quarter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hora","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cuarto","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"llamados","lemma":"llamado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies the implicit subject of salían/entraban (the people coming and going)","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diligencias","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"misteriosas","lemma":"misterioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies diligencias","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"diligencias","lemma":"diligencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llamados","gloss":"errands"}]},{"number":56,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p57-s4","source":"El amo de esta caverna era un hombre enorme, cara de buey, ojos verdes, nariz de trompeta y apretadísimos labios finos.","translation":"The master of this cavern was an enormous man, with the face of an ox, green eyes, a trumpet of a nose, and very tightly pressed thin lips.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p57-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"apretadísimos","title":"The «-ísimo» superlative","body":"«-ísimo» is the absolute superlative, intensifying an adjective to 'extremely / very': «apretadísimos» = 'extremely tight / very tightly pressed'. It expresses a high degree without comparing to anything — just 'tight in the extreme'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"amo","lemma":"amo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caverna","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caverna","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"caverna","lemma":"caverna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies amo","gloss":"cavern"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (copula)","role":"copula linking to hombre","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to hombre","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buey","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"buey","lemma":"buey","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cara","gloss":"ox"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to hombre","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"nariz","lemma":"nariz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to hombre","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trompeta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"trompeta","lemma":"trompeta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nariz","gloss":"trumpet"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"apretadísimos","lemma":"apretadísimo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural, superlative","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"very tightly pressed"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to hombre","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"finos","lemma":"fino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"thin"}]},{"number":57,"label":"59","id":"en-la-caverna-p59-s1","source":"Cuando se encolerizaba sus rugidos sobresaltaban a la canalla, que le temía.","translation":"When he flew into a rage his roars startled the rabble, who feared him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p59-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Cuando se encolerizaba","title":"«cuando» + imperfect for a recurring scene","body":"«cuando se encolerizaba» = 'whenever he flew into a rage'. With the imperfect, «cuando» describes a repeated, habitual situation rather than one specific time. «Encolerizarse» (pronominal) = 'to get furious'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encolerizaba","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encolerizaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"encolerizaba","lemma":"encolerizar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sobresaltaban","gloss":"flew into a rage"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rugidos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rugidos","lemma":"rugido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sobresaltaban","gloss":"roars"},{"surface":"sobresaltaban","lemma":"sobresaltar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"startled"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canalla (personal a)","gloss":"object marker","note":"This is the personal 'a,' required before a direct object referring to people; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of canalla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sobresaltaban","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of temía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative (leísta), singular","role":"direct object of temía","gloss":"him","note":"'Le' here functions as a personal direct object (leísmo — le instead of lo for a human direct object), not an indirect object."},{"surface":"temía","lemma":"temer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying canalla","gloss":"feared"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p59-s2","source":"Se manejaba con ésta utilizando una violencia sorda.","translation":"He handled them by means of a muffled violence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p59-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of manejaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"manejaba","lemma":"manejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handled"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ésta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ésta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of manejaba","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"utilizando","lemma":"utilizar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on manejaba","gloss":"using"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of violencia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"violencia","lemma":"violencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of utilizando","gloss":"violence"},{"surface":"sorda","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies violencia","gloss":"muffled"}]},{"number":59,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p59-s3","source":"Un perdulario hacía más escándalo del tácitamente tolerado, y de pronto el fondero se acercaba, el bullanguero sabía que el otro le pegaría, pero aguardaba en silencio, y entonces el gigante descargaba con el filo del puño terribles golpes cortos en el borde del cráneo del culpable.","translation":"Some good-for-nothing would make more of a scene than was tacitly tolerated, and suddenly the eating-house keeper would come over; the rowdy knew the other man would hit him, but he waited in silence, and then the giant would bring down, with the edge of his fist, terrible short blows on the rim of the culprit's skull.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p59-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sabía que el otro le pegaría","title":"Conditional as future-in-the-past","body":"«le pegaría» = 'would hit him'. After a past verb of knowing («sabía»), the conditional reports what was still to come from that past vantage point — the same future-in-the-past use English makes with 'would'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"perdulario","title":"«perdulario» — a reprobate","body":"«perdulario» means a dissolute, good-for-nothing wretch, a reprobate. Paired with «bullanguero» ('rowdy, troublemaker'), it names the type who pushes the owner's tolerance past its limit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of perdulario","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"perdulario","lemma":"perdulario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"good-for-nothing"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would make"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies escándalo","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"escándalo","lemma":"escándalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"introduces the comparative standard, marking tolerado","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"tácitamente","lemma":"tácitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tolerado","gloss":"tacitly"},{"surface":"tolerado","lemma":"tolerado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escándalo (comparative standard)","gloss":"tolerated","note":"'más...del...tolerado' is a comparative: 'more of a scene than what was tacitly tolerated.'"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"first half of the idiom 'de pronto' (suddenly), modifying acercaba","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"second half of the idiom 'de pronto' (suddenly), modifying acercaba","gloss":"suddenly","note":"'De pronto' is a fixed phrase meaning 'suddenly,' unrelated to 'pronto' on its own ('soon')."},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondero","lemma":"fondero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of acercaba","gloss":"eating-house keeper"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acercaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"acercaba","lemma":"acercar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hacía","gloss":"would come over"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bullanguero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bullanguero","lemma":"bullanguero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"rowdy"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of this clause, coordinated with acercaba","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pegaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pegaría","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pegaría","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"pegaría","lemma":"pegar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"would hit"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"aguardaba","lemma":"aguardar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sabía","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aguardaba","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies descargaba","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gigante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gigante","lemma":"gigante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of descargaba","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"descargaba","lemma":"descargar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with aguardaba","gloss":"would bring down"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking filo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of filo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"filo","lemma":"filo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of descargaba","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking puño","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"puño","lemma":"puño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies filo","gloss":"fist"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies golpes","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"golpes","lemma":"golpe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of descargaba","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"cortos","lemma":"corto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies golpes","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of borde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borde","lemma":"borde","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of descargaba","gloss":"rim"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking cráneo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cráneo","lemma":"cráneo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies borde","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking culpable","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"culpable","lemma":"culpable","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cráneo","gloss":"culprit"}]},{"number":60,"label":"61","id":"en-la-caverna-p61-s1","source":"Un enmudecimiento gozoso acompañaba al castigo, el desgraciado era lanzado a la calle a puntapiés, y el vocerío se renovaba más injurioso y resonante, desplazando nubes de humo hacia el vidriado cuadrilátero de la puerta.","translation":"A gleeful hush accompanied the punishment, the wretch was flung into the street with kicks, and the clamor renewed itself, more abusive and resounding, driving clouds of smoke toward the glazed quadrilateral of the door.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p61-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"era lanzado a la calle","title":"The passive with «ser»","body":"«era lanzado» is a true passive: «ser» + past participle, agreeing with the subject. «El desgraciado era lanzado a la calle» = 'the wretch was flung into the street'. Spanish uses this full passive less than English, so it stands out as deliberate here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a puntapiés","title":"«a puntapiés» — with kicks","body":"A «puntapié» is a kick (with the «punta del pie», the toe of the foot). The phrase «a puntapiés» = 'with kicks, by kicking'. The «a» of manner shows how the wretch is ejected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of enmudecimiento","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"enmudecimiento","lemma":"enmudecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of acompañaba","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"gozoso","lemma":"gozoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies enmudecimiento","gloss":"gleeful"},{"surface":"acompañaba","lemma":"acompañar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accompanied"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition (contraction of a + el)","role":"preposition marking castigo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"castigo","lemma":"castigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acompañaba","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desgraciado","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desgraciado","lemma":"desgraciado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of lanzado","gloss":"wretch"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of lanzado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lanzado","lemma":"lanzar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of this clause (passive, coordinated with acompañaba)","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lanzado","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puntapiés (manner)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"puntapiés","lemma":"puntapié","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of lanzado (manner)","gloss":"kicks"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vocerío","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vocerío","lemma":"vocerío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of renovaba","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of renovaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"renovaba","lemma":"renovar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with lanzado","gloss":"renewed"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies injurioso","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"injurioso","lemma":"injurioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing vocerío","gloss":"abusive"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"resonante","lemma":"resonante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with injurioso","gloss":"resounding"},{"surface":"desplazando","lemma":"desplazar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on renovaba","gloss":"driving"},{"surface":"nubes","lemma":"nube","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of desplazando","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humo","lemma":"humo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nubes","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuadrilátero","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuadrilátero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vidriado","lemma":"vidriado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuadrilátero","gloss":"glazed"},{"surface":"cuadrilátero","lemma":"cuadrilátero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desplazando","gloss":"quadrilateral"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cuadrilátero","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p61-s2","source":"A veces a esta leonera entraban músicos ambulantes, frecuentemente un bandoneón y una guitarra.","translation":"Sometimes wandering musicians entered this den, often a bandoneón and a guitar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p61-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the idiom a veces","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom a veces","gloss":"times","note":"'a veces' together means 'sometimes.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leonera","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of leonera","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"leonera","lemma":"leonera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entraban","gloss":"den"},{"surface":"entraban","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"músicos","lemma":"músico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of entraban","gloss":"musicians"},{"surface":"ambulantes","lemma":"ambulante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies músicos","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"frecuentemente","lemma":"frecuentemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bandoneón y guitarra","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bandoneón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bandoneón","lemma":"bandoneón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to músicos","gloss":"bandoneón"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of guitarra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"guitarra","lemma":"guitarra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with bandoneón","gloss":"guitar"}]},{"number":62,"label":"63","id":"en-la-caverna-p63-s1","source":"Afinaban los instrumentos y un silencio de expectativa acurrucaba a cada fiera en su rincón, mientras que una tristeza movía su oleaje invisible en esa atmósfera de acuario.","translation":"They tuned the instruments, and a silence of expectation huddled each beast in its corner, while a sadness moved its invisible swell through that aquarium atmosphere.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p63-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Afinaban","lemma":"afinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they tuned"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of instrumentos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"instrumentos","lemma":"instrumento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Afinaban","gloss":"instruments"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of acurrucaba","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking expectativa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"expectativa","lemma":"expectativa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"acurrucaba","lemma":"acurrucar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Afinaban","gloss":"huddled"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiera","gloss":"to","note":"personal 'a' marks the animate direct object (cada fiera); not translated."},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fiera","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"fiera","lemma":"fiera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of acurrucaba","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acurrucaba","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras que","gloss":"that","note":"'mientras que' together means 'while'; 'que' has no separate translation here."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tristeza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tristeza","lemma":"tristeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the mientras que clause","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oleaje","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"oleaje","lemma":"oleaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of movía","gloss":"swell"},{"surface":"invisible","lemma":"invisible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies oleaje","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atmósfera","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of atmósfera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"atmósfera","lemma":"atmósfera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movía","gloss":"atmosphere"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acuario","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"acuario","lemma":"acuario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies atmósfera","gloss":"aquarium"}]},{"number":63,"label":"65","id":"en-la-caverna-p65-s1","source":"El tango carcelario surgía plañidero de las cajas, y entonces los miserables acompasaban inconscientemente sus rencores y sus desdichas.","translation":"The prison tango rose mournful from the sound boxes, and then the wretches unconsciously kept time with their resentments and their woes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p65-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tango carcelario","title":"«carcelario» — of the prison","body":"«carcelario» is the adjective from «cárcel» ('jail, prison'). «Tango carcelario» = 'prison tango', the genre of laments about jail, lost loves, and betrayal — the underworld's own music, which lets these men 'keep time with' their grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tango","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tango","lemma":"tango","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of surgía","gloss":"tango"},{"surface":"carcelario","lemma":"carcelario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tango","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"surgía","lemma":"surgir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"plañidero","lemma":"plañidero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of tango","gloss":"mournful"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cajas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cajas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cajas","lemma":"caja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of surgía","gloss":"sound boxes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acompasaban","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of miserables","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miserables","lemma":"miserable","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), masculine, plural","role":"subject of acompasaban","gloss":"wretches"},{"surface":"acompasaban","lemma":"acompasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with surgía","gloss":"kept time with"},{"surface":"inconscientemente","lemma":"inconscientemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acompasaban","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rencores","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"rencores","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of acompasaban","gloss":"resentments"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of desdichas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"desdichas","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with rencores","gloss":"woes"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p65-s2","source":"El silencio parecía un monstruo de muchas manos que levantara una cúpula de sonidos sobre las cabezas derribadas en los mármoles.","translation":"The silence seemed a monster of many hands raising a dome of sounds over the heads slumped on the marble.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p65-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que levantara una cúpula","title":"Subjunctive in a comparison of appearance","body":"After «parecía un monstruo ... que», the relative clause goes into the imperfect subjunctive «levantara» because the monster is hypothetical, a simile, not a real thing: 'a monster ... that (would) raise a dome'. The subjunctive marks the as-if quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of parecía","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of monstruo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"monstruo","lemma":"monstruo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of parecía","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"muchas","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies monstruo","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of levantara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"levantara","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying manos","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cúpula","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cúpula","lemma":"cúpula","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of levantara","gloss":"dome"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonidos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sonidos","lemma":"sonido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cúpula","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabezas","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of levantara","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"derribadas","lemma":"derribado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cabezas","gloss":"slumped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mármoles","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mármoles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mármoles","lemma":"mármol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of derribadas","gloss":"marble"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p65-s3","source":"¡Quizás en lo que pensaban!","translation":"Perhaps in what they were thinking!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p65-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quizás","lemma":"quizás","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lo que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo que","gloss":"that","note":"'lo que' together means 'what.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of pensaban","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"pensaban","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the clause following Quizás","gloss":"they were thinking"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p65-s4","source":"Y esa cúpula terrible y alta adentrada en todos los pechos multiplicaba el langor de la guitarra y del bandoneón, divinizando el sufrimiento de la puta y el horrible aburrimiento de la cárcel que pincha el corazón cuando se piensa en los amigos que están afuera «escorzándose» hasta la vida.","translation":"And that terrible, high dome, driven into every chest, multiplied the languor of the guitar and the bandoneón, divinizing the suffering of the whore and the horrible boredom of jail that stabs at the heart when one thinks of the friends who are outside \"slogging it out\" right to the end of life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p65-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«escorzándose»","title":"Marked colloquial verb","body":"Arlt flags «escorzándose» with guillemets to mark it as raw street speech — roughly 'wearing themselves out / busting themselves' at life. The guillemets are his habitual signal that a word belongs to lunfardo or vulgar usage, not the literary norm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuando se piensa","title":"Impersonal «se» + verb","body":"«se piensa» is impersonal 'one thinks / when you think'. Spanish uses «se» + a third-person singular verb to make a statement with no specific subject: «cuando se piensa en los amigos» = 'when one thinks of one's friends'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cúpula","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cúpula","lemma":"cúpula","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of multiplicaba","gloss":"dome"},{"surface":"terrible","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cúpula","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alta","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with terrible","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"adentrada","lemma":"adentrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cúpula","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pechos","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pechos","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pechos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pechos","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of adentrada","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"multiplicaba","lemma":"multiplicar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"multiplied"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of langor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"langor","lemma":"langor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of multiplicaba","gloss":"languor","note":"archaic/poetic spelling of 'languidez' (languor)."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking guitarra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of guitarra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"guitarra","lemma":"guitarra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies langor","gloss":"guitar"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking bandoneón","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bandoneón","lemma":"bandoneón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with guitarra","gloss":"bandoneón"},{"surface":"divinizando","lemma":"divinizar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on multiplicaba","gloss":"divinizing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sufrimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sufrimiento","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of divinizando","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puta","lemma":"puta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sufrimiento","gloss":"whore"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aburrimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies aburrimiento","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"aburrimiento","lemma":"aburrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with sufrimiento","gloss":"boredom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cárcel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cárcel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cárcel","lemma":"cárcel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aburrimiento","gloss":"jail"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pincha","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pincha","lemma":"pinchar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cárcel","gloss":"stabs"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pincha","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of piensa","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal (passive/impersonal se)","role":"depends on piensa","gloss":"one","note":"impersonal 'se' — 'se piensa' means 'one thinks,' not a reflexive action."},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on pincha","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amigos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of amigos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amigos","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of piensa","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of están","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of escorzándose","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"afuera","lemma":"afuera","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies están","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"escorzándose","lemma":"escorzar él","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive (clitic se)","role":"complement of están","gloss":"slogging it out","note":"Arlt coins this from 'escorzo' (artistic foreshortening) and sets it off in quotation marks; the translator renders it as 'slogging it out.'"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escorzándose","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"en-la-caverna-p67-s1","source":"Entonces en las almas más letrinosas, bajo las jetas más puercas, estallaba un temblor ignorado; luego todo pasaba y no había mano que se extendiera para dejar caer una moneda en la gorra de los músicos.","translation":"Then in the most latrine-like souls, beneath the filthiest mugs, an unknown tremor would burst out; then everything passed and there was no hand that reached out to drop a coin into the musicians' cap.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p67-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no había mano que se extendiera","title":"Subjunctive after a negative antecedent","body":"When the thing described does not exist, the relative clause takes the subjunctive: «no había mano que se extendiera» = 'there was no hand that reached out'. The imperfect subjunctive «extendiera» follows the negated, nonexistent «mano»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estallaba","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of almas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almas","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of estallaba","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies letrinosas","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"letrinosas","lemma":"letrinoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies almas","gloss":"latrine-like"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jetas","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of jetas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jetas","lemma":"jeta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of estallaba","gloss":"mugs"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puercas","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"puercas","lemma":"puerco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies jetas","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"estallaba","lemma":"estallar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of temblor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"temblor","lemma":"temblor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estallaba","gloss":"tremor"},{"surface":"ignorado","lemma":"ignorado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies temblor","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasaba","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pasaba","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with había","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with pasaba","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of extendiera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of extendiera","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"extendiera","lemma":"extender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mano","gloss":"reached out"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dejar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dejar","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on extendiera","gloss":"let","note":"'dejar caer' together means 'to drop.'"},{"surface":"caer","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejar","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of moneda","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moneda","lemma":"moneda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of caer","gloss":"coin"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gorra","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gorra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gorra","lemma":"gorra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caer","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking músicos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of músicos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"músicos","lemma":"músico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gorra","gloss":"musicians"}]},{"number":68,"label":"69","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s1","source":"–Allí iba yo –le decía Erdosain a su interlocutora hipotética–.","translation":"\"There I would go,\" Erdosain was saying to his hypothetical listener.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Allí iba yo","title":"Fronted adverb + imperfect of habit","body":"Spanish freely fronts an adverb for emphasis: «Allí iba yo» = 'There I would go / that's where I used to go'. The imperfect «iba» signals a habitual past action — repeated visits to the den, not one occasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iba","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of iba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interlocutora","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of interlocutora","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"interlocutora","lemma":"interlocutora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of decía","gloss":"listener"},{"surface":"hipotética","lemma":"hipotético","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies interlocutora","gloss":"hypothetical"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s2","source":"En busca de más angustia, de la afirmación de saberme perdido y a pensar en mi esposa que sola en mi casa sufriría de haberse casado con un inútil como yo.","translation":"\"In search of more anguish, of the affirmation of knowing myself lost, and to think of my wife who, alone at home, would be suffering for having married a good-for-nothing like me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de haberse casado","title":"«de» + perfect infinitive = cause","body":"The perfect infinitive «haberse casado» ('to have married') after «de» gives a cause: «sufriría de haberse casado» = 'would suffer for having married'. The attached «se» makes «casarse» reflexive, 'to get married'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking busca","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"busca","lemma":"busca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iba","gloss":"search"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies angustia","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies busca","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afirmación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of afirmación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afirmación","lemma":"afirmación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with busca","gloss":"affirmation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saberme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"saberme","lemma":"saber yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"modifies afirmación","gloss":"knowing myself"},{"surface":"perdido","lemma":"perdido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of saberme","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pensar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with busca","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensar","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sufriría","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sola","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of esposa","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sola","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"sufriría","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on esposa","gloss":"would be suffering"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of casado","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haberse","lemma":"haber él","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of casado","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"casado","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"complement of sufriría","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inútil","gloss":"with","note":"'casarse con' means 'to marry' (lit. 'to marry with someone')."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of inútil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inútil","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of casado","gloss":"good-for-nothing"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of yo","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"modifies inútil","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":70,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s3","source":"Cuántas veces, arrinconado en esa fonda, me la imaginé a Elsa fugitiva con otro hombre.","translation":"\"How many times, cornered in that eating house, did I picture Elsa to myself, run off with another man.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me la imaginé a Elsa","title":"Redundant object pronoun","body":"River Plate Spanish often doubles a direct object with a pronoun: «me la imaginé ... a Elsa» = 'I imagined Elsa' — «la» anticipates «a Elsa». The «me» of «imaginarse» adds the sense of picturing to oneself. Standard but very porteño."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuántas","lemma":"cuántos","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"How many"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of imaginé","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"arrinconado","lemma":"arrinconado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"describes the implied subject of imaginé","gloss":"cornered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonda","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrinconado","gloss":"eating house"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, reflexive","role":"indirect object of imaginé","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of imaginé","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"imaginé","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pictured"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"to","note":"personal 'a' marks Elsa as the direct object (doubling the clitic 'la'); not translated separately."},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of imaginé, doubles la","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"fugitiva","lemma":"fugitivo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Elsa","gloss":"run off"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fugitiva","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":71,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s4","source":"Y yo caía siempre más abajo, y ese antro no era nada más que el anticipo de lo peor que había de ocurrirme más adelante.","translation":"\"And I kept falling lower and lower, and that den was nothing but the foretaste of the worst that was to happen to me later on.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo peor que había de ocurrirme","title":"«haber de» + infinitive","body":"«haber de» plus an infinitive expresses something destined or expected: «lo que había de ocurrirme» = 'what was to happen to me'. It is more fateful than «iba a»; in Arlt's mouth it sounds like inescapable destiny."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies caía","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of caía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept falling"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caía","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies abajo","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"abajo","lemma":"abajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caía","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of antro","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"antro","lemma":"antro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"den"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to nada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"nothing","note":"'no ... nada más que' is an idiom meaning 'nothing but.'"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase nada más que","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase nada más que","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of anticipo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anticipo","lemma":"anticipo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of nada","gloss":"foretaste"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lo peor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo peor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peor","lemma":"peor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"head of the phrase lo peor","gloss":"worst"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ocurrirme","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocurrirme","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the periphrasis había de ocurrirme","gloss":"to","note":"'había de' + infinitive means 'was to' (obligation/future-in-the-past)."},{"surface":"ocurrirme","lemma":"ocurrir yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying lo peor","gloss":"happen to me"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies adelante","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"adelante","lemma":"adelante","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocurrirme","gloss":"ahead"}]},{"number":72,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s5","source":"Y muchas veces, mirando a esos miserables, me decía: ¿No llegaré a ser como uno de éstos?","translation":"\"And many times, looking at those wretches, I would say to myself: Won't I end up becoming like one of these?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿No llegaré a ser?","title":"«llegar a ser» — to become","body":"«llegar a ser» means 'to come to be, to end up becoming', stressing the process of arriving at a state. The future «llegaré» here is half prediction, half dread: 'won't I end up becoming...?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies decía","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"muchas","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of decía","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miserables","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of miserables","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"miserables","lemma":"miserable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"direct object of mirando","gloss":"wretches"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llegaré","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"llegaré","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of decía","gloss":"will I end up"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the periphrasis llegar a ser","gloss":"to","note":"'llegar a' + infinitive means 'to end up doing.'"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to uno","gloss":"becoming"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uno","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of llegaré","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éstos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"éstos","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies uno","gloss":"these"}]},{"number":73,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s6","source":"Ah, yo no sé cómo, pero siempre he tenido el presentimiento de lo que más adelante ocurriría.","translation":"\"Ah, I don't know how, but I have always had the presentiment of what would happen later on.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding the sentence","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of sé","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenido","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tenido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tenido","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with sé","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of presentimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"presentimiento","lemma":"presentimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenido","gloss":"presentiment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lo que","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo que","gloss":"that","note":"'lo que' together means 'what.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ocurriría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies adelante","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"adelante","lemma":"adelante","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocurriría","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"ocurriría","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying presentimiento","gloss":"would happen"}]},{"number":74,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s7","source":"No me he equivocado nunca.","translation":"\"I have never been wrong.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No me he equivocado","title":"«equivocarse» — to be wrong","body":"«equivocarse» (pronominal) means 'to be mistaken / get it wrong'. «No me he equivocado nunca» = 'I have never been wrong'. The double negative («no... nunca») is standard and obligatory in Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies equivocado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of equivocado","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of equivocado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"equivocado","lemma":"equivocar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been wrong"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies equivocado","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":75,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s8","source":"¿Se da cuenta usted?","translation":"\"Do you realize?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Se da cuenta usted?","title":"«darse cuenta» — to realize","body":"«darse cuenta (de)» is the set phrase 'to realize, to notice'. «¿Se da cuenta usted?» = 'Do you realize?' Note the formal «usted» with «se da» — Erdosain addresses his imagined Hipólita politely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of da","gloss":"yourself","note":"'darse cuenta' idiomatically means 'to realize'; 'se' itself isn't translated separately."},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of da","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":76,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s9","source":"Y allí, en la caverna, lo encontré un día meditando a Ergueta.","translation":"\"And there, in the cavern, I found Ergueta one day, brooding.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encontré","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caverna","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caverna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caverna","lemma":"caverna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontré","gloss":"cavern"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encontré","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"encontré","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I found"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontré","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"meditando","lemma":"meditar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on encontré","gloss":"brooding"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ergueta (personal a)","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of encontré, in apposition to lo","gloss":"Ergueta"}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s10","source":"Sí, a él mismo.","translation":"\"Yes, him, the very man.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"(marks él)"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"object of a","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies él","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":78,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p69-s11","source":"Estaba solo en una mesa, y algunos diarieros lo miraban con asombro, aunque otros debían creer que era un ladrón bien vestido, nada más.","translation":"\"He was alone at a table, and some newspaper boys looked at him in astonishment, though others must have believed he was a well-dressed thief, nothing more.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p69-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"diarieros","title":"«diariero» — newspaper seller","body":"«diariero» is the River Plate word for a newspaper vendor / newsboy (from «diario», 'newspaper'). These were the fonda's regulars alongside the thieves — the world of «Crítica» next door spilling into the den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"debían creer","title":"«deber» (without «de») for probability","body":"«deber» + infinitive can express probability: «otros debían creer» = 'others must have believed'. Strict grammar prefers «deber de» for conjecture, but everyday speech (and Arlt) drops the «de», as here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to solo","gloss":"He was"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Estaba","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Estaba","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"algunos","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of diarieros","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"diarieros","lemma":"diariero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of miraban","gloss":"newspaper boys"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraban","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miraban","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Estaba","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asombro","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"asombro","lemma":"asombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of miraban","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of debían","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of debían","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"debían","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of creer","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"creer","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of debían","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ladrón","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ladrón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ladrón","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of era","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vestido","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"vestido","lemma":"vestido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ladrón","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"noun","role":"parenthetical comment on the clause era un ladrón bien vestido","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":79,"label":"71","id":"en-la-caverna-p71-s1","source":"Erdosain se imaginó que la Coja le preguntaba ahora:","translation":"Erdosain imagined that the lame woman was now asking him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p71-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of imaginó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"imaginó","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of preguntaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Coja","lemma":"Coja","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntaba","gloss":"lame woman"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of preguntaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"preguntaba","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginó","gloss":"was asking"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies preguntaba","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":80,"label":"73","id":"en-la-caverna-p73-s1","source":"–¿Cómo, mi marido estaba allí?","translation":"\"What, my husband was there?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p73-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"interjection/exclamatory adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of marido","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"marido","lemma":"marido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":81,"label":"75","id":"en-la-caverna-p75-s1","source":"–Sí, y con su cara de «perrero» roía el puño de su bastón, mientras que un negro le soliviantaba el trasero a un menor.","translation":"\"Yes, and with his \\\"dogcatcher\\\" face he gnawed the handle of his cane, while a black man fondled a boy's backside.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p75-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«perrero»","title":"«perrero» — dogcatcher / a hard look","body":"A «perrero» is literally a dogcatcher. Used of a face, «cara de perrero» suggests a hard, surly, brutal look. Arlt's guillemets flag it as a colloquial idiom rather than the literal trade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cara","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of roía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perrero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perrero","lemma":"perrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of de","gloss":"dogcatcher","note":"\"cara de perrero\" (dogcatcher face) is porteño slang for a hard, threatening expression."},{"surface":"roía","lemma":"roer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnawed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of puño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puño","lemma":"puño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of roía","gloss":"handle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bastón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bastón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bastón","lemma":"bastón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies puño","gloss":"cane"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"head of the phrase mientras que","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"(part of while)"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of negro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of soliviantaba","gloss":"black man"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of soliviantaba, doubling a un menor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"soliviantaba","lemma":"soliviantar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the mientras-que clause, parallel to roía","gloss":"fondled","note":"\"soliviantar\" literally means to incite/agitate; here Arlt uses it euphemistically for groping."},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of soliviantaba","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menor","gloss":"(marks boy)"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of menor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"menor","lemma":"menor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a, dative-doubling le","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p75-s2","source":"Pero él no hacía caso de nada.","translation":"\"But he paid no attention to anything.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p75-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no hacía caso de nada","title":"«hacer caso de» — to pay attention to","body":"«hacer caso (de / a)» means 'to pay attention to, to take notice of'. «No hacía caso de nada» = 'he paid no attention to anything'. The set phrase uses «caso» ('case, notice') idiomatically — you don't translate it word for word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies hacía","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hacía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"caso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nada","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"anything","note":"Spanish negative concord: \"no ... nada\" translates as \"not ... anything,\" not a double negative."}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p75-s3","source":"Parecía que estaba clavado en el piso de la caverna.","translation":"\"He seemed nailed to the floor of the cavern.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p75-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He seemed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to clavado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"clavado","lemma":"clavado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"nailed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piso","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of piso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piso","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of clavado","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caverna","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caverna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caverna","lemma":"caverna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piso","gloss":"cavern"}]},{"number":84,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p75-s4","source":"Cierto es que me dijo que había ido a esperar a un vareador que tenía que pasarle unos «datos» para la próxima carrera, mas la verdad es que estaba allí, como si de pronto se hubiera sentido perdido y entró a ese paraje para buscarle un sentido a la vida.","translation":"\"True, he told me he had gone to wait for an exercise rider who was to pass him some \\\"tips\\\" for the next race, but the truth is he was there as if he had suddenly felt himself lost and gone into that place to find a meaning for life.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p75-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vareador","title":"«vareador» — exercise rider","body":"A «vareador» is a stable hand who exercises racehorses (from «varear», to work a horse). With «datos» ('tips') for «la próxima carrera» ('the next race'), this is the racetrack-betting underworld Ergueta moves in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si ... se hubiera sentido","title":"«como si» + pluperfect subjunctive","body":"«como si» plus the pluperfect subjunctive describes an unreal prior cause: «como si ... se hubiera sentido perdido» = 'as if he had suddenly felt lost'. The pluperfect subjunctive «hubiera sentido» sets the imagined event before the moment described."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the subject clause (functions as subject of es)","gloss":"he told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of había ido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ido","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive esperar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"esperar","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of ido","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vareador (personal a)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vareador","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vareador","lemma":"vareador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of esperar","gloss":"exercise rider"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying vareador","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase tener que","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pasarle","lemma":"pasar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tenía que","gloss":"pass him"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of datos","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"datos","lemma":"dato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pasarle","gloss":"tips","note":"\"datos\" here is racetrack slang for betting tips, not literal \"data.\""},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carrera","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carrera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"próxima","lemma":"próximo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carrera","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"carrera","lemma":"carrera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pasarle","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause la verdad es que...","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase como si","gloss":"as","note":"\"como si\" (as if) introduces an unreal comparison and triggers the subjunctive."},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hubiera sentido","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de pronto","gloss":"(part of suddenly)"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de pronto, modifies hubiera sentido","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentido","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sentido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on estaba","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"perdido","lemma":"perdido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sentido","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entró","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hubiera sentido","gloss":"gone into"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paraje","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of paraje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"paraje","lemma":"paraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entró","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of buscarle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buscarle","lemma":"buscar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on entró","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of buscarle","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of buscarle","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":85,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p75-s5","source":"Esa quizá sea la verdad exacta.","translation":"\"That perhaps is the exact truth.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p75-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"quizá sea","title":"«quizá» + subjunctive","body":"«quizá / quizás» ('perhaps') commonly takes the subjunctive to mark genuine uncertainty: «esa quizá sea la verdad» = 'that may perhaps be the truth'. Using the indicative «es» would sound more confident; the subjunctive «sea» keeps it tentative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sea","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"quizá","lemma":"quizá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sea","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to verdad","gloss":"is","note":"\"quizá\" can trigger the subjunctive (sea) to express uncertainty."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sea","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"exacta","lemma":"exacto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies verdad","gloss":"exact"}]},{"number":86,"label":"77","id":"en-la-caverna-p77-s1","source":"Buscarle sentido a la vida entre los acontecimientos que vive la canalla.","translation":"\"To find meaning for life among the goings-on the rabble lives through.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p77-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Buscarle","lemma":"buscar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"To find"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Buscarle","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Buscarle","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acontecimientos","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of acontecimientos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acontecimientos","lemma":"acontecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Buscarle","gloss":"goings-on"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vive","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vive","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying acontecimientos","gloss":"lives through"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of canalla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vive","gloss":"rabble"}]},{"number":87,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p77-s2","source":"Allí supe por primera vez su determinación de casarse con una prostituta, y cuando le pregunté de su farmacia, me contestó que había dejado al idóneo en Pico a cargo de ella, porque de primera intención supuse que había venido a jugar.","translation":"\"There I learned for the first time of his determination to marry a prostitute, and when I asked him about his pharmacy, he answered that he had left the licensed assistant in Pico in charge of it, because at first I had supposed he had come to gamble.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p77-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Allí supe por primera vez","title":"«saber» in the preterite = to find out","body":"In the preterite, «saber» shifts meaning from 'to know' to 'to find out, learn': «allí supe» = 'there I found out / learned'. The imperfect «sabía» would mean 'I knew'; the preterite marks the single moment of discovery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el idóneo","title":"«idóneo» — licensed pharmacy hand","body":"Beyond its ordinary sense 'suitable/competent', «idóneo» was the legal term for a person licensed to run a pharmacy without a full degree. «Dejó al idóneo a cargo» = 'he left the licensed assistant in charge'. Pico is a town in La Pampa."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies supe","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"supe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I learned"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vez","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vez","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of supe","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of determinación","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"determinación","lemma":"determinación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of supe","gloss":"determination"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of casarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"casarse","lemma":"casarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"clause modifying determinación","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostituta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prostituta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostituta","lemma":"prostituta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of casarse","gloss":"prostitute"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pregunté","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pregunté","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"pregunté","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by cuando, modifies contestó","gloss":"I asked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking farmacia","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of farmacia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"farmacia","lemma":"farmacia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pregunté","gloss":"pharmacy"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contestó","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"contestó","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with supe","gloss":"he answered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dejado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dejado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dejado","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of contestó","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition (a+el) marking idóneo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"idóneo","lemma":"idóneo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dejado","gloss":"licensed assistant","note":"\"el idóneo\" was the legal term for a licensed (but not fully degreed) pharmacy assistant in early-20th-century Argentina."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pico","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Pico","lemma":"Pico","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of dejado","gloss":"Pico"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a cargo de","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cargo","lemma":"cargo","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a cargo de","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a cargo de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (a cargo de ella)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of supuse","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intención","gloss":"at","note":"\"de primera intención\" is an idiom meaning \"at first / initially.\""},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies intención","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"intención","lemma":"intención","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of supuse","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"supuse","lemma":"suponer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause modifying pregunté","gloss":"I had supposed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of venido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of venido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"venido","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of supuse","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of jugar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"jugar","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of venido","gloss":"gamble"}]},{"number":88,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p77-s3","source":"No sé si usted sabrá que lo expulsaron de un club por hacer trampas.","translation":"\"I don't know whether you may know that they threw him out of a club for cheating.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p77-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"por hacer trampas","title":"«hacer trampa(s)» — to cheat","body":"«hacer trampa(s)» is the idiom 'to cheat' (at cards, games). «Por hacer trampas» = 'for cheating'. A «trampa» is a trick or trap; in games it is cheating. Note «por» + infinitive giving the reason for the expulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sabrá","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of sabrá","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sabrá","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sé","gloss":"may know"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of expulsaron","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of expulsaron","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"expulsaron","lemma":"expulsar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of sabrá","gloss":"they threw out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking club","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of club","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"club","lemma":"club","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of expulsaron","gloss":"club"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on expulsaron","gloss":"cheating","note":"\"hacer trampas\" is an idiom meaning \"to cheat.\""},{"surface":"trampas","lemma":"trampa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"tricks"}]},{"number":89,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p77-s4","source":"Hasta se dijo que había falsificado fichas, pero ese asunto nunca se puso en claro.","translation":"\"It was even said that he had forged chips, but that matter was never cleared up.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p77-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se dijo / se puso en claro","title":"Passive/impersonal «se»","body":"«se dijo» = 'it was said / people said'; «se puso en claro» = 'it was cleared up'. The «se» passive lets Spanish state what happened without naming who did it — ideal for rumor («it was said»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal/passive","role":"impersonal passive particle of dijo","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was said"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of falsificado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of falsificado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"falsificado","lemma":"falsificar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"forged"},{"surface":"fichas","lemma":"ficha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of falsificado","gloss":"chips"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asunto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"asunto","lemma":"asunto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of puso","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puso","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive/passive","role":"passive particle of puso","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"puso","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dijo","gloss":"was cleared"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en claro, modifies puso","gloss":"up","note":"\"poner algo en claro\" is an idiom meaning \"to clarify / clear something up.\""},{"surface":"claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en claro","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":90,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p77-s5","source":"Sólo me habló de usted cuando le pregunté por la novia, una muchacha millonaria de Cacharí, y que estaba muy enamorada de él.","translation":"\"He only spoke to me of you when I asked him about the fiancée, a millionaire girl from Cacharí, who was very much in love with him.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p77-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"enamorada de él","title":"«estar enamorado de»","body":"«estar enamorado/a de» = 'to be in love with'. Spanish uses «de» where English uses 'with'. «Estaba muy enamorada de él» = 'she was very much in love with him'. Cacharí is a rural town in Buenos Aires province."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies habló","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of habló","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"habló","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He spoke"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pregunté","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pregunté","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"pregunté","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on habló","gloss":"I asked"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking novia","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of novia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"novia","lemma":"novia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pregunté (object of por)","gloss":"fiancée"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacha","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muchacha","lemma":"muchacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to novia","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"millonaria","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies muchacha","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Cacharí","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Cacharí","lemma":"Cacharí","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies muchacha","gloss":"Cacharí"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enamorada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"muy","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enamorada","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"enamorada","lemma":"enamorado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":91,"label":"79","id":"en-la-caverna-p79-s1","source":"–Corté hace rato –me contestó.","translation":"\"I broke it off a while ago,\" he answered me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p79-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Corté","title":"«cortar» — to break up","body":"Colloquially «cortar (con alguien)» means 'to break up, end a relationship'. «Corté hace rato» = 'I broke it off a while ago'. «Hace rato» = 'a while ago' («rato» = a short while)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Corté","lemma":"cortar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I broke it off"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase, modifies Corté","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"rato","lemma":"rato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contestó","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"contestó","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"reporting clause, parallel to Corté","gloss":"he answered"}]},{"number":92,"label":"81","id":"en-la-caverna-p81-s1","source":"–¿Por qué?","translation":"\"Why?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p81-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"(part of why)"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":93,"label":"83","id":"en-la-caverna-p83-s1","source":"–No sé... me «esgunfiaba»... estaba aburrido.","translation":"\"I don't know... it bored me stiff... I was fed up.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p83-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"me «esgunfiaba»","title":"Lunfardo: «esgunfiar»","body":"«esgunfiar» (also «esfunyar») is lunfardo, from Italian dialect, meaning 'to bore, to annoy, to fed up'. «Me esgunfiaba» = 'it bored me / got on my nerves'. Arlt's guillemets mark it as slang."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of esgunfiaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"esgunfiaba","lemma":"esgunfiar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of a separate, elliptical clause (not a complement of sé; no que links them, and the ellipsis marks a paratactic pause, not subordination)","gloss":"it bored me","note":"\"esgunfiar\" is lunfardo slang (from Italian) meaning \"to annoy/bore.\""},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to aburrido","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"aburrido","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"fed up"}]},{"number":94,"label":"85","id":"en-la-caverna-p85-s1","source":"–¿Pero por qué la dejaste? –insistí.","translation":"\"But why did you leave her?\" I insisted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p85-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿por qué la dejaste?","title":"Voseo preterite in Arlt's dialogue","body":"River Plate Spanish uses «vos», but its preterite endings match standard «tú» here: «dejaste» = 'you left'. The pronoun «la» = 'her'. Throughout this dialogue Erdosain and Ergueta address each other as «vos» (note «sabés», «crees», «acordás» elsewhere)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies dejaste","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"(part of why)"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of dejaste","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejaste","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dejaste","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did you leave"},{"surface":"insistí","lemma":"insistir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"reporting clause, parallel to dejaste","gloss":"I insisted"}]},{"number":95,"label":"87","id":"en-la-caverna-p87-s1","source":"Una luz agria convulsionaba su pupila.","translation":"A sour light convulsed his pupil.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p87-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of convulsionaba","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"agria","lemma":"agrio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies luz","gloss":"sour"},{"surface":"convulsionaba","lemma":"convulsionar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"convulsed"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pupila","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pupila","lemma":"pupila","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of convulsionaba","gloss":"pupil"}]},{"number":96,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p87-s2","source":"Malhumorado insistió apartando de un manotón las moscas que hacían círculo en su chop de cerveza:","translation":"Ill-humored, he insisted, brushing away with a swipe of his hand the flies circling in his mug of beer:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p87-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de un manotón","title":"«de un manotón» — with a swipe","body":"A «manotón» (or «manotazo») is a swat / swipe of the hand. The phrase «de un manotón» = 'with one swipe of the hand'. «Chop» is the River Plate word for a glass mug of draft beer (from German Schoppen)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Malhumorado","lemma":"malhumorado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the implied subject of insistió","gloss":"Ill-humored"},{"surface":"insistió","lemma":"insistir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he insisted"},{"surface":"apartando","lemma":"apartar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of insistió","gloss":"brushing away"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manotón","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of manotón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"manotón","lemma":"manotón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"swipe"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of moscas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moscas","lemma":"mosca","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of apartando","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hacían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hacían","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying moscas","gloss":"were circling"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacían","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chop","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of chop","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"chop","lemma":"chop","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacían","gloss":"mug","note":"\"chop\" is Argentine Spanish for a mug/glass of draft beer."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cerveza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cerveza","lemma":"cerveza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chop","gloss":"beer"}]},{"number":97,"label":"89","id":"en-la-caverna-p89-s1","source":"–¡Qué se yo!... De aburrido... de turro que soy.","translation":"\"What do I know!... Out of boredom... because I'm a no-good.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p89-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de turro que soy","title":"Causal «de ... que»","body":"«de turro que soy» = 'because I'm such a no-good', literally 'out of the lowlife that I am'. This «de» + noun/adjective + «que» gives the cause through an intensified quality. «Turro» is lunfardo for a worthless, treacherous person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of se","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the phrase","gloss":"know","note":"Written 'se' but is 'sé' (I know), from saber — not the reflexive pronoun se."},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of se","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"aburrido","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase De","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking turro","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"turro","lemma":"turro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"no-good","note":"Lunfardo slang for a worthless, good-for-nothing person."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of soy","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to turro","gloss":"I am"}]},{"number":98,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p89-s2","source":"Y me quería la pobrecita.","translation":"\"And the poor girl loved me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p89-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la pobrecita","title":"Affectionate diminutive «-ito/-ita»","body":"«pobrecita» = «pobre» + the diminutive «-cita», softening it to 'poor little thing'. Spanish diminutives carry tenderness or pity as much as small size. The fronted object «me quería la pobrecita» = 'the poor girl loved me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of quería","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pobrecita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pobrecita","lemma":"pobrecita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of quería","gloss":"poor girl"}]},{"number":99,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p89-s3","source":"Pero qué iba a hacer conmigo.","translation":"\"But what was she going to do with me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p89-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qué iba a hacer","title":"«ir a» + infinitive = near future / intention","body":"«ir a» + infinitive is the going-to future. In the imperfect, «iba a hacer» = 'was going to do'. Here it is a resigned rhetorical question: 'what was she going to do with me?' — meaning, there was no hope for it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hacer","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"conmigo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, first-person, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacer","gloss":"with me"}]},{"number":100,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p89-s4","source":"Además, ya no tiene remedio...","translation":"\"Besides, there's no helping it now...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p89-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ya no tiene remedio","title":"«no tener remedio»","body":"«no tener remedio» is the idiom 'to be beyond help / hopeless'. «Ya no tiene remedio» = 'there's no helping it now, it can't be fixed'. «Remedio» is literally 'remedy/cure', here used figuratively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"remedio","lemma":"remedio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"remedy","note":"Set phrase no tener remedio = 'there's no fixing/helping it.'"}]},{"number":101,"label":"91","id":"en-la-caverna-p91-s1","source":"–¿Le dijo Ergueta que eso ya no tenía remedio?...","translation":"\"Did Ergueta tell you that there was no helping it now?...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p91-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"remedio","lemma":"remedio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"remedy"}]},{"number":102,"label":"93","id":"en-la-caverna-p93-s1","source":"–Sí, señora; dijo así: «Eso ya no tiene remedio, porque mañana me caso».","translation":"\"Yes, ma'am; he put it like this: 'There's no helping it now, because tomorrow I'm getting married.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p93-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"mañana me caso","title":"Present for a scheduled future","body":"Spanish often uses the present for a planned future, especially with a time word: «mañana me caso» = 'tomorrow I'm getting married'. «Casarse» is pronominal; «me caso» = 'I get married'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"señora","lemma":"señora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"term of address (vocative)","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"remedio","lemma":"remedio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"remedy"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of caso","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caso","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of caso","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by porque","gloss":"get married"}]},{"number":103,"label":"95","id":"en-la-caverna-p95-s1","source":"El tren eléctrico dejó atrás Flores.","translation":"The electric train left Flores behind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p95-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dejó atrás","title":"«dejar atrás» — to leave behind","body":"«dejar atrás» = 'to leave behind'. The station names (Once, Caballito, Flores, Liniers, Villa Luro) chart the real westbound line of Erdosain's ride, threading the present-time journey through his remembered scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dejó","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"eléctrico","lemma":"eléctrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tren","gloss":"electric"},{"surface":"dejó","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"atrás","lemma":"atrás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dejó","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"Flores","lemma":"Flores","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of dejó","gloss":"Flores","note":"A Buenos Aires neighborhood, not the word 'flowers.'"}]},{"number":104,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p95-s2","source":"Erdosain, apoltronado en el sillón, recordó que lo miró seriamente al farmacéutico, en cuyo rostro se difundía ese acechador movimiento de los músculos que le da al semblante una expresión malévola.","translation":"Erdosain, slumped in the seat, recalled that he had looked at the pharmacist gravely, the pharmacist on whose face there spread that lurking movement of the muscles which gives the countenance a malevolent expression.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p95-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo miró ... al farmacéutico","title":"Clitic doubling of the object","body":"«lo miró ... al farmacéutico» doubles the object: «lo» (him) anticipates «al farmacéutico» (the pharmacist). The 'personal a' marks the human object. This doubling is normal, even preferred, in River Plate Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recordó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"apoltronado","lemma":"apoltronado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"slumped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sillón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sillón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sillón","lemma":"sillón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoltronado","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"recordó","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of miró","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him","note":"Redundant clitic doubling with 'al farmacéutico' later in the clause — common in spoken Rioplatense Spanish."},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of recordó","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"seriamente","lemma":"seriamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miró","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking farmacéutico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rostro","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of difundía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of difundía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"difundía","lemma":"difundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying farmacéutico","gloss":"was spreading"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of movimiento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"acechador","lemma":"acechador","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies movimiento","gloss":"lurking"},{"surface":"movimiento","lemma":"movimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of difundía","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking músculos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of músculos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"músculos","lemma":"músculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies movimiento","gloss":"muscles"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of da","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of da","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying movimiento","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of da","gloss":"countenance"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of expresión","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"expresión","lemma":"expresión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of da","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"malévola","lemma":"malévolo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies expresión","gloss":"malevolent"}]},{"number":105,"label":"97","id":"en-la-caverna-p97-s1","source":"–¿Y con quién te casas?","translation":"\"And who are you marrying?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p97-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿con quién te casas?","title":"«casarse con» — to marry someone","body":"«casarse con» = 'to get married to / marry (someone)'. Spanish uses «con» where English uses no preposition: «¿con quién te casas?» = 'who are you marrying?'. «Te casas» is the present of «casarse» (vos/tú coincide here)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quién","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of casas","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casas","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"casas","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are marrying","note":"From casarse (to marry), not the noun casa (house) — a common false-friend trap."}]},{"number":106,"label":"99","id":"en-la-caverna-p99-s1","source":"El semblante de Ergueta empalideció hasta las orejas.","translation":"Ergueta's face went pale to the ears.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p99-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"empalideció","title":"Inchoative preterite","body":"«empalidecer» means 'to turn pale'; the «em-...-ecer» pattern marks a change of state. The preterite «empalideció» = 'he went pale', a single completed shift of color, the moment his composure cracked."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of empalideció","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ergueta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"Ergueta's"},{"surface":"empalideció","lemma":"empalidecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went pale"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orejas","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of orejas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orejas","lemma":"oreja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of empalideció","gloss":"ears"}]},{"number":107,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p99-s2","source":"A medida que inclinaba su cabeza hacia Erdosain, guiñaba un párpado, mientras que el otro ojo inmóvil trataba de recoger toda la sorpresa que lo demudaría dentro de un segundo a Erdosain:","translation":"As he tilted his head toward Erdosain, he winked one eyelid, while the other, motionless eye tried to gather up all the shock that within a second would alter Erdosain's face:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p99-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"A medida que inclinaba","title":"«a medida que» — as / in proportion as","body":"«a medida que» means 'as / while / in proportion as', linking two simultaneous developments: «a medida que inclinaba su cabeza ... guiñaba» = 'as he tilted his head ... he winked'. Both verbs stay in the imperfect for the parallel ongoing motions."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of inclinaba","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"medida","lemma":"medida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase A","gloss":"as","note":"Fixed idiom a medida que = 'as/while.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase A","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"inclinaba","lemma":"inclinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on guiñaba","gloss":"tilted"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of inclinaba","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of inclinaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"guiñaba","lemma":"guiñar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winked"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of párpado","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"párpado","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guiñaba","gloss":"eyelid"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ojo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ojo","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ojo","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of trataba","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"inmóvil","lemma":"inmóvil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies ojo","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"trataba","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by mientras","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of recoger","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"recoger","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trataba","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sorpresa","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sorpresa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sorpresa","lemma":"sorpresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recoger","gloss":"shock"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of demudaría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of demudaría","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"demudaría","lemma":"demudar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying sorpresa","gloss":"would alter"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies demudaría","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking segundo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of segundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"segundo","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of demudaría","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":108,"label":"101","id":"en-la-caverna-p101-s1","source":"–Me caso con la Ramera.","translation":"\"I'm marrying the Harlot.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p101-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la Ramera","title":"«ramera» — harlot","body":"«ramera» is an old, harsh word for a prostitute — 'harlot, whore'. Capitalized and with the article, «la Ramera» becomes almost a title. In Revelation, the Whore of Babylon (Rev. 17–18) is condemned and destroyed — she is not redeemed. The redeemed figure is the Bride of the Lamb / New Jerusalem (Rev. 21), a contrasting character. The identification of the harlot with a redeemed woman reflects Ergueta's own syncretic, delusional theology, not the biblical text."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of caso","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am marrying"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ramera","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ramera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ramera","lemma":"Ramera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of caso","gloss":"Harlot","note":"A nickname built from the common noun ramera (prostitute/harlot)."}]},{"number":109,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p101-s2","source":"–Después levantó la cabeza y sólo se le veía el blanco de los ojos.","translation":"Then he raised his head and only the whites of his eyes could be seen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p101-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sólo se le veía el blanco","title":"Impersonal «se» + «le» of involvement","body":"«se le veía el blanco de los ojos» = 'the whites of his eyes could be seen'. Impersonal «se» ('one saw / was seen') combines with «le» (the person it belongs to). Spanish prefers «el blanco de los ojos» to a possessive — the «le» already shows whose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies levantó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of levantó","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of veía","gloss":"itself","note":"Passive se: se veía = 'was seen/could be seen.'"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of veía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with levantó","gloss":"could be seen"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of blanco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blanco","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of veía","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies blanco","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":110,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p101-s3","source":"Yo no me moví.","translation":"I did not move.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p101-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moví","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moví","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of moví","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"moví","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"}]},{"number":111,"label":"103","id":"en-la-caverna-p103-s1","source":"El farmacéutico tenía en el semblante una expresión de arrobamiento como la que se ve en las tricromías populares, en las que aparece un santo arrodillado con el canto de las manos apoyado en el pecho.","translation":"The pharmacist had on his face an expression of rapture like the one seen in cheap color prints, in which a saint appears kneeling with the edge of his joined hands pressed to his chest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p103-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tricromías populares","title":"«tricromía» — three-color print","body":"A «tricromía» is a cheap three-color printing process; «tricromías populares» are the gaudy mass-produced holy pictures sold to the poor. The simile mocks Ergueta's 'rapture' as the look of a tacky devotional print."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tenía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of expresión","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"expresión","lemma":"expresión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arrobamiento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"arrobamiento","lemma":"arrobamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies expresión","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ve","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"refers back to expresión","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ve","gloss":"itself","note":"Passive se: se ve = 'is seen.'"},{"surface":"ve","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying expresión","gloss":"is seen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tricromías","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tricromías","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tricromías","lemma":"tricromía","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ve","gloss":"color prints","note":"Tricromía: a cheap three-color print process, common for devotional images of the period."},{"surface":"populares","lemma":"popular","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies tricromías","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of aparece","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aparece","lemma":"aparecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying tricromías","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of santo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"santo","lemma":"santo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aparece","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"arrodillado","lemma":"arrodillado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies santo","gloss":"kneeling"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canto","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of canto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canto","lemma":"canto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrodillado","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies canto","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"apoyado","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies canto","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecho","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyado","gloss":"chest"}]},{"number":112,"label":"105","id":"en-la-caverna-p105-s1","source":"Y Erdosain recordaba que en esas circunstancias, el negro que le tocaba el trasero al menor, ahora llevaba las manos de éste a sus partes pudendas, mientras un círculo de diarieros armaba un vocerío infernal y el patrón gigantesco cruzaba el salón con un plato de sopa en una mano y otro de guiso rojo, para una comandita de dos rateros que devoraban en un rincón.","translation":"And Erdosain recalled that in those circumstances the black man who had been fondling the boy's backside was now bringing the boy's hands to his own private parts, while a ring of newspaper boys raised an infernal clamor and the gigantic owner crossed the hall with a plate of soup in one hand and another of red stew, for a partnership of two petty thieves devouring their food in a corner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p105-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"armaba un vocerío","title":"«armar» — to kick up (a fuss)","body":"Colloquial «armar» means 'to kick up, stir up, make' a commotion: «armaba un vocerío infernal» = 'was raising an infernal racket'. «Armar un lío / escándalo» works the same way — 'to make a scene'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies recordaba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recordaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llevaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancias","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of circunstancias","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"circunstancias","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llevaba","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of negro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llevaba","gloss":"black man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tocaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tocaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tocaba","lemma":"tocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying negro","gloss":"was fondling"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tocaba","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menor","lemma":"menor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of tocaba","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llevaba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"llevaba","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of recordaba","gloss":"was bringing"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of llevaba","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éste","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies manos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking partes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of partes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"partes","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llevaba","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"pudendas","lemma":"pudenda","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies partes","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of armaba","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of círculo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of armaba","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diarieros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"diarieros","lemma":"diariero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies círculo","gloss":"newsboys","note":"Argentine term for newspaper sellers/paperboys."},{"surface":"armaba","lemma":"armar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by mientras","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vocerío","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vocerío","lemma":"vocerío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of armaba","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"infernal","lemma":"infernal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vocerío","gloss":"infernal"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of patrón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patrón","lemma":"patrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cruzaba","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"gigantesco","lemma":"gigantesco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies patrón","gloss":"gigantic"},{"surface":"cruzaba","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with armaba","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"salón","lemma":"salón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cruzaba","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plato","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of plato","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plato","lemma":"plato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzaba","gloss":"plate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sopa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sopa","lemma":"sopa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plato","gloss":"soup"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mano","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzaba","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with plato","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking guiso","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"guiso","lemma":"guiso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies otro","gloss":"stew"},{"surface":"rojo","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies guiso","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comandita","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of comandita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"comandita","lemma":"comandita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzaba","gloss":"partnership","note":"From sociedad en comandita (limited partnership); used here half-jokingly for a pair of thieves working together."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rateros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies rateros","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"rateros","lemma":"ratero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies comandita","gloss":"petty thieves"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of devoraban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"devoraban","lemma":"devorar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying rateros","gloss":"were devouring"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of devoraban","gloss":"corner"}]},{"number":113,"label":"107","id":"en-la-caverna-p107-s1","source":"Sin embargo, su resolución no le extrañó.","translation":"And yet his decision did not surprise him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p107-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no le extrañó","title":"«extrañar» — to surprise (reverse subject)","body":"«extrañar» here works like «gustar»: the thing is the subject and the person an indirect object. «Su resolución no le extrañó» = 'his decision did not surprise him' (literally 'his decision was not surprising to him')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies extrañó","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Sin","gloss":"however","note":"Fixed idiom sin embargo = 'however/nevertheless' — not related to 'embargo' in English."},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of resolución","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"resolución","lemma":"resolución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of extrañó","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extrañó","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of extrañó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"extrañó","lemma":"extrañar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surprised"}]},{"number":114,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p107-s2","source":"Ergueta tenía esas desesperadas resoluciones de las naturalezas frenéticas que obedecen al imperio de las obsesiones con furor lento, una explosión profunda de la que ellos no escucharon el estampido, pero cuyo crecimiento de volumen centuplica el instinto.","translation":"Ergueta had those desperate resolves of frenzied natures that obey the rule of their obsessions with a slow fury, a deep explosion whose report they did not hear, but whose growing volume multiplies instinct a hundredfold.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p107-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de la que ... cuyo","title":"Relative pronouns «de la que» and «cuyo»","body":"«de la que no escucharon el estampido» = 'whose report they did not hear' («de la que» = 'of which'); «cuyo crecimiento» = 'whose growth' («cuyo» = the possessive relative 'whose', agreeing with «crecimiento»). Two ways Spanish links a noun back to «explosión»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of resoluciones","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"desesperadas","lemma":"desesperado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies resoluciones","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"resoluciones","lemma":"resolución","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"resolves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naturalezas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of naturalezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naturalezas","lemma":"naturaleza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies resoluciones","gloss":"natures"},{"surface":"frenéticas","lemma":"frenético","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies naturalezas","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of obedecen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"obedecen","lemma":"obedecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying naturalezas","gloss":"obey"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking imperio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imperio","lemma":"imperio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of obedecen","gloss":"rule"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking obsesiones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of obsesiones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"obsesiones","lemma":"obsesión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies imperio","gloss":"obsessions"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking furor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"furor","lemma":"furor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of obedecen","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"lento","lemma":"lento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies furor","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of explosión","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"explosión","lemma":"explosión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to resoluciones","gloss":"explosion"},{"surface":"profunda","lemma":"profundo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies explosión","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of escucharon","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies escucharon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"escucharon","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying explosión","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of estampido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estampido","lemma":"estampido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of escucharon","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies crecimiento","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"crecimiento","lemma":"crecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of centuplica","gloss":"growth"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volumen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"volumen","lemma":"volumen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies crecimiento","gloss":"volume"},{"surface":"centuplica","lemma":"centuplicar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying explosión","gloss":"multiplies"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instinto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"instinto","lemma":"instinto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of centuplica","gloss":"instinct"}]},{"number":115,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p107-s3","source":"Sin embargo, aparentando una gran serenidad:","translation":"Nevertheless, feigning great serenity:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p107-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase sin embargo, modifies aparentando","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase sin embargo","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"Sin embargo is a fixed idiom meaning 'nevertheless/however'; embargo here does not mean the English word 'embargo'."},{"surface":"aparentando","lemma":"aparentar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feigning"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of serenidad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies serenidad","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"serenidad","lemma":"serenidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of aparentando","gloss":"serenity"}]},{"number":116,"label":"109","id":"en-la-caverna-p109-s1","source":"–¿La Ramera?.... ¿Quién es la Ramera? –le pregunté.","translation":"\"The Harlot?... Who is the Harlot?\" I asked him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p109-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ramera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ramera","lemma":"Ramera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Harlot","note":"A nickname for a character, literally 'harlot'."},{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking Quién to Ramera","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ramera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ramera","lemma":"Ramera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"Harlot"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pregunté","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"pregunté","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I asked"}]},{"number":117,"label":"111","id":"en-la-caverna-p111-s1","source":"Una oleada de sangre le enrojecía el semblante.","translation":"A surge of blood reddened his face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p111-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oleada","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"oleada","lemma":"oleada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of enrojecía","gloss":"surge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sangre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies oleada","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of enrojecía (dative of possession)","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses a dative pronoun instead of a possessive for body parts: le...el semblante = 'his face'."},{"surface":"enrojecía","lemma":"enrojecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reddened"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of enrojecía","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":118,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p111-s2","source":"Hasta sus ojos sonreían.","translation":"Even his eyes were smiling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p111-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hasta sus ojos","title":"«hasta» = even","body":"Besides 'until', «hasta» can mean 'even', adding an extreme case: «hasta sus ojos sonreían» = 'even his eyes were smiling'. Context (and no time reference) tells you it is 'even', not 'until'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic 'even', modifies ojos","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sonreían","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"sonreían","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were smiling"}]},{"number":119,"label":"113","id":"en-la-caverna-p113-s1","source":"–¿Quién es, che?... Un ángel, Erdosain.","translation":"\"Who is she, man?... An angel, Erdosain.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p113-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"che","title":"«che» — hey, man, pal","body":"«che» is the quintessential River Plate interjection used to hail or address someone informally — 'hey, mate, man'. It famously gave Ernesto 'Che' Guevara his nickname. Ergueta sprinkles it through his speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula, main verb of the question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection, addressing the listener","gloss":"man","note":"Che is a distinctive Argentine interjection used to address someone informally, like 'man' or 'hey'."},{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ángel","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"ángel","lemma":"ángel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, elliptical (she is) an angel","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Erdosain","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":120,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p113-s2","source":"En mi cara, en mi propia cara, rompió un cheque de mil pesos que le dejó un querido.","translation":"\"To my face, to my very face, she tore up a thousand-peso check a lover had left her.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p113-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un querido","title":"«un querido» — a lover/kept man","body":"As a noun, «un querido / una querida» means a lover, especially a kept or illicit one. Here «un querido» is one of the Harlot's lovers. The phrase «en mi cara» = 'to my face', stressing the brazen gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cara","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of rompió","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cara","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"propia","lemma":"propio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cara","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of rompió","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"rompió","lemma":"romper","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore up"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cheque","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cheque","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of rompió","gloss":"check"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pesos","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cheque","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dejó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dejó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dejó","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cheque","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of querido","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dejó","gloss":"lover","note":"Querido used as a noun here means 'lover/sweetheart', not just the adjective 'dear'."}]},{"number":121,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p113-s3","source":"A la sirvienta le regaló un collar de perlas que valía cinco mil pesos.","translation":"\"To the maid she gave a pearl necklace worth five thousand pesos.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p113-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"A la sirvienta le regaló","title":"Doubled indirect object","body":"«A la sirvienta le regaló» doubles the indirect object: «le» restates «a la sirvienta» ('to the maid'). This pairing of a full phrase with its pronoun is normal and usually obligatory in Spanish when the indirect object is fronted."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sirvienta","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sirvienta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sirvienta","lemma":"sirvienta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of regaló (doubled by le)","gloss":"maid"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of regaló (doubles a la sirvienta)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"regaló","lemma":"regalar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of collar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of regaló","gloss":"necklace"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perlas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perlas","lemma":"perla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies collar","gloss":"pearls"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of valía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"valía","lemma":"valer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying collar","gloss":"was worth"},{"surface":"cinco","lemma":"cinco","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with cinco","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of valía","gloss":"pesos"}]},{"number":122,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p113-s4","source":"A los porteros del departamento toda la vajilla de plata.","translation":"\"To the doormen of the building, all the silver tableware.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p113-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking porteros","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of porteros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"porteros","lemma":"portero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of the implied verb 'gave' (elliptical)","gloss":"doormen"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking departamento","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"departamento","lemma":"departamento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies porteros","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vajilla","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vajilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vajilla","lemma":"vajilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the implied verb 'gave' (elliptical)","gloss":"tableware"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vajilla","gloss":"silver"}]},{"number":123,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p113-s5","source":"«Entraré en tu casa desnuda», me dijo ella.","translation":"\"'I'll come into your house naked,' she told me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p113-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Entraré en tu casa","title":"Simple future + «entrar en»","body":"«entraré» is the simple future of «entrar», 'I will come/go in'. Note «entrar en» (peninsular/literary) where River Plate speech usually says «entrar a». The future tense here is a vow: 'I'll come into your house naked'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entraré","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"I'll enter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Entraré","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"desnuda","lemma":"desnudo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the subject of Entraré","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":124,"label":"115","id":"en-la-caverna-p115-s1","source":"–¡Pero si todo eso es mentira! –sentía ahora que le decía Hipólita en su recuerdo.","translation":"\"But all of that is a lie!\" he now felt Hipólita saying to him in his memory.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p115-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¡Pero si todo eso es mentira!","title":"Exclamatory «pero si»","body":"«pero si» at the head of an exclamation is not a conditional 'if'; it expresses protest or surprise — 'but...!, why, but...!'. «¡Pero si todo eso es mentira!» = 'But all that's a lie!'. The «si» just intensifies the objection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted exclamation (complement of decía)","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic particle introducing the exclamation","gloss":"indeed","note":"Here si is an emphatic exclamatory particle ('but really...'), not a conditional 'if'."},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of eso","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mentira","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mentira","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of es (quoted content of decía)","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he felt"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sentía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of decía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sentía","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"Hipólita"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recuerdo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of decía","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":125,"label":"117","id":"en-la-caverna-p117-s1","source":"–Yo le creí en esas circunstancias.","translation":"\"I believed him under those circumstances.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p117-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le creí","title":"«creer a alguien» — to believe someone","body":"«creer a alguien» (with the indirect object «le») means 'to believe someone, to trust what they say', distinct from «creer en algo» ('to believe in something'). «Le creí» = 'I believed him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of creí","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of creí","gloss":"him","note":"Creer takes a dative pronoun for the person believed (creerle), even though English treats it as a direct object ('believed him')."},{"surface":"creí","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancias","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of circunstancias","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"circunstancias","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of creí","gloss":"circumstances"}]},{"number":126,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p117-s2","source":"Y él continuó contándome:","translation":"And he went on telling me:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p117-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"continuó contándome","title":"«continuar» + gerund","body":"«continuar» (like «seguir») takes a gerund, not an infinitive, for 'to keep on doing': «continuó contándome» = 'he went on telling me'. The pronoun «me» attaches to the gerund «contando»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies continuó","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"contándome","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, gerund (+ enclitic pronoun me)","role":"complement of continuó","gloss":"telling me"}]},{"number":127,"label":"119","id":"en-la-caverna-p119-s1","source":"–Si vos supieras lo que ha sufrido esa mujer.","translation":"\"If you only knew what that woman has suffered.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p119-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si vos supieras","title":"Voseo with the imperfect subjunctive","body":"«vos» here takes the standard imperfect subjunctive: «si vos supieras» = 'if you only knew'. This «si» clause with imperfect subjunctive opens a wish/exclamation about an unreal present: 'if you knew (which you don't)...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of supieras","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of supieras","gloss":"you","note":"Vos is the Rioplatense second-person singular pronoun (voseo), used instead of tú throughout this novel."},{"surface":"supieras","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo que (direct object of sufrido)","gloss":"what","note":"Lo que together means 'what' (literally 'that which')."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the phrase lo que (direct object of sufrido)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sufrido","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sufrido","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of supieras","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sufrido","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":128,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p119-s2","source":"Una vez, era el séptimo aborto que le hacían, tan desesperada estaba que fue a tirarse desde el cuarto piso por la ventana.","translation":"\"Once, it was the seventh abortion they performed on her, she was so desperate that she went to throw herself out the window from the fourth floor.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p119-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tan desesperada estaba que","title":"«tan ... que» — so ... that","body":"«tan» + adjective + «que» = 'so ... that': «tan desesperada estaba que...» = 'she was so desperate that...'. Arlt fronts the adjective for emphasis. «Tirarse» (pronominal) = 'to throw oneself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies era (temporal adverbial 'once')","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to aborto","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aborto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"séptimo","lemma":"séptimo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies aborto","gloss":"seventh"},{"surface":"aborto","lemma":"aborto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of era","gloss":"abortion"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hacían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hacían","gloss":"on her"},{"surface":"hacían","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying aborto","gloss":"performed"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desesperada","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"desesperada","lemma":"desesperado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of estaba (describing the woman)","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fue","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que (periphrastic ir a + infinitive)","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive tirarse (periphrastic ir a + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tirarse","lemma":"tirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive (reflexive, + enclitic pronoun se)","role":"complement of fue (periphrastic ir a + infinitive)","gloss":"throw herself"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piso","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of piso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuarto","lemma":"cuarto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies piso","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"piso","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tirarse","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventana","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ventana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ventana","lemma":"ventana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tirarse","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":129,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p119-s3","source":"De pronto, qué maravilla, che... en el balcón se le apareció Jesús.","translation":"\"Suddenly, what a marvel, man... Jesus appeared to her on the balcony.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p119-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se le apareció Jesús","title":"«aparecerse a» — to appear to","body":"«aparecerse a alguien» = 'to appear to someone' (of a vision/apparition). «Se le apareció Jesús» = 'Jesus appeared to her' — «se» marks the apparition, «le» the person to whom. The verb follows its subject «Jesús», common in Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de pronto, modifies apareció","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de pronto, modifies apareció","gloss":"suddenly","note":"De pronto is a fixed idiom meaning 'suddenly'."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maravilla","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"maravilla","lemma":"maravilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory phrase (independent)","gloss":"a marvel"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection, addressing the listener","gloss":"man","note":"Che is a distinctive Argentine interjection, like 'man' or 'hey'."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking balcón","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of balcón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"balcón","lemma":"balcón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apareció","gloss":"balcony"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apareció","gloss":"reflexive marker","note":"Aparecerse is used reflexively here; se does not translate as a separate word."},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of apareció","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"apareció","lemma":"aparecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"Jesús","lemma":"Jesús","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of apareció","gloss":"Jesus"}]},{"number":130,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p119-s4","source":"Estiró el brazo y no la dejó pasar.","translation":"\"He stretched out his arm and would not let her pass.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p119-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no la dejó pasar","title":"«dejar» + infinitive = to let","body":"«dejar» + infinitive means 'to let / allow (someone) to do': «no la dejó pasar» = 'he did not let her pass through'. The object pronoun «la» (her) precedes the conjugated «dejó»; the bare infinitive «pasar» follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estiró","lemma":"estirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He stretched out"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Estiró","gloss":"arm","note":"Spanish uses the definite article, not a possessive, for body parts: el brazo = 'his arm' here."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dejó","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dejó","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Estiró","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"pasar","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejó","gloss":"pass"}]},{"number":131,"label":"121","id":"en-la-caverna-p121-s1","source":"Aún sonreía Ergueta.","translation":"Ergueta was still smiling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p121-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonreía","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"sonreía","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was smiling"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sonreía","gloss":"Ergueta"}]},{"number":132,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p121-s2","source":"Súbitamente echó mano al bolsillo y le extendió un retrato a Erdosain.","translation":"Suddenly he reached into his pocket and held out a photograph to Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p121-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"echó mano al bolsillo","title":"«echar mano a» — to reach for","body":"«echar mano a / de» is the idiom 'to reach for, grab, resort to': «echó mano al bolsillo» = 'he reached into his pocket'. Literally 'he threw a hand to the pocket'. «Retrato» here = a photograph (portrait)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies echó","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"echó","lemma":"echar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he reached"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with echó","gloss":"hand","note":"Echar mano a algo is an idiom meaning 'to reach for/grab something'; mano is not translated separately."},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolsillo","gloss":"into the"},{"surface":"bolsillo","lemma":"bolsillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of echó","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of extendió (doubles a Erdosain)","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"extendió","lemma":"extender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with echó","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of retrato","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"retrato","lemma":"retrato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of extendió","gloss":"photograph"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of extendió","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":133,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p121-s3","source":"La deliciosa criatura lo sugestionó.","translation":"The delightful creature mesmerized him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p121-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lo sugestionó","title":"«sugestionar» — to mesmerize","body":"«sugestionar» means 'to influence, sway, put under a spell' — stronger than English 'to suggest'. «Lo sugestionó» = 'it/she captivated him, took hold of his mind'. «Criatura» here means a young woman, a 'creature' in the tender sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"deliciosa","lemma":"delicioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies criatura","gloss":"delightful"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sugestionó","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sugestionó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"sugestionó","lemma":"sugestionar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mesmerized"}]},{"number":134,"label":"123","id":"en-la-caverna-p123-s1","source":"Ella no sonreía.","translation":"She was not smiling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p123-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sonreía","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonreía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sonreía","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was smiling"}]},{"number":135,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p123-s2","source":"A sus espaldas los espacios estaban abigarrados de palmas y helechos.","translation":"Behind her the spaces were crowded with palms and ferns.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p123-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"A sus espaldas","title":"«a sus espaldas» — behind one's back","body":"«a espaldas de» / «a sus espaldas» = 'behind (one's) back', here literally 'behind her'. «Abigarrado» = 'motley, crowded with a jumble', so «abigarrados de palmas y helechos» = 'crammed with palms and ferns'."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espaldas","gloss":"Behind"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of espaldas","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"espaldas","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of estaban (locative)","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of espacios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espacios","lemma":"espacio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of estaban","gloss":"spaces"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to abigarrados","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"abigarrados","lemma":"abigarrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective of estaban","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palmas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"palmas","lemma":"palma","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of abigarrados","gloss":"palms"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"helechos","lemma":"helecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with palmas","gloss":"ferns"}]},{"number":136,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p123-s3","source":"Sentada en un banco con la cabeza ligeramente inclinada, miraba una revista que su rodilla sostenía, pues cruzaba una pierna sobre otra.","translation":"Seated on a bench with her head slightly bowed, she was looking at a magazine her knee held up, for she had one leg crossed over the other.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p123-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sentada","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of miraba (participial phrase, 'seated')","gloss":"Seated"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking banco","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of banco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"banco","lemma":"banco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Sentada","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabeza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Sentada","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ligeramente","lemma":"ligeramente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inclinada","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"inclinada","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she was looking at"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of revista","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"revista","lemma":"revista","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"magazine"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of sostenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rodilla","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rodilla","lemma":"rodilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sostenía","gloss":"knee"},{"surface":"sostenía","lemma":"sostener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying revista","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cruzaba","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"cruzaba","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"causal clause modifying sostenía","gloss":"had crossed","note":"The pues-clause (pues cruzaba una pierna sobre otra) explains why her knee was positioned to hold up the magazine, not why she was looking at it — the given translation places 'for she had one leg crossed over the other' immediately after 'held up', confirming the causal link is to sostenía, not the distant main verb miraba."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pierna","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"pierna","lemma":"pierna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cruzaba","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otra","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzaba","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":137,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p123-s4","source":"De esta forma, a poca distancia del césped, el vuelo de su vestido suspendía una campana.","translation":"In this way, a little above the grass, the flare of her dress hung like a bell.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p123-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of suspendía","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distancia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"poca","lemma":"poco","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of distancia","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of suspendía","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking césped","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"césped","lemma":"césped","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies distancia","gloss":"grass"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vuelo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vuelo","lemma":"vuelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of suspendía","gloss":"flare"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vestido","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vestido","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vestido","lemma":"vestido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vuelo","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"suspendía","lemma":"suspender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung like","note":"Suspendía una campana is metaphorical here: the flare of the dress formed the shape of a hanging bell."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of campana","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"campana","lemma":"campana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of suspendía","gloss":"bell"}]},{"number":138,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p123-s5","source":"El alto peinado y los cabellos huidos de sus sienes hacían más clara y ancha la luna de su frente.","translation":"The high coiffure and the hair drawn back from her temples made the moon of her forehead clearer and broader.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p123-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hacían más clara y ancha","title":"«hacer» + adjective = to make (something) ...","body":"«hacer» plus an adjective means 'to make (something) be (more) ...': «hacían más clara y ancha la luna de su frente» = 'made the moon of her forehead clearer and broader'. The adjectives agree with «la luna» (feminine singular)."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of peinado","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies peinado","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"peinado","lemma":"peinado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hacían","gloss":"coiffure"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cabellos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabellos","lemma":"cabello","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with peinado","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"huidos","lemma":"huido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cabellos","gloss":"drawn back"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sienes","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sienes","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sienes","lemma":"sien","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of huidos","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"hacían","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies clara","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"clara","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"resultative predicate adjective, modifies luna (object of hacían)","gloss":"clearer"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ancha","lemma":"ancho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with clara","gloss":"broader"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luna","lemma":"luna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hacían","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies luna","gloss":"forehead"}]},{"number":139,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p123-s6","source":"A los lados de la fina nariz, el arco de las cejas era delgado como conviene a los ojos que son ligeramente oblicuos en un rostro delicadamente ovalado.","translation":"On either side of the fine nose, the arch of the brows was thin, as suits eyes that are slightly slanted in a delicately oval face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p123-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como conviene a","title":"«convenir a» — to suit / befit","body":"«convenir a» means 'to suit, be fitting for'. «Como conviene a los ojos...» = 'as suits eyes...'. «Convenir» behaves like «gustar» — what suits is the subject, the thing suited is an indirect object."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lados","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of lados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lados","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of era (locative)","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nariz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nariz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fina","lemma":"fino","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nariz","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"nariz","lemma":"nariz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lados","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of arco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arco","lemma":"arco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"arch"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cejas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cejas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cejas","lemma":"ceja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies arco","gloss":"brows"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking arco to delgado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"delgado","lemma":"delgado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of era","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of conviene","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"conviene","lemma":"convenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on delgado","gloss":"suits"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of conviene","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of oblicuos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to oblicuos","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ligeramente","lemma":"ligeramente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oblicuos","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"oblicuos","lemma":"oblicuo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective of son","gloss":"slanted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rostro","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of oblicuos","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"delicadamente","lemma":"delicadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ovalado","gloss":"delicately"},{"surface":"ovalado","lemma":"ovalado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"oval"}]},{"number":140,"label":"125","id":"en-la-caverna-p125-s1","source":"Y mirándola, Erdosain supo de pronto que junto a Hipólita él no experimentaría jamás ningún deseo, y esa certidumbre lo alegró de tal forma que pensó en la delicia de acariciar con los dedos en horqueta la barbilla de la extraña joven y escuchar el crujido de la arena bajo la suela de sus zapatitos.","translation":"And looking at her, Erdosain suddenly knew that beside Hipólita he would never feel any desire, and that certainty gladdened him so much that he thought of the delight of stroking the strange young woman's chin with forked fingers and hearing the crunch of the sand beneath the soles of her little shoes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p125-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de tal forma que","title":"«de tal forma que» — in such a way that","body":"«de tal forma / manera que» = 'in such a way that, so much that', introducing a result: «lo alegró de tal forma que pensó...» = 'gladdened him so much that he thought...'. «Experimentaría» is the conditional, 'he would feel'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"mirándola","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund (+ clitic la)","role":"adverbial gerund clause modifying supo","gloss":"looking at her","note":"Gerund mirando with the object clitic -la ('her') attached, referring to Hipólita."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of supo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"supo","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies supo","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"sudden","note":"de pronto is an idiom meaning 'suddenly' (lit. 'of a sudden')."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of experimentaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking Hipólita, modifies experimentaría","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of experimentaría","gloss":"Hipólita"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of experimentaría","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies experimentaría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"experimentaría","lemma":"experimentar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of supo","gloss":"would feel"},{"surface":"jamás","lemma":"jamás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies experimentaría","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ningún","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of experimentaría","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of certidumbre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"certidumbre","lemma":"certidumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of alegró","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of alegró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"alegró","lemma":"alegrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with supo","gloss":"gladdened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pensó","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"a way","note":"de tal forma que = 'so much that / in such a way that'."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pensó","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on alegró","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking delicia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of delicia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"delicia","lemma":"delicia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensó","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of acariciar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"acariciar","lemma":"acariciar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying delicia","gloss":"stroking"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acariciar","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horqueta","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"horqueta","lemma":"horqueta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dedos","gloss":"a fork","note":"dedos en horqueta = fingers held forked, like a slingshot's Y-shape."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of barbilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barbilla","lemma":"barbilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of acariciar","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking joven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of joven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"extraña","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies joven","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"joven","lemma":"joven","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies barbilla","gloss":"young woman"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"escuchar","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with acariciar","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of crujido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crujido","lemma":"crujido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of escuchar","gloss":"crunch"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arena","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of arena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arena","lemma":"arena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies crujido","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suela","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of suela","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suela","lemma":"suela","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies crujido","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zapatitos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of zapatitos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zapatitos","lemma":"zapatito","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies suela","gloss":"little shoes"}]},{"number":141,"label":"127","id":"en-la-caverna-p127-s1","source":"Luego murmuró:","translation":"Then he murmured:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p127-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies murmuró","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"murmuró","lemma":"murmurar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he murmured"}]},{"number":142,"label":"129","id":"en-la-caverna-p129-s1","source":"–¡Qué linda que es!... ¡Debe tener una gran sensibilidad!...","translation":"\"How pretty she is!... She must have great sensitivity!...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p129-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¡Qué linda que es!","title":"Colloquial «qué ... que»","body":"River Plate speech inserts an extra «que»: «¡Qué linda que es!» = 'How pretty she is!'. Standard Spanish would say «¡Qué linda es!»; the added «que» is a regional intensifier. «Debe tener» = 'she must have' (probability)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies linda","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"linda","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es, fronted for exclamation","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"pleonastic, links qué...es (colloquial reduplication)","gloss":"that","note":"'¡Qué linda que es!' — this second que is a pleonastic Rioplatense filler, not separately translated."},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to linda, subject elided (ella)","gloss":"she is"},{"surface":"Debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tener","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensibilidad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sensibilidad","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"sensibilidad","lemma":"sensibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"sensitivity"}]},{"number":143,"label":"131","id":"en-la-caverna-p131-s1","source":"¡Qué distinta era en la realidad!","translation":"How different she was in reality!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p131-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distinta","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"distinta","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era, subject elided (ella)","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to distinta, subject elided (ella)","gloss":"she was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking realidad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"reality"}]},{"number":144,"label":"133","id":"en-la-caverna-p133-s1","source":"El tren eléctrico cruzaba ahora por Villa Luro.","translation":"The electric train was now crossing through Villa Luro.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p133-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cruzaba","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"eléctrico","lemma":"eléctrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tren","gloss":"electric"},{"surface":"cruzaba","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was crossing"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cruzaba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Villa","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Villa","lemma":"Villa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of cruzaba (object of por)","gloss":"Villa"},{"surface":"Luro","lemma":"Luro","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Villa","gloss":"Luro"}]},{"number":145,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p133-s2","source":"Entre montes de carbón y los gasómetros velados por la neblina relucían tristemente los arcos voltaicos.","translation":"Among heaps of coal and the gasometers veiled by the mist, the arc lamps gleamed sadly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p133-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"relucían tristemente los arcos voltaicos","title":"Verb-before-subject word order","body":"Spanish freely puts the verb before its subject, especially after a fronted phrase: «relucían ... los arcos voltaicos» = 'the arc lamps gleamed'. The subject «los arcos voltaicos» (arc lights) comes after the verb «relucían»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking montes","gloss":"Among"},{"surface":"montes","lemma":"monte","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of relucían","gloss":"heaps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carbón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carbón","lemma":"carbón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies montes","gloss":"coal"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of gasómetros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gasómetros","lemma":"gasómetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with montes","gloss":"gasometers"},{"surface":"velados","lemma":"velado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gasómetros","gloss":"veiled"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neblina","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of velados","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"relucían","lemma":"relucir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gleamed"},{"surface":"tristemente","lemma":"tristemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies relucían","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of arcos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arcos","lemma":"arco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of relucían","gloss":"arcs","note":"arcos voltaicos = 'arc lamps' (electric arc lighting)."},{"surface":"voltaicos","lemma":"voltaico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies arcos","gloss":"voltaic"}]},{"number":146,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p133-s3","source":"Grandes huecos negros se abrían en los galpones de las locomotoras, y las luces rojas y verdes, suspendidas irregularmente en la distancia, hacían más tétrica la llamada de las locomotoras.","translation":"Great black gaps opened in the engine sheds, and the red and green lights, hung irregularly in the distance, made the call of the locomotives more dismal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p133-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"galpones","title":"«galpón» — shed","body":"«galpón» is the River Plate word for a large shed, warehouse, or hangar. «Los galpones de las locomotoras» = 'the engine sheds'. «Tétrico» = 'gloomy, dismal, ghastly' — Arlt's recurring industrial-twilight mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies huecos","gloss":"Great"},{"surface":"huecos","lemma":"hueco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of abrían","gloss":"gaps"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies huecos","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/reflexive particle of abrían","gloss":"passive marker","note":"se abrían here is mediopassive ('opened' intransitively), not a true reflexive."},{"surface":"abrían","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galpones","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of galpones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"galpones","lemma":"galpón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of abrían","gloss":"sheds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking locomotoras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of locomotoras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"locomotoras","lemma":"locomotora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies galpones","gloss":"locomotives"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of luces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luces","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of hacían","gloss":"lights"},{"surface":"rojas","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies luces","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with rojas","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"suspendidas","lemma":"suspendido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies luces","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"irregularmente","lemma":"irregularmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies suspendidas","gloss":"irregularly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distancia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of distancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies suspendidas","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"hacían","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with abrían","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tétrica","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tétrica","lemma":"tétrico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing llamada (object complement of hacían)","gloss":"dismal"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of llamada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"llamada","lemma":"llamada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hacían","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking locomotoras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of locomotoras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"locomotoras","lemma":"locomotora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies llamada","gloss":"locomotives"}]},{"number":147,"label":"135","id":"en-la-caverna-p135-s1","source":"¡Qué distinta era la Coja en la realidad!","translation":"How different the lame woman was in reality!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p135-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distinta","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"distinta","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to distinta","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Coja","lemma":"Coja","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of era","gloss":"Lame Woman","note":"'La Coja' is a nickname ('the lame woman') used like a proper name for this character."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking realidad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"reality"}]},{"number":148,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p135-s2","source":"Sin embargo, recordaba que le había dicho a Ergueta:","translation":"Nevertheless, he recalled that he had said to Ergueta:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p135-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies recordaba","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Sin","gloss":"hindrance","note":"sin embargo = 'nevertheless' (lit. 'without hindrance')."},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he recalled"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dicho","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dicho (doubles a Ergueta)","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of recordaba","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ergueta","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of dicho (doubled by le)","gloss":"Ergueta"}]},{"number":149,"label":"137","id":"en-la-caverna-p137-s1","source":"–¡Qué linda es!... ¡Debe tener una gran sensibilidad!...","translation":"\"How pretty she is!... She must have great sensitivity!...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p137-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies linda","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"linda","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es, subject elided (ella)","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to linda","gloss":"she is"},{"surface":"Debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tener","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensibilidad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sensibilidad","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"sensibilidad","lemma":"sensibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"sensitivity"}]},{"number":150,"label":"139","id":"en-la-caverna-p139-s1","source":"–Sí, es así; además es muy delicada en sus modales.","translation":"\"Yes, that's how she is; and besides she's very refined in her manners.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p139-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"es así","title":"«ser así» — to be that way","body":"«es así» = 'that's how she is, she is like that'. «Así» ('thus, like that') after «ser» describes someone's nature. The chapter has played on «así» before (paragraph 13) as a 'stamp' of character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone as an affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así, subject elided (ella)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies delicada","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to delicada, subject elided (ella)","gloss":"she's"},{"surface":"muy","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies delicada","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"delicada","lemma":"delicado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modales","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of modales","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"modales","lemma":"modal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of delicada","gloss":"manners"}]},{"number":151,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p139-s2","source":"Me gusta la aventura.","translation":"\"I like adventure.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p139-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Me gusta la aventura","title":"«gustar» — to please","body":"«gustar» works backwards from English 'to like': the thing liked is the subject and the person an indirect object. «Me gusta la aventura» = literally 'adventure pleases me', i.e. 'I like adventure'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gusta","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"gusta","lemma":"gustar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aventura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aventura","lemma":"aventura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of gusta","gloss":"adventure"}]},{"number":152,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p139-s3","source":"Mirá la cara que pondrán los que dudaban de mi comunismo.","translation":"\"Just look at the faces the ones who doubted my communism will make.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p139-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mirá la cara","title":"Voseo imperative «mirá»","body":"«mirá» is the voseo (River Plate) command form of «mirar», 'look' — standard «tú» Spanish would be «mira» (stress on a different syllable). The voseo imperative drops the «-d» and stresses the final vowel: «mirá», «pensá», «fijate»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la cara que pondrán","title":"«poner cara» — to make a face","body":"«poner una cara» = 'to make / pull a face, to have an expression'. «La cara que pondrán» = 'the face they'll make / the look that'll come over them'. The future «pondrán» relishes their coming shock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mirá","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Mirá","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of pondrán","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pondrán","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying cara","gloss":"will make","note":"poner cara = 'to make a face/expression'."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of pondrán","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dudaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dudaban","lemma":"dudar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause modifying los","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comunismo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of comunismo","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"comunismo","lemma":"comunismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dudaban","gloss":"communism"}]},{"number":153,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p139-s4","source":"He plantado a una cogotuda, a una virgen, para casarme con una prostituta.","translation":"\"I've ditched a snob, a virgin, to marry a prostitute.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p139-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"He plantado","title":"«plantar» — to dump / stand up","body":"Colloquial «plantar a alguien» = 'to dump, jilt, walk out on someone'. «He plantado a una cogotuda» = 'I've ditched a snob'. «Cogotuda» (from «cogote», nape/neck) is lunfardo for a stuck-up rich woman, a snob."}],"words":[{"surface":"He","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of plantado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"plantado","lemma":"plantar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ditched"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cogotuda","gloss":"marks the object","note":"Personal a, required before a human direct object; not separately translated."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cogotuda","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cogotuda","lemma":"cogotuda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of plantado","gloss":"snob","note":"cogotuda: Argentine slang for a snobbish, upper-class woman (lit. 'thick-necked')."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking virgen","gloss":"marks the object"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virgen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"virgen","lemma":"virgen","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to cogotuda, direct object of plantado","gloss":"virgin"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of casarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"casarme","lemma":"casarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive (+ clitic me)","role":"adverbial clause (purpose) on plantado","gloss":"marry","note":"casarme = casar + me ('myself'), reflexive verb casarse, 'to get married'."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostituta","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prostituta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostituta","lemma":"prostituta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of casarme","gloss":"prostitute"}]},{"number":154,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p139-s5","source":"Pero el alma de Hipólita está por encima de todo.","translation":"\"But Hipólita's soul is above everything.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p139-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"por encima de todo","title":"«por encima de» — above","body":"«por encima de» means 'above, over, beyond'. «Por encima de todo» = 'above everything, above all else'. Here it claims Hipólita's soul transcends all worldly considerations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hipólita","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies alma","gloss":"Hipólita"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todo, modifies está","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"encima","lemma":"encima","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase por","gloss":"top","note":"por encima de = 'above, beyond' (idiom, lit. 'over the top of')."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase por","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":155,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p139-s6","source":"A ella también le gusta la aventura y los corazones nobles.","translation":"\"She too likes adventure and noble hearts.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p139-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic indirect object, doubles le","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gusta","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gusta (doubled by a ella)","gloss":"to her","note":"le doubles the emphatic 'a ella' — normal clitic doubling in spoken Spanish."},{"surface":"gusta","lemma":"gustar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"likes"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aventura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aventura","lemma":"aventura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of gusta","gloss":"adventure"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of corazones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corazones","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with aventura","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"nobles","lemma":"noble","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies corazones","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":156,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p139-s7","source":"Juntos haremos grandes cosas, porque los tiempos han llegado...","translation":"\"Together we'll do great things, because the times have come...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p139-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"los tiempos han llegado","title":"Present perfect for a just-completed state","body":"«han llegado» is the present perfect, 'have arrived/come'. «Los tiempos han llegado» = 'the times have come', echoing the apocalyptic Biblical register that runs through Ergueta's speech — the end-times are now upon us."}],"words":[{"surface":"Juntos","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haremos","gloss":"Together"},{"surface":"haremos","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll do"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cosas","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of haremos","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llegado","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of llegado","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of llegado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"llegado","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (causal) clause modifying haremos","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":157,"label":"141","id":"en-la-caverna-p141-s1","source":"Erdosain recogió la frase del farmacéutico:","translation":"Erdosain picked up the pharmacist's phrase:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p141-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recogió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recogió","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frase","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frase","lemma":"frase","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recogió","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking farmacéutico","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies frase","gloss":"pharmacist"}]},{"number":158,"label":"143","id":"en-la-caverna-p143-s1","source":"–¿Así que vos crees que los tiempos han llegado?...","translation":"\"So you believe the times have come?...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p143-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Así que vos crees?","title":"«así que» — so / therefore","body":"«así que» introduces a conclusion: 'so, therefore'. «¿Así que vos crees...?» = 'So you believe...?'. The voseo present of «creer» is «creés», stressed on the last syllable like «tenés» and «comés»; the «crees» Arlt prints is the «tú» form, and period typography often left the voseo accent off. It is not a verb where the two forms coincide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase así que, introduces the clause of crees","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Así","gloss":"that","note":"así que here = 'so' (introducing a question that echoes back what was just implied)."},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of crees","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"crees","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llegado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of llegado","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of llegado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"llegado","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of crees","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":159,"label":"145","id":"en-la-caverna-p145-s1","source":"–Sí, tienen que ocurrir cosas terribles.","translation":"\"Yes, terrible things are bound to happen.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p145-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tienen que ocurrir","title":"«tener que» + infinitive = must / be bound to","body":"«tener que» + infinitive expresses necessity or inevitability: «tienen que ocurrir cosas terribles» = 'terrible things must / are bound to happen'. Here it is prophetic certainty rather than obligation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone as an affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the periphrasis tienen que","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ocurrir","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tienen que","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ocurrir","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cosas","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":160,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p145-s2","source":"¿No te acordás que vos una vez me dijiste que el presidente Roosevelt había hecho un gran elogio de la Biblia?","translation":"\"Don't you remember that you once told me President Roosevelt had paid a great tribute to the Bible?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p145-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿No te acordás?","title":"Voseo + «acordarse de»","body":"«acordarse (de)» means 'to remember'. The voseo form is «te acordás» (standard «te acuerdas»). «¿No te acordás que...?» = 'Don't you remember that...?'. In speech the «de» before «que» is often dropped, as here."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acordás","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acordás","gloss":"yourself","note":"te + acordás = reflexive verb acordarse ('to remember')."},{"surface":"acordás","lemma":"acordarse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dijiste","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of dijiste","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying dijiste","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijiste","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijiste","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hecho","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of presidente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"presidente","lemma":"presidente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hecho","gloss":"President"},{"surface":"Roosevelt","lemma":"Roosevelt","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to presidente","gloss":"Roosevelt"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijiste","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of elogio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies elogio","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"elogio","lemma":"elogio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"tribute"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Biblia","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Biblia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Biblia","lemma":"Biblia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies elogio","gloss":"Bible"}]},{"number":161,"label":"147","id":"en-la-caverna-p147-s1","source":"–Sí... pero hace mucho.","translation":"\"Yes... but that was a long time ago.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p147-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hace mucho","title":"«hace» + time = ago","body":"«hace» + a time expression means 'ago': «hace mucho» = 'a long time ago, long ago'. The verb «hacer» used impersonally measures elapsed time — «hace mucho (tiempo)»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (time expression)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of hace","gloss":"long ago","note":"hace mucho = 'a long time ago' — hace + time span is idiomatic for elapsed time."}]},{"number":162,"label":"149","id":"en-la-caverna-p149-s1","source":"Erdosain respondió con tales palabras porque en realidad no recordaba jamás haberle hecho una cita de esa naturaleza al farmacéutico.","translation":"Erdosain answered with such words because in truth he did not at all remember ever having made the pharmacist a quotation of that nature.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p149-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"haberle hecho una cita","title":"Perfect infinitive after «recordar»","body":"After «recordar», Spanish uses a perfect infinitive for a remembered prior act: «no recordaba ... haberle hecho una cita» = 'he did not remember ever having made him a quotation'. The pronoun «le» (to him) attaches to «haber»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of respondió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"respondió","lemma":"responder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tales","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of respondió","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of recordaba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies recordaba","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"truth","note":"en realidad = 'in truth/actually'."},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the porque clause, modifies respondió","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"jamás","lemma":"jamás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordaba","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"haberle","lemma":"haber + le","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive (+ clitic le)","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"having","note":"haberle = haber + le ('to him'), the clitic referring to the pharmacist."},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"complement of recordaba","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cita","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"cita","lemma":"cita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"appointment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naturaleza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of naturaleza","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"naturaleza","lemma":"naturaleza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cita","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking farmacéutico","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of hecho (doubled by le)","gloss":"pharmacist"}]},{"number":163,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p149-s2","source":"Este continuó:","translation":"The latter went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p149-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Este","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"The latter"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":164,"label":"151","id":"en-la-caverna-p151-s1","source":"–Afuera he leído bastante la Biblia...","translation":"\"On the outside I've read the Bible quite a bit...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p151-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Afuera","title":"«afuera» — outside (of jail)","body":"Literally «afuera» = 'outside, outdoors'; in this underworld context it means 'outside of jail, on the outside'. «Afuera he leído bastante la Biblia» = 'out here / when I was out, I've read the Bible a good deal'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Afuera","lemma":"afuera","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leído","gloss":"Outside"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of leído","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"leído","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"bastante","lemma":"bastante","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leído","gloss":"quite a bit"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Biblia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Biblia","lemma":"Biblia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of leído","gloss":"Bible"}]},{"number":165,"label":"153","id":"en-la-caverna-p153-s1","source":"–Lo cual no te impide «escolazar».","translation":"\"Which doesn't stop you from gambling.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p153-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«escolazar»","title":"Lunfardo: «escolazar»","body":"«escolazar» is lunfardo for 'to gamble' (from «escolaso», a gambling den). «No te impide escolazar» = 'doesn't stop you from gambling'. «Lo cual» = 'which', a relative referring back to the whole previous statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the compound relative pronoun lo cual","gloss":"which","note":"lo cual is a compound relative pronoun ('which'), referring back to what was just said."},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of impide","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies impide","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of impide","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"impide","lemma":"impedir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"escolazar","lemma":"escolazar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on impide","gloss":"gambling","note":"escolazar: lunfardo (Buenos Aires slang) for 'to gamble'."}]},{"number":166,"label":"155","id":"en-la-caverna-p155-s1","source":"–Eso no te importa –interrumpió Ergueta adusto.","translation":"\"That's none of your business,\" Ergueta interrupted, grim.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p155-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eso no te importa","title":"«importar» — to matter to","body":"«importar» follows the «gustar» pattern: «eso no te importa» = literally 'that does not matter to you', idiomatically 'that's none of your business'. «Adusto» = 'stern, grim, surly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of importa","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of importa","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"importa","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"interrumpió","lemma":"interrumpir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of interrumpió","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"adusto","lemma":"adusto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Ergueta","gloss":"grim"}]},{"number":167,"label":"157","id":"en-la-caverna-p157-s1","source":"Erdosain lo miró fastidiado, el farmacéutico sonrió con su sonrisa pueril y mientras el patrón depositaba otro medio litro de cerveza en el mármol, dijo:","translation":"Erdosain looked at him, annoyed; the pharmacist smiled his childish smile, and while the owner set down another half-liter of beer on the marble, he said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p157-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"fastidiado","lemma":"fastidiado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Erdosain","gloss":"annoyed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sonrió","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"sonrió","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with miró","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonrisa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sonrisa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonrió","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"pueril","lemma":"pueril","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of depositaba","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of patrón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patrón","lemma":"patrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of depositaba","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"depositaba","lemma":"depositar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"was setting down"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of litro","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"medio","lemma":"medio","morphology":"numeral, masculine, singular","role":"modifies litro","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"litro","lemma":"litro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of depositaba","gloss":"liter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cerveza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cerveza","lemma":"cerveza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies litro","gloss":"beer"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mármol","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mármol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mármol","lemma":"mármol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of depositaba","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with sonrió","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":168,"label":"159","id":"en-la-caverna-p159-s1","source":"–Fijate qué palabras misteriosas están escritas en la Biblia: «Y salvaré la coja, y recogeré la descarriada y pondrélas por alabanza y por renombre en todo país de confusión».","translation":"\"Just look at what mysterious words are written in the Bible: 'And I will save her that is lame, and gather her that was driven astray, and I will set them for a praise and a renown in every land of their confusion.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p159-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Fijate","title":"Voseo imperative + «fijarse»","body":"«fijate» is the voseo command of «fijarse» ('to notice, pay attention'): 'look, notice, get this'. Standard «tú» would be «fíjate» (with the accent shifted). The «-te» is the attached reflexive pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fijate","lemma":"fijarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular, voseo, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of están","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"misteriosas","lemma":"misterioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to escritas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"escritas","lemma":"escrito","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate adjective completing están","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Biblia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Biblia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Biblia","lemma":"Biblia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of escritas","gloss":"Bible"},{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"salvaré","lemma":"salvar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recogeré","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"coja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of salvaré","gloss":"lame"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"recogeré","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with salvaré","gloss":"will gather"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of descarriada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"descarriada","lemma":"descarriado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recogeré","gloss":"driven astray"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pondrélas","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular, with enclitic pronoun 'las' (direct object)","role":"coordinated with recogeré","gloss":"will set them","note":"Archaic literary Spanish: future 'pondré' fused with the enclitic pronoun 'las' (them); this whole passage echoes an old Bible translation (cf. Zephaniah 3:19)."},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alabanza","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"alabanza","lemma":"alabanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pondrélas","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking renombre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"renombre","lemma":"renombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with alabanza","gloss":"renown"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking país","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of país","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"país","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pondrélas","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking confusión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"confusión","lemma":"confusión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies país","gloss":"confusion"}]},{"number":169,"label":"161","id":"en-la-caverna-p161-s1","source":"Un silencio extraordinario se produjo en la fonda.","translation":"An extraordinary silence settled over the eating house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p161-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se produjo","title":"«producirse» — to occur","body":"«producirse» (pronominal) means 'to come about, occur, take place'. «Un silencio extraordinario se produjo» = 'an extraordinary silence fell / arose'. «Produjo» is the irregular preterite of «producir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of produjo","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"extraordinario","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of produjo","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"produjo","lemma":"producir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonda","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of produjo","gloss":"eating house"}]},{"number":170,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p161-s2","source":"Sólo se veían cabezas inclinadas o grupos que miraban pensativamente el ir y venir de las moscas en la pringue de las mesas.","translation":"Only bowed heads were to be seen, or groups that gazed pensively at the coming and going of the flies in the grease of the tables.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p161-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"el ir y venir","title":"Infinitive as a noun","body":"An infinitive with «el» becomes a noun: «el ir y venir» = 'the coming and going, the comings and goings'. Spanish nominalizes infinitives this way where English uses a gerund or noun. «Pringue» = greasy filth, grime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veían","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive-reflexive particle of veían","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"veían","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were seen"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of veían","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"inclinadas","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cabezas","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"grupos","lemma":"grupo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with cabezas","gloss":"groups"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of miraban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"miraban","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying grupos","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"pensativamente","lemma":"pensativamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miraban","gloss":"pensively"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraban","gloss":"going","note":"Spanish order is 'ir y venir' (going and coming); the translation reverses it to the natural English idiom 'coming and going.'"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with ir","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moscas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of moscas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moscas","lemma":"mosca","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of ir","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pringue","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pringue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pringue","lemma":"pringue","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of miraban","gloss":"grease"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mesas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesas","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies pringue","gloss":"tables"}]},{"number":171,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p161-s3","source":"Un ladrón enseñaba a un consocio un anillo de brillantes y las dos cabezas permanecían conjuntamente inclinadas en la observación de las piedras.","translation":"A thief was showing an associate a diamond ring, and the two heads remained bowed together in contemplation of the stones.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p161-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"consocio","title":"«consocio» — fellow associate","body":"«consocio» = a fellow member or business partner (the prefix «con-» = 'with' + «socio» = 'partner'). Among thieves, an accomplice or partner-in-crime. «Brillantes» (literally 'brilliants') = diamonds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ladrón","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"ladrón","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of enseñaba","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"enseñaba","lemma":"enseñar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was showing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking consocio","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of consocio","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"consocio","lemma":"consocio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of enseñaba","gloss":"associate"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of anillo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"anillo","lemma":"anillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of enseñaba","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brillantes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"brillantes","lemma":"brillante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies anillo","gloss":"diamonds"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies cabezas","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of permanecían","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"permanecían","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with enseñaba","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"conjuntamente","lemma":"conjuntamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies permanecían","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"inclinadas","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate adjective completing permanecían","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking observación","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of observación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"observación","lemma":"observación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of inclinadas","gloss":"contemplation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of piedras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piedras","lemma":"piedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies observación","gloss":"stones"}]},{"number":172,"label":"163","id":"en-la-caverna-p163-s1","source":"Por la entreabierta puerta de vidrios opacos penetraba un rayo de sol que como una barra de azufre cercenaba en dos la atmósfera azulosa.","translation":"Through the half-open door of opaque glass a ray of sun came in, which like a bar of sulfur sliced the bluish atmosphere in two.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p163-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"entreabierta","title":"«entre-» — half / partly","body":"The prefix «entre-» here means 'half, partly': «entreabierta» = 'half-open, ajar' (from «entreabrir»). Spanish uses «entre-» to soften a state to its middle degree, like «entrecerrado» ('half-closed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"Through"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entreabierta","lemma":"entreabierto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies puerta","gloss":"half-open"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of penetraba","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vidrios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vidrios","lemma":"vidrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies puerta","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"opacos","lemma":"opaco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vidrios","gloss":"opaque"},{"surface":"penetraba","lemma":"penetrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rayo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rayo","lemma":"rayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of penetraba","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rayo","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cercenaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison phrase 'barra', modifies cercenaba","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of barra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"barra","lemma":"barra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the comparison como, modifies cercenaba","gloss":"bar"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azufre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"azufre","lemma":"azufre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies barra","gloss":"sulfur"},{"surface":"cercenaba","lemma":"cercenar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying rayo","gloss":"sliced"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of cercenaba","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of atmósfera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atmósfera","lemma":"atmósfera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cercenaba","gloss":"atmosphere"},{"surface":"azulosa","lemma":"azuloso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies atmósfera","gloss":"bluish"}]},{"number":173,"label":"165","id":"en-la-caverna-p165-s1","source":"El otro repitió: «y salvaré la coja, y recogeré la descarriada», insistiendo y guiñando maliciosamente un párpado al repetir esto: «y pondrélas por alabanza y por renombre en todo país de confusión...»","translation":"The other repeated: 'and I will save her that is lame, and gather her that was driven astray,' insisting and maliciously winking an eyelid as he repeated this: 'and I will set them for a praise and a renown in every land of their confusion...'","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p165-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al repetir esto","title":"«al» + infinitive = as / on","body":"«al repetir esto» = 'as / on repeating this, as he repeated this'. «Al» + infinitive again compresses a 'when/as' clause. The parallel gerunds «insistiendo y guiñando» describe the manner of his repeating."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of repitió","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"repitió","lemma":"repetir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"salvaré","lemma":"salvar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of repitió","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"coja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of salvaré","gloss":"lame"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"recogeré","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with salvaré","gloss":"will gather"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of descarriada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"descarriada","lemma":"descarriado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recogeré","gloss":"driven astray"},{"surface":"insistiendo","lemma":"insistir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on repitió","gloss":"insisting"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"guiñando","lemma":"guiñar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with insistiendo","gloss":"winking"},{"surface":"maliciosamente","lemma":"maliciosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies guiñando","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of párpado","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"párpado","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guiñando","gloss":"eyelid"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking repetir","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"repetir","lemma":"repetir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on guiñando","gloss":"repeating"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of repetir","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pondrélas","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular, with enclitic pronoun 'las' (direct object)","role":"coordinated with recogeré","gloss":"will set them","note":"Continues the same archaic Bible quotation: future 'pondré' fused with the enclitic pronoun 'las' (them)."},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alabanza","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"alabanza","lemma":"alabanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pondrélas","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking renombre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"renombre","lemma":"renombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with alabanza","gloss":"renown"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking país","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of país","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"país","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pondrélas","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking confusión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"confusión","lemma":"confusión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies país","gloss":"confusion"}]},{"number":174,"label":"167","id":"en-la-caverna-p167-s1","source":"–Pero si Hipólita no es coja...","translation":"\"But Hipólita isn't lame...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p167-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the sentence to what precedes","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"emphatic discourse marker (not conditional 'if')","gloss":"(emphatic, untranslated — not conditional 'if')","note":"Colloquial 'pero si...' voices surprise or objection; 'si' here is not the conditional 'if.'"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of coja","gloss":"Hipólita"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies coja","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to coja","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"coja","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lame"}]},{"number":175,"label":"169","id":"en-la-caverna-p169-s1","source":"–No, pero ella es la descarriada y yo el fraudulento, el «hijo de perdición».","translation":"\"No, but she is the one driven astray and I am the fraudulent one, the 'son of perdition.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p169-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la descarriada","title":"«descarriado» — gone astray","body":"«descarriarse» = 'to go astray, lose one's way' (morally). «La descarriada» = 'the strayed / lost woman', the Biblical sheep-gone-astray. «Hijo de perdición» ('son of perdition') is a New Testament phrase Ergueta claims for himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of descarriada","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to descarriada","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of descarriada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"descarriada","lemma":"descarriado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun completing es","gloss":"driven astray"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of fraudulento","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fraudulento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fraudulento","lemma":"fraudulento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of an elliptical clause (soy omitted), coordinated with descarriada","gloss":"fraudulent one"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hijo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to fraudulento","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perdición","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perdición","lemma":"perdición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hijo","gloss":"perdition"}]},{"number":176,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p169-s2","source":"He ido de burdel en burdel, y de angustia buscando el amor.","translation":"\"I've gone from brothel to brothel, and from anguish, searching for love.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p169-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de burdel en burdel","title":"«de ... en ...» — from one to the next","body":"The pattern «de X en X» means 'from one X to another': «de burdel en burdel» = 'from brothel to brothel'. No articles are used — the bare nouns convey the wandering, repetitive movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"He","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ido","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking burdel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"burdel","lemma":"burdel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ido","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking burdel","gloss":"to","note":"Idiom 'de X en X' repeats the noun to mean 'from X to X', emphasizing endless repetition."},{"surface":"burdel","lemma":"burdel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ido","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ido","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"buscando","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on ido","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of buscando","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":177,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p169-s3","source":"Yo creía que era el amor físico y después leyendo ese libro que me iluminó comprendí que mi corazón buscaba el amor divino.","translation":"\"I thought it was physical love, and then, reading that book that enlightened me, I understood that my heart was seeking divine love.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p169-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"creía ... comprendí","title":"Imperfect vs. preterite","body":"«creía» (imperfect) = 'I used to think / believed', an ongoing past belief; «comprendí» (preterite) = 'I understood', the single moment of realization. The contrast captures a long mistaken state broken by one flash of insight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of creía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of amor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to amor","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of creía","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amor","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leyendo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"leyendo","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on comprendí","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of libro","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"libro","lemma":"libro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of leyendo","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of iluminó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of iluminó","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"iluminó","lemma":"iluminar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying libro","gloss":"enlightened"},{"surface":"comprendí","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with creía","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of buscaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of buscaba","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"buscaba","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of comprendí","gloss":"was seeking"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of buscaba","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"divino","lemma":"divino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amor","gloss":"divine"}]},{"number":178,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p169-s4","source":"¿Te das cuenta?","translation":"\"Do you realize?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p169-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with das","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":179,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p169-s5","source":"El corazón se orienta por su cuenta.","translation":"\"The heart finds its own way.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p169-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"por su cuenta","title":"«por su cuenta» — on its own","body":"«por su cuenta» = 'on one's own, by oneself, independently'. «El corazón se orienta por su cuenta» = 'the heart orients / steers itself on its own'. «Orientarse» = 'to get one's bearings, find one's direction'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of orienta","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of orienta","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"orienta","lemma":"orientar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"orients"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuenta","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuenta","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of orienta","gloss":"own","note":"Idiom 'por su cuenta' = on its own, independently."}]},{"number":180,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p169-s6","source":"Vos estás engrupido, querés hacer tu voluntad, y fallas... por qué fallas... es misterio...","translation":"\"You're full of yourself, you want to do your own will, and you fail... why you fail... it's a mystery...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p169-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"engrupido","title":"Lunfardo: «engrupido»","body":"«engrupido» is lunfardo for 'conceited, full of oneself, taken in by one's own illusions' (from «grupo», a lie/con in lunfardo). «Estás engrupido» = 'you're deluded / full of yourself'. «Querés» is the voseo of «querer»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of estás","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"copula linking to engrupido","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"engrupido","lemma":"engrupido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective completing estás","gloss":"full of yourself","note":"Lunfardo slang: 'engrupido' (from 'engrupir', to fool or con) means conceited, full of oneself."},{"surface":"querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with estás","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querés","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of voluntad","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"voluntad","lemma":"voluntad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fallas","lemma":"fallar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with querés","gloss":"fail"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"oblique complement of fallas","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"fallas","lemma":"fallar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause 'por qué fallas'","gloss":"fail"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to misterio","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"misterio","lemma":"misterio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun completing es","gloss":"mystery"}]},{"number":181,"label":"171","id":"en-la-caverna-p171-s1","source":"Luego un día, de golpe, sin saber cómo, se aparece la verdad.","translation":"\"Then one day, all at once, without knowing how, the truth appears.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p171-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de golpe","title":"«de golpe» — suddenly","body":"«de golpe» = 'suddenly, all at once' (literally 'with a blow'). It joins «de pronto» and «de repente» as a common way to say 'abruptly'. «Se aparece la verdad» = 'the truth appears / reveals itself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aparece","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aparece","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'de golpe', modifies aparece","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"golpe","lemma":"golpe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'de golpe', modifies aparece","gloss":"once","note":"Idiom 'de golpe' = suddenly, all at once."},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of saber","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"saber","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on aparece","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of saber","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aparece","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"aparece","lemma":"aparecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aparece","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":182,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p171-s2","source":"Y mirá que yo he vivido.","translation":"\"And believe me, I've lived.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p171-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Y mirá que yo he vivido","title":"«mirá que» — emphatic 'mind you'","body":"«mirá que» (voseo of «mira que») is an emphatic discourse marker: 'mind you, believe me, and let me tell you'. «Y mirá que yo he vivido» = 'and believe me, I've really lived / been around'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies mirá","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"mirá","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mind you","note":"Voseo idiom 'mirá que + clause' means 'mind you, .../believe me, ...', not a literal command to look."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of mirá","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vivido","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vivido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"vivido","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of mirá","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":183,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p171-s3","source":"«Hijo de perdición», ésa es mi vida.","translation":"\"'Son of perdition' — that's my life.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p171-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the fronted phrase 'Hijo de perdición', antecedent of ésa","gloss":"Son"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perdición","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perdición","lemma":"perdición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Hijo","gloss":"perdition"},{"surface":"ésa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vida","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to vida","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":184,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p171-s4","source":"Papá antes de morir en Cosquín me escribió una carta terrible, entre vómitos de sangre y recriminándome, ¿sabes?","translation":"\"Papa, before he died in Cosquín, wrote me a terrible letter, between mouthfuls of vomited blood and reproaching me, you know?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p171-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"antes de morir","title":"«antes de» + infinitive","body":"«antes de» takes an infinitive, not a conjugated verb: «antes de morir» = 'before dying / before he died'. Cosquín, in Córdoba, was a town with sanatoriums for tuberculosis — hence the «vómitos de sangre» ('vomiting of blood')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Papá","lemma":"Papá","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of escribió","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies escribió","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of morir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"morir","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on antes","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Cosquín","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Cosquín","lemma":"Cosquín","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of morir","gloss":"Cosquín"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of escribió","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"escribió","lemma":"escribir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"carta","lemma":"carta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of escribió","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"terrible","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies carta","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vómitos","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"vómitos","lemma":"vómito","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of escribió","gloss":"vomiting"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sangre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vómitos","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"recriminándome","lemma":"recriminar","morphology":"verb, gerund, with enclitic pronoun 'me' (direct object)","role":"coordinated with vómitos, object of entre","gloss":"reproaching me"},{"surface":"sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"stands alone as a tag question","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":185,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p171-s5","source":"Y la carta no la firmaba con su nombre, sino que ponía: «Tu padre El Maldito».","translation":"\"And he didn't sign the letter with his name, but instead put: 'Your father The Damned.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p171-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la carta no la firmaba","title":"Fronted object with doubling «la»","body":"«la carta no la firmaba» fronts the object «la carta» for emphasis and resumes it with «la»: 'the letter — he didn't sign it'. «Sino que» = 'but rather' (correcting a negative), used before a clause with its own verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carta","lemma":"carta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of firmaba (topicalized/fronted, resumed by the clitic la in w5)","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies firmaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of firmaba","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"firmaba","lemma":"firmar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nombre","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of nombre","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nombre","lemma":"nombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of firmaba","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather","note":"sino (que) introduces the true alternative after a negated clause: 'not X but rather Y.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino, introduces ponía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ponía","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with firmaba","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of padre","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ponía","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Maldito","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Maldito","lemma":"Maldito","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to padre","gloss":"Damned One"}]},{"number":186,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p171-s6","source":"¿Te das cuenta? –y otra vez guiñó el párpado levantando de tal forma las cejas que Erdosain se preguntó:","translation":"\"Do you realize?\" And again he winked his eyelid, raising his eyebrows in such a way that Erdosain asked himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p171-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with das","gloss":"account","note":"darse cuenta (de algo) is an idiom meaning 'to realize/notice' — literally 'to give oneself account.'"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of guiñó","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"guiñó","lemma":"guiñar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winked"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of párpado","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"párpado","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guiñó","gloss":"eyelid"},{"surface":"levantando","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on guiñó","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de tal forma, modifies levantando","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"part of the phrase de tal forma","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de tal forma","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cejas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cejas","lemma":"ceja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of levantando","gloss":"eyebrows"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of preguntó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of preguntó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"result clause introduced by que, modifying forma","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":187,"label":"173","id":"en-la-caverna-p173-s1","source":"–¿No estará loco éste?","translation":"\"Could this one be mad?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p173-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿No estará loco éste?","title":"Future of conjecture","body":"The future tense can express a guess about the present: «¿No estará loco éste?» = 'Could this fellow be mad? / I wonder if he's mad'. «Estará» is not 'will be' but 'might / must be' — speculation, not prediction."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loco","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estará","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to loco","gloss":"could be","note":"Future tense used for present conjecture: 'estará loco' = 'he's probably crazy,' not future time."},{"surface":"loco","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estará","gloss":"this one"}]},{"number":188,"label":"175","id":"en-la-caverna-p175-s1","source":"Luego salieron de la fonda.","translation":"Then they left the eating house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p175-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salieron","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"salieron","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonda","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salieron","gloss":"eating house"}]},{"number":189,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p175-s2","source":"Los automóviles se deslizaban por la calle Corrientes centelleando bajo el sol, pasaba mucha gente que se dirigía a su trabajo, y bajo los toldos amarillos el rostro de las mujeres aparecía sonrosado.","translation":"The automobiles glided along Corrientes Street, glittering under the sun; many people passed on their way to work, and beneath the yellow awnings the women's faces looked rosy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p175-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of automóviles","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"automóviles","lemma":"automóvil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of deslizaban","gloss":"automobiles"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of deslizaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"deslizaban","lemma":"deslizar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glided"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of deslizaban","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"Corrientes","lemma":"Corrientes","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calle","gloss":"Corrientes"},{"surface":"centelleando","lemma":"centellear","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on deslizaban","gloss":"glittering"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of centelleando","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with deslizaban, main verb of a new clause","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"mucha","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of pasaba","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of dirigía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dirigía","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"dirigía","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying gente","gloss":"headed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dirigía","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toldos","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of toldos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toldos","lemma":"toldo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aparecía","gloss":"awnings"},{"surface":"amarillos","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies toldos","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aparecía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"aparecía","lemma":"aparecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with pasaba","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"sonrosado","lemma":"sonrosado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of aparecía","gloss":"rosy"}]},{"number":190,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p175-s3","source":"Entraron al café Ambos Mundos.","translation":"They went into the Ambos Mundos café.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p175-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Entraron","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking café","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"café","lemma":"café","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Entraron","gloss":"café"},{"surface":"Ambos","lemma":"ambos","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies Mundos","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"Mundos","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to café","gloss":"Worlds","note":"Ambos Mundos ('Both Worlds') is the name of a real Buenos Aires café."}]},{"number":191,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p175-s4","source":"Ruedas de «canfinfleros» rodeaban las mesas.","translation":"Rings of \"pimps\" surrounded the tables.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p175-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«canfinfleros»","title":"Lunfardo: «canfinflero»","body":"«canfinflero» is lunfardo for a pimp who lives off a single prostitute (a softer, more domestic figure than the «cafishio» of the next paragraph). «Rueda» here = a ring/circle of people around a table."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ruedas","lemma":"rueda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of rodeaban","gloss":"Rings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canfinfleros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"canfinfleros","lemma":"canfinflero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of de, modifies Ruedas","gloss":"pimps","note":"canfinflero: lunfardo (porteño slang) for a pimp/procurer."},{"surface":"rodeaban","lemma":"rodear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mesas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesas","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of rodeaban","gloss":"tables"}]},{"number":192,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p175-s5","source":"Jugaban al naipe, a los dados o al billar.","translation":"They played cards, dice, or billiards.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p175-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Jugaban","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naipe","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"naipe","lemma":"naipe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Jugaban","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dados","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dados","lemma":"dado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Jugaban","gloss":"dice"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking billar","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"billar","lemma":"billar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Jugaban","gloss":"billiards"}]},{"number":193,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p175-s6","source":"Ergueta miró en redor, luego, escupiendo, dijo en voz alta:","translation":"Ergueta looked around; then, spitting, he said aloud:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p175-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en redor","title":"«en redor» — around","body":"«en redor (de)» is a literary equivalent of «alrededor» = 'around, round about'. «Miró en redor» = 'he looked around'. «En voz alta» = 'aloud, out loud' (contrast «en voz baja», 'in a low voice')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking redor","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"redor","lemma":"redor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of miró","gloss":"surroundings","note":"redor (literary/archaic): the surrounding area — 'en redor' = 'around, about.'"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"escupiendo","lemma":"escupir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"spitting"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miró","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"alta","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"loud"}]},{"number":194,"label":"177","id":"en-la-caverna-p177-s1","source":"–Todos cafishios.","translation":"\"All of them pimps.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p177-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cafishios","title":"Lunfardo: «cafishio»","body":"«cafishio» (also «cafisho», «cafiolo») is the classic lunfardo word for a pimp, a man who lives off prostitutes. It is one of the most loaded terms of the porteño underworld Arlt portrays throughout the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cafishios","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"cafishios","lemma":"cafishio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pimps","note":"cafishio: lunfardo (porteño slang) for a pimp."}]},{"number":195,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p177-s2","source":"Habrá que ahorcarlos sin mirarles las caras.","translation":"\"They'll have to be hanged without looking at their faces.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p177-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Habrá que ahorcarlos","title":"«haber que» + infinitive = one must","body":"«hay que» + infinitive expresses impersonal obligation ('one must / it is necessary to'). In the future: «habrá que ahorcarlos» = 'they will have to be hanged / one will have to hang them'. The pronoun «los» (them) attaches to the infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Habrá","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have to","note":"Habrá que + infinitive is an impersonal construction: 'it will be necessary to...'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ahorcarlos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ahorcarlos","lemma":"ahorcar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Habrá que","gloss":"hang them"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mirarles","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"mirarles","lemma":"mirar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on ahorcarlos","gloss":"looking at them"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of caras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caras","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mirarles","gloss":"faces"}]},{"number":196,"label":"179","id":"en-la-caverna-p179-s1","source":"Nadie se dio por aludido.","translation":"No one took it as referring to himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p179-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"darse por aludido","title":"«darse por aludido»","body":"«darse por aludido» is the idiom 'to take something personally, to assume a remark refers to oneself'. «Nadie se dio por aludido» = 'no one took it as aimed at him', no one rose to the insult."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dio","gloss":"No one"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dio","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dio","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took","note":"darse por aludido is an idiom meaning 'to take something as referring to oneself.'"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aludido","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"aludido","lemma":"aludido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dio","gloss":"referred to"}]},{"number":197,"label":"181","id":"en-la-caverna-p181-s1","source":"Erdosain, sin quererlo, se quedó cavilando en algunas palabras del otro.","translation":"Erdosain, without meaning to, was left brooding over some of the other man's words.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p181-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se quedó cavilando","title":"«quedarse» + gerund","body":"«quedarse» + gerund means 'to be left / remain (doing something)': «se quedó cavilando» = 'he was left brooding, he kept brooding'. «Sin quererlo» = 'without meaning to, involuntarily'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quedó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of quererlo","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"quererlo","lemma":"querer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on quedó","gloss":"meaning to"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of quedó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"quedó","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"cavilando","lemma":"cavilar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on quedó","gloss":"brooding"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"algunas","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of quedó","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"other man"}]},{"number":198,"label":"183","id":"en-la-caverna-p183-s1","source":"«Buscaba el amor divino».","translation":"\"He was searching for divine love.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p183-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Buscaba","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was searching for"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Buscaba","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"divino","lemma":"divino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amor","gloss":"divine"}]},{"number":199,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p183-s2","source":"Entonces Ergueta llevaba una vida frenética, sensual.","translation":"Back then Ergueta led a frenzied, sensual life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p183-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"llevaba una vida frenética","title":"«llevar una vida» — to lead a life","body":"«llevar una vida (+ adjective)» = 'to lead a ... life': «llevaba una vida frenética» = 'he led a frenzied life'. The imperfect «llevaba» frames it as his habitual way of living at that time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llevaba","gloss":"Back then"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of llevaba","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"llevaba","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevaba","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"frenética","lemma":"frenético","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"sensual","lemma":"sensual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"sensual"}]},{"number":200,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p183-s3","source":"Pasaba las noches y los días en los garitos y en los prostíbulos, bailando, embriagándose, trabándose en espantosas peleas con malevos y macrós.","translation":"He spent his nights and days in the gambling dens and the brothels, dancing, getting drunk, getting tangled in dreadful brawls with hoodlums and pimps.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p183-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"malevos y macrós","title":"«malevo» and «macró»","body":"A «malevo» is a tough, a knife-carrying hoodlum of the old porteño suburbs. A «macró» (from French maquereau) is a pimp. «Garito» = a gambling den. These nouns sketch the whole gambling-and-vice world Ergueta haunted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of noches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noches","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Pasaba","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with noches, direct object of Pasaba","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking garitos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of garitos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"garitos","lemma":"garito","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Pasaba","gloss":"gambling dens"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of prostíbulos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostíbulos","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with garitos","gloss":"brothels"},{"surface":"bailando","lemma":"bailar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Pasaba","gloss":"dancing"},{"surface":"embriagándose","lemma":"embriagar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with bailando","gloss":"getting drunk"},{"surface":"trabándose","lemma":"trabar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with bailando","gloss":"getting tangled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking peleas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"espantosas","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies peleas","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"peleas","lemma":"pelea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of trabándose","gloss":"brawls"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking malevos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"malevos","lemma":"malevo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of trabándose","gloss":"hoodlums","note":"malevo: lunfardo slang for a tough/hoodlum, common in tango lyrics."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"macrós","lemma":"macró","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with malevos","gloss":"pimps","note":"macró: lunfardo slang for pimp, borrowed from French maquereau."}]},{"number":201,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p183-s4","source":"Un ímpetu sordo lo llevaba a realizar las más brutales hazañas.","translation":"A dull impulse drove him to carry out the most brutal exploits.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p183-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo llevaba a realizar","title":"«llevar a» + infinitive = to drive to","body":"«llevar a alguien a (hacer algo)» means 'to lead / drive someone to (do something)': «lo llevaba a realizar ... hazañas» = 'drove him to carry out ... exploits'. Note «hazaña», normally 'a feat / heroic deed', used ironically here for brutal acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ímpetu","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"ímpetu","lemma":"ímpetu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llevaba","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ímpetu","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llevaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"llevaba","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of realizar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"realizar","lemma":"realizar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of llevaba","gloss":"carry out"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of hazañas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brutales","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"brutales","lemma":"brutal","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies hazañas","gloss":"brutal"},{"surface":"hazañas","lemma":"hazaña","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of realizar","gloss":"exploits"}]},{"number":202,"label":"185","id":"en-la-caverna-p185-s1","source":"Una noche, Ergueta se encontraba en la plaza de Flores, frente a la confitería de Niers.","translation":"One night Ergueta was in the Flores square, across from Niers's tea shop.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p185-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la confitería de Niers","title":"«confitería» — café/tea shop","body":"A «confitería» is a café-cum-pastry-shop, a fixture of Argentine social life where one has coffee, cakes, and drinks. «Frente a» = 'across from, opposite'. Flores is a Buenos Aires neighborhood with its own central plaza."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontraba","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of encontraba","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontraba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaza","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of plaza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaza","lemma":"plaza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontraba","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Flores","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Flores","lemma":"Flores","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies plaza","gloss":"Flores"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the phrase frente a, modifies encontraba","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente a","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of confitería","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"confitería","lemma":"confitería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition frente a","gloss":"tea shop"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Niers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Niers","lemma":"Niers","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies confitería","gloss":"Niers"}]},{"number":203,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p185-s2","source":"Estaba allí el borracho Delavene que se había recibido de abogado hacía un mes y otros muchos patoteros del Club de Flores.","translation":"There was the drunkard Delavene, who had qualified as a lawyer a month before, and many other gang toughs from the Flores Club.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p185-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se había recibido de abogado","title":"«recibirse de» — to graduate as","body":"In the River Plate, «recibirse de» means 'to graduate / qualify as': «se había recibido de abogado» = 'had qualified as a lawyer'. «Patotero» = a member of a «patota», a street gang of rowdy young men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Estaba","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of borracho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borracho","lemma":"borracho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Estaba","gloss":"drunkard"},{"surface":"Delavene","lemma":"Delavene","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to borracho","gloss":"Delavene"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of había recibido","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of recibido","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of recibido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"recibido","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Delavene","gloss":"qualified","note":"recibirse (de algo) is Argentine usage for 'to graduate/qualify as (a profession).'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abogado","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"abogado","lemma":"abogado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recibido","gloss":"lawyer"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"temporal clause, modifies recibido","gloss":"ago","note":"hacía + a time span = 'ago/before,' an impersonal use of hacer for elapsed time."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mes","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mes","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of patoteros","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"muchos","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of patoteros","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"patoteros","lemma":"patotero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with borracho, subject of Estaba","gloss":"gang toughs"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Club","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"Club","lemma":"Club","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies patoteros","gloss":"Club"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Flores","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Flores","lemma":"Flores","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Club","gloss":"Flores"}]},{"number":204,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p185-s3","source":"Molestaban a los que pasaban.","translation":"They harassed the passersby.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p185-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a los que pasaban","title":"«los que» — those who","body":"«los que» = 'those who, the ones who'. «Molestaban a los que pasaban» = 'they bothered those who were passing'. The 'personal a' precedes the human object. «Molestar» = 'to bother, harass, pester'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Molestaban","lemma":"molestar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"harassed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a, marks the direct object los que pasaban","gloss":"[the]","note":"Personal 'a' marks a specific human direct object; it has no independent English translation."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the relative clause, direct object of Molestaban","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of pasaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"pasaban","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause modifying los","gloss":"passed by"}]},{"number":205,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p185-s4","source":"De pronto, Ergueta, al ver aproximarse a un gallego se desprendió la bragueta y cuando el otro llegó hasta él, lo mojó con un chorro de orín.","translation":"Suddenly Ergueta, on seeing a Spaniard approach, undid his fly, and when the man reached him, he soaked him with a stream of urine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p185-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un gallego","title":"«gallego» — a Spaniard","body":"In the River Plate, «gallego» (strictly 'Galician') is the everyday word for any Spanish immigrant, often slightly mocking. «Al ver aproximarse a un gallego» = 'on seeing a Spaniard approach'. «Desprenderse la bragueta» = 'to undo one's fly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de pronto, modifies desprendió","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de pronto","gloss":"suddenly","note":"de pronto is a fixed phrase meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of desprendió","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ver","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on desprendió","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"aproximarse","lemma":"aproximar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ver","gloss":"approach"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gallego","gloss":"[to]"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gallego","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gallego","lemma":"gallego","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aproximarse","gloss":"Spaniard","note":"gallego (literally 'Galician') is colloquial Argentine slang for any Spaniard."},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object (self) of desprendió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"desprendió","lemma":"desprender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"undid"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bragueta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bragueta","lemma":"bragueta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desprendió","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llegó","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llegó","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by cuando","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llegó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mojó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mojó","lemma":"mojar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with desprendió","gloss":"soaked"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chorro","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chorro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chorro","lemma":"chorro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mojó","gloss":"stream"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orín","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"orín","lemma":"orín","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chorro","gloss":"urine"}]},{"number":206,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p185-s5","source":"El hombre fue prudente, y desapareció rezongando.","translation":"The man was prudent, and went off grumbling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p185-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fue","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to prudente","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"prudente","lemma":"prudente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prudent"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"desapareció","lemma":"desaparecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with fue","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"rezongando","lemma":"rezongar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of desapareció","gloss":"grumbling"}]},{"number":207,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p185-s6","source":"Entonces el farmacéutico dijo mirando a Delavene que fanfarroneaba con exceso:","translation":"Then the pharmacist said, looking at Delavene, who was bragging excessively:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p185-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fanfarroneaba","title":"«fanfarronear» — to brag","body":"«fanfarronear» = 'to brag, swagger, show off'. A «fanfarrón» is a braggart. «Que fanfarroneaba con exceso» = 'who was bragging too much'. The imperfect frames the bragging as going on while Ergueta spoke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of dijo","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Delavene","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Delavene","lemma":"Delavene","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of mirando","gloss":"Delavene"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of fanfarroneaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"fanfarroneaba","lemma":"fanfarronear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying Delavene","gloss":"was bragging"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking exceso","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"exceso","lemma":"exceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fanfarroneaba","gloss":"excess"}]},{"number":208,"label":"187","id":"en-la-caverna-p187-s1","source":"–Bueno... ¿a que no lo meás al primero que pase?","translation":"\"All right... I bet you won't piss on the first one who passes by?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p187-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿a que no lo meás?","title":"«¿a que...?» — I bet that...","body":"«¿A que...?» is a colloquial challenge: 'I bet that..., I dare you to...'. «¿A que no lo meás?» = 'I bet you won't piss on him / I dare you to piss on him'. «Meás» is the voseo of «mear» ('to piss')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"All right"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of meás","gloss":"bet","note":"¿A que...? is a colloquial construction meaning 'I bet (that)...'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase a que, introduces meás","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meás","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of meás","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"meás","lemma":"mear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by a que","gloss":"piss on"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking primero","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"primero","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase al primero, doubled direct object of meás","gloss":"first one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of pase","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"pase","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying primero","gloss":"passes by"}]},{"number":209,"label":"189","id":"en-la-caverna-p189-s1","source":"–¿A que sí?","translation":"\"I bet I will?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p189-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sí","gloss":"bet","note":"¿A que sí? is a colloquial idiom meaning 'I bet (it is so).'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase a que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":210,"label":"191","id":"en-la-caverna-p191-s1","source":"Todos se regocijaron, porque el vasco Delavene era un salvaje.","translation":"They all rejoiced, because Delavene the Basque was a savage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p191-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el vasco Delavene","title":"«vasco» — Basque","body":"«vasco» = Basque. As «gallego» tags a Spaniard, «vasco» tags someone of Basque origin — common immigrant labels in porteño speech. «Se regocijaron» (preterite of «regocijarse») = 'they were delighted, they rejoiced'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of regocijaron","gloss":"They all"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of regocijaron","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"regocijaron","lemma":"regocijar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of salvaje","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vasco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vasco","lemma":"vasco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"Basque"},{"surface":"Delavene","lemma":"Delavene","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to vasco","gloss":"Delavene"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to salvaje","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salvaje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"salvaje","lemma":"salvaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"savage"}]},{"number":211,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p191-s2","source":"Un hombre dobló en la esquina y Delavene comenzó a orinar.","translation":"A man came round the corner and Delavene began to urinate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p191-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dobló en la esquina","title":"«doblar» — to turn (a corner)","body":"«doblar» (intransitive) means 'to turn' a corner: «dobló en la esquina» = 'he turned the corner, came round the corner'. «Comenzar a» + infinitive = 'to begin to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dobló","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"dobló","lemma":"doblar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came round"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esquina","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esquina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esquina","lemma":"esquina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dobló","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Delavene","lemma":"Delavene","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of comenzó","gloss":"Delavene"},{"surface":"comenzó","lemma":"comenzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dobló","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of orinar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"orinar","lemma":"orinar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of comenzó","gloss":"urinate"}]},{"number":212,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p191-s3","source":"El desconocido se hizo a un lado, pero el «vasco» casi atropellándolo, lo mojó.","translation":"The stranger stepped aside, but the \"Basque,\" almost knocking him over, soaked him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p191-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se hizo a un lado","title":"«hacerse a un lado»","body":"«hacerse a un lado» is the idiom 'to step / move aside, get out of the way'. «El desconocido se hizo a un lado» = 'the stranger stepped aside'. «Atropellar» = 'to knock down, run over, barge into'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desconocido","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"desconocido","lemma":"desconocido","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), masculine, singular","role":"subject of hizo","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hizo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hizo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hizo","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vasco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vasco","lemma":"vasco","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), masculine, singular","role":"subject of mojó","gloss":"Basque","note":"«el vasco» is the gang's nickname for this character (a man of Basque descent), not a description."},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies atropellándolo","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"atropellándolo","lemma":"atropellar él","morphology":"verb, gerund (with clitic pronoun)","role":"adverbial clause on mojó","gloss":"knocking him over"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mojó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mojó","lemma":"mojar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hizo","gloss":"soaked"}]},{"number":213,"label":"193","id":"en-la-caverna-p193-s1","source":"Sucedió algo terrible.","translation":"Something terrible happened.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p193-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sucedió algo terrible","title":"Adjective after «algo»","body":"After «algo» ('something'), the adjective is masculine singular and follows: «algo terrible» = 'something terrible'. «Sucedió» (preterite of «suceder») = 'happened, occurred'. Note again the verb-before-subject order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sucedió","lemma":"suceder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Sucedió","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"terrible","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":214,"label":"195","id":"en-la-caverna-p195-s1","source":"Sin pronunciar una palabra el ofendido se detuvo, la patota miraba riéndose y silbando, de pronto el desconocido desenfundó el revólver, oyóse un estampido, y Delavene cayó de rodillas apretándose, el vientre con las manos.","translation":"Without uttering a word the offended man stopped; the gang watched, laughing and whistling; suddenly the stranger drew his revolver, a shot rang out, and Delavene fell to his knees, clutching his belly with his hands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p195-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"oyóse un estampido","title":"Enclitic «se» + impersonal passive","body":"«oyóse» = «se oyó» with the pronoun attached to the end (literary): 'there was heard, a ... was heard'. «Oyóse un estampido» = 'a shot rang out'. The «se» makes it impersonal — no one is named as hearing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pronunciar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"pronunciar","lemma":"pronunciar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on detuvo","gloss":"uttering"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pronunciar","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ofendido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ofendido","lemma":"ofendido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"offended man"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miraba","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of patota","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patota","lemma":"patota","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"gang"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"riéndose","lemma":"reír él","morphology":"verb, gerund (with clitic pronoun)","role":"complement of miraba","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"silbando","lemma":"silbar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with riéndose","gloss":"whistling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies desenfundó","gloss":"suddenly","note":"«de pronto» is a fixed idiom meaning \"suddenly.\""},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desconocido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desconocido","lemma":"desconocido","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), masculine, singular","role":"subject of desenfundó","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"desenfundó","lemma":"desenfundar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miraba","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of revólver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revólver","lemma":"revólver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of desenfundó","gloss":"revolver"},{"surface":"oyóse","lemma":"oír él","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular (with clitic pronoun)","role":"coordinated with miraba","gloss":"rang out","note":"Impersonal passive «oírse» + enclitic se, literally \"was heard\" — an archaic word order (se attached to the verb)."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of estampido","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"estampido","lemma":"estampido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of oyóse","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Delavene","lemma":"Delavene","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of cayó","gloss":"Delavene"},{"surface":"cayó","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miraba","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rodillas","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rodillas","lemma":"rodilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cayó","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"apretándose","lemma":"apretar él","morphology":"verb, gerund (with clitic pronoun)","role":"adverbial clause on cayó","gloss":"clutching"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vientre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vientre","lemma":"vientre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of apretándose","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apretándose","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":215,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p195-s2","source":"La agonía del «vasco» fue larga y dolorosa.","translation":"The Basque's death throes were long and painful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p195-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"La agonía","title":"«agonía» — death throes","body":"«agonía» means the final death struggle, the throes of dying, not English 'agony' in the loose sense of any pain. «La agonía del vasco fue larga» = 'the Basque's dying was long-drawn-out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of agonía","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"agonía","lemma":"agonía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of larga","gloss":"death throes"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vasco","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vasco","lemma":"vasco","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), masculine, singular","role":"object of del","gloss":"Basque"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to larga","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"larga","lemma":"largo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dolorosa","lemma":"doloroso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with larga","gloss":"painful"}]},{"number":216,"label":"197","id":"en-la-caverna-p197-s1","source":"Antes de morir, noblemente reconoció que había provocado el drama, y cuando Ergueta estaba borracho y se nombraba a Delavene, aquél se arrodillaba y con la lengua hacía una cruz en el polvo.","translation":"Before dying, he nobly acknowledged that he had provoked the tragedy, and whenever Ergueta was drunk and Delavene was mentioned, the former would kneel and with his tongue make a cross in the dust.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p197-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aquél se arrodillaba","title":"«aquél» — the former","body":"«aquél» (with accent, as a pronoun) here means 'the former one' = Ergueta. Spanish uses «éste» / «aquél» to distinguish 'the latter' / 'the former'. The imperfects «se arrodillaba», «hacía» mark a recurring ritual whenever he was drunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reconoció","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of morir","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"morir","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on Antes","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"noblemente","lemma":"noblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reconoció","gloss":"nobly"},{"surface":"reconoció","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acknowledged"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of provocado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of provocado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"provocado","lemma":"provocar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of reconoció","gloss":"provoked"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of drama","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"drama","lemma":"drama","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of provocado","gloss":"tragedy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of borracho","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of borracho","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to borracho","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"borracho","lemma":"borracho","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive (passive)","role":"passive particle of nombraba","gloss":"(passive marker)"},{"surface":"nombraba","lemma":"nombrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with borracho","gloss":"was mentioned"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Delavene","gloss":"(personal a)"},{"surface":"Delavene","lemma":"Delavene","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of nombraba","gloss":"Delavene"},{"surface":"aquél","lemma":"aquél","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of arrodillaba","gloss":"the former"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arrodillaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"arrodillaba","lemma":"arrodillar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with reconoció","gloss":"would kneel"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lengua","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lengua","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lengua","lemma":"lengua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacía","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with arrodillaba","gloss":"would make"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cruz","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cruz","lemma":"cruz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking polvo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of polvo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"polvo","lemma":"polvo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacía","gloss":"dust"}]},{"number":217,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p197-s2","source":"Mientras amasaba un cigarrillo, el farmacéutico contestó a una pregunta de Erdosain sobre Delavene:","translation":"While he rolled a cigarette, the pharmacist answered a question of Erdosain's about Delavene:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p197-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"amasaba un cigarrillo","title":"«amasar un cigarrillo»","body":"«amasar» normally means 'to knead' (dough); here, of a hand-rolled cigarette, it is 'to roll / work' the tobacco into shape. «Mientras amasaba un cigarrillo» = 'while he rolled a cigarette'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of amasaba","gloss":"While"},{"surface":"amasaba","lemma":"amasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on contestó","gloss":"rolled"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cigarrillo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cigarrillo","lemma":"cigarrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of amasaba","gloss":"cigarette"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of contestó","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"contestó","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pregunta","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pregunta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pregunta","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of contestó","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies pregunta","gloss":"Erdosain's"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Delavene","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Delavene","lemma":"Delavene","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of sobre","gloss":"Delavene"}]},{"number":218,"label":"199","id":"en-la-caverna-p199-s1","source":"–Sí, era un corazón noble... un amigo único.","translation":"\"Yes, he was a noble heart... a one-of-a-kind friend.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p199-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to corazón","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"noble","lemma":"noble","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies corazón","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amigo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"único","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amigo","gloss":"one-of-a-kind"}]},{"number":219,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p199-s2","source":"Yo pagaré por él algún día –mas replegando su pensamiento a una preocupación más actual, dijo–: ¡Ah, he pensado mucho estos últimos tiempos.","translation":"\"I'll pay for him someday,\" and folding his thought back onto a more present concern, he said: \"Ah, I've thought a great deal lately.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p199-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Yo pagaré por él","title":"«pagar por» — to pay for","body":"«pagar por (alguien/algo)» = 'to pay for, atone for'. «Yo pagaré por él algún día» = 'I'll pay for him someday' (in a penitential sense). The future «pagaré» states the vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of pagaré","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pagaré","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will pay"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pagaré","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pagaré","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but","note":"Accentless «mas» is literary for \"but\" — different from «más» (\"more\")."},{"surface":"replegando","lemma":"replegar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"folding"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pensamiento","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pensamiento","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of replegando","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking preocupación","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of preocupación","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"preocupación","lemma":"preocupación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of replegando","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies actual","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"actual","lemma":"actual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies preocupación","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pensado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"pensado","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensado","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"estos","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"últimos","lemma":"último","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pensado","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":220,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p199-s3","source":"Y yo me decía si era justo que un hombre estéril, enfermo, vicioso e inmoral se casara con una virgen...","translation":"\"And I kept asking myself whether it was right that a sterile, sick, depraved and immoral man should marry a virgin...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p199-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"era justo que ... se casara","title":"Subjunctive after a value judgment","body":"Expressions of value like «ser justo que» ('to be right that') trigger the subjunctive: «era justo que ... se casara» = 'was right that ... should marry'. The imperfect subjunctive «se casara» follows the past «era»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of justo","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to justo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"justo","lemma":"justo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of era","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of casara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of casara","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"estéril","lemma":"estéril","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"sterile"},{"surface":"enfermo","lemma":"enfermo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with estéril","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"vicioso","lemma":"vicioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with estéril","gloss":"depraved"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and","note":"«e» replaces «y» (\"and\") before a word starting with an i- or hi- sound."},{"surface":"inmoral","lemma":"inmoral","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with vicioso","gloss":"immoral"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casara","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"casara","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on justo","gloss":"should marry"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking virgen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virgen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"virgen","lemma":"virgen","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of casara","gloss":"virgin"}]},{"number":221,"label":"201","id":"en-la-caverna-p201-s1","source":"–¿Hipólita... sabe?","translation":"\"Hipólita... knows?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p201-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"Hipólita"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":222,"label":"203","id":"en-la-caverna-p203-s1","source":"–Sí, ella sabe todo.","translation":"\"Yes, she knows everything.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p203-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sabe","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":223,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p203-s2","source":"Además, una virgen merece un nombre de virgen.","translation":"\"Besides, a virgin deserves a virgin's name.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p203-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies merece","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virgen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"virgen","lemma":"virgen","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of merece","gloss":"virgin"},{"surface":"merece","lemma":"merecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deserves"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nombre","lemma":"nombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of merece","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking virgen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"virgen","lemma":"virgen","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nombre","gloss":"virgin's"}]},{"number":224,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p203-s3","source":"Un hombre que tenga el alma y el cuerpo virgen.","translation":"\"A man whose soul and body are virgin.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p203-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"un hombre que tenga","title":"Subjunctive for a sought-for type","body":"When the noun refers to a desired or hypothetical kind, not a known individual, the relative clause is subjunctive: «un hombre que tenga el alma ... virgen» = 'a man who has / would have a virgin soul'. The subjunctive «tenga» marks him as an ideal, not yet found."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tenga","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with alma","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"virgen","lemma":"virgen","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies alma and cuerpo","gloss":"virgin","note":"Invariable adjective — «virgen» keeps the same form for masculine and feminine."}]},{"number":225,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p203-s4","source":"Así será algún día.","translation":"\"So it will be someday.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p203-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies será","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"será","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to Así","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of será","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":226,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p203-s5","source":"¿Te imaginas un macho hermoso y virgen y fuerte?","translation":"\"Can you imagine a handsome, virgin, strong male?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p203-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Te imaginas?","title":"«imaginarse» — to imagine","body":"«imaginarse» (pronominal) = 'to imagine, picture'. «¿Te imaginas...?» = 'Can you imagine...?'. The reflexive «te» adds the sense of imagining to oneself. «Macho» here = a male, a strapping man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginas","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"imaginas","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of macho","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"macho","lemma":"macho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of imaginas","gloss":"male"},{"surface":"hermoso","lemma":"hermoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies macho","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"virgen","lemma":"virgen","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with hermoso","gloss":"virgin"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fuerte","lemma":"fuerte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with hermoso","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":227,"label":"205","id":"en-la-caverna-p205-s1","source":"–Así debía ser –susurró Erdosain.","translation":"\"That's how it ought to be,\" Erdosain whispered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p205-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Así debía ser","title":"«deber» = ought to / should","body":"«deber» + infinitive expresses obligation or what is fitting: «así debía ser» = 'that's how it ought to be / should be'. The imperfect «debía» softens it to a reflective 'that's how it should be' rather than a hard command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ser","gloss":"That's how"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of susurró","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"susurró","lemma":"susurrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of susurró","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":228,"label":"207","id":"en-la-caverna-p207-s1","source":"El farmacéutico observó su reloj.","translation":"The pharmacist looked at his watch.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p207-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of observó","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"observó","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of reloj","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"reloj","lemma":"reloj","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of observó","gloss":"watch"}]},{"number":229,"label":"209","id":"en-la-caverna-p209-s1","source":"–¿Tenés que hacer?","translation":"\"Have you got things to do?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p209-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Tenés que hacer?","title":"Voseo «tenés» + «tener que hacer»","body":"«tenés» is the voseo present of «tener» (standard «tienes»). «¿Tenés que hacer?» is elliptical for «¿Tenés (algo) que hacer?» = 'Have you got something to do? / Are you busy?'. A very colloquial porteño turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you have","note":"Voseo form of «tener» (2nd person singular «vos», standard in Rioplatense speech in place of «tienes»)."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom tener que","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Tenés","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":230,"label":"211","id":"en-la-caverna-p211-s1","source":"–Sí, dentro de un rato voy a casa a ver a Hipólita.","translation":"\"Yes, in a little while I'm going home to see Hipólita.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p211-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dentro de un rato","title":"«dentro de» + time = in / within","body":"«dentro de» + a time expression means 'in / within (so much time)': «dentro de un rato» = 'in a little while'. Don't confuse with «hace un rato» ('a while ago'); «dentro de» points forward, «hace» points back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voy","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rato","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rato","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rato","lemma":"rato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of voy","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ver","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voy","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hipólita","gloss":"(personal a)"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"Hipólita"}]},{"number":231,"label":"213","id":"en-la-caverna-p213-s1","source":"–Esta vez me asombré –contábale más tarde Erdosain al cronista de esta historia –.","translation":"\"This time I was astonished,\" Erdosain was telling the chronicler of this story later on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p213-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"contábale al cronista","title":"Enclitic «le» + the frame narrator","body":"«contábale» = «le contaba» ('was telling him'), with the pronoun attached to the end in literary style. The «cronista» ('chronicler') is the novel's frame narrator, to whom Erdosain supposedly recounts everything — a recurring device in Arlt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of asombré","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asombré","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"asombré","lemma":"asombrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was astonished"},{"surface":"contábale","lemma":"contar él","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (with clitic pronoun)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies contábale","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of contábale","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cronista","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"cronista","lemma":"cronista","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"indirect object of contábale","gloss":"chronicler"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking historia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of historia","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"historia","lemma":"historia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cronista","gloss":"story"}]},{"number":232,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p213-s2","source":"La casa de la familia Ergueta era suntuosa y el espíritu de la gente que allí se movía como los caracoles, absolutamente conservador y rutinario.","translation":"The Ergueta family's house was sumptuous, and the spirit of the people who moved about there like snails was absolutely conservative and routine-bound.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p213-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se movía como los caracoles","title":"Simile «como los caracoles»","body":"«como los caracoles» = 'like snails', conveying slow, withdrawn, shell-bound movement. The image paints the wealthy Ergueta household as sluggish, closed, and complacent — the staid world Ergueta wants to scandalize."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of suntuosa","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of familia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familia","lemma":"familia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to familia","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to suntuosa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"suntuosa","lemma":"suntuoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sumptuous"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of conservador","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies espíritu","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies movía","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movía","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying gente","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of caracoles","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of caracoles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caracoles","lemma":"caracol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of movía","gloss":"snails"},{"surface":"absolutamente","lemma":"absolutamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conservador","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"conservador","lemma":"conservador","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"conservative"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rutinario","lemma":"rutinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with conservador","gloss":"routine-bound"}]},{"number":233,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p213-s3","source":"Erdosain le preguntó:","translation":"Erdosain asked him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p213-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of preguntó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":234,"label":"215","id":"en-la-caverna-p215-s1","source":"–¿Cómo?... ¿La llevaste a tu casa?","translation":"\"What?... You took her to your house?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p215-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿La llevaste a tu casa?","title":"«llevar» vs. «traer»","body":"«llevar» = 'to take (to a place away from the speaker)', as against «traer» = 'to bring (toward the speaker)'. «¿La llevaste a tu casa?» = 'you took her to your house?'. «Llevaste» is the voseo/tú preterite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"La","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevaste","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"llevaste","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevaste","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":235,"label":"217","id":"en-la-caverna-p217-s1","source":"–¡Y las historias que tuve que inventar!...Ella no quería ir, mejor dicho, aceptaba de ir, pero como lo que es...","translation":"\"And the stories I had to invent!... She didn't want to go, or rather, she agreed to go, but as what she is...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p217-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"las historias que tuve que inventar","title":"«tener que» in the preterite","body":"«tuve que inventar» = 'I had to invent' — the preterite of «tener que» reports an obligation actually carried out (he did invent them), as against the imperfect «tenía que» (a standing obligation). «Mejor dicho» = 'or rather, better said'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of historias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"historias","lemma":"historia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stories"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of inventar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tuve","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying historias","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inventar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"inventar!","lemma":"inventar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tuve","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of quería","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"mejor","lemma":"mejor","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom mejor dicho","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"dicho","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom mejor dicho","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"aceptaba","lemma":"aceptar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quería","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ir","gloss":"to","note":"«aceptar de + infinitive» is an older/dialectal variant of the standard «aceptar + infinitive»."},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of aceptaba","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of que","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo que","morphology":"pronoun, neuter","role":"part of the relative lo que","gloss":"what","note":"«lo que» is the neuter relative pronoun meaning \"what\"/\"that which.\""},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":236,"label":"219","id":"en-la-caverna-p219-s1","source":"–¿Fue capaz?...","translation":"\"She was capable of it?...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p219-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Fue capaz?","title":"«ser capaz de» — to be capable of / to dare","body":"«ser capaz (de)» means 'to be capable of, to be up to / to dare'. «¿Fue capaz?» = 'she was capable of it? / she actually did it?'. The preterite «fue» points to a specific, completed instance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to capaz","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"capaz","lemma":"capaz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"capable"}]},{"number":237,"label":"221","id":"en-la-caverna-p221-s1","source":"–Tan capaz que sólo al final la pude convencer.","translation":"\"So capable that only at the end was I able to convince her.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p221-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies capaz","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"capaz","lemma":"capaz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of convencer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies final","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking final","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"final","lemma":"final","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase al","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of convencer","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"pude","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of convencer","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"convencer","lemma":"convencer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on capaz","gloss":"to convince"}]},{"number":238,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p221-s2","source":"A mamá le dije que la había robado en el momento de embarcarse con sus tíos para Europa... una «mula» más grande que una casa.","translation":"\"I told my mother I'd carried her off at the moment she was about to embark with her aunt and uncle for Europe... a whopper bigger than a house.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p221-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"una «mula»","title":"Lunfardo: «mula» — a lie","body":"In lunfardo «mula» (literally 'mule') means a lie, a con, a tall tale: «una mula más grande que una casa» = 'a whopping lie, a lie as big as a house'. «Robar» here = 'to abduct / carry off' a woman, an old euphemism for elopement."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mamá","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mamá","lemma":"mamá","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of dije, doubled by le","gloss":"mom"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dije","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dije","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of robado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of robado","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of robado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"robado","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of dije","gloss":"carried off","note":"'Robar' here means to carry off/elope with someone, not literally 'to steal'."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of robado","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of embarcarse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"embarcarse","lemma":"embarcar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying momento","gloss":"was to embark"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tíos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tíos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"tíos","lemma":"tío","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of embarcarse","gloss":"aunt and uncle"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of embarcarse","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mula","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mula","lemma":"mula","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the clause of dije","gloss":"whopper","note":"Lunfardo slang: 'mula' means a big lie, not the animal."},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grande","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"grande","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mula","gloss":"bigger"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of casa","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of grande","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":239,"label":"223","id":"en-la-caverna-p223-s1","source":"–¿Y tu mamá?","translation":"\"And your mother?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p223-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mamá","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"mamá","lemma":"mamá","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mom"}]},{"number":240,"label":"225","id":"en-la-caverna-p225-s1","source":"Erdosain iba a preguntarle si su madre creyó semejante mentira, como si Hipólita llevara escrito en el semblante los trabajos que le habían convulsionado la vida...","translation":"Erdosain was about to ask him whether his mother had believed such a lie, as if Hipólita carried written on her face the ordeals that had convulsed her life...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p225-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si ... llevara escrito","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"«como si llevara escrito ... en el semblante» = 'as if she bore written on her face'. «Como si» forces the imperfect subjunctive «llevara» for the unreal comparison. «Los trabajos» here = 'the hardships, ordeals' (an older sense of «trabajo»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntarle","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of preguntarle","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of preguntarle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"preguntarle","lemma":"preguntar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask him"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of creyó","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of madre","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"madre","lemma":"madre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of creyó","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"creyó","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of preguntarle","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"semejante","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mentira","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"mentira","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of creyó","gloss":"a lie"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llevara","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llevara","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of llevara","gloss":"Hipólita"},{"surface":"llevara","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on creyó","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"escrito","lemma":"escrito","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies trabajos","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevara","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of trabajos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trabajos","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of llevara","gloss":"ordeals","note":"'Trabajos' here means hardships/ordeals, not 'jobs'."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of convulsionado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of convulsionado","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of convulsionado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"convulsionado","lemma":"convulsionar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying trabajos","gloss":"convulsed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of convulsionado","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":241,"label":"227","id":"en-la-caverna-p227-s1","source":"–¿Y tu mamá cómo recibió la noticia?","translation":"\"And how did your mother take the news?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p227-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"Y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"depends on ¿","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mamá","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"mamá","lemma":"mamá","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of recibió","gloss":"mom"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of recibió","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"recibió","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noticia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noticia","lemma":"noticia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recibió","gloss":"news"}]},{"number":242,"label":"229","id":"en-la-caverna-p229-s1","source":"–Me dijo que se la llevara inmediatamente.","translation":"\"She told me to bring her over immediately.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p229-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Me dijo que se la llevara","title":"Reported command + subjunctive","body":"«decir que» + subjunctive reports a command: «me dijo que se la llevara» = 'she told me to bring her (over)'. The imperfect subjunctive «llevara» follows the past «dijo». «Se la» = «se» (her, to the mother) + «la» (Hipólita)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llevara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of llevara","gloss":"to her","note":"'Se' replaces the dative 'le' before an accusative pronoun ('la') — not reflexive here."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevara","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"llevara","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"inmediatamente","lemma":"inmediatamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llevara","gloss":"immediately"}]},{"number":243,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p229-s2","source":"Cuando se la presenté, la abrazó y le dijo: «¿Te ha respetado, hija?» Y ella, bajando los ojos, le contestó: «Sí, mamá».","translation":"\"When I introduced her, she embraced her and said: 'Has he respected you, my child?' And she, lowering her eyes, answered: 'Yes, mama.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p229-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¿Te ha respetado?","title":"«respetar» — to keep chaste","body":"Here «respetar a alguien» carries the old sense 'to respect (sexually), to refrain from touching': «¿Te ha respetado?» = 'Has he kept his hands off you? / has he respected your virtue?'. The mother's question, and the irony, turn entirely on this sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of presenté","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of presenté","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of presenté","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"presenté","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on abrazó","gloss":"I introduced"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of abrazó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"abrazó","lemma":"abrazar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with abrazó","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of respetado","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of respetado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"respetado","lemma":"respetar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"hija","lemma":"hija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Te","gloss":"my child"},{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of contestó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"bajando","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on contestó","gloss":"lowering"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of bajando","gloss":"eyes","note":"Spanish uses 'the' with body parts where English uses a possessive ('her eyes')."},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contestó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"contestó","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"Sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"depends on «","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"mamá","lemma":"mamá","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on «","gloss":"mama"}]},{"number":244,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p229-s3","source":"Lo cual es cierto.","translation":"\"Which is true.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p229-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun lo cual, subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cierto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":245,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p229-s4","source":"Te prevengo que mamá y mi hermana Sara están encantadas con Hipólita.","translation":"\"I warn you, my mother and my sister Sara are delighted with Hipólita.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p229-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Te prevengo","title":"«prevenir» — to warn / forewarn","body":"«prevenir» means 'to warn, forewarn, alert'. «Te prevengo que...» = 'I warn you / I'll have you know that...'. «Estar encantado con» = 'to be delighted with'. «Prevengo» is the irregular present of «prevenir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of prevengo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"prevengo","lemma":"prevenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I warn"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of están","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mamá","lemma":"mamá","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of están","gloss":"mom"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hermana","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hermana","lemma":"hermana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of están, coordinated with mamá","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"Sara","lemma":"Sara","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to hermana","gloss":"Sara"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to encantadas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"encantadas","lemma":"encantado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of están","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hipólita","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of encantadas","gloss":"Hipólita"}]},{"number":246,"label":"231","id":"en-la-caverna-p231-s1","source":"En aquel momento Erdosain tuvo el presentimiento que esos desdichados se habían preparado un desastre futuro.","translation":"At that moment Erdosain had the presentiment that those wretched souls had prepared a future disaster for themselves.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p231-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tuvo el presentimiento","title":"«tener» in the preterite","body":"The preterite «tuvo» marks a presentiment that struck him at one specific moment ('he had / got a presentiment'), unlike the imperfect «tenía» ('he used to have'). «Se habían preparado» = pronominal pluperfect, 'had prepared for themselves'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tuvo","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tuvo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of presentimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"presentimiento","lemma":"presentimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"presentiment"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying presentimiento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of desdichados","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"desdichados","lemma":"desdichado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of preparado","gloss":"wretched souls"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of preparado","gloss":"for themselves"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of preparado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"preparado","lemma":"preparar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying presentimiento","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desastre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"desastre","lemma":"desastre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of preparado","gloss":"disaster"},{"surface":"futuro","lemma":"futuro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desastre","gloss":"future"}]},{"number":247,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p231-s2","source":"No se equivocó, y al recordar ahora en el tren eléctrico la certidumbre que no había fallado, se dijo al tiempo que pasaba por Liniers: «Es curioso, las primeras impresiones no lo engañan nunca a uno», y al preguntarle a Ergueta cuándo se casaba, éste le respondió:","translation":"He was not wrong, and as he now recalled on the electric train the certainty that had not failed, he said to himself just as he was passing through Liniers: \"It's curious, first impressions never deceive you,\" and when he asked Ergueta when he was getting married, the latter answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p231-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no lo engañan nunca a uno","title":"«uno» as impersonal 'you/one'","body":"«uno» serves as an impersonal subject 'one / you (in general)': «no lo engañan nunca a uno» = 'they never deceive you'. The doubled «lo ... a uno» is the object. «Al tiempo que» = 'just as, at the same time as'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies equivocó","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of equivocó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"equivocó","lemma":"equivocar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was wrong"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recordar","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"recordar","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordar","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recordar","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"eléctrico","lemma":"eléctrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tren","gloss":"electric"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of certidumbre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"certidumbre","lemma":"certidumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recordar","gloss":"certainty"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fallado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fallado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of fallado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"fallado","lemma":"fallar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying certidumbre","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with equivocó","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pasaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying tiempo","gloss":"was passing"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Liniers","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Liniers","lemma":"Liniers","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of pasaba","gloss":"Liniers"},{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to curioso","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"curioso","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of impresiones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primeras","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies impresiones","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"impresiones","lemma":"impresión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of engañan","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies engañan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of engañan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"engañan","lemma":"engañar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Es","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies engañan","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uno","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"restates lo, direct object of engañan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking preguntarle","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"preguntarle","lemma":"preguntar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on respondió","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ergueta","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ergueta","lemma":"Ergueta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of preguntarle, doubled by le","gloss":"Ergueta"},{"surface":"cuándo","lemma":"cuándo","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of casaba","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"casaba","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of preguntarle","gloss":"was getting married"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of respondió","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of respondió","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"respondió","lemma":"responder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with equivocó","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":248,"label":"233","id":"en-la-caverna-p233-s1","source":"–Mañana salimos para Montevideo.","translation":"\"Tomorrow we leave for Montevideo.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p233-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salimos","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"salimos","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we leave"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Montevideo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Montevideo","lemma":"Montevideo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of salimos","gloss":"Montevideo"}]},{"number":249,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p233-s2","source":"Nos casamos allá, por si acaso no nos entendemos.","translation":"\"We'll get married there, just in case we don't get along.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p233-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"por si acaso","title":"«por si acaso» — just in case","body":"«por si acaso» = 'just in case'. With the indicative it presents a real contingency: «por si acaso no nos entendemos» = 'just in case we don't get along'. «Entenderse» (reciprocal) = 'to understand each other, get along'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casamos","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"casamos","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies casamos","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of entendemos","gloss":"just","note":"'Por si acaso' is a fixed idiom meaning 'just in case'."},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entendemos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"acaso","lemma":"acaso","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entendemos","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entendemos","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of entendemos","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"entendemos","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on casamos","gloss":"get along","note":"'Entenderse' used reciprocally means 'to get along', not just 'to understand'."}]},{"number":250,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p233-s3","source":"–Al pronunciar estas palabras volvió a guiñar el párpado sonriendo cínicamente, y agregó–: No soy ningún caído del catre, che.","translation":"And as he spoke these words he winked his eyelid again, smiling cynically, and added: \"I'm no fool fresh off the cot, man.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p233-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"caído del catre","title":"«caído del catre»","body":"«caído del catre» (literally 'fallen out of the cot/bed') is the porteño idiom for a naive fool, a simpleton — like the English 'born yesterday'. «No soy ningún caído del catre» = 'I'm nobody's fool'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pronunciar","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"pronunciar","lemma":"pronunciar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on volvió","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of pronunciar","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of guiñar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"guiñar","lemma":"guiñar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of volvió","gloss":"wink"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of párpado","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"párpado","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of guiñar","gloss":"eyelid","note":"Spanish uses 'the' with body parts where English uses a possessive ('his eyelid')."},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on volvió","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"cínicamente","lemma":"cínicamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"cynically"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"agregó","lemma":"agregar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with volvió","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to caído","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"ningún","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caído","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"caído","lemma":"caído","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fool","note":"Lunfardo idiom: 'caído del catre' (fallen off the cot) means a naive newcomer, not literally someone who fell."},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking catre","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"catre","lemma":"catre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies caído","gloss":"cot"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"man","note":"'Che' is the classic Argentine interjection for addressing someone informally."}]},{"number":251,"label":"235","id":"en-la-caverna-p235-s1","source":"A Erdosain le molestó ese lujo de precauciones.","translation":"That lavishness of precautions bothered Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p235-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"A Erdosain le molestó","title":"«molestar» — to bother (reverse subject)","body":"«molestar» works like «gustar»: «A Erdosain le molestó ese lujo de precauciones» = 'that lavishness of precautions bothered Erdosain' (literally 'was bothersome to him'). The thing that bothers is the subject; the person is the indirect object «le»."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of molestó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of molestó","gloss":"him","note":"'Molestar' takes a direct object; 'le' here is leísmo (using the dative form) — very common in this construction."},{"surface":"molestó","lemma":"molestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bothered"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lujo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lujo","lemma":"lujo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of molestó","gloss":"lavishness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking precauciones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"precauciones","lemma":"precaución","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies lujo","gloss":"precautions"}]},{"number":252,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p235-s2","source":"No pudiendo contenerse, le dijo:","translation":"Unable to contain himself, he said to him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p235-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No pudiendo contenerse","title":"Negated gerund as a clause","body":"A gerund can stand in for a whole subordinate clause; negated, «no pudiendo contenerse» = 'being unable to contain himself, since he couldn't hold back'. «Pudiendo» is the gerund of «poder»; «contenerse» (pronominal) = 'to restrain oneself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies contenerse","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pudiendo","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, gerund","role":"auxiliary of contenerse","gloss":"being able"},{"surface":"contenerse","lemma":"contener él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"to contain himself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":253,"label":"237","id":"en-la-caverna-p237-s1","source":"–¿Cómo... no te casaste y ya estás pensando en el divorcio?","translation":"\"What... you haven't even married and you're already thinking about divorce?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p237-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estás pensando en el divorcio","title":"«pensar en» — to think about","body":"«pensar en» = 'to think about / of (have on one's mind)', distinct from «pensar de» ('to have an opinion about') and «pensar» + infinitive ('to intend to'). «Estás pensando en el divorcio» = 'you're already thinking about divorce'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies casaste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casaste","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"casaste","lemma":"casar él","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensando","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pensando","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with casaste","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking divorcio","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of divorcio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"divorcio","lemma":"divorcio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensando","gloss":"divorce"}]},{"number":254,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p237-s2","source":"¿Qué hazaña de comunista es la tuya?","translation":"\"What kind of communist feat is yours?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p237-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"es la tuya","title":"Possessive pronoun «la tuya»","body":"«la tuya» = 'yours' (feminine, agreeing with «hazaña»): «¿Qué hazaña ... es la tuya?» = 'what feat is yours?'. The long-form possessive «el mío / la tuya / los suyos» stands in for a noun already mentioned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hazaña","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hazaña","lemma":"hazaña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"feat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comunista","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"comunista","lemma":"comunista","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies hazaña","gloss":"communist"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to la","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuya","lemma":"tuyo","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies la","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":255,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p237-s3","source":"En el fondo seguís siendo el jugador tramposo.","translation":"\"Deep down you're still the cheating gambler.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p237-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"seguís siendo","title":"Voseo «seguís» + gerund","body":"«seguir» + gerund = 'to keep on / still be (doing)'. «Seguís siendo» (voseo of «sigues siendo») = 'you're still being / you remain'. «En el fondo» = 'deep down, at bottom'. «Tramposo» = 'cheating, a cheat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"in","note":"'En el fondo' is a fixed idiom meaning 'deep down'."},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of seguís","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"seguís","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you keep","note":"Voseo present tense (vos seguís); 'seguir + gerund' means 'to still be doing something'."},{"surface":"siendo","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, gerund","role":"copula linking to jugador","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jugador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jugador","lemma":"jugador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of seguís","gloss":"gambler"},{"surface":"tramposo","lemma":"tramposo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jugador","gloss":"cheating"}]},{"number":256,"label":"239","id":"en-la-caverna-p239-s1","source":"Pero el farmacéutico se regodeaba con la suficiencia de un usurero a quien no le importan los insultos, si se los dirigen en el momento de pagar los intereses.","translation":"But the pharmacist gloated with the smugness of a usurer to whom insults do not matter, provided they are hurled at him as the interest is being paid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p239-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se regodeaba","title":"«regodearse» — to gloat","body":"«regodearse» (pronominal) = 'to gloat, revel, take malicious delight'. «Se regodeaba con la suficiencia de un usurero» = 'he gloated with a usurer's smugness'. «Suficiencia» here = 'smugness, self-satisfaction'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies regodeaba","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of regodeaba","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of regodeaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"regodeaba","lemma":"regodear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gloated"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suficiencia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of suficiencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suficiencia","lemma":"suficiencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of regodeaba","gloss":"smugness","note":"False friend: 'suficiencia' here means smugness/self-satisfaction, not 'sufficiency'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usurero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of usurero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"usurero","lemma":"usurero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies suficiencia","gloss":"usurer"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of importan","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of importan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"importan","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying usurero","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of insultos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"insultos","lemma":"insulto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of importan","gloss":"insults"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dirigen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of dirigen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dirigen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"dirigen","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on importan","gloss":"are directed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dirigen","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pagar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pagar","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying momento","gloss":"paying"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of intereses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intereses","lemma":"interés","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pagar","gloss":"interest"}]},{"number":257,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p239-s2","source":"Guarango, repuso:","translation":"Coarse as ever, he retorted:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p239-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Guarango","title":"«guarango» — coarse, rude","body":"«guarango» is a River Plate word for a coarse, vulgar, ill-mannered person. Used adverbially-appositively here, «Guarango, repuso» = 'coarse / boorish, he retorted'. «Repuso» is the preterite of «reponer», 'he replied/retorted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Guarango","lemma":"guarango","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"describes the implicit subject of repuso","gloss":"coarse","note":"'Guarango' is Lunfardo/Rioplatense slang for 'coarse, crude, uncouth' — not a proper name."},{"surface":"repuso","lemma":"reponer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he retorted"}]},{"number":258,"label":"241","id":"en-la-caverna-p241-s1","source":"Pero el farmacéutico se regodeaba con la suficiencia de un usurero a quien no le importan los insultos, si se los dirigen en el momento de pagar los intereses.","translation":"But the pharmacist gloated with the smugness of a usurer to whom insults do not matter, provided they are hurled at him as the interest is being paid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p241-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a quien no le importan los insultos","title":"Relative «a quien» + «importar»","body":"«a quien no le importan los insultos» = 'to whom insults do not matter'. The relative «a quien» (for a person) pairs with «importar», which agrees with its real subject «los insultos» (plural «importan»). This block repeats the previous paragraph verbatim in the source text."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies regodeaba","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of regodeaba","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of regodeaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"regodeaba","lemma":"regodear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gloated"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suficiencia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of suficiencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suficiencia","lemma":"suficiencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of regodeaba","gloss":"smugness","note":"False friend: 'suficiencia' here means smugness/self-satisfaction, not 'sufficiency'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usurero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of usurero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"usurero","lemma":"usurero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies suficiencia","gloss":"usurer"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of importan","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies importan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of importan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"importan","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying usurero","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of insultos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"insultos","lemma":"insulto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of importan","gloss":"insults"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dirigen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of dirigen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dirigen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"dirigen","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on importan","gloss":"are hurled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dirigen","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pagar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pagar","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying momento","gloss":"paying"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of intereses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intereses","lemma":"interés","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pagar","gloss":"interest"}]},{"number":259,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p241-s2","source":"Guarango, repuso:","translation":"Coarse as ever, he retorted:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p241-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Guarango","lemma":"guarango","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"describes the implicit subject of repuso","gloss":"Coarse","note":"'Guarango' is Lunfardo/Rioplatense slang for 'coarse, crude, uncouth' — not a proper name."},{"surface":"repuso","lemma":"reponer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he retorted"}]},{"number":260,"label":"243","id":"en-la-caverna-p243-s1","source":"–Hay que ser turbo, che.","translation":"\"You've got to be shrewd, man.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p243-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"turbo","title":"Lunfardo: «turbo» / «hay que ser»","body":"«turbo» (a play on «turro» / «vivo») is lunfardo for sharp, cunning, streetwise. «Hay que ser turbo» = 'you've got to be cunning / play it smart'. «Hay que» + infinitive is impersonal 'one must / you have to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal obligation: hay que)","gloss":"You must"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes the impersonal construction hay que","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to turbo, complement of hay que","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"turbo","lemma":"turbo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"shrewd","note":"'Turbo' here is Lunfardo (Argentine slang) for sharp, shrewd, cunning — not the mechanical sense."},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection, addresses the listener","gloss":"man","note":"Che is a distinctive Argentine interjection used to address someone informally, like 'man' or 'hey'."}]},{"number":261,"label":"245","id":"en-la-caverna-p245-s1","source":"Erdosain estaba asombrado frente a tanta grosería.","translation":"Erdosain was astonished in the face of such coarseness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p245-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estaba asombrado","title":"«estar» + participle = resulting state","body":"«estar» plus a past participle describes a resulting state: «estaba asombrado» = 'he was astonished / in a state of astonishment'. The participle «asombrado» agrees with the subject. «Frente a» here = 'in the face of, confronted with'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of asombrado","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to asombrado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"asombrado","lemma":"asombrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the compound preposition frente a, marking grosería","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition frente a, marking grosería","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tanta","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of grosería","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"grosería","lemma":"grosería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of frente a","gloss":"coarseness"}]},{"number":262,"label":"247","id":"en-la-caverna-p247-s1","source":"Pensó en la deliciosa criatura y se la imaginó soportando a ese bruto bajo un cielo oscurecido por grandes nubes de polvo e incendiado por un sol amarillo y espantoso.","translation":"He thought of the delightful creature and pictured her enduring that brute beneath a sky darkened by great clouds of dust and set ablaze by a yellow, dreadful sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p247-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se la imaginó soportando","title":"«imaginarse» + gerund","body":"«imaginarse a alguien (haciendo algo)» = 'to picture someone (doing something)': «se la imaginó soportando a ese bruto» = 'he pictured her enduring that brute'. The gerund «soportando» shows what he imagines her doing. «Soportar» = 'to put up with, endure'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pensó","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criatura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deliciosa","lemma":"delicioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies criatura","gloss":"delightful"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Pensó","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle (dative) of imaginó","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of imaginó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"imaginó","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Pensó","gloss":"pictured"},{"surface":"soportando","lemma":"soportar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of imaginó","gloss":"enduring"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal 'a' marking bruto as direct object of soportando","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bruto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bruto","lemma":"bruto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of soportando","gloss":"brute"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cielo","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of soportando","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"oscurecido","lemma":"oscurecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cielo","gloss":"darkened"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nubes","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies nubes","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"nubes","lemma":"nube","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"agent of oscurecido, marked by por","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking polvo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"polvo","lemma":"polvo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nubes","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"incendiado","lemma":"incendiado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with oscurecido, modifies cielo","gloss":"set ablaze"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of incendiado, marked by por","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"amarillo","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sol","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"espantoso","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with amarillo","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":263,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p247-s2","source":"Ella se marchitaría como un helécho trasplantado a un pedregal.","translation":"She would wither like a fern transplanted to a stony patch of ground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p247-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se marchitaría","title":"Conditional for an imagined outcome","body":"«se marchitaría» = 'she would wither', the conditional projecting an imagined future from Erdosain's reverie. «Marchitarse» (pronominal) = 'to wilt, wither'. «Pedregal» = a stony, rocky waste — barren ground for a delicate fern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of marchitaría","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of marchitaría","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"marchitaría","lemma":"marchitar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would wither"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trasplantado","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of helécho","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"helécho","lemma":"helecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of como, compared to Ella","gloss":"fern","note":"'Helécho' is an archaic/variant spelling of 'helecho' (fern)."},{"surface":"trasplantado","lemma":"trasplantado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies helécho","gloss":"transplanted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pedregal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pedregal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pedregal","lemma":"pedregal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a, complement of trasplantado","gloss":"stony ground"}]},{"number":264,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p247-s3","source":"Ahora Erdosain lo examinó nuevamente al farmacéutico pero con rabia.","translation":"Now Erdosain examined the pharmacist again, but with fury.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p247-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies examinó","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of examinó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinó (doubling al farmacéutico)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"examinó","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"nuevamente","lemma":"nuevamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies examinó","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal 'a' + determiner marking farmacéutico as direct object of examinó","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinó","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rabia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rabia","lemma":"rabia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of examinó, manner (contrasted by pero)","gloss":"fury"}]},{"number":265,"label":"249","id":"en-la-caverna-p249-s1","source":"El jugador reparó en la malevolencia de su compañero y dijo:","translation":"The gambler noticed his companion's malevolence and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p249-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"reparó en","title":"«reparar en» — to notice","body":"«reparar en» = 'to notice, take note of, become aware of'. «Reparó en la malevolencia de su compañero» = 'he noticed his companion's malevolence'. Don't confuse with «reparar» alone ('to repair'); the «en» changes the meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jugador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jugador","lemma":"jugador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of reparó","gloss":"gambler"},{"surface":"reparó","lemma":"reparar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed","note":"'Reparar en' is an idiom meaning 'to notice/take note of'."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom reparar en, marking malevolencia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of malevolencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"malevolencia","lemma":"malevolencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reparó","gloss":"malevolence"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compañero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of compañero","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"compañero","lemma":"compañero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies malevolencia","gloss":"companion"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with reparó","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":266,"label":"251","id":"en-la-caverna-p251-s1","source":"–Es necesario hacer algo contra esta sociedad, che.","translation":"\"Something must be done against this society, man.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p251-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Es necesario hacer algo","title":"«es necesario» + infinitive","body":"«es necesario» + a bare infinitive makes an impersonal statement of necessity: «es necesario hacer algo» = 'it is necessary to do something / something must be done'. With a subject it would switch to «que» + subjunctive («es necesario que hagamos algo»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesario","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"necesario","lemma":"necesario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on necesario","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacer","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection, addresses the listener","gloss":"man","note":"Che is a distinctive Argentine interjection used to address someone informally, like 'man' or 'hey'."}]},{"number":267,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p251-s2","source":"Hay días que sufro de un modo insoportable.","translation":"\"There are days when I suffer unbearably.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p251-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"There are"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Hay","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun/adverb","role":"relative adverb (when), introduces the clause modifying días","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"sufro","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying días","gloss":"I suffer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of modo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"modo","lemma":"modo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sufro","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"insoportable","lemma":"insoportable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies modo","gloss":"unbearable"}]},{"number":268,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p251-s3","source":"Parece que todos los hombres se hubieran vuelto bestias.","translation":"\"It seems as if all men had turned into beasts.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p251-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Parece que ... se hubieran vuelto","title":"«parece que» + subjunctive of unreality","body":"Normally «parece que» takes the indicative, but with the pluperfect subjunctive «se hubieran vuelto» it gains a 'as if' force: 'it seems as if all men had turned into beasts'. «Volverse» + noun = 'to turn into, become'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Parece","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It seems"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vuelto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifier of hombres","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of vuelto","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vuelto","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"hubieran","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of vuelto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vuelto","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the que-clause, modifies Parece","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"bestias","lemma":"bestia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of vuelto (attribute)","gloss":"beasts"}]},{"number":269,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p251-s4","source":"Dan ganas de salir a la calle y predicar al exterminio o poner una ametralladora en cada bocacalle.","translation":"\"It makes you want to go out into the street and preach extermination, or set a machine gun at every street corner.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p251-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan ganas de","title":"«dar ganas de» — to make one want","body":"The impersonal «dan ganas de» + infinitive = 'it makes you want to, one feels like': «dan ganas de salir a la calle» = 'it makes you want to go out into the street'. «Bocacalle» = the mouth of a street, an intersection / street corner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal: dan ganas de = it makes you want to)","gloss":"It makes"},{"surface":"ganas","lemma":"gana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Dan (idiom: dar ganas de = to make one feel like doing)","gloss":"you want","note":"'Dar ganas de' is an idiomatic impersonal construction — 'to make [someone] feel like doing [something]'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of salir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ganas","gloss":"go out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salir","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"predicar","lemma":"predicar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with salir, complement of ganas","gloss":"preach"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by predicar (predicar a algo, cf. incitar a algo), introducing exterminio — not a personal 'a' marking a direct object, since exterminio is inanimate","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"exterminio","lemma":"exterminio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of predicar, object of the governed preposition a — not a direct object","gloss":"extermination"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"poner","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with predicar, complement of ganas","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ametralladora","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ametralladora","lemma":"ametralladora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of poner","gloss":"machine gun"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bocacalle","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bocacalle","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"bocacalle","lemma":"bocacalle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of poner","gloss":"street corner"}]},{"number":270,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p251-s5","source":"¿Te das cuenta?","translation":"\"Do you realize?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p251-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiom te das cuenta = you realize)","gloss":"do you realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with das","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":271,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p251-s6","source":"Vienen tiempos terribles.","translation":"\"Terrible times are coming.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p251-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vienen","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are coming"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Vienen","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":272,"label":"253","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s1","source":"«El hijo se levantará contra el padre y el padre contra el hijo.","translation":"\"'The son will rise up against the father and the father against the son.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se levantará contra","title":"«levantarse contra» — to rise against","body":"«levantarse contra» = 'to rise up / rebel against'. The future «se levantará» gives the prophetic tone: 'the son will rise against the father'. The line echoes the Gospel prophecy of households divided in the last days."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hijo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of levantará","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of levantará","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"levantará","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will rise up"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking padre","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of padre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of levantará","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of padre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided levantará, coordinated with hijo","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hijo","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hijo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided levantará","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":273,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s2","source":"Es necesario hacer algo contra esta sociedad maldita.","translation":"\"Something must be done against this accursed society.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesario","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"necesario","lemma":"necesario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on necesario","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacer","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"maldita","lemma":"maldito","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"accursed"}]},{"number":274,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s3","source":"Por eso me caso con una prostituta.","translation":"\"That's why I'm marrying a prostitute.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Por eso me caso","title":"«por eso» — that's why","body":"«por eso» = 'for that reason, that's why', introducing a consequence. «Por eso me caso con una prostituta» = 'that's why I'm marrying a prostitute'. The present «me caso» again stands for the imminent future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"That's"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of caso","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of caso","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am marrying"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostituta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prostituta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostituta","lemma":"prostituta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caso, object of the preposition con (casarse con alguien) — not a direct object of caso","gloss":"prostitute"}]},{"number":275,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s4","source":"Bien dicen las Escrituras: «Y tú, hijo de hombre, no juzgarás tú a la ciudad derramadora de sangre y le mostrarás todas sus abominaciones».","translation":"\"The Scriptures say it well: 'And you, son of man, will you not judge the bloodshedding city, and show her all her abominations?'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dicen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dicen","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of Escrituras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Escrituras","lemma":"Escrituras","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dicen","gloss":"Scriptures"},{"surface":"Y","lemma":"Y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"begins the quoted passage","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tú","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of juzgarás","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to tú","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hijo","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies juzgarás","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"juzgarás","lemma":"juzgar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will you judge"},{"surface":"tú","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic repetition of the subject tú (doubling the subject of juzgarás)","gloss":"you","note":"Archaic/biblical Spanish repeats the subject pronoun 'tú' for rhetorical emphasis."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal 'a' marking ciudad as direct object of juzgarás","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of juzgarás","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"derramadora","lemma":"derramador","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ciudad","gloss":"shedding"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sangre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ciudad","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of mostrarás","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"mostrarás","lemma":"mostrar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with juzgarás (continues the rhetorical question)","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"quantifier of abominaciones","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of abominaciones","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"abominaciones","lemma":"abominación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mostrarás","gloss":"abominations"}]},{"number":276,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s5","source":"Y estas otras palabras, fíjate en estas otras palabras: «Y enamoróse de sus rufianes cuya carne es como carne de asno y cuyo flujo como flujo de caballos».","translation":"\"And these other words, just look at these other words: 'And she doted on her paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses and whose issue is like the issue of horses.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"enamoróse de sus rufianes","title":"Enclitic «se» in biblical style","body":"«enamoróse» = «se enamoró» with the pronoun attached, an archaic literary form that suits the scriptural register: 'and she fell in love with / doted on her paramours'. From Ezekiel 23:20. «Rufián» = a pimp, paramour, ruffian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies fíjate","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of estas","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"topicalized/left-dislocated noun phrase, resumed by 'en estas otras palabras' — not the grammatical subject of the imperative fíjate (whose subject is the implicit tú)","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"fíjate","lemma":"fijarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look","note":"'Fijarse en' is an idiom meaning 'to pay attention to, take note of'."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of estas","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of fíjate","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Y","lemma":"Y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"enamoróse","lemma":"enamorarse","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular (archaic postposed enclitic se)","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, coordinated by Y","gloss":"doted","note":"'Enamoróse' = 'se enamoró' with the reflexive clitic postposed — an archaic literary/biblical construction, 'fell in love with / doted on'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rufianes","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rufianes","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rufianes","lemma":"rufián","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enamoróse","gloss":"paramours"},{"surface":"cuya","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula, links carne to the predicate carne de asno","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the predicate comparison carne de asno","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es (comparison), head of carne de asno","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"asno","lemma":"asno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"donkey"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies flujo","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"flujo","lemma":"flujo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided es, coordinated with carne","gloss":"issue"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elided predicate comparison flujo de caballos","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"flujo","lemma":"flujo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided es), head of flujo de caballos","gloss":"issue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caballos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"caballos","lemma":"caballo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies flujo","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":277,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s6","source":"–Y señalando a los «cafishios», que jugaban en torno de las mesas, dijo–: Ahí los tenés.","translation":"And pointing at the \"pimps,\" who were playing around the tables, he said: \"There you have them.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ahí los tenés","title":"Voseo «tenés» as 'there you have'","body":"«Ahí los tenés» = 'there you have them, there they are'. The voseo «tenés» (standard «tienes») plus the object «los» is a pointing, presentational idiom — gesturing at the pimps as living proof of his prophecy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"Y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies señalando","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"señalando","lemma":"señalar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cafishios","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cafishios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cafishios","lemma":"cafishio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of señalando","gloss":"pimps","note":"'Cafishio' is lunfardo (porteño slang) for a pimp."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of jugaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"jugaban","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying cafishios","gloss":"were playing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mesas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesas","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of jugaban","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"Ahí","lemma":"ahí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenés","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenés","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence, complement of dijo","gloss":"have","note":"'Tenés' is the voseo present-tense form of tener ('to have') — equivalent to standard Spanish tienes."}]},{"number":278,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s7","source":"Entra al Royal Keller, al Marzzoto, al Pigall, al Maipú, en todas partes donde entres los vas a encontrar.","translation":"\"Go into the Royal Keller, the Marzzoto, the Pigall, the Maipú; everywhere you go in, you'll find them.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"donde entres","title":"Subjunctive after an indefinite «donde»","body":"When the place is unspecified ('wherever'), «donde» takes the subjunctive: «en todas partes donde entres» = 'everywhere you (might) go in'. The subjunctive «entres» marks it as any possible place, not a particular one. «Vas a encontrar» = near future, 'you're going to find'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entra","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Royal","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Royal","lemma":"Royal","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of Entra","gloss":"Royal"},{"surface":"Keller","lemma":"Keller","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Royal","gloss":"Keller"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Marzzoto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Marzzoto","lemma":"Marzzoto","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Royal (asyndetic list)","gloss":"Marzzoto"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pigall","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Pigall","lemma":"Pigall","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Royal","gloss":"Pigall"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Maipú","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Maipú","lemma":"Maipú","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Royal (asyndetic list)","gloss":"Maipú"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking partes","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of partes","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"partes","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"antecedent of donde, locative adjunct of vas a encontrar","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative adverb (where), complement of entres, refers to partes","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"entres","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"clause modifying partes","gloss":"you go in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of encontrar","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of encontrar","gloss":"you're going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of encontrar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"encontrar","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb complement of vas (ir a + infinitive)","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":279,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s8","source":"Fuerzas perdidas.","translation":"\"Wasted forces.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Fuerzas","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Forces"},{"surface":"perdidas","lemma":"perdido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Fuerzas","gloss":"wasted"}]},{"number":280,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s9","source":"Hasta esa canalla se aburre en el fondo.","translation":"\"Even that rabble is bored deep down.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canalla","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of canalla","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aburre","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aburre","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"aburre","lemma":"aburrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is bored"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aburre","gloss":"depths","note":"'En el fondo' is an idiom meaning 'deep down, at heart'."}]},{"number":281,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s10","source":"Cuando llegue la revolución se les ahorcará o se les mandará a la primera fila.","translation":"\"When the revolution comes they'll be hanged or sent to the front line.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Cuando llegue la revolución","title":"Subjunctive after future «cuando»","body":"When «cuando» points to a future event, it takes the subjunctive: «cuando llegue la revolución» = 'when the revolution comes'. «Se les ahorcará» = impersonal «se» + future, 'they will be hanged / one will hang them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llegue","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"llegue","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on ahorcará","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of revolución","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revolución","lemma":"revolución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llegue","gloss":"revolution"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal/passive marker","role":"impersonal/passive marker of ahorcará","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"direct object of ahorcará (impersonal passive, patient)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ahorcará","lemma":"ahorcar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be hanged"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal/passive marker","role":"impersonal/passive marker of mandará","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"direct object of mandará (impersonal passive, patient)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"mandará","lemma":"mandar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ahorcará","gloss":"will be sent"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fila","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fila","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fila","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"fila","lemma":"fila","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mandará","gloss":"line"}]},{"number":282,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s11","source":"Carne de cañón.","translation":"\"Cannon fodder.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Carne de cañón","title":"«carne de cañón» — cannon fodder","body":"«carne de cañón» is the set phrase 'cannon fodder' — soldiers, or people, treated as expendable. Ergueta consigns the pimps to the slaughter of his coming revolution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Fodder","note":"'Carne de cañón' (lit. 'cannon meat') is the Spanish idiom for cannon fodder."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cañón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cañón","lemma":"cañón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Carne","gloss":"cannon"}]},{"number":283,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s12","source":"Yo pude ser como ellos y renuncié.","translation":"\"I could have been like them, and I renounced it.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Yo pude ser como ellos","title":"«poder» in the preterite","body":"«pude ser» (preterite of «poder») = 'I could have been / I was able to be (and the chance is past)'. The preterite stresses a closed past possibility he turned down — «renuncié» ('I renounced / gave it up')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pude","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ellos","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"renuncié","lemma":"renunciar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ser","gloss":"I renounced"}]},{"number":284,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s13","source":"Ahora vienen tiempos terribles.","translation":"\"Now terrible times are coming.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vienen","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"vienen","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are coming"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of vienen","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":285,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s14","source":"Por eso dice el libro.","translation":"\"That's why the book says it.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"for","note":"\"Por eso\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"that's why / therefore.\""},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of dice","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of libro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"libro","lemma":"libro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":286,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p253-s15","source":"«Y salvaré a la coja y recogeré a la descarriada y pondréla por alabanza y por renombre en todo el país de confusión».","translation":"\"'And I will save her that is lame and gather her that was driven astray, and I will set her for a praise and a renown in all the land of their confusion.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p253-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"pondréla","title":"Enclitic «la» on a future verb","body":"«pondréla» = «la pondré» with the pronoun attached to the end — an archaic, biblical word order. Note that this repetition of the Zephaniah verse uses the singular «la» ('her'), where the first quotation (paragraph 159) used the plural «las»; both readings circulate in old Spanish Bibles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"salvaré","lemma":"salvar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will save"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coja","gloss":"(personal \"a\" — marks the human direct object \"la coja\"; not \"to\")"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"cojo","morphology":"noun (substantized adjective), feminine, singular","role":"direct object of salvaré","gloss":"the lame woman"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"recogeré","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with salvaré","gloss":"I will gather"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking descarriada","gloss":"(personal \"a\" — marks the human direct object \"la descarriada\"; not \"to\")"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of descarriada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"descarriada","lemma":"descarriado","morphology":"adjective (substantized), feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recogeré","gloss":"the strayed woman"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pondréla","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular (with enclitic pronoun \"la\")","role":"coordinated with salvaré","gloss":"I will set her","note":"Archaic construction: \"pondré\" (I will set) plus \"la\" (her) fused as an enclitic onto the conjugated verb — modern Spanish would write \"la pondré\" as two words."},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alabanza","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"alabanza","lemma":"alabanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pondréla","gloss":"a praise"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking renombre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"renombre","lemma":"renombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with alabanza","gloss":"a renown"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking país","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of país","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of país","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"país","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pondréla","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking confusión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"confusión","lemma":"confusión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies país","gloss":"confusion"}]},{"number":287,"label":"255","id":"en-la-caverna-p255-s1","source":"Porque hoy la ciudad está enamorada de sus rufianes y ellos hundieron a la coja y a la descarriada, pero tendrán que humillarse y besarle los pies a la coja y a la descarriada.","translation":"\"For today the city is in love with her pimps, and they have brought down the lame woman and the strayed one, but they will have to humble themselves and kiss the feet of the lame woman and the strayed one.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p255-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tendrán que humillarse y besarle los pies","title":"«tener que» + two infinitives","body":"«tendrán que humillarse y besarle los pies» = 'they will have to humble themselves and kiss her feet'. One «tener que» governs both infinitives. «Besarle los pies a la coja» doubles the indirect object («le ... a la coja»), normal in Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of enamorada","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"hoy","lemma":"hoy","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enamorada","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of enamorada","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enamorada","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"enamorada","lemma":"enamorado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rufianes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rufianes","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rufianes","lemma":"rufián","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enamorada","gloss":"pimps"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of hundieron","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hundieron","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with está","gloss":"brought down"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coja","gloss":"(personal \"a\" — marks the human direct object \"la coja\"; not \"to\")"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"cojo","morphology":"noun (substantized adjective), feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hundieron","gloss":"the lame woman"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking descarriada","gloss":"(personal \"a\" — marks the human direct object \"la descarriada\"; not \"to\")"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of descarriada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"descarriada","lemma":"descarriado","morphology":"adjective (substantized), feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with coja","gloss":"the strayed woman"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tendrán","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with hundieron","gloss":"they will have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive humillarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"humillarse","lemma":"humillar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with tendrán","gloss":"humble themselves"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"besarle","lemma":"besar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with humillarse","gloss":"kiss","note":"The singular clitic \"le\" loosely stands for both women named afterward (\"a la coja y a la descarriada\") — a common looseness in this doubling construction."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of besarle","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coja","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coja","lemma":"cojo","morphology":"noun (substantized adjective), feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of besarle (doubling le)","gloss":"the lame woman"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking descarriada","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of descarriada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"descarriada","lemma":"descarriado","morphology":"adjective (substantized), feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with coja","gloss":"the strayed woman"}]},{"number":288,"label":"257","id":"en-la-caverna-p257-s1","source":"–¿Pero vos la querés o no a Hipólita?","translation":"\"But do you love Hipólita or not?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p257-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿vos la querés ... a Hipólita?","title":"Voseo «querés» + «querer a»","body":"«querer a (alguien)» = 'to love (a person)'; with things or for 'to want' it drops the «a». «¿Vos la querés ... a Hipólita?» = 'do you love Hipólita?', with the object doubled («la ... a Hipólita») and the voseo «querés» (standard «quieres»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies querés","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular","role":"subject of querés","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of querés","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you love","note":"Voseo: Rioplatense Argentine Spanish pairs \"vos\" with this special present-tense form (\"querés\") instead of standard \"tú quieres.\""},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with querés","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hipólita","gloss":"(personal \"a\" — marks the human direct object \"Hipólita\", doubling clitic \"la\"; not \"to\")"},{"surface":"Hipólita","lemma":"Hipólita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of querés (doubling la)","gloss":"Hipólita"}]},{"number":289,"label":"259","id":"en-la-caverna-p259-s1","source":"–Claro que la quiero.","translation":"\"Of course I love her.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p259-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Claro que la quiero","title":"«claro que» — of course","body":"«claro que» + indicative = 'of course (I/you/etc.)...': «claro que la quiero» = 'of course I love her'. It strongly affirms what was just questioned. «La» = 'her'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"Of course","note":"\"Claro que\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"of course\" — literally \"clear that.\""},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quiero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"}]},{"number":290,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p259-s2","source":"A momentos me parece que ha bajado de la luna por una escalera.","translation":"\"At times it seems to me she's come down from the moon by a staircase.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p259-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me parece que ha bajado","title":"«parecer que» + indicative","body":"Affirmative «parecer que» takes the indicative: «me parece que ha bajado de la luna» = 'it seems to me she has come down from the moon'. (Compare the unreal «parece que ... se hubieran vuelto» earlier, which used the subjunctive for an 'as if'.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momentos","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of parece","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parece","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"parece","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bajado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of bajado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bajado","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luna","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luna","lemma":"luna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bajado","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escalera","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of escalera","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"escalera","lemma":"escalera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bajado","gloss":"staircase"}]},{"number":291,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p259-s3","source":"Donde está ella todos se sentirán felices.","translation":"\"Where she is, everyone will feel happy.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p259-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Donde está ella","title":"Indicative after a real «donde»","body":"Because the place is real and known (wherever she actually is), «donde» takes the indicative «está»: «donde está ella» = 'where she is'. Contrast the subjunctive «donde entres» earlier, where the place was hypothetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of está","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by Donde","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sentirán","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentirán","gloss":"(themselves)"},{"surface":"sentirán","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will feel"},{"surface":"felices","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of sentirán","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":292,"label":"261","id":"en-la-caverna-p261-s1","source":"Y Erdosain creyó por un instante que ella hubiera bajado de la luna para que todos los hombres acudieran a extasiarse en su sencillez, tranquila.","translation":"And for an instant Erdosain believed that she had come down from the moon so that all men might come to lose themselves in rapture before her calm simplicity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p261-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para que ... acudieran","title":"«para que» + subjunctive of purpose","body":"«para que» (purpose) always takes the subjunctive: «para que todos los hombres acudieran a extasiarse» = 'so that all men might come to be enraptured'. The imperfect subjunctive «acudieran» follows the past frame. «Extasiarse» = 'to be enraptured, go into ecstasy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies creyó","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of creyó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"creyó","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instante","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of creyó","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bajado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of bajado","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of bajado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bajado","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the complement clause of creyó","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luna","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luna","lemma":"luna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bajado","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of acudieran","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of acudieran","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of los","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of acudieran","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"acudieran","lemma":"acudir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the purpose clause, modifies bajado","gloss":"might come"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of extasiarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"extasiarse","lemma":"extasiar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of acudieran","gloss":"lose themselves in rapture"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sencillez","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sencillez","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sencillez","lemma":"sencillez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of extasiarse","gloss":"simplicity"},{"surface":"tranquila","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sencillez","gloss":"calm"}]},{"number":293,"label":"263","id":"en-la-caverna-p263-s1","source":"El farmacéutico continuó:","translation":"The pharmacist went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p263-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of farmacéutico","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":294,"label":"265","id":"en-la-caverna-p265-s1","source":"–Ahora vienen tiempos de sangre, che, de venganza.","translation":"\"Now times of blood are coming, man, of vengeance.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p265-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vienen","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"vienen","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are coming"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of vienen","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sangre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical vocative addressing the listener","gloss":"man","note":"\"Che\" is the quintessential Rioplatense interjection for addressing someone informally (\"hey, man/pal\") — it does not modify any surrounding word."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking venganza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"venganza","lemma":"venganza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"vengeance"}]},{"number":295,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p265-s2","source":"Los hombres adentro de sus almas están llorando.","translation":"\"Men, inside their souls, are weeping.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p265-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"están llorando","title":"«estar» + gerund — the progressive","body":"«estar» + gerund forms the progressive 'to be (doing)': «están llorando» = 'they are weeping'. «Adentro de» (River Plate for «dentro de») = 'inside'. Spanish uses the progressive less than English, so it marks an action vividly underway."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of llorando","gloss":"Men"},{"surface":"adentro","lemma":"adentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llorando","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of almas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"almas","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of adentro","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of llorando","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"llorando","lemma":"llorar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weeping"}]},{"number":296,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p265-s3","source":"Pero no quieren escuchar el llanto de su ángel.","translation":"\"But they don't want to hear the weeping of their angel.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p265-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies quieren","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quieren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quieren","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"escuchar","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quieren","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of llanto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"llanto","lemma":"llanto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of escuchar","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ángel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ángel","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ángel","lemma":"ángel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies llanto","gloss":"angel"}]},{"number":297,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p265-s4","source":"Y las ciudades están como las prostitutas, enamoradas de sus rufianes y de sus bandidos.","translation":"\"And the cities are like prostitutes, in love with their pimps and their bandits.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p265-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ciudades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudades","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of prostitutas","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to prostitutas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of prostitutas","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of prostitutas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostitutas","lemma":"prostituta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prostitutes"},{"surface":"enamoradas","lemma":"enamorado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ciudades","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rufianes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rufianes","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"rufianes","lemma":"rufián","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enamoradas","gloss":"pimps"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bandidos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bandidos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"bandidos","lemma":"bandido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with rufianes","gloss":"bandits"}]},{"number":298,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p265-s5","source":"Esto no puede seguir así.","translation":"\"This cannot go on like this.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p265-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no puede seguir así","title":"«seguir así» — to go on like this","body":"«seguir» + «así» = 'to go on / continue this way'. «Esto no puede seguir así» = 'this can't go on like this'. «Seguir» here is used without a gerund, simply meaning 'to continue (in this state)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of seguir","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies seguir","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of seguir","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"seguir","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies seguir","gloss":"like this"}]},{"number":299,"label":"267","id":"en-la-caverna-p267-s1","source":"Miró un instante a la calle, y después con la atención fijada como en un sonido interior, el jugador dijo con voz patética en el café del aburrimiento:","translation":"He looked at the street for an instant, and then, his attention fixed as if on an inner sound, the gambler said in a pathetic voice, in the café of boredom:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p267-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"con la atención fijada","title":"Participle as a reduced clause","body":"«con la atención fijada como en un sonido interior» = 'with his attention fixed as if on an inner sound'. The participle «fijada» (agreeing with «la atención») compresses a whole description into an absolute phrase introduced by «con»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dijo (subject: jugador)","gloss":"He looked","note":"\"Miró\" here is the verb \"mirar\" (he looked), not a proper name — its subject, \"el jugador,\" appears later in the sentence, a typical Arlt narrative-suspension device."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Miró (duration)","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Miró","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atención","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of atención","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atención","lemma":"atención","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"fijada","lemma":"fijado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies atención","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sonido","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonido","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sonido","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sonido","lemma":"sonido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fijada","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sonido","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jugador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jugador","lemma":"jugador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"gambler"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"patética","lemma":"patético","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"pathetic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking café","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of café","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"café","lemma":"café","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"café"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking aburrimiento","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"aburrimiento","lemma":"aburrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies café","gloss":"boredom"}]},{"number":300,"label":"269","id":"en-la-caverna-p269-s1","source":"–Tendrá que venir un hombre, un ángel, yo qué sé.","translation":"\"A man will have to come, an angel, what do I know.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p269-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"yo qué sé","title":"«yo qué sé»","body":"«yo qué sé» is a colloquial throwaway, 'what do I know, I don't know, or something' — vague hand-waving. «Tendrá que venir un hombre» = 'a man will have to come', «tener que» giving prophetic necessity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tendrá","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive venir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with Tendrá","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of venir","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ángel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ángel","lemma":"ángel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to hombre","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of sé","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"know","note":"\"Yo qué sé\" is a common colloquial filler meaning \"who knows\" / \"what do I know.\""}]},{"number":301,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p269-s2","source":"Se arrodillará en medio de la Avenida de Mayo.","translation":"\"He will kneel down in the middle of the Avenida de Mayo.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p269-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arrodillará","gloss":"(himself)"},{"surface":"arrodillará","lemma":"arrodillar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kneel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Avenida","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"medio","lemma":"medio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Avenida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Avenida","lemma":"Avenida","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of arrodillará","gloss":"Avenida"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mayo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Mayo","lemma":"Mayo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Avenida","gloss":"Mayo"}]},{"number":302,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p269-s3","source":"Los automóviles se detendrán, los gerentes de los bancos y los ricos de los hoteles se asomarán a los balcones y moviendo los brazos indignados le dirán:","translation":"\"The automobiles will stop, the bank managers and the rich men of the hotels will lean out over the balconies, and, waving their arms indignantly, they will say to him:\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p269-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se asomarán a los balcones","title":"«asomarse a» — to lean out of","body":"«asomarse a» = 'to lean / peer out of (a window, balcony)'. «Se asomarán a los balcones» = 'they will lean out over the balconies'. The string of futures («se detendrán», «se asomarán», «dirán») sustains the prophetic vision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of automóviles","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"automóviles","lemma":"automóvil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of detendrán","gloss":"automobiles"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detendrán","gloss":"(themselves)"},{"surface":"detendrán","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will stop"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of gerentes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gerentes","lemma":"gerente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of asomarán","gloss":"managers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bancos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bancos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bancos","lemma":"banco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gerentes","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ricos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ricos","lemma":"rico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with gerentes","gloss":"rich men"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoteles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hoteles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoteles","lemma":"hotel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ricos","gloss":"hotels"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asomarán","gloss":"(themselves)"},{"surface":"asomarán","lemma":"asomar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with detendrán","gloss":"will lean out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking balcones","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of balcones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"balcones","lemma":"balcón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of asomarán","gloss":"balconies"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"moviendo","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial gerund, modifies dirán","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of brazos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"brazos","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of moviendo","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"indignados","lemma":"indignado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies brazos","gloss":"indignant"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dirán","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"dirán","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with detendrán","gloss":"will say"}]},{"number":303,"label":"271","id":"en-la-caverna-p271-s1","source":"«¿Qué quieres, tú, cara de sapo?","translation":"\"'What do you want, you, toad-face?'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p271-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cara de sapo","title":"«cara de sapo» — toad-face","body":"«cara de sapo» (literally 'toad-face') is a contemptuous insult for an ugly face. The rich men hurl it at the kneeling redeemer. Note the shift to peninsular «tú quieres» rather than voseo — Ergueta gives the bankers a more formal, bookish voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of quieres","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"quieres","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want","note":"This taunting quoted voice uses standard \"tú quieres\" rather than the voseo (\"vos querés\") heard elsewhere in the novel's dialogue — a shift to a more formal, exalted register."},{"surface":"tú","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of quieres","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to tú (vocative)","gloss":"face","note":"\"Cara de sapo\" (\"toad-face\") is a mocking insult, used here as a vocative."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sapo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sapo","lemma":"sapo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cara","gloss":"toad"}]},{"number":304,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p271-s2","source":"No nos seas molesto –pero él se levantará– y cuando vean su carita triste y sus ojos encendidos de fiebre, a todos se les caerán los brazos, y él se dirigirá a los cogotudos, les hablará, les preguntará por qué hicieron mal, por qué se olvidaron del huérfano y machacaron al hombre y han hecho un infierno de la vida que era tan linda.","translation":"\"'Don't be a nuisance to us' — but he will rise — and when they see his sad little face and his eyes blazing with fever, the arms of all of them will drop, and he will turn to the bigwigs, he will speak to them, he will ask them why they did wrong, why they forgot the orphan and crushed the common man and made a hell of life, which was so beautiful.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p271-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No nos seas molesto","title":"Negative command + subjunctive","body":"Negative commands use the subjunctive: «no seas» = 'don't be' (here «tú/vos»). «No nos seas molesto» = 'don't be a bother to us'. The «cuando vean» that follows is again subjunctive for a future event: 'when they see'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"los cogotudos","title":"«cogotudo» — bigwig","body":"«cogotudo» (from «cogote», nape of the neck) is lunfardo for a rich, arrogant, important person — a bigwig, a fat cat. Earlier Ergueta called his jilted fiancée «una cogotuda» (a snob); here it is the moneyed class the redeemer confronts."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies seas","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of seas (dative of interest, 'to us')","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"seas","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular (negative imperative)","role":"copula linking to molesto","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"molesto","lemma":"molesto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of seas","gloss":"a nuisance"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of levantará","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of levantará","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"levantará","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hablará","gloss":"will rise"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vean","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"vean","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on caerán","gloss":"they see"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carita","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"carita","lemma":"carita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vean","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies carita","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with carita","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"encendidos","lemma":"encendido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiebre","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fiebre","lemma":"fiebre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifying encendidos","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caerán (doubles les)","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of caerán (pronominal verb caerse; 'se...les caerán' is an involuntary-occurrence construction with dative les, not an impersonal se)","gloss":"(impersonal)"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of caerán (dative of possession)","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"caerán","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with hablará","gloss":"will drop"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of brazos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brazos","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of caerán","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dirigirá","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dirigirá","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dirigirá","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hablará","gloss":"will turn"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cogotudos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cogotudos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cogotudos","lemma":"cogotudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dirigirá","gloss":"bigwigs","note":"cogotudos: Argentine slang for arrogant, thick-necked upper-class men, used contemptuously (lit. 'thick-necked')."},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of hablará","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"hablará","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will speak"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of preguntará","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"preguntará","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hablará","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase por qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the phrase por qué, modifying hicieron","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"hicieron","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of preguntará","gloss":"they did"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hicieron","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase por qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the phrase por qué, modifying olvidaron","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of olvidaron","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"olvidaron","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with hicieron (both complements of preguntará)","gloss":"they forgot"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huérfano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huérfano","lemma":"huérfano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of olvidaron (object of de; olvidarse de algo, not a direct object)","gloss":"orphan"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"machacaron","lemma":"machacar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with olvidaron","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of machacaron","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with machacaron","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of infierno","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"infierno","lemma":"infierno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies infierno","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of era, referring to vida","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to linda","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies linda","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"linda","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"beautiful"}]},{"number":305,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p271-s3","source":"Y ellos no sabrán qué contestar, y la voz del ángel postrero resonará de tal forma que se les pondrá la piel de gallina, y hasta los más rufianes llorarán».","translation":"\"'And they will not know what to answer, and the voice of the last angel will resound in such a way that their skin will crawl with goose bumps, and even the most ruffianly of them will weep.'\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p271-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se les pondrá la piel de gallina","title":"«poner la piel de gallina»","body":"«ponerse la piel de gallina» = 'to get goose bumps / goose flesh' (literally 'hen's skin'). «Se les pondrá la piel de gallina» = 'their skin will crawl'. «Postrero» = 'last, final'; «el ángel postrero» = 'the last angel'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sabrán","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabrán","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sabrán","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will know"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of contestar","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"contestar","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sabrán","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of resonará","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ángel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ángel","lemma":"ángel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"postrero","lemma":"postrero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ángel","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"resonará","lemma":"resonar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sabrán","gloss":"will resound"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pondrá","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, introduces result clause of pondrá","gloss":"a way"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pondrá","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pondrá (pronominal verb ponerse; 'se les pondrá' is an involuntary-occurrence construction with dative les, not an impersonal se)","gloss":"(impersonal)"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of pondrá (dative of possession)","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"pondrá","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on resonará","gloss":"will crawl"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piel","lemma":"piel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of pondrá","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gallina","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gallina","lemma":"gallina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piel","gloss":"hen","note":"piel de gallina: idiom for 'goosebumps' (the English idiom names a different animal); literally 'hen skin.'"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rufianes","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rufianes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rufianes","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"rufianes","lemma":"rufián","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of llorarán","gloss":"ruffians"},{"surface":"llorarán","lemma":"llorar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with resonará","gloss":"will weep"}]},{"number":306,"label":"273","id":"en-la-caverna-p273-s1","source":"La bocaza del farmacéutico se deformó de angustia.","translation":"The pharmacist's great gaping mouth twisted with anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p273-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"La bocaza","title":"Augmentative «-aza»","body":"«bocaza» = «boca» + the augmentative «-aza», 'a big / coarse mouth'. The «-azo/-aza» suffix enlarges (often disparagingly): «manaza» (a big hand), «cochazo» (a great big car). «Se deformó de angustia» = 'twisted with anguish'."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bocaza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bocaza","lemma":"bocaza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of deformó","gloss":"great mouth"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking farmacéutico","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bocaza","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of deformó","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"deformó","lemma":"deformar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of deformó","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":307,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p273-s2","source":"Parecía que masticara un veneno elástico y amargo.","translation":"He seemed to be chewing an elastic, bitter poison.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p273-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Parecía que masticara","title":"«parecía que» + subjunctive","body":"«parecía que masticara un veneno» = 'he seemed to be chewing a poison'. The imperfect subjunctive «masticara» after «parecía que» gives the 'as if' quality — an appearance, not a fact, like «como si masticara»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he seemed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of masticara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"masticara","lemma":"masticar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Parecía","gloss":"was chewing"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of veneno","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"veneno","lemma":"veneno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of masticara","gloss":"poison"},{"surface":"elástico","lemma":"elástico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies veneno","gloss":"elastic"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"amargo","lemma":"amargo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with elástico","gloss":"bitter"}]},{"number":308,"label":"275","id":"en-la-caverna-p275-s1","source":"–Sí, es necesario que venga Cristo otra vez.","translation":"\"Yes, it is necessary that Christ come again.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p275-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"es necesario que venga","title":"«es necesario que» + subjunctive","body":"When «es necesario» has a subject clause, it switches from infinitive to «que» + subjunctive: «es necesario que venga Cristo» = 'it is necessary that Christ come'. The subjunctive «venga» (from «venir») is required after the impersonal expression of necessity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence-initial affirmative (stands alone)","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesario","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"necesario","lemma":"necesario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of venga","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"venga","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on necesario","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Cristo","lemma":"Cristo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of venga","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of venga","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":309,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p275-s2","source":"Los hombres más perros, los cínicos más letrinosos sufren todavía.","translation":"\"The most doglike men, the most latrine-foul cynics, still suffer.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p275-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"los cínicos más letrinosos","title":"«letrinoso» — latrine-foul","body":"«letrinoso» is an Arltian coinage from «letrina» ('latrine, privy'), meaning filthy, foul, sewer-like. «Los más perros» uses «perro» ('dog') adjectivally for 'vile, mean'. Arlt strains the language toward maximum squalor for these final lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sufren","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perros","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"perros","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"doglike","note":"perro used adjectivally here (más perros) is a porteño idiom for 'base/vile,' not literal dogs."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cínicos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cínicos","lemma":"cínico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sufren","gloss":"cynics"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies letrinosos","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"letrinosos","lemma":"letrinoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cínicos","gloss":"latrine-foul"},{"surface":"sufren","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"todavía","lemma":"todavía","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufren","gloss":"still"}]},{"number":310,"label":"","id":"en-la-caverna-p275-s3","source":"Y si él no viene, ¿quién nos va a salvar?","translation":"\"And if he does not come, who is going to save us?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/en-la-caverna-p275-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si él no viene","title":"«si» + present indicative (real condition)","body":"An open, real condition uses the present indicative in the «si» clause: «si él no viene» = 'if he does not come'. (Contrast the unreal «si vos supieras» earlier, which needed the subjunctive.) «¿Quién nos va a salvar?» = 'who is going to save us?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viene","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of viene","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"viene","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on salvar","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of salvar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of salvar","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of salvar","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of salvar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"salvar","lemma":"salvar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"save"}]}]}