{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"estados-de-conciencia","title":{"source":"Estados de conciencia","translated":"States of Consciousness"},"section":"Part One","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/estados-de-conciencia","lines":56},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-sorpresa","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-terror-en-la-calle","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p1-s1","source":"Sabía que era un ladrón.","translation":"He knew he was a thief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sabía / era","title":"The imperfect tense","body":"«Sabía» and «era» are imperfect forms of «saber» and «ser». The imperfect describes an ongoing state in the past — what was already true — rather than a single completed event. Here it states a standing fact about Erdosain: he knew, all along, what he was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ladrón","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ladrón","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ladrón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ladrón","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabía","gloss":"thief"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p1-s2","source":"Pero la categoría en que se colocaba no le interesaba.","translation":"But the category in which he found himself placed did not interest him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p1-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se colocaba","title":"Pronominal «colocarse»","body":"«Colocarse» is the pronominal form of «colocar» ('to place'); with the reflexive «se» it means 'to place/position oneself', 'to be situated'. Here «la categoría en que se colocaba» is roughly 'the category in which he was placed / found himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies interesaba","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of categoría","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"categoría","lemma":"categoría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of interesaba","gloss":"category"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"oblique complement of colocaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of colocaba","gloss":"(himself)"},{"surface":"colocaba","lemma":"colocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying categoría","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interesaba (experiencer)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"interesaba","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interest"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p1-s3","source":"Quizá la palabra ladrón no estuviera en consonancia con su estado interior.","translation":"Perhaps the word thief was not in keeping with his inner state.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p1-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quizá... estuviera","title":"Subjunctive after «quizá»","body":"«Quizá» ('perhaps') triggers the subjunctive to mark uncertainty. «Estuviera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «estar»: 'perhaps the word was not in keeping...'. Spanish uses the subjunctive here precisely because the statement is hedged, not asserted as fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quizá","lemma":"quizá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estuviera","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estuviera","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ladrón","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to palabra","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estuviera","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estuviera","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking consonancia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"consonancia","lemma":"consonancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en, predicate of estuviera","gloss":"keeping","note":"Idiom: \"en consonancia con\" = \"in keeping with.\""},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estado","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of estado","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"estado","lemma":"estado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of con","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies estado","gloss":"inner"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p1-s4","source":"Existía otro sentimiento y ése era el silencio circular entrado como un cilindro de acero en la masa de su cráneo, de tal modo que lo dejaba sordo para todo aquello que no se relacionara con su desdicha.","translation":"There was another feeling, and it was the circular silence driven like a steel cylinder into the mass of his skull, in such a way that it left him deaf to everything that had no bearing on his misery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p1-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de tal modo que","title":"«de tal modo que» — result clause","body":"«De tal modo que» means 'in such a way that' and introduces a clause of result. It links a cause (the silence lodged in his skull) to its consequence (it left him deaf). Note that the following verb, «relacionara» (imperfect subjunctive), appears because «todo aquello que no se relacionara» describes a hypothetical, non-specific 'anything that did not relate'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Existía","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentimiento","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"sentimiento","lemma":"sentimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Existía","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ése","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking ése to silencio","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"circular","lemma":"circular","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"circular"},{"surface":"entrado","lemma":"entrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparison marker before cilindro","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cilindro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cilindro","lemma":"cilindro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of como, modifies entrado","gloss":"cylinder"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"acero","lemma":"acero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cilindro","gloss":"steel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking masa","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of masa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"masa","lemma":"masa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en, complement of entrado","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cráneo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cráneo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cráneo","lemma":"cráneo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies masa","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de tal modo que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"part of the phrase de tal modo que","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"modo","lemma":"modo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de tal modo que","gloss":"way","note":"Idiom: \"de tal modo que\" = \"in such a way that.\""},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dejaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dejaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the que-clause (result)","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of lo (object complement of dejaba)","gloss":"deaf"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aquello","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aquello","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"aquello","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of para","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of relacionara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies relacionara","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of relacionara","gloss":"itself","note":"\"relacionarse con\" = \"to have any bearing on / be related to.\""},{"surface":"relacionara","lemma":"relacionar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying aquello","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desdicha","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of desdicha","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"desdicha","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of relacionara","gloss":"misery"}]},{"number":5,"label":"2","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p2-s1","source":"Este círculo de silencio y de tinieblas interrumpía la continuidad de sus ideas, de forma que Erdosain no podía asociar, con el declive de su razonamiento, su hogar llamado casa con una institución designada con el nombre de cárcel.","translation":"This circle of silence and darkness broke the continuity of his thoughts, so that, in the decline of his reasoning, Erdosain could not connect his home—called a house—with an institution designated by the name of prison.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de forma que","title":"«de forma que» — consequence","body":"«De forma que» ('so that', 'with the result that') introduces a consequence, much like «de tal modo que». Spanish has a family of these connectors — «de manera que», «de modo que», «de forma que» — all linking an action to the state of affairs it produces."}],"words":[{"surface":"Este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of círculo","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of interrumpía","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies círculo","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tinieblas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with silencio","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"interrumpía","lemma":"interrumpir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of continuidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"continuidad","lemma":"continuidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of interrumpía","gloss":"continuity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ideas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ideas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies continuidad","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de forma que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de forma que","gloss":"way","note":"Idiom: \"de forma que\" = \"so that.\""},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (podía asociar)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of asociar","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies asociar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of asociar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"asociar","lemma":"asociar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"connect"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking declive","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of declive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"declive","lemma":"declive","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of asociar","gloss":"decline"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking razonamiento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of razonamiento","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"razonamiento","lemma":"razonamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies declive","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hogar","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hogar","lemma":"hogar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of asociar","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"llamado","lemma":"llamado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hogar","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of llamado","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking institución","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of institución","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"institución","lemma":"institución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con, complement of asociar","gloss":"institution"},{"surface":"designada","lemma":"designado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies institución","gloss":"designated"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nombre","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nombre","lemma":"nombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of designada","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cárcel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cárcel","lemma":"cárcel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nombre","gloss":"prison"}]},{"number":6,"label":"3","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p3-s1","source":"Pensaba telegráficamente, suprimiendo preposiciones, lo cual es enervante.","translation":"He thought telegraphically, dropping prepositions, which is unnerving.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo cual","title":"«lo cual» — a whole-clause relative","body":"«Lo cual» refers back not to a single noun but to the entire preceding idea: 'which' = 'the fact that he thought telegraphically'. Use «lo cual» (or «lo que») when the relative pronoun stands for a whole clause rather than one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He thought"},{"surface":"telegráficamente","lemma":"telegráficamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Pensaba","gloss":"telegraphically"},{"surface":"suprimiendo","lemma":"suprimir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Pensaba","gloss":"dropping"},{"surface":"preposiciones","lemma":"preposición","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of suprimiendo","gloss":"prepositions"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"neuter article","role":"part of the relative pronoun lo cual","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"which","note":"\"lo cual\" = \"which,\" referring back to the whole previous clause."},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enervante","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"enervante","lemma":"enervante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"unnerving"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p3-s2","source":"Conoció horas muertas en las que hubiera podido cometer un delito de cualquier naturaleza, sin que por ello tuviera la menor noción de su responsabilidad.","translation":"He knew dead hours in which he could have committed a crime of any kind without thereby having the slightest sense of his responsibility.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sin que... tuviera","title":"«sin que» + subjunctive","body":"«Sin que» ('without [it being the case that]') always takes the subjunctive when the two clauses have different subjects. «Tuviera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «tener»: 'without his having...'. Pair it with «hubiera podido» ('he could have'), the pluperfect subjunctive of «poder» (pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo). It can function as an equivalent to the conditional perfect «habría podido» in hypothetical contexts, but its mood is subjunctive, not conditional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Conoció","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He knew"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Conoció","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"muertas","lemma":"muerto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies horas","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"part of the compound relative las que, agrees with horas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of cometer","gloss":"that","note":"\"en las que\" = \"in which,\" referring back to horas."},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of cometer","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"podido","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"auxiliary of cometer","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"cometer","lemma":"cometer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying horas","gloss":"commit"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of delito","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"delito","lemma":"delito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cometer","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naturaleza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cualquier","lemma":"cualquiera","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of naturaleza","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"naturaleza","lemma":"naturaleza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies delito","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tuviera","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sin que, introduces tuviera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ello","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ello","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tuviera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tuviera","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on cometer","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noción","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menor","lemma":"menor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"modifies noción","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"noción","lemma":"noción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuviera","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking responsabilidad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of responsabilidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"responsabilidad","lemma":"responsabilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies noción","gloss":"responsibility"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p3-s3","source":"Lógicamente, un juez no hubiera entendido tal fenómeno.","translation":"Logically, a judge would not have understood such a phenomenon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p3-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lógicamente","lemma":"lógicamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entendido","gloss":"Logically"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of juez","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"juez","lemma":"juez","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of entendido","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entendido","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of entendido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"entendido","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fenómeno","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"fenómeno","lemma":"fenómeno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entendido","gloss":"phenomenon"}]},{"number":9,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p3-s4","source":"Pero él ya estaba vacío, era una cáscara de hombre movida por el automatismo de la costumbre.","translation":"But he was already empty, a husk of a man moved by the automatism of habit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p3-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"una cáscara de hombre","title":"«cáscara» — shell, husk, rind","body":"«Cáscara» is the outer shell or rind — of an egg, a nut, an orange. «Una cáscara de hombre» turns it into a metaphor: a man hollowed out to nothing but his outer surface, a 'husk of a man'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence, contrast","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to vacío","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vacío","lemma":"vacío","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cáscara","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cáscara","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cáscara","lemma":"cáscara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"husk"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cáscara","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"movida","lemma":"movido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cáscara","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking automatismo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of automatismo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"automatismo","lemma":"automatismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of por, agent of movida","gloss":"automatism"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking costumbre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of costumbre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"costumbre","lemma":"costumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies automatismo","gloss":"habit"}]},{"number":10,"label":"4","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p4-s1","source":"Si continuó trabajando en la Compañía Azucarera no fue para robar más cantidades de dinero, sino porque esperaba un acontecimiento extraordinario –inmensamente extraordinario– que diera un giro inesperado a su vida y lo salvara de la catástrofe que veía acercarse a su puerta.","translation":"If he went on working at the Sugar Company it was not to steal more sums of money, but because he was waiting for an extraordinary event—immensely extraordinary—that would give his life an unexpected turn and save him from the catastrophe he saw drawing near his door.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no... sino","title":"«no... sino» — not X but Y","body":"«Sino» corrects a negation: 'not for one reason, but for another'. It differs from «pero»: «sino» replaces the rejected idea outright, whereas «pero» merely qualifies. The later verbs «diera» and «salvara» are imperfect subjunctive, used because the event is only hoped-for, not real."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of continuó","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the si-clause","gloss":"he continued"},{"surface":"trabajando","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of continuó","gloss":"working"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Compañía","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Compañía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Compañía","lemma":"Compañía","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of trabajando","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"Azucarera","lemma":"Azucarera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Compañía","gloss":"Sugar"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fue","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of robar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"robar","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on fue","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cantidades","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"cantidades","lemma":"cantidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of robar","gloss":"sums"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dinero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cantidades","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of esperaba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"esperaba","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with fue","gloss":"he was waiting"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of acontecimiento","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"acontecimiento","lemma":"acontecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of esperaba","gloss":"event"},{"surface":"extraordinario","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies acontecimiento","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"inmensamente","lemma":"inmensamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extraordinario","gloss":"immensely"},{"surface":"extraordinario","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies acontecimiento","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of diera, refers to acontecimiento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"diera","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying acontecimiento","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of giro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"giro","lemma":"giro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of diera","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"inesperado","lemma":"inesperado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies giro","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of diera","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of salvara","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"salvara","lemma":"salvar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with diera","gloss":"would save"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking catástrofe","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of catástrofe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"catástrofe","lemma":"catástrofe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of salvara","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of veía, refers to catástrofe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying catástrofe","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"acercarse","lemma":"acercarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of veía","gloss":"drawing near"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acercarse","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":11,"label":"5","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p5-s1","source":"Esta atmósfera de sueño y de inquietud que lo hacía circular a través de los días como un sonámbulo, la denominaba Erdosain, «la zona de la angustia».","translation":"This atmosphere of dream and unease that made him move through the days like a sleepwalker, Erdosain called \"the zone of anguish\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"...la denominaba Erdosain","title":"Fronted object with a resumptive pronoun","body":"The long phrase «Esta atmósfera... como un sonámbulo» is the object, moved to the front for emphasis, then echoed by the pronoun «la» in «la denominaba» ('Erdosain called it...'). This doubling — noun out front, matching object pronoun on the verb — is normal Spanish word order, not a mistake."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of atmósfera","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"atmósfera","lemma":"atmósfera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of denominaba (fronted), resumed by la","gloss":"atmosphere"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sueño","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies atmósfera","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inquietud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"inquietud","lemma":"inquietud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with sueño","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying atmósfera","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"circular","lemma":"circular","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacía","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a través de","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"través","lemma":"través","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom a través de","gloss":"way","note":"\"a través de\" = \"through/across.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a través de, marks días","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of a través de, complement of circular","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparison marker before sonámbulo","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sonámbulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sonámbulo","lemma":"sonámbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of como, describes lo","gloss":"sleepwalker"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of denominaba","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"denominaba","lemma":"denominar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of denominaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of zona","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zona","lemma":"zona","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object complement of denominaba, names la (atmósfera)","gloss":"zone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies zona","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":12,"label":"6","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p6-s1","source":"Erdosain se imaginaba que dicha zona existía sobre el nivel de las ciudades, a dos metros de altura, y se le representaba gráficamente bajo la forma de esas regiones de salinas o desiertos que en los mapas están revelados por óvalos de puntos, tan espesos como las ovas de un arenque.","translation":"Erdosain imagined that this zone existed above the level of the cities, two meters up, and he pictured it graphically in the form of those regions of salt flats or deserts that on maps are shown by ovals of dots, as dense as the roe of a herring.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dicha zona","title":"«dicho/dicha» — aforementioned","body":"«Dicha» here is not the noun 'happiness' but the participle of «decir» used as an adjective: 'the said / aforementioned zone'. It is a formal way to point back to something just named, equivalent to 'this zone' or 'the zone in question'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of imaginaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive dative particle of imaginaba (imaginarse)","gloss":"to himself","note":"\"imaginarse\" = pronominal verb \"to picture to oneself\"; \"se\" has no separate translation."},{"surface":"imaginaba","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of existía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dicha","lemma":"dicho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies zona","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zona","lemma":"zona","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of existía","gloss":"zone"},{"surface":"existía","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginaba","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nivel","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nivel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nivel","lemma":"nivel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of existía","gloss":"level"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudades","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ciudades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudades","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies nivel","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking metros","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies metros","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"metros","lemma":"metro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of existía","gloss":"meters"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking altura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"altura","lemma":"altura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies metros","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/impersonal reflexive particle of representaba","gloss":"itself","note":"The passive-reflexive \"se le representaba\" is rendered actively as \"he pictured it.\""},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of representaba, refers to Erdosain","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"representaba","lemma":"representar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with imaginaba","gloss":"he pictured"},{"surface":"gráficamente","lemma":"gráficamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies representaba","gloss":"graphically"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of bajo, adverbial complement of representaba","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regiones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of regiones","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"regiones","lemma":"región","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies forma","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salinas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"salinas","lemma":"salina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies regiones","gloss":"salt flats"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"desiertos","lemma":"desierto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with salinas","gloss":"deserts"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of revelados","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mapas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mapas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mapas","lemma":"mapa","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of revelados","gloss":"maps"},{"surface":"están","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to revelados","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"revelados","lemma":"revelado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of están, describes que (regiones)","gloss":"shown"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking óvalos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"óvalos","lemma":"óvalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of por, agent/instrument of revelados","gloss":"ovals"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puntos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"puntos","lemma":"punto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies óvalos","gloss":"dots"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies espesos","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"espesos","lemma":"espeso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies óvalos","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparison marker before ovas","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ovas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ovas","lemma":"ova","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of como","gloss":"roe"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arenque","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of arenque","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"arenque","lemma":"arenque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ovas","gloss":"herring"}]},{"number":13,"label":"7","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p7-s1","source":"Esta zona de angustia era la consecuencia del sufrimiento de los hombres.","translation":"This zone of anguish was the consequence of the suffering of men.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of zona","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"zona","lemma":"zona","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"zone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies zona","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to consecuencia","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of consecuencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"consecuencia","lemma":"consecuencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking sufrimiento","gloss":"of the","note":"\"del\" = \"de\" + \"el\" (\"of the\")."},{"surface":"sufrimiento","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies consecuencia","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sufrimiento","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p7-s2","source":"Y como una nube de gas venenoso se trasladaba pesadamente de un punto a otro, penetrando murallas y atravesando los edificios, sin perder su forma plana y horizontal; angustia de dos dimensiones que guillotinando las gargantas dejaba en éstas un regusto de sollozo.","translation":"And like a cloud of poison gas it shifted heavily from one point to another, penetrating walls and passing through buildings without losing its flat, horizontal shape; a two-dimensional anguish that, guillotining throats, left in them an aftertaste of sobbing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p7-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"penetrando... atravesando... guillotinando","title":"Chained gerunds","body":"Arlt strings together gerunds (the «-ando/-iendo» form) to layer simultaneous actions onto one main verb: the gas shifts while 'penetrating' and 'passing through', and the anguish acts while 'guillotinating'. The gerund here means 'in the act of', running parallel to the finite verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with nube (simile)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nube","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nube","lemma":"nube","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of trasladaba","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gas","lemma":"gas","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nube","gloss":"gas"},{"surface":"venenoso","lemma":"venenoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gas","gloss":"poisonous"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of trasladaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"trasladaba","lemma":"trasladar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the como-clause (comparison), parallels dejaba","gloss":"shifted"},{"surface":"pesadamente","lemma":"pesadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trasladaba","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punto","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of punto","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"punto","lemma":"punto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trasladaba","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trasladaba","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"penetrando","lemma":"penetrar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on trasladaba","gloss":"penetrating"},{"surface":"murallas","lemma":"muralla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of penetrando","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"atravesando","lemma":"atravesar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with penetrando","gloss":"passing through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of edificios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"edificios","lemma":"edificio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of atravesando","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of perder","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"perder","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on trasladaba","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of perder","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"plana","lemma":"plano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies forma","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"horizontal","lemma":"horizontal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with plana","gloss":"horizontal"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head noun; antecedent of que (subject of dejaba)","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dimensiones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies dimensiones","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"dimensiones","lemma":"dimensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies angustia","gloss":"dimensions"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of dejaba, referring to angustia","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"guillotinando","lemma":"guillotinar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dejaba","gloss":"guillotining"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of gargantas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gargantas","lemma":"garganta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of guillotinando","gloss":"throats"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éstas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"éstas","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dejaba","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of regusto","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"regusto","lemma":"regusto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dejaba","gloss":"aftertaste"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sollozo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sollozo","lemma":"sollozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies regusto","gloss":"sobbing"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p7-s3","source":"Tal era la explicación que Erdosain se daba cuando sentía las primeras náuseas de la pena.","translation":"Such was the explanation Erdosain gave himself when he felt the first nausea of grief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p7-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tal era la explicación","title":"«tal era...» — inverted, formal","body":"«Tal era la explicación que...» ('Such was the explanation that...') fronts «tal» ('such') and inverts the verb before the subject. It is a literary, slightly archaic way to gather up everything just described into a summary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula; main verb of the sentence, links Tal and explicación","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of explicación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"explicación","lemma":"explicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of daba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of daba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of daba ('to himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"daba","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying explicación","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sentía","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on daba","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of náuseas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primeras","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies náuseas","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"náuseas","lemma":"náusea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sentía","gloss":"nausea"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pena","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies náuseas","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":16,"label":"8","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p8-s1","source":"–¿Qué es lo que hago con mi vida? –decíase entonces, queriendo quizás aclarar con esta pregunta los orígenes de la ansiedad que le hacía apetecer una existencia en la cual el mañana no fuera la continuación de hoy con su medida de tiempo, sino algo distinto y siempre inesperado como en los desenvolvimientos de las películas norteamericanas, donde el pordiosero de ayer es el jefe de una sociedad secreta de hoy, y la dactilógrafa aventurera una multimillonaria de incógnito.","translation":"\"What am I doing with my life?\" he would say to himself then, wanting perhaps to clarify with this question the origins of the anxiety that made him crave an existence in which tomorrow would not be the continuation of today with its measure of time, but something different and always unexpected, as in the unfolding of North American films, where yesterday's beggar is today's chief of a secret society, and the adventuress typist a multimillionaire incognito.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"decíase","title":"Enclitic pronoun: «decíase» = «se decía»","body":"In older literary Spanish the reflexive pronoun is often attached to the end of a finite verb: «decíase» = «se decía» ('he said to himself'). Arlt uses this enclitic form throughout the chapter for narration. The meaning is identical to placing «se» before the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la dactilógrafa","title":"«dactilógrafa» — typist","body":"«Dactilógrafo/a» is a typist (from Greek 'finger' + 'writing'); in 1920s Buenos Aires it named the new class of office typists. The cinematic fantasy — the typist secretly a millionaire — fixes the chapter in the silent-film era Erdosain dreams through."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula; main verb of the question, links Qué and the lo que hago clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"with que, forms subject clause of es (lo que hago)","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of hago, coreferential with lo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hago","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause that is the subject of es","gloss":"am doing"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hago","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"decíase","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, with enclitic reflexive se","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said to himself","note":"Literary construction: decía + enclitic se, common in written narration for 'he said to himself' — rare in spoken porteño Spanish, which prefers se decía."},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies decíase","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"queriendo","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on decíase","gloss":"wanting"},{"surface":"quizás","lemma":"quizás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies queriendo","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"aclarar","lemma":"aclarar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of queriendo","gloss":"to clarify"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pregunta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pregunta","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pregunta","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aclarar","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of orígenes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orígenes","lemma":"origen","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aclarar","gloss":"origins"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ansiedad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ansiedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ansiedad","lemma":"ansiedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies orígenes","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hacía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying ansiedad","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"apetecer","lemma":"apetecer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacía","gloss":"crave"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of existencia","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"existencia","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of apetecer","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cual","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cual","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of preposition en (relative clause modifying existencia)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mañana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fuera","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuera","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula; main verb of the clause, links mañana and continuación","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of continuación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"continuación","lemma":"continuación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fuera","gloss":"continuation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoy","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoy","lemma":"hoy","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies continuación","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking medida","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of medida","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"medida","lemma":"medida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of continuación","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies medida","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with no fuera la continuación (no...sino construction)","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated with continuación (alternative predicate of fuera)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"distinto","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies algo","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inesperado","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"inesperado","lemma":"inesperado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with distinto","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (como en los desenvolvimientos)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desenvolvimientos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of desenvolvimientos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desenvolvimientos","lemma":"desenvolvimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of inesperado (comparison)","gloss":"unfolding"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking películas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of películas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"películas","lemma":"película","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies desenvolvimientos","gloss":"films"},{"surface":"norteamericanas","lemma":"norteamericano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies películas","gloss":"North American"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying películas","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pordiosero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pordiosero","lemma":"pordiosero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"beggar"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ayer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ayer","lemma":"ayer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pordiosero","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula; main verb of the relative clause, links pordiosero and jefe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jefe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jefe","lemma":"jefe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies jefe","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"secreta","lemma":"secreto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoy","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoy","lemma":"hoy","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jefe (today's chief, per the yesterday/today parallel)","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dactilógrafa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dactilógrafa","lemma":"dactilógrafa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided es (parallel to pordiosero)","gloss":"typist"},{"surface":"aventurera","lemma":"aventurero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dactilógrafa","gloss":"adventuress"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multimillonaria","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"multimillonaria","lemma":"multimillonaria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the elided es (parallel to jefe)","gloss":"multimillionaire"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de incógnito ('incognito')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"incógnito","lemma":"incógnito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies multimillonaria","gloss":"incognito","note":"De incógnito is a fixed phrase meaning 'incognito, undercover.'"}]},{"number":17,"label":"9","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p9-s1","source":"Dicha necesidad de maravillas que no tenía posibles satisfacciones –ya que él era un inventor fracasado y un delincuente al margen de la cárcel– le dejaba en las cavilaciones subsiguientes una rabiosa acidez y los dientes sensibles como después de masticar limón.","translation":"This need for marvels, which had no possible satisfaction—since he was a failed inventor and a criminal on the edge of prison—left him, in the broodings that followed, a raging acidity and teeth as sensitive as after chewing a lemon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ya que","title":"«ya que» — since, given that","body":"«Ya que» introduces a reason already known or accepted: 'since', 'seeing that'. It is causal like «porque» but presents the cause as established background rather than new information — here, the facts of Erdosain's failure that explain why his hunger for marvels can never be fed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dicha","lemma":"dicho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies necesidad","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"necesidad","lemma":"necesidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dejaba","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maravillas","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"maravillas","lemma":"maravilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies necesidad","gloss":"marvels"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tenía, referring to necesidad","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying necesidad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"posibles","lemma":"posible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies satisfacciones","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"satisfacciones","lemma":"satisfacción","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"satisfactions"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"with que, forms the conjunction ya que ('since')","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with ya, forms the conjunction ya que ('since')","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula; main verb of the ya que-clause, links él and inventor","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of inventor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inventor","lemma":"inventor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"inventor"},{"surface":"fracasado","lemma":"fracasado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies inventor","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of delincuente","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"delincuente","lemma":"delincuente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with inventor","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom al margen de ('on the edge of')","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"margen","lemma":"margen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the idiom al margen de, modifies delincuente","gloss":"edge","note":"Al margen de = 'on the edge/fringe of' — a fixed idiom, not a literal margin."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom al margen de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cárcel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cárcel","lemma":"cárcel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, within the idiom al margen de","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dejaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cavilaciones","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cavilaciones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cavilaciones","lemma":"cavilación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dejaba","gloss":"broodings"},{"surface":"subsiguientes","lemma":"subsiguiente","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cavilaciones","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of acidez","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rabiosa","lemma":"rabioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies acidez","gloss":"raging"},{"surface":"acidez","lemma":"acidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejaba","gloss":"acidity"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dientes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with acidez","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"sensibles","lemma":"sensible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies dientes","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of después","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sensibles (comparison)","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of masticar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"masticar","lemma":"masticar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on después","gloss":"chewing"},{"surface":"limón","lemma":"limón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of masticar","gloss":"lemon"}]},{"number":18,"label":"10","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p10-s1","source":"En estas circunstancias compaginaba insensateces.","translation":"In these circumstances he pieced together follies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"compaginaba","title":"«compaginar» — to piece together","body":"«Compaginar» originally means to arrange printed pages into order (a printer's term), and by extension to fit or reconcile things together. «Compaginaba insensateces» casts his mind as a typesetter assembling nonsense into shape."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancias","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of circunstancias","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"circunstancias","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of compaginaba","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"compaginaba","lemma":"compaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pieced together"},{"surface":"insensateces","lemma":"insensatez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of compaginaba","gloss":"follies"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p10-s2","source":"Llegó a imaginarse que los ricos, aburridos de escuchar las quejas de los miserables, construyeron jaulones tremendos que arrastraban cuadrillas de caballos.","translation":"He came to imagine that the rich, tired of hearing the complaints of the wretched, built enormous cages dragged by teams of horses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p10-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Llegó a imaginarse","title":"«llegar a» + infinitive","body":"«Llegar a» plus an infinitive means 'to get to the point of', 'to end up' doing something: «llegó a imaginarse» = 'he came to imagine', 'he even imagined'. It marks the reaching of an extreme — his fantasies escalating until he pictures this."}],"words":[{"surface":"Llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He came"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of imaginarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"imaginarse","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"complement of Llegó","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of construyeron","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ricos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ricos","lemma":"rico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of construyeron","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"aburridos","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ricos","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of escuchar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"escuchar","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of aburridos","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of quejas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quejas","lemma":"queja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of escuchar","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miserables","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of miserables","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miserables","lemma":"miserable","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies quejas","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"construyeron","lemma":"construir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que (complement of imaginarse)","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"jaulones","lemma":"jaulón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of construyeron","gloss":"cages","note":"Augmentative of jaula ('cage'): the -ón suffix intensifies size — 'big cages'."},{"surface":"tremendos","lemma":"tremendo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jaulones","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of arrastraban, referring to jaulones","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arrastraban","lemma":"arrastrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying jaulones","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"cuadrillas","lemma":"cuadrilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of arrastraban","gloss":"teams"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caballos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"caballos","lemma":"caballo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cuadrillas","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p10-s3","source":"Verdugos escogidos por su fortaleza cazaban a los tristes con lazo de acogotar perros, llegándole a ser visible cierta escena: una madre, alta y desmelenada, corría tras el jaulón de donde, entre los barrotes, la llamaba su hijo tuerto, hasta que un «perrero», aburrido de oírla gritar, la desmayó a fuerza de golpes en la cabeza, con el mango del lazo.","translation":"Executioners chosen for their strength hunted the sad with a noose for throttling dogs, and a certain scene grew visible to him: a mother, tall and disheveled, ran after the cage from which, between the bars, her one-eyed son called to her, until a \"dogcatcher\", tired of hearing her scream, knocked her out with blows to the head from the handle of the noose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p10-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un «perrero»","title":"«perrero» — dogcatcher","body":"A «perrero» is a dogcatcher, the man who rounds up strays with a pole and noose. Arlt's nightmare reuses the dogcatcher's tools — the «lazo de acogotar perros», the noose for throttling dogs — to hunt the poor, collapsing the wretched into stray animals."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verdugos","lemma":"verdugo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of cazaban","gloss":"Executioners"},{"surface":"escogidos","lemma":"escogido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Verdugos","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fortaleza","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fortaleza","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"fortaleza","lemma":"fortaleza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition por (reason for escogidos)","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"cazaban","lemma":"cazar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hunted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tristes (personal a)","gloss":"object marker","note":"This is the 'personal a', required before a direct object referring to people; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tristes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tristes","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"direct object of cazaban","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lazo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lazo","lemma":"lazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cazaban","gloss":"noose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause acogotar (purpose)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"acogotar","lemma":"acogotar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying lazo","gloss":"throttling","note":"Acogotar: to seize by the nape (cogote) and strangle — 'to throttle'."},{"surface":"perros","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of acogotar","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"llegándole","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, gerund, with enclitic dative pronoun le ('to him')","role":"adverbial clause on cazaban, heads the llegar a ser construction","gloss":"coming to be","note":"Llegar a ser = 'to come to be, to become'; here with the enclitic 'le' = 'to him'."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom llegar a ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula within llegar a ser, links escena and visible","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"visible","lemma":"visible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes escena","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"cierta","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of escena","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"escena","lemma":"escena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ser visible (becomes visible to him)","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of madre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"madre","lemma":"madre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of corría","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"alta","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies madre","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"desmelenada","lemma":"desmelenado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with alta (modifies madre)","gloss":"disheveled"},{"surface":"corría","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the scene description (elaborates escena)","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"tras","lemma":"tras","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaulón","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jaulón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jaulón","lemma":"jaulón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of corría","gloss":"cage"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking donde","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of llamaba","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking barrotes","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of barrotes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barrotes","lemma":"barrote","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llamaba","gloss":"bars"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llamaba","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"llamaba","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying jaulón","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hijo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llamaba","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"tuerto","lemma":"tuerto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hijo","gloss":"one-eyed"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase hasta que ('until')","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of desmayó (hasta que = until)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of perrero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perrero","lemma":"perrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of desmayó","gloss":"dogcatcher"},{"surface":"aburrido","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perrero","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of oírla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oírla","lemma":"oír","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with enclitic pronoun la ('her')","role":"complement of aburrido","gloss":"hearing her"},{"surface":"gritar","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of oírla","gloss":"scream"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desmayó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"desmayó","lemma":"desmayar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the hasta que-clause","gloss":"knocked out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a fuerza de ('by dint of')","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"fuerza","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition a, forms the idiom a fuerza de","gloss":"force","note":"A fuerza de = 'by dint of, through sheer force of'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking golpes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"golpes","lemma":"golpe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fuerza","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabeza","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desmayó","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mango","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mango","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mango","lemma":"mango","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desmayó","gloss":"handle"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lazo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lazo","lemma":"lazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mango","gloss":"noose"}]},{"number":21,"label":"11","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p11-s1","source":"Desvanecida esta pesadilla, Erdosain se decía horrorizado de sí mismo:","translation":"This nightmare having faded, Erdosain said to himself, horrified at himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Desvanecida esta pesadilla","title":"Absolute participle construction","body":"A past participle placed before its noun with no verb — «Desvanecida esta pesadilla» — forms an 'absolute' clause meaning 'once this nightmare had faded'. The participle «desvanecida» agrees in gender and number with «pesadilla». It compresses a time clause, like English 'this done, ...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Desvanecida","lemma":"desvanecer","morphology":"past participle, feminine, singular (absolute construction)","role":"adverbial clause on decía (absolute construction with pesadilla)","gloss":"having faded"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pesadilla","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pesadilla","lemma":"pesadilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the absolute clause Desvanecida","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"horrorizado","lemma":"horrorizado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Erdosain","gloss":"horrified"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of preposition de, complement of horrorizado","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies sí (sí mismo = 'himself')","gloss":"self"}]},{"number":22,"label":"12","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p12-s1","source":"–¿Pero qué alma, qué alma es la que tengo yo? –Y como su imaginación conservaba el impulso motor que le había impreso la pesadilla, continuaba: –Yo debo haber nacido para lacayo, uno de esos lacayos perfumados y viles con quienes las prostitutas ricas se hacen prender los broches del pórtasenos, mientras el amante fuma un cigarro recostado en el sofá.","translation":"\"But what a soul, what a soul is this that I have?\"—And since his imagination still held the driving force the nightmare had stamped on it, he went on: \"I must have been born to be a lackey, one of those perfumed and vile lackeys whom rich prostitutes have fasten the clasps of their brassiere, while the lover smokes a cigar reclining on the sofa.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"debo haber nacido","title":"«deber» + «haber» + participle — supposition","body":"«Deber» followed by «haber» plus a past participle expresses inference about the past: «debo haber nacido» = 'I must have been born'. (Many speakers add «de»: «debo de haber nacido».) It states a probable conclusion, not an obligation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lacayo","title":"«lacayo» — lackey, footman","body":"A «lacayo» is a liveried manservant, a footman — and figuratively a servile, contemptible person. The word carries both senses at once here: Erdosain's self-loathing fantasy of being literally a servant and morally a grovelling one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies es","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es (exclamative repetition)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to la","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es (\"la que\" = \"the one that\")","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying la","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of tengo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies conservaba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of conservaba","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of imaginación","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"imaginación","lemma":"imaginación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of conservaba","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"conservaba","lemma":"conservar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the como-clause","gloss":"still held"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of impulso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"impulso","lemma":"impulso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of conservaba","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"motor","lemma":"motor","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies impulso","gloss":"driving"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of impreso","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of impreso","gloss":"on him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of impreso","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"impreso","lemma":"imprimir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying impulso","gloss":"stamped"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pesadilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pesadilla","lemma":"pesadilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of impreso","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"continuaba","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of debo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"debo","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of nacido","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of nacido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nacido","lemma":"nacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of continuaba","gloss":"been born"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lacayo","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"lacayo","lemma":"lacayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of nacido","gloss":"a lackey"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to lacayo","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lacayos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of lacayos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"lacayos","lemma":"lacayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"lackeys"},{"surface":"perfumados","lemma":"perfumado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies lacayos","gloss":"perfumed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"viles","lemma":"vil","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with perfumados","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quienes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"quienes","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"oblique complement of hacen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of prostitutas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostitutas","lemma":"prostituta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of hacen","gloss":"prostitutes"},{"surface":"ricas","lemma":"rico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies prostitutas","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hacen","gloss":"themselves","note":"\"se hacen prender\" is a causative reflexive: \"have [something] fastened on themselves.\""},{"surface":"hacen","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying lacayos","gloss":"have [it] done"},{"surface":"prender","lemma":"prender","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacen","gloss":"fasten"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of broches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"broches","lemma":"broche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of prender","gloss":"clasps"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pórtasenos","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pórtasenos","lemma":"pórtaseno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (invariable compound)","role":"modifies broches","gloss":"brassiere","note":"pórtasenos (\"carry-breasts\") is an invariable compound noun for \"bra/brassiere,\" singular despite the -s."},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fuma","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amante","lemma":"amante","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"subject of fuma","gloss":"lover"},{"surface":"fuma","lemma":"fumar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on hacen","gloss":"smokes"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cigarro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cigarro","lemma":"cigarro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of fuma","gloss":"cigar"},{"surface":"recostado","lemma":"recostado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amante","gloss":"reclining"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sofá","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sofá","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sofá","lemma":"sofá","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recostado","gloss":"sofa"}]},{"number":23,"label":"13","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p13-s1","source":"Y nuevamente sus pensamientos caían de rebote en una cocina situada en los sótanos de una lujosísima mansión.","translation":"And again his thoughts rebounded into a kitchen set in the cellars of a most luxurious mansion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lujosísima","title":"The absolute superlative «-ísimo»","body":"The suffix «-ísimo/a» intensifies an adjective to its highest degree without comparison: «lujosísima» = 'extremely / most luxurious'. It is stronger and more emphatic than «muy lujosa» ('very luxurious')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies caían","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nuevamente","lemma":"nuevamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caían","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pensamientos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pensamientos","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of caían","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"caían","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rebote","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"rebote","lemma":"rebote","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caían","gloss":"rebound","note":"\"caer de rebote\" is idiomatic for \"to rebound/land indirectly.\""},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cocina","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cocina","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cocina","lemma":"cocina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caían","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"situada","lemma":"situado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cocina","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sótanos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sótanos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sótanos","lemma":"sótano","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of situada","gloss":"cellars"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mansión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mansión","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lujosísima","lemma":"lujosísimo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mansión","gloss":"most luxurious"},{"surface":"mansión","lemma":"mansión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sótanos","gloss":"mansion"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p13-s2","source":"En torno de la mesa movíanse dos mucamas, además del chofer y un árabe vendedor de ligas y perfumes.","translation":"Around the table moved two maids, besides the chauffeur and an Arab seller of garters and perfumes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mucamas","title":"«mucama» — maid (River Plate Spanish)","body":"«Mucama» is the everyday River Plate word (Argentina, Uruguay) for a domestic maid or servant, where Spain would say «criada» or «sirvienta». Its appearance roots the scene firmly in Buenos Aires."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom \"en torno de\" (= around)","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom \"en torno de\"","gloss":"turn","note":"\"en torno de\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"around,\" not literally \"a turn of.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom \"en torno de\"","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the phrase en torno de","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"movíanse","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural, reflexive (enclitic \"se\")","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved about","note":"Archaic literary style: the reflexive pronoun \"se\" is attached to the end of the verb (\"movíanse\" = \"se movían\")."},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mucamas","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"mucamas","lemma":"mucama","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of movíanse","gloss":"maids","note":"\"Mucama\" is a River Plate (Argentine/Uruguayan) regionalism for \"housemaid.\""},{"surface":"además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the additional element chofer","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase además de, marking chofer","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"chofer","lemma":"chofer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of además de","gloss":"chauffeur"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of árabe","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"árabe","lemma":"árabe","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"coordinated with chofer","gloss":"Arab"},{"surface":"vendedor","lemma":"vendedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to árabe","gloss":"seller"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ligas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ligas","lemma":"liga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies vendedor","gloss":"garters"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"perfumes","lemma":"perfume","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ligas","gloss":"perfumes"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p13-s3","source":"En dicha circunstancia él gastaría un saco negro que no alcanzaba a cubrirle el trasero, y corbatita blanca.","translation":"In that situation he would wear a black coat that did not reach to cover his backside, and a little white tie.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un saco negro","title":"«saco» — jacket (Latin America)","body":"In Argentina and most of Latin America «saco» is a man's jacket or suit coat (Spain: «chaqueta», «americana»). «Gastar» here is used colloquially for 'to wear', and the diminutive «corbatita» — 'a little tie' — adds a note of shabby servility."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dicha","lemma":"dicho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies circunstancia","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"circunstancia","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gastaría","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of gastaría","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gastaría","lemma":"gastar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would wear","note":"\"Gastar\" is used colloquially here (River Plate usage) for \"to wear/sport,\" not its usual sense \"to spend.\""},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of saco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"saco","lemma":"saco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of gastaría","gloss":"coat","note":"\"Saco\" is Latin American Spanish for \"jacket/coat\" (Spain would say \"chaqueta\")."},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies saco","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of alcanzaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alcanzaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alcanzaba","lemma":"alcanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying saco","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of cubrirle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cubrirle","lemma":"cubrir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of alcanzaba","gloss":"cover him"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cubrirle","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"corbatita","lemma":"corbatita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with saco (direct object of gastaría)","gloss":"little tie","note":"Diminutive \"-ita\" (corbata → corbatita), common in Rioplatense speech."},{"surface":"blanca","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies corbatita","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p13-s4","source":"Súbitamente lo llamaría «el señor», un hombre que era su doble físico, pero que no se afeitaba los bigotes y usaba lentes.","translation":"Suddenly \"the master\" would call him, a man who was his physical double, but who did not shave his mustache and wore glasses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p13-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"llamaría","title":"Conditional for an imagined scene","body":"The conditional («gastaría», «llamaría», «olvidaría») narrates this whole daydream — what 'would' happen in the imagined life of the lackey. Spanish uses the conditional to project a hypothetical sequence, much as English does with 'would'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llamaría","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llamaría","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"llamaría","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would call"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of señor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llamaría","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to señor","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of era","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to doble","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of doble","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"doble","lemma":"doble","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of era","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies doble","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of afeitaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afeitaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of afeitaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"afeitaba","lemma":"afeitar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with era (clause modifying hombre)","gloss":"shaved"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bigotes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bigotes","lemma":"bigote","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of afeitaba","gloss":"mustache"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"usaba","lemma":"usar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with afeitaba","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"lentes","lemma":"lente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of usaba","gloss":"glasses"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p13-s5","source":"El no sabía qué es lo que deseaba de él su patrón, mas nunca olvidaría la mirada singular que éste le dirigió al salir de la estancia.","translation":"He did not know what his master wanted of him, but he would never forget the singular look the man gave him on leaving the room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p13-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mas","title":"«mas» (no accent) = «pero»","body":"«Mas» without an accent is a literary conjunction meaning 'but' — synonymous with «pero». Do not confuse it with «más» (with accent), meaning 'more'. Arlt favors the unaccented «mas» for its old-fashioned, formal ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of es (\"lo que\" = \"that which\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of deseaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deseaba","lemma":"desear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying lo","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of deseaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of patrón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"patrón","lemma":"patrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of deseaba","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of olvidaría","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies olvidaría","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"olvidaría","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sabía","gloss":"would forget"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of olvidaría","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"singular","lemma":"singular","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dirigió","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dirigió","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dirigió","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dirigió","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mirada","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salir","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on dirigió","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estancia","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estancia","lemma":"estancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salir","gloss":"room","note":"\"Estancia\" usually means \"ranch\" in Argentine Spanish, but here keeps the older literary sense of \"room/chamber.\""}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p13-s6","source":"Y volvía a la cocina para conversar de suciedades, con el chofer que, ante el regocijo de las mucamas y el silencio del árabe pederasta, contaba como había pervertido a la hija de una gran señora, cierta criatura de pocos años.","translation":"And he would return to the kitchen to talk filth with the chauffeur who, to the delight of the maids and the silence of the pederast Arab, told how he had corrupted the daughter of a great lady, a certain child of few years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p13-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"volvía a la cocina","title":"«volver a» — return vs. repeat","body":"«Volver a» plus a noun means to go back to a place: «volvía a la cocina», 'he returned to the kitchen'. Note that «volver a» plus an infinitive instead means 'to do again' (as in «volvía a repetirse» later, 'he would say to himself again'). Same verb, two patterns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies volvía","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"volvía","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cocina","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cocina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cocina","lemma":"cocina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volvía","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of conversar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"conversar","lemma":"conversar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on volvía","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suciedades","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"suciedades","lemma":"suciedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of conversar","gloss":"filth"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chofer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chofer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chofer","lemma":"chofer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conversar","gloss":"chauffeur"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of contaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regocijo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of regocijo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regocijo","lemma":"regocijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of contaba","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mucamas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mucamas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mucamas","lemma":"mucama","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies regocijo","gloss":"maids"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with regocijo","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árabe","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"árabe","lemma":"árabe","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"Arab"},{"surface":"pederasta","lemma":"pederasta","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies árabe","gloss":"pederast"},{"surface":"contaba","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying chofer","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pervertido","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pervertido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"pervertido","lemma":"pervertir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"complement of contaba","gloss":"corrupted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal \"a\" marking hija as direct object","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hija","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hija","lemma":"hija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pervertido","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking señora","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of señora","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies señora","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"señora","lemma":"señora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hija","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"cierta","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to hija","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking años","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pocos","lemma":"poco","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of años","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies criatura","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":29,"label":"14","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p14-s1","source":"Y volvía a repetirse:","translation":"And he would say to himself again:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"volvía a repetirse","title":"«volver a» + infinitive — to do again","body":"Here «volver a» is followed by an infinitive, «repetirse», and means 'to do (something) again': 'he repeated to himself once more'. This is the periphrastic Spanish way to express 'again', distinct from «otra vez» tacked onto a verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies volvía","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"volvía","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would again","note":"\"volver a\" + infinitive is an idiom meaning \"to do [verb] again.\""},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of repetirse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"repetirse","lemma":"repetir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of volvía","gloss":"say to himself"}]},{"number":30,"label":"15","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p15-s1","source":"–Sí, yo soy un lacayo.","translation":"\"Yes, I am a lackey.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of soy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lacayo","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lacayo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lacayo","lemma":"lacayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of soy","gloss":"lackey"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p15-s2","source":"Tengo el alma de un verdadero lacayo –y apretaba los dientes de satisfacción al insultarse y rebajarse de ese modo ante sí mismo.","translation":"I have the soul of a true lackey,\" and he clenched his teeth in satisfaction at insulting and debasing himself in this way before his own eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al insultarse","title":"«al» + infinitive","body":"«Al» before an infinitive means 'on / upon (doing)': «al insultarse y rebajarse» = 'on insulting and debasing himself'. It compresses a clause of time or cause — here, the moment of self-abasement that brings him a perverse satisfaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tengo","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lacayo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lacayo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verdadero","lemma":"verdadero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lacayo","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"lacayo","lemma":"lacayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"apretaba","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Tengo","gloss":"clenched"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dientes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of apretaba","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking satisfacción","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"satisfacción","lemma":"satisfacción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apretaba","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking insultarse","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"insultarse","lemma":"insultar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on apretaba","gloss":"insulting himself"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rebajarse","lemma":"rebajar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with insultarse","gloss":"debasing himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of modo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"modo","lemma":"modo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of rebajarse","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of insultarse","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sí","gloss":"own self"}]},{"number":32,"label":"16","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p16-s1","source":"Otras veces se veía saliendo de la alcoba de una soltera vieja y devota, llevando con unción un pesado orinal, mas en ese momento le encontraba un sacerdote asiduo de la casa que sonriendo, sin inmutarse, le decía:","translation":"Other times he saw himself coming out of the bedroom of an old, devout spinster, carrying with unction a heavy chamber pot, but at that moment a priest, a regular of the house, would come upon him and, smiling, unperturbed, would say to him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se veía saliendo","title":"«verse» + gerund","body":"«Verse» (to see oneself) followed by a gerund means to picture or find oneself in the act of doing something: «se veía saliendo» = 'he saw himself coming out'. The gerund supplies the ongoing action he visualizes himself performing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of veía","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of veía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"saliendo","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on veía","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alcoba","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alcoba","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alcoba","lemma":"alcoba","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of saliendo","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soltera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of soltera","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soltera","lemma":"soltera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies alcoba","gloss":"spinster"},{"surface":"vieja","lemma":"viejo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies soltera","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"devota","lemma":"devoto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with vieja","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"llevando","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on saliendo","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking unción","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"unción","lemma":"unción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevando","gloss":"unction"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of orinal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pesado","lemma":"pesado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies orinal","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"orinal","lemma":"orinal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llevando","gloss":"chamber pot"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontraba","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontraba","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative (leísta), singular","role":"direct object of encontraba","gloss":"him","note":"\"Le\" here functions as a personal direct object (leísmo — le instead of lo for a human direct object), not an indirect object."},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with veía","gloss":"came upon"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sacerdote","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sacerdote","lemma":"sacerdote","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of encontraba","gloss":"priest"},{"surface":"asiduo","lemma":"asiduo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sacerdote","gloss":"regular"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sacerdote","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of inmutarse","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"inmutarse","lemma":"inmutar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"flinching"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with encontraba","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":33,"label":"17","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p17-s1","source":"–¿Cómo vamos de deberes religiosos, Ernesto? –Y él, Ernesto, Ambrosio o José, viviría torvamente una vida de criado obsceno e hipócrita.","translation":"\"How are we doing with our religious duties, Ernesto?\"—And he, Ernesto, Ambrosio or José, would grimly live the life of an obscene, hypocritical servant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of vamos","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"vamos","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are doing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deberes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"deberes","lemma":"deber","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of vamos","gloss":"duties"},{"surface":"religiosos","lemma":"religioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies deberes","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"Ernesto","lemma":"Ernesto","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ernesto"},{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies viviría","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of viviría","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ernesto","lemma":"Ernesto","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to él","gloss":"Ernesto"},{"surface":"Ambrosio","lemma":"Ambrosio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Ernesto","gloss":"Ambrosio"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"José","lemma":"José","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Ernesto","gloss":"José"},{"surface":"viviría","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would live"},{"surface":"torvamente","lemma":"torvamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viviría","gloss":"grimly"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of viviría","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"criado","lemma":"criado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"obsceno","lemma":"obsceno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies criado","gloss":"obscene"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and","note":"\"E\" replaces \"y\" before a word starting with an \"i\"-sound (here \"hipócrita\")."},{"surface":"hipócrita","lemma":"hipócrita","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with obsceno","gloss":"hypocritical"}]},{"number":34,"label":"18","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p18-s1","source":"Un temblor de locura le estremecía cuando pensaba en esto.","translation":"A tremor of madness shook him when he thought of this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of temblor","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"temblor","lemma":"temblor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estremecía","gloss":"tremor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking locura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"locura","lemma":"locura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies temblor","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of estremecía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"estremecía","lemma":"estremecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pensaba","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on estremecía","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of preposition en, complement of pensaba","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":35,"label":"19","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p19-s1","source":"Sabía, ¡ah, qué bien lo sabía!, que estaba gratuitamente ofendiendo, ensuciando su alma.","translation":"He knew—ah, how well he knew it!—that he was gratuitously offending, soiling his soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estaba... ofendiendo, ensuciando","title":"Past progressive «estar» + gerund","body":"«Estaba ofendiendo... ensuciando» is the past progressive: «estar» in the imperfect plus a gerund, 'he was offending... soiling'. It stresses the action as in progress and ongoing, exactly as English 'was -ing' does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He knew"},{"surface":"ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"depends on sabía","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"adverb, exclamative","role":"modifies bien (exclamative intensifier)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabía","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sabía","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"repeats Sabía in the parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba, complement of Sabía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ofendiendo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gratuitamente","lemma":"gratuitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ofendiendo","gloss":"gratuitously"},{"surface":"ofendiendo","lemma":"ofender","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"verb of the clause introduced by que, complement of Sabía","gloss":"offending"},{"surface":"ensuciando","lemma":"ensuciar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with ofendiendo, sharing estaba","gloss":"soiling"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ensuciando","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p19-s2","source":"Y el terror que experimenta el hombre que en una pesadilla cae al abismo en que no morirá, padecíalo él mientras deliberadamente se iba enlodando.","translation":"And the terror felt by a man who in a nightmare falls into an abyss where he will not die, he suffered it while he deliberately mired himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p19-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se iba enlodando","title":"«ir» + gerund — gradual progression","body":"«Ir» plus a gerund expresses an action unfolding little by little: «se iba enlodando» = 'he was gradually miring himself', 'he sank deeper into the mud'. Where «estar» + gerund just marks ongoing action, «ir» + gerund adds a sense of step-by-step progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of terror","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terror","lemma":"terror","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of padecíalo (fronted, resumed by lo)","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of experimenta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"experimenta","lemma":"experimentar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying terror","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of experimenta","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cae","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pesadilla","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pesadilla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pesadilla","lemma":"pesadilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cae","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"cae","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abismo","gloss":"into the"},{"surface":"abismo","lemma":"abismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cae","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of preposition en (referring to abismo), oblique complement of morirá","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies morirá","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"morirá","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying abismo","gloss":"will die"},{"surface":"padecíalo","lemma":"padecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, with enclitic direct-object pronoun lo","role":"main verb of the sentence (direct object lo = terror)","gloss":"suffered it","note":"padecíalo = padecía + lo (enclitic direct-object pronoun attached to a finite verb), an older literary word order equivalent to 'lo padecía' — he suffered it, referring back to el terror."},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic subject of padecíalo","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of enlodando","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"deliberadamente","lemma":"deliberadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enlodando","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of enlodando","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of enlodando","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"enlodando","lemma":"enlodar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on padecíalo","gloss":"miring"}]},{"number":37,"label":"20","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p20-s1","source":"Porque a instantes su afán era de humillación, como el de los santos que besaban las llagas de los inmundos; no por compasión, sino para ser más indignos de la piedad de Dios, que se sentiría asqueado de verles buscar el cielo con pruebas tan repugnantes.","translation":"For at moments his craving was for humiliation, like that of the saints who kissed the sores of the filthy; not out of compassion, but to be more unworthy of the mercy of God, who would feel disgusted to see them seek heaven with such repugnant proofs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no por... sino para","title":"«no por X, sino para Y»","body":"«No por compasión, sino para ser...» contrasts two motives: not 'out of' (por) compassion, but 'in order to' (para) be unworthy. The pairing pivots on «por» (cause/reason) versus «para» (purpose/goal) — a core distinction between these two prepositions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instantes","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"instantes","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of afán","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"afán","lemma":"afán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to humillación","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humillación","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"humillación","lemma":"humillación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with afán (like that of the saints)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"stands for afán (elliptical), modified by de los santos","gloss":"that","note":"'el de los santos' = 'that [craving] of the saints' — el stands in for the omitted noun afán."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing santos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of santos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"santos","lemma":"santo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition de, modifies el","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of besaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"besaban","lemma":"besar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying santos","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of llagas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"llagas","lemma":"llaga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of besaban","gloss":"sores"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inmundos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of inmundos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inmundos","lemma":"inmundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies llagas","gloss":"filthy","note":"inmundos is the adjective inmundo used as a noun: 'the unclean/filthy (people).'"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates por compasión","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compasión","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"compasión","lemma":"compasión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition por","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ser (coordinated with por compasión)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to indignos","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies indignos","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"indignos","lemma":"indigno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piedad","lemma":"piedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, complement of indignos","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of de, modifies piedad","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sentiría","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentiría","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sentiría","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Dios","gloss":"would feel"},{"surface":"asqueado","lemma":"asqueado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sentiría (sentirse asqueado = to feel disgusted)","gloss":"disgusted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verles","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verles","lemma":"ver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of de, governing buscar","gloss":"see them","note":"verles buscar = 'to see them seeking' (an infinitive clause after ver); les serves as the object pronoun for people here, a more formal/literary usage."},{"surface":"buscar","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verles","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of buscar","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pruebas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"pruebas","lemma":"prueba","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of buscar","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies repugnantes","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"repugnantes","lemma":"repugnante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pruebas","gloss":"repugnant"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p20-s2","source":"Mas cuando desaparecían de él esas imágenes, y sólo quedaba en su conciencia el «deseo de conocer el sentido de la vida», decíase:","translation":"But when those images vanished from him, and only the \"desire to know the meaning of life\" remained in his consciousness, he said to himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p20-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to what precedes (adversative)","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of desaparecían","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"desaparecían","lemma":"desaparecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on decíase","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desaparecían","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of imágenes","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"imágenes","lemma":"imagen","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of desaparecían","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quedaba","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"quedaba","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with desaparecían (within the cuando clause)","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conciencia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quedaba","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of quedaba","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of conocer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"conocer","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying deseo","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of conocer","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies sentido","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"decíase","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, with enclitic reflexive pronoun se","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he said to himself","note":"decíase = decía + se (enclitic reflexive pronoun), an older literary word order equivalent to 'se decía' — he said to himself."}]},{"number":39,"label":"21","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p21-s1","source":"–No, yo no soy un lacayo... de verdad que no lo soy... –y hubiera querido ir a pedirle a su esposa que se compadeciera de él, que tuviera piedad de sus pensamientos tan horribles y bajos.","translation":"\"No, I am not a lackey... truly I am not...\"—and he would have liked to go and ask his wife to take pity on him, to have mercy on his thoughts so horrible and base.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"pedirle... que se compadeciera","title":"«pedir que» + subjunctive","body":"Verbs of asking and wishing — «pedir», «querer» — take «que» plus the subjunctive when a different subject is being influenced: «pedirle... que se compadeciera» ('to ask her to take pity'). «Compadeciera» and «tuviera» are imperfect subjunctives, set in the past by «hubiera querido»."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone (negation)","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of soy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lacayo","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lacayo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lacayo","lemma":"lacayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of soy","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing verdad (fixed phrase de verdad = truly)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"truth","note":"'de verdad' is a fixed phrase meaning 'truly, really,' not literally 'of truth.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of soy","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of soy, referring to lacayo","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula, complement lo","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated by y","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of querido","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pedirle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pedirle","lemma":"pedir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ir a","gloss":"ask her"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of pedirle","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of compadeciera, direct object of pedirle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of compadeciera","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"compadeciera","lemma":"compadecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pedirle","gloss":"take pity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of compadeciera (object of de)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tuviera, coordinated with compadeciera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tuviera","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pedirle, coordinated with compadeciera","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"piedad","lemma":"piedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuviera","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensamientos","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pensamientos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pensamientos","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies piedad","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies horribles","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"horribles","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pensamientos","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bajos","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with horribles","gloss":"base"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p21-s2","source":"Mas el recuerdo de que por ella se había visto obligado a sacrificarse tantas veces, le colmaba de un rencor sordo, y en esas circunstancias hubiera querido matarla.","translation":"But the memory that on her account he had been forced to sacrifice himself so many times filled him with a dull rancor, and in such circumstances he would have liked to kill her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p21-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se había visto obligado a","title":"«verse obligado a» — to be forced to","body":"«Verse obligado a» literally 'to see oneself obliged to', is the idiomatic way to say 'to be forced/compelled to'. The pluperfect «se había visto obligado» places it before another past moment: he had been forced, repeatedly, before the rancor sets in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to what precedes (adversative)","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of colmaba","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of visto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of visto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of visto","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of visto","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of visto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying recuerdo","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"obligado","lemma":"obligado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of visto","gloss":"forced","note":"'verse obligado a' literally 'to see oneself obliged to' = 'to find oneself forced to.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sacrificarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sacrificarse","lemma":"sacrificar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of obligado","gloss":"sacrifice himself"},{"surface":"tantas","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sacrificarse","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of colmaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"colmaba","lemma":"colmar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rencor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rencor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rencor","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies colmaba","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rencor","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancias","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of circunstancias","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"circunstancias","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of querido","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with colmaba","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"matarla","lemma":"matar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"kill her"}]},{"number":41,"label":"22","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p22-s1","source":"Y bien sabía que algún día ella se entregaría a otro y aquél era un sumado elemento más a los otros factores que componían su angustia.","translation":"And he well knew that someday she would give herself to another, and that was one more element added to the other factors that composed his anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se entregaría","title":"Conditional in reported thought","body":"«Se entregaría» ('she would give herself') is the conditional used as a 'future-in-the-past': from the standpoint of «sabía» ('he knew'), it reports what was yet to come. English does the same with 'would': 'he knew she would...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to what precedes","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabía","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entregaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entregaría","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of entregaría","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of entregaría","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"entregaría","lemma":"entregar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entregaría (object of a)","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aquél","lemma":"aquél","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"that","note":"aquél refers back to the whole idea just described (that she would someday give herself to another), not a specific masculine noun."},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to elemento","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of elemento","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"sumado","lemma":"sumado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elemento","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"elemento","lemma":"elemento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"element"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elemento","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking factores","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of factores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"modifies factores","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"factores","lemma":"factor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition a, modifies elemento","gloss":"factors"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of componían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"componían","lemma":"componer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying factores","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of componían","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":42,"label":"23","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p23-s1","source":"De allí que cuando defraudó los primeros veinte pesos, se asombró de la facilidad con que se podía hacer «eso», quizá porque antes de robar creyó tener que vencer una serie de escrúpulos que en sus actuales condiciones de vida no podía conocer.","translation":"Hence, when he embezzled the first twenty pesos, he was amazed at the ease with which one could do \"that\", perhaps because before stealing he believed he would have to overcome a series of scruples that in his present conditions of life he could not know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De allí que","title":"«de allí que» — hence, that is why","body":"«De allí que» (also «de ahí que») means 'hence', 'which is why', drawing a consequence from what came before. It often takes the subjunctive, though here Arlt continues with indicative («defraudó», «se asombró») in a more narrative register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"defraudó","title":"«defraudar» — to defraud, embezzle","body":"«Defraudar» means to defraud or embezzle — to cheat someone of money entrusted to you. (It can also mean 'to disappoint', as in «me defraudó».) Here it is the concrete act: Erdosain skimming the company's pesos."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allí (fixed phrase de allí que = hence)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of de, forms the phrase de allí que","gloss":"there","note":"'De allí que' is a fixed causal phrase meaning 'hence, that is why.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of asombró","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of defraudó","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"defraudó","lemma":"defraudar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on asombró","gloss":"embezzled"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primeros","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pesos","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"veinte","lemma":"veinte","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of defraudó","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asombró","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"asombró","lemma":"asombrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was amazed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking facilidad","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of facilidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"facilidad","lemma":"facilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of asombró","gloss":"ease"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of preposition con (manner), complement of hacer","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, impersonal","role":"impersonal particle of hacer","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hacer","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying facilidad","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quizá","lemma":"quizá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creyó","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of creyó","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"heads antes de robar, temporal adjunct of creyó","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of robar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"robar","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on antes","gloss":"stealing"},{"surface":"creyó","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on asombró","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of creyó","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the periphrasis tener que, introduces vencer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vencer","lemma":"vencer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tener (tener que + infinitive)","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of serie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"serie","lemma":"serie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vencer","gloss":"series"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escrúpulos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"escrúpulos","lemma":"escrúpulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies serie","gloss":"scruples"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of conocer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking condiciones","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of condiciones","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"actuales","lemma":"actual","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies condiciones","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"condiciones","lemma":"condición","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of conocer","gloss":"conditions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies condiciones","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conocer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of conocer","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"conocer","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying escrúpulos","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":43,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p23-s2","source":"Decíase luego:","translation":"He said to himself afterward:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p23-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Decíase","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, with enclitic reflexive pronoun se","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He said to himself","note":"Decíase = decía + se (enclitic reflexive pronoun), an older literary word order equivalent to 'se decía' — he said to himself."},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Decíase","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":44,"label":"24","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p24-s1","source":"–Es cuestión de tener voluntad y hacerlo, nada más.","translation":"\"It is a matter of having the will and doing it, nothing more.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Es cuestión de","title":"«es cuestión de» — it's a matter of","body":"«Es cuestión de» plus an infinitive means 'it is a matter / question of (doing)': «es cuestión de tener voluntad», 'it's just a matter of having the will'. A common idiom for reducing something to a single condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cuestión","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cuestión","lemma":"cuestión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Es","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tener","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying cuestión","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"voluntad","lemma":"voluntad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hacerlo","lemma":"hacer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with tener","gloss":"doing it"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"appositive remark on the whole sentence","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":45,"label":"25","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p25-s1","source":"Y «eso» aliviaba la vida, con «eso» tenía dinero que le causaba sensaciones extrañas porque nada le costaba ganarlo.","translation":"And \"that\" eased life; with \"that\" he had money that gave him strange sensations because it cost him nothing to earn it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to what precedes","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aliviaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aliviaba","lemma":"aliviar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eased"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of aliviaba","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with aliviaba (new clause)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of causaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of causaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"causaba","lemma":"causar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying dinero","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"sensaciones","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of causaba","gloss":"sensations"},{"surface":"extrañas","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sensaciones","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of costaba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"quantity/degree complement of costaba ('to no degree'); the infinitive ganarlo (w19) is the notional subject, so nada cannot also be tagged subject of costaba","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of costaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"costaba","lemma":"costar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on causaba","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"ganarlo","lemma":"ganar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive subject of costaba","gloss":"earning it"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p25-s2","source":"Y lo asombroso para Erdosain no consistía en el robo, sino que no se revelara en su semblante que era un ladrón.","translation":"And what was astonishing for Erdosain did not consist in the theft, but in the fact that it was not revealed in his face that he was a thief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo asombroso","title":"«lo» + adjective — the abstract noun","body":"«Lo» before a masculine-singular adjective makes an abstract noun: «lo asombroso» = 'what is astonishing', 'the astonishing thing'. The same device gives «lo distinto». The later «no se revelara» is subjunctive, governed by «sino que» after a negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of asombroso","gloss":"what","note":"'lo' + adjective forms an abstract noun: 'lo asombroso' = 'what was astonishing.'"},{"surface":"asombroso","lemma":"asombroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of consistía","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies asombroso","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies consistía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"consistía","lemma":"consistir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking robo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of robo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"robo","lemma":"robo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of consistía","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather","note":"'no... sino que...' = 'not... but rather...,' introducing the contrasting alternative."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies revelara","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of revelara","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"revelara","lemma":"revelar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with consistía","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of revelara","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause era un ladrón (subject of revelara)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ladrón","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ladrón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ladrón","lemma":"ladrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"thief"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p25-s3","source":"Se vio obligado a robar porque ganaba un mensual exiguo.","translation":"He was forced to steal because he earned a meager monthly wage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p25-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un mensual exiguo","title":"«mensual» as a noun; «exiguo»","body":"Here «mensual» (normally the adjective 'monthly') is used as a noun for one's monthly pay. «Exiguo» means scant, meager, barely sufficient — a formal word that drily underlines how little the company paid him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vio","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"vio","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"obligado","lemma":"obligado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of vio","gloss":"forced","note":"'verse obligado a' literally 'to see oneself obliged to' = 'to find oneself forced to.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of robar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"robar","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of obligado","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ganaba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ganaba","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vio","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mensual","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensual","lemma":"mensual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"direct object of ganaba","gloss":"monthly wage","note":"'mensual' is the adjective used as a noun here: 'a monthly [wage].'"},{"surface":"exiguo","lemma":"exiguo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mensual","gloss":"meager"}]},{"number":48,"label":"26","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p26-s1","source":"Ochenta, cien, ciento veinte pesos, pues este importe dependía de las cantidades cobradas, ya que su sueldo se componía de una comisión por cada ciento cobrado.","translation":"Eighty, one hundred, one hundred and twenty pesos, for this amount depended on the sums collected, since his salary was made up of a commission on every hundred collected.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ochenta","lemma":"ochenta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"Eighty"},{"surface":"cien","lemma":"cien","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"coordinated with Ochenta, quantifies pesos","gloss":"one hundred"},{"surface":"ciento","lemma":"ciento","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"compound with veinte","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"veinte","lemma":"veinte","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dependía","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of importe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"importe","lemma":"importe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dependía","gloss":"amount"},{"surface":"dependía","lemma":"depender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the pues-clause (subject: importe)","gloss":"depended"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cantidades","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cantidades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cantidades","lemma":"cantidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dependía","gloss":"sums"},{"surface":"cobradas","lemma":"cobrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cantidades","gloss":"collected"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of componía","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ya","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sueldo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sueldo","lemma":"sueldo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of componía","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of componía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"componía","lemma":"componer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on dependía","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comisión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of comisión","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"comisión","lemma":"comisión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of componía","gloss":"commission"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciento","gloss":"per"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ciento","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"ciento","lemma":"ciento","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of comisión","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"cobrado","lemma":"cobrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciento","gloss":"collected"}]},{"number":49,"label":"27","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p27-s1","source":"Así, hubo días que llevó de cuatro a cinco mil pesos, mientras él, malamente alimentado, tenía que soportar la hediondez de una cartera de cuero falso en cuyo interior se amontonaba la felicidad bajo la forma de billetes, cheques, giros y órdenes al portador.","translation":"Thus there were days when he carried four to five thousand pesos, while he, poorly fed, had to bear the stench of a fake-leather briefcase inside which happiness piled up in the form of banknotes, checks, money orders, and bearer drafts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hubo días","title":"«hubo» — the preterite of «hay»","body":"«Hubo» is the preterite of «haber» in its impersonal 'there is/are' sense: «hubo días», 'there were days'. The preterite frames those days as a bounded set of completed past occasions, against the ongoing «tenía que soportar» ('he had to bear') in the imperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hubo","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"hubo","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of hubo","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces relative clause on días (=when)","gloss":"when","note":"Here 'que' functions like 'cuando' (when), a common construction after time expressions such as 'días que...'"},{"surface":"llevó","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying días","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuatro","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"cuatro","lemma":"cuatro","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of llevó","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"pairs with de (range: from...to...)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cinco","lemma":"cinco","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"compound with cinco","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun","role":"direct object of llevó","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"malamente","lemma":"malamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alimentado","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"alimentado","lemma":"alimentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies él","gloss":"fed"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on hubo","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the periphrasis tenía que (=had to)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"soportar","lemma":"soportar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tenía (periphrastic 'had to')","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hediondez","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hediondez","lemma":"hediondez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of soportar","gloss":"stench"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cartera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cartera","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cartera","lemma":"cartera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hediondez","gloss":"briefcase"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cuero","lemma":"cuero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cartera","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"falso","lemma":"falso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuero","gloss":"fake"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interior","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies interior","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amontonaba","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of amontonaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"amontonaba","lemma":"amontonar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cartera","gloss":"piled up"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of amontonaba","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forma","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amontonaba","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking billetes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"billetes","lemma":"billete","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies forma","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"cheques","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with billetes","gloss":"checks"},{"surface":"giros","lemma":"giro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with billetes","gloss":"money orders"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"órdenes","lemma":"orden","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with billetes","gloss":"drafts"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portador","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"portador","lemma":"portador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies órdenes","gloss":"bearer"}]},{"number":50,"label":"28","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p28-s1","source":"Su esposa le recriminaba las privaciones que cotidianamente soportaba; él escuchaba en silencio sus reproches y luego, a solas, se decía:","translation":"His wife reproached him for the deprivations she daily endured; he listened in silence to her reproaches and then, alone, said to himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"recriminaba / escuchaba","title":"Imperfect for habitual action","body":"«Recriminaba», «soportaba», «escuchaba» are all imperfect, used here for repeated, habitual past action: 'she would reproach him', 'he would listen'. The imperfect paints an ongoing routine rather than single events — the daily grind of their marriage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of recriminaba","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of recriminaba","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"recriminaba","lemma":"recriminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of privaciones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"privaciones","lemma":"privación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of recriminaba","gloss":"deprivations"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of soportaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"cotidianamente","lemma":"cotidianamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soportaba","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"soportaba","lemma":"soportar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying privaciones","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of escuchaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"escuchaba","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recriminaba","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escuchaba","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of reproches","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"reproches","lemma":"reproche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of escuchaba","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies decía","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies decía","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"solas","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"alone","note":"Fixed idiom 'a solas' = 'alone, by oneself.'"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive dative particle of decía (decirse)","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with escuchaba","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":51,"label":"29","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p29-s1","source":"–¿Qué es lo que puedo hacer yo?","translation":"\"What is it that I can do?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Qué es lo que...?","title":"«¿Qué es lo que...?» — emphatic question","body":"«¿Qué es lo que puedo hacer?» is an emphatic, drawn-out way of asking «¿Qué puedo hacer?» ('What can I do?'). The frame «es lo que» ('is it that') stresses the helplessness of the question — closer to English 'What is it that I can possibly do?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of es (\"lo que\" = \"that which\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"puedo","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hacer","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of puedo (main verb of the relative clause)","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hacer","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":52,"label":"30","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p30-s1","source":"Cuando tuvo la idea, cuando una pequeñita idea lo cercioró de que podía defraudar a sus patrones, experimentó la alegría de un inventor.","translation":"When he had the idea, when a tiny idea assured him that he could defraud his employers, he felt the joy of an inventor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p30-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tuvo / experimentó","title":"Preterite for the decisive moment","body":"After paragraphs of imperfect (the slow, habitual misery), Arlt shifts to the preterite — «tuvo», «cercioró», «experimentó» — to mark single, completed turning points: the instant the idea struck. The tense switch itself signals that something finally happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tuvo","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on experimentó","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cercioró","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pequeñita","lemma":"pequeñito","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies idea","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cercioró","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cercioró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"cercioró","lemma":"cerciorar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on experimentó","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of defraudar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of defraudar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of defraudar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"defraudar","lemma":"defraudar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of cercioró","gloss":"defraud"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking patrones (personal a)","gloss":"object marker","note":"This is the 'personal a', required before a direct object referring to people; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of patrones","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"patrones","lemma":"patrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of defraudar","gloss":"employers"},{"surface":"experimentó","lemma":"experimentar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of experimentó","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inventor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of inventor","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"inventor","lemma":"inventor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies alegría","gloss":"inventor"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p30-s2","source":"¿Robar?","translation":"Steal?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p30-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Robar","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Steal"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p30-s3","source":"¿Cómo no se le había ocurrido antes?","translation":"How had it not occurred to him before?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p30-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no se le había ocurrido","title":"«ocurrírsele» — to occur to someone","body":"«Ocurrírsele algo a alguien» means an idea 'occurs to' a person, with the «se» marking the idea as cropping up by itself and «le» naming whom it strikes: «no se le había ocurrido» = 'it had not occurred to him'. This indirect construction puts the person on the receiving end of the thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies ocurrido","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocurrido","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ocurrido","gloss":"itself","note":"'ocurrírsele a alguien' = 'to occur to someone,' an inherently reflexive verb; hence both 'se' and 'le' appear."},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ocurrido","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocurrido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ocurrido","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocurrido","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":55,"label":"31","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p31-s1","source":"Y Erdosain se asombró de su incapacidad llegando hasta reprocharse falta de iniciativa, pues en esa época (tres meses antes de los sucesos narrados) sufría necesidades de toda naturaleza, a pesar de que diariamente pasaban por sus manos crecidas cantidades de dinero.","translation":"And Erdosain was astonished at his own ineptitude, going so far as to reproach himself for a lack of initiative, for in that period (three months before the events narrated) he suffered needs of every kind, despite the fact that large sums of money passed daily through his hands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a pesar de que","title":"«a pesar de que» — despite the fact that","body":"«A pesar de que» introduces a clause of concession, 'in spite of the fact that', 'even though'. Followed by a full clause with a finite verb («pasaban»), it concedes a contrasting circumstance: he went without, even though money flowed through his hands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of asombró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asombró","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"asombró","lemma":"asombrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking incapacidad","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of incapacidad","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"incapacidad","lemma":"incapacidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of asombró","gloss":"ineptitude"},{"surface":"llegando","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on asombró","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reprocharse","gloss":"even to"},{"surface":"reprocharse","lemma":"reprochar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of llegando","gloss":"reproach himself"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"falta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of reprocharse","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iniciativa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iniciativa","lemma":"iniciativa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies falta","gloss":"initiative"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sufría","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking época","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of época","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"época","lemma":"época","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sufría","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies meses","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"meses","lemma":"mes","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of antes","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies época","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sucesos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sucesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sucesos","lemma":"suceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of antes","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"narrados","lemma":"narrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sucesos","gloss":"narrated"},{"surface":"sufría","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on asombró","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"necesidades","lemma":"necesidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sufría","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naturaleza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of naturaleza","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"naturaleza","lemma":"naturaleza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies necesidades","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pasaban","gloss":"in","note":"'a pesar de' is the fixed phrase 'in spite of, despite.'"},{"surface":"pesar","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"diariamente","lemma":"diariamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasaban","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"pasaban","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on sufría","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pasaban","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"crecidas","lemma":"crecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cantidades","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"cantidades","lemma":"cantidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of pasaban","gloss":"sums"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dinero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cantidades","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":56,"label":"32","id":"estados-de-conciencia-p32-s1","source":"Y lo que facilitó sus maniobras fraudulentas fue la falta de administración que había en la Compañía Azucarera.","translation":"And what made his fraudulent maneuvers easy was the lack of administration there was at the Sugar Company.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/estados-de-conciencia-p32-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que facilitó... fue","title":"Cleft sentence with «lo que»","body":"«Lo que facilitó sus maniobras fue...» is a cleft construction: 'What made his maneuvers easy was...'. «Lo que» ('that which / what') packages a whole idea as the subject, then «fue» points to the answer — a way of spotlighting the real cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of fue (\"lo que\" = \"that which\")","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of facilitó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"facilitó","lemma":"facilitar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the lo que clause (subject of fue)","gloss":"made easy"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of maniobras","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"maniobras","lemma":"maniobra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of facilitó","gloss":"maneuvers"},{"surface":"fraudulentas","lemma":"fraudulento","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies maniobras","gloss":"fraudulent"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to falta","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of falta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"falta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fue","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking administración","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"administración","lemma":"administración","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies falta","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of había","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying falta","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Compañía","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Compañía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Compañía","lemma":"Compañía","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of había","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"Azucarera","lemma":"Azucarera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Compañía","gloss":"Sugar"}]}]}