{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"incoherencias","title":{"source":"Incoherencias","translated":"Incoherencies"},"section":"Part Two","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/incoherencias","lines":89},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/arriba-del-arbol","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"incoherencias-p1-s1","source":"Los días que sucedieron al secuestro de Barsut, los pasó Erdosain encerrado en el cuarto de una pensión, a la que se trasladó provisoriamente después de liquidar su deuda con la Limited Azucarer Company.","translation":"The days that followed Barsut's abduction, Erdosain spent shut up in the room of a boardinghouse, to which he had moved provisionally after settling his debt with the Limited Azucarer Company.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"los pasó Erdosain","title":"Object pronoun doubling a fronted object","body":"The sentence puts «Los días...» first, then repeats it with the pronoun «los»: «Los días... los pasó Erdosain». When a direct object is moved to the front for emphasis, Spanish typically echoes it with a matching object pronoun («los») before the verb — here, literally 'the days... them Erdosain spent'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pasó (fronted, resumed by los)","gloss":"days","note":"Object fronted for emphasis; the clitic los later picks it back up as the object of pasó."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sucedieron","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sucedieron","lemma":"suceder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying días","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking secuestro","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"secuestro","lemma":"secuestro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sucedieron","gloss":"abduction"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies secuestro","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pasó","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"pasó","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of pasó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"encerrado","lemma":"encerrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"shut up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuarto","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuarto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuarto","lemma":"cuarto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encerrado","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pensión","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pensión","lemma":"pensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cuarto","gloss":"boardinghouse"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun la que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of trasladó","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of trasladó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"trasladó","lemma":"trasladar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying pensión","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"provisoriamente","lemma":"provisoriamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trasladó","gloss":"provisionally"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trasladó","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of liquidar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"liquidar","lemma":"liquidar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on después","gloss":"settling"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of deuda","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"deuda","lemma":"deuda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of liquidar","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Limited","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Limited","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Limited","lemma":"Limited","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of liquidar","gloss":"Limited"},{"surface":"Azucarer","lemma":"Azucarer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Limited","gloss":"Azucarer"},{"surface":"Company","lemma":"Company","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Limited","gloss":"Company"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p1-s2","source":"Le había cobrado terror a la calle.","translation":"He had come to dread the street.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p1-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cobrar terror","title":"«cobrarle terror a» — to come to dread","body":"«cobrar» literally means 'to charge / collect', but with an emotion it means 'to take on, to develop' a feeling toward something: «cobrarle terror a la calle» = 'to come to dread the street'. The dative «le» points ahead to «a la calle», the thing the terror is directed at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of cobrado, doubling a la calle","gloss":"(to it)"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of cobrado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"cobrado","lemma":"cobrar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come to","note":"cobrarle terror a algo is an idiom meaning 'to become terrified of something'; le anticipates a la calle."},{"surface":"terror","lemma":"terror","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cobrado","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cobrado","gloss":"street"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p1-s3","source":"No pensaba nunca en el proyectado secuestro de Barsut, y hasta dejó de visitar al Astrólogo.","translation":"He never thought about the planned abduction of Barsut, and he even stopped visiting the Astrologer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p1-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dejó de visitar","title":"«dejar de» + infinitive","body":"«dejar de» plus an infinitive means 'to stop / quit doing' something: «dejó de visitar» = 'he stopped visiting'. Don't confuse it with plain «dejar» ('to leave / let'); the «de» is what turns it into ceasing an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensaba","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking secuestro","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of secuestro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proyectado","lemma":"proyectado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies secuestro","gloss":"planned"},{"surface":"secuestro","lemma":"secuestro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensaba","gloss":"abduction"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies secuestro","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dejó","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dejó","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with pensaba","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of visitar","gloss":"to","note":"dejar de + infinitive means 'to stop doing something' — de has no independent meaning here."},{"surface":"visitar","lemma":"visitar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejó","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of visitar","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p1-s4","source":"Se pasaba el día en la cama, con los puños apoyados en la almohada y la frente aplastada sobre éstos.","translation":"He spent the day in bed, with his fists propped on the pillow and his forehead crushed down on them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p1-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se pasaba el día","title":"Reflexive «pasarse» for spending time","body":"The pronominal «pasarse el día / el tiempo» means 'to spend the whole day / one's time' doing something, with the «se» adding a sense of the time being wholly given over to it. The imperfect «pasaba» marks it as a repeated, ongoing habit across these shut-in days."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pasaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pasaba","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pasaba","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puños","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of puños","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"puños","lemma":"puño","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pasaba","gloss":"fists"},{"surface":"apoyados","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies puños","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almohada","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of almohada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almohada","lemma":"almohada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyados","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with puños","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"aplastada","lemma":"aplastado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éstos","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"éstos","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aplastada","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p1-s5","source":"Otras veces permanecía horas con los ojos clavados en la pared, por la que le parecía trepaba una delgada neblina de sueño y de desesperación.","translation":"At other times he would remain for hours with his eyes fixed on the wall, up which, it seemed to him, a thin mist of sleep and despair was climbing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p1-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"por la que le parecía trepaba","title":"Dropped «que» after «parecer»","body":"Normally one says «le parecía que trepaba una neblina» ('it seemed to him that a mist was climbing'). In literary prose Arlt drops the conjunction «que», embedding «le parecía» almost like an aside: 'up which, it seemed to him, a mist was climbing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of permanecía","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"permanecía","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial of duration, modifies permanecía","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of permanecía","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"clavados","lemma":"clavado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pared","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pared","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pared","lemma":"pared","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of clavados","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun la que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of parecía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying pared","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"trepaba","lemma":"trepar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"complement of parecía","gloss":"was climbing"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"delgada","lemma":"delgado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies neblina","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of trepaba","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sueño","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies neblina","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desesperación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desesperación","lemma":"desesperación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with sueño","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":6,"label":"2","id":"incoherencias-p2-s1","source":"Durante aquel período no pudo nunca reconstruir el semblante de Elsa.","translation":"During that period he was never able to reconstruct Elsa's face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no pudo nunca","title":"Preterite of «poder» — a failed effort","body":"«pudo» is the preterite of «poder». In the negative it reports a specific, bounded failure: «no pudo nunca reconstruir» = 'he was never (once) able to reconstruct' — he tried, over that whole stretch, and could not. The imperfect «podía» would instead describe a general inability rather than these concrete attempts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking período","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of período","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"período","lemma":"período","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pudo","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pudo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pudo","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of reconstruir","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pudo","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"reconstruir","lemma":"reconstruir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reconstruct"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of reconstruir","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"Elsa"}]},{"number":7,"label":"3","id":"incoherencias-p3-s1","source":"–Se había alejado tan misteriosamente de mi espíritu, que me costaba un gran esfuerzo recordar los rasgos de su fisonomía.","translation":"–She had withdrawn so mysteriously from my spirit that it cost me a great effort to recall the features of her face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"me costaba un gran esfuerzo","title":"«costar» — to take effort","body":"Beyond 'to cost money', «costar» means 'to take / require' effort: «me costaba un gran esfuerzo recordar» = 'it cost me a great effort to remember', i.e. 'I found it very hard to remember'. The dative «me» marks whom it cost."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of alejado","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of alejado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"alejado","lemma":"alejar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrawn"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies misteriosamente","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"misteriosamente","lemma":"misteriosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alejado","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espíritu","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of alejado","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (tan...que) with costaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of costaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"costaba","lemma":"costar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the que-clause","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esfuerzo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies esfuerzo","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"esfuerzo","lemma":"esfuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of costaba","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"recordar","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of esfuerzo","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rasgos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rasgos","lemma":"rasgo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of recordar","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fisonomía","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fisonomía","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"fisonomía","lemma":"fisonomía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rasgos","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":8,"label":"4","id":"incoherencias-p4-s1","source":"Luego dormía o cavilaba.","translation":"Then he would sleep or brood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cavilaba","title":"«cavilar» — to brood, to ruminate","body":"«cavilar» means to turn something over and over in the mind, to brood or fret obsessively. It is darker and more anxious than simply «pensar» (to think) — the right word for Erdosain's circling, sleepless rumination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dormía","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"dormía","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would sleep"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"cavilaba","lemma":"cavilar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dormía","gloss":"would brood"}]},{"number":9,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p4-s2","source":"Trató, aunque inútilmente, de preocuparse de dos proyectos que consideraba importantes: el cambio electromagnético para máquinas de vapor, y el de una tintorería de perros, que lanzaría al mercado canes de pelambre teñido de azul eléctrico, bull–dogs verdes, lebreles violetas, foxterriers lilas, falderos con fotografías de crepúsculos a tres tintas en el lomo, perritas con arabescos como tapices persas.","translation":"He tried, though uselessly, to busy himself with two projects he considered important: the electromagnetic conversion for steam engines, and that of a dog dye-works, which would launch onto the market hounds with coats dyed electric blue, green bulldogs, violet greyhounds, lilac fox terriers, lapdogs with three-color photographs of sunsets on their backs, little bitches with arabesques like Persian tapestries.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Trató ... de preocuparse","title":"«tratar de» + infinitive","body":"«tratar de» plus an infinitive means 'to try to' do something: «trató de preocuparse» = 'he tried to concern himself'. The pronominal «preocuparse de» here is not 'to worry' but 'to take an interest in / occupy oneself with' the two schemes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Trató","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inútilmente","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"inútilmente","lemma":"inútilmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Trató","gloss":"uselessly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of preocuparse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"preocuparse","lemma":"preocupar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Trató","gloss":"busy himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proyectos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies proyectos","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"proyectos","lemma":"proyecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of preocuparse","gloss":"projects"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of consideraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"consideraba","lemma":"considerar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying proyectos","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"importantes","lemma":"importante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"object complement describing que","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cambio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cambio","lemma":"cambio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to proyectos","gloss":"conversion"},{"surface":"electromagnético","lemma":"electromagnético","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cambio","gloss":"electromagnetic"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking máquinas","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"máquinas","lemma":"máquina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cambio","gloss":"engines"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vapor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vapor","lemma":"vapor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies máquinas","gloss":"steam"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"nominalized 'the one,' coordinated with cambio (stands for proyecto)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tintorería","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tintorería","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tintorería","lemma":"tintorería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies el","gloss":"dye-works"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"perros","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tintorería","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lanzaría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"lanzaría","lemma":"lanzar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying tintorería","gloss":"would launch"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mercado","gloss":"onto the"},{"surface":"mercado","lemma":"mercado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lanzaría","gloss":"market"},{"surface":"canes","lemma":"can","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of lanzaría","gloss":"hounds","note":"can/canes is a literary word for 'dog' (perro)."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pelambre","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"pelambre","lemma":"pelambre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies canes","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"teñido","lemma":"teñido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pelambre","gloss":"dyed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azul","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies teñido","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"eléctrico","lemma":"eléctrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies azul","gloss":"electric"},{"surface":"bull–dogs","lemma":"bulldog","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with canes","gloss":"bulldogs"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies bull–dogs","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"lebreles","lemma":"lebrel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with canes","gloss":"greyhounds"},{"surface":"violetas","lemma":"violeta","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies lebreles","gloss":"violet","note":"Color words like violeta/lila are nouns used adjectivally, common in Spanish."},{"surface":"foxterriers","lemma":"foxterrier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with canes","gloss":"fox terriers"},{"surface":"lilas","lemma":"lila","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies foxterriers","gloss":"lilac"},{"surface":"falderos","lemma":"faldero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with canes","gloss":"lapdogs"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fotografías","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fotografías","lemma":"fotografía","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies falderos","gloss":"photographs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crepúsculos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"crepúsculos","lemma":"crepúsculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fotografías","gloss":"sunsets"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tintas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies tintas","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"tintas","lemma":"tinta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fotografías","gloss":"colors"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lomo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lomo","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"lomo","lemma":"lomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fotografías","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"perritas","lemma":"perrita","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with canes","gloss":"little bitches"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arabescos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"arabescos","lemma":"arabesco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies perritas","gloss":"arabesques"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tapices","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"tapices","lemma":"tapiz","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies arabescos","gloss":"tapestries"},{"surface":"persas","lemma":"persa","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies tapices","gloss":"Persian"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p4-s3","source":"Estaba tranquilo: una tarde se durmió y tuvo este sueño: Sabía que era novio de una de las infantas.","translation":"He was calm: one afternoon he fell asleep and had this dream: He knew he was engaged to one of the infantas.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p4-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se durmió","title":"«dormirse» vs «dormir»","body":"Plain «dormir» means 'to sleep'; the pronominal «dormirse» means 'to fall asleep' — the entering of sleep, not the state. The preterite «se durmió» captures that single moment one afternoon when he dropped off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tranquilo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tranquilo","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of durmió","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of durmió","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"durmió","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (new sentence after colon)","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with durmió","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueño","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sueño","lemma":"sueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"Sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the new clause (after colon)","gloss":"He knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of novio","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to novio","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"novio","lemma":"novio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"engaged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking una","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, head of the partitive phrase (one of the infantas)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infantas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of infantas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"infantas","lemma":"infanta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies una","gloss":"infantas"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p4-s4","source":"Este suceso acompañado del hecho de ser lacayo de su majestad, Alfonso XIII, le regocijaba inmediatamente, pues los generales le rodeaban, haciéndole intencionadas preguntas.","translation":"This event, together with the fact of being a lackey of His Majesty Alfonso XIII, delighted him at once, for the generals surrounded him, putting pointed questions to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p4-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le regocijaba","title":"«regocijar» — to delight, to gladden","body":"«regocijar» means to fill with «regocijo» — keen joy or glee. «le regocijaba» = 'it filled him with glee', a stronger, more elated word than simple «alegrar» (to make happy)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of suceso","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"suceso","lemma":"suceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of regocijaba","gloss":"event"},{"surface":"acompañado","lemma":"acompañado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies suceso","gloss":"accompanied"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hecho","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acompañado","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of lacayo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to lacayo","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"lacayo","lemma":"lacayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"a lackey"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking majestad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of majestad","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"majestad","lemma":"majestad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lacayo","gloss":"Majesty"},{"surface":"Alfonso","lemma":"Alfonso","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to majestad","gloss":"Alfonso"},{"surface":"XIII","lemma":"XIII","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Alfonso","gloss":"XIII"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of regocijaba (leísmo)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"regocijaba","lemma":"regocijar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"inmediatamente","lemma":"inmediatamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies regocijaba","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rodeaban","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of generales","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generales","lemma":"general","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of rodeaban","gloss":"generals"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of rodeaban (leísmo)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"rodeaban","lemma":"rodear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"causal clause (introduced by pues) modifying regocijaba","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"haciéndole","lemma":"hacer él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on rodeaban","gloss":"asking him"},{"surface":"intencionadas","lemma":"intencionado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies preguntas","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"preguntas","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of haciéndole","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p4-s5","source":"Un espejo de agua mordía los troncos de los árboles siempre florecidos en blanco mayor, mientras que la infanta, una niña alta, tomándole del brazo, le decía ceceando:","translation":"A mirror of water gnawed at the trunks of the trees, forever in full white bloom, while the infanta, a tall girl, taking him by the arm, said to him with a lisp:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p4-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espejo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"espejo","lemma":"espejo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of mordía","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agua","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"agua","lemma":"agua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies espejo","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"mordía","lemma":"morder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnawed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of troncos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"troncos","lemma":"tronco","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of mordía","gloss":"trunks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking árboles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of árboles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"árboles","lemma":"árbol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies troncos","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies florecidos","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"florecidos","lemma":"florecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies árboles","gloss":"blooming"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blanco","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"blanco","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies florecidos","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"mayor","lemma":"mayor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"modifies blanco","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of infanta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"infanta","lemma":"infanta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"infanta"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of niña","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"niña","lemma":"niña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to infanta","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"alta","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies niña","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"tomándole","lemma":"tomar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"taking him"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazo","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tomándole","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by mientras que","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ceceando","lemma":"cecear","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of decía","gloss":"lisping"}]},{"number":13,"label":"5","id":"incoherencias-p5-s1","source":"–¿Me amáis, Erdosain?","translation":"–Do you love me, Erdosain?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Me amáis?","title":"«vos amáis» — the deferential plural","body":"«amáis» is the «vosotros»/«vos» form used here as a formal, archaic second person — the courtly 'thou' of royalty addressing a subject. Note this is NOT Argentine «voseo» (which would be «¿Me amás?»); the old-fashioned «amáis» belongs to the dream's storybook Spain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of amáis","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"amáis","lemma":"amar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural (archaic formal vos)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you love","note":"Archaic courtly 'vos' address (conjugated like vosotros) — fits the infanta's formal dream-speech to a single person."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":14,"label":"6","id":"incoherencias-p6-s1","source":"Erdosain, echándose a reír, le contestó con grosería a la infanta: un círculo de espadas brilló ante sus ojos y sintió que se hundía, cataclismos sucesivos desgajaron los continentes, pero él hacía muchos siglos que dormía en un cuartujo de plomo en el fondo del mar.","translation":"Erdosain, bursting out laughing, answered the infanta coarsely: a circle of swords flashed before his eyes and he felt himself sinking, successive cataclysms tore the continents apart, but he had been sleeping for many centuries in a wretched little lead chamber at the bottom of the sea.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"echándose a reír","title":"«echarse a» + infinitive","body":"«echarse a» plus an infinitive marks the sudden start of an action: «echarse a reír» = 'to burst out laughing', «echarse a llorar» = 'to burst into tears'. It is more abrupt than simply beginning to do something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hacía muchos siglos que dormía","title":"«hacía ... que» for ongoing past duration","body":"«hacía + time + que + imperfect» expresses how long something had already been going on: «hacía muchos siglos que dormía» = 'he had been sleeping for many centuries'. Both verbs sit in the imperfect because they describe a state still in progress at that past moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of contestó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"echándose","lemma":"echarse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on contestó","gloss":"bursting out","note":"echarse a reír = 'to burst out laughing' (idiom)."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive reír (echarse a + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reír","lemma":"reír","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of echándose","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contestó (doubling a la infanta)","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"contestó","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grosería","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"grosería","lemma":"grosería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of contestó","gloss":"coarseness"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infanta","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of infanta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"infanta","lemma":"infanta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of contestó (doubled by le)","gloss":"infanta"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of círculo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of brilló","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espadas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"espadas","lemma":"espada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies círculo","gloss":"swords"},{"surface":"brilló","lemma":"brillar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of independent clause after the colon, coordinated with sintió","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of brilló","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sintió","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with brilló","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hundía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hundía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hundía","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sintió","gloss":"was sinking"},{"surface":"cataclismos","lemma":"cataclismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of desgajaron","gloss":"cataclysms"},{"surface":"sucesivos","lemma":"sucesivo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cataclismos","gloss":"successive"},{"surface":"desgajaron","lemma":"desgajar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause coordinated (asyndetically) with sintió","gloss":"tore apart"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of continentes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"continentes","lemma":"continente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of desgajaron","gloss":"continents"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dormía (fronted before the impersonal hacía)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"impersonal verb heading the duration phrase hacía...que (contrasted with desgajaron by pero)","gloss":"had been","note":"hacía + [time] + que = 'it had been [time] since' — an impersonal duration construction; él is the fronted subject of dormía, not of hacía."},{"surface":"muchos","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of siglos","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"siglos","lemma":"siglo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links siglos to the duration clause dormía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dormía","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying siglos","gloss":"was sleeping"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuartujo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuartujo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuartujo","lemma":"cuartujo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormía","gloss":"wretched little room","note":"-ujo is a pejorative suffix on cuarto ('room'), giving a squalid, cramped connotation."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plomo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plomo","lemma":"plomo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuartujo","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormía","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mar","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mar","lemma":"mar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p6-s2","source":"Tras del vidriado ventanuco iban y venían tiburones tuertos, furiosos porque sufrían de almorranas, y Erdosain se regocijó silenciosamente, riéndose con risitas del hombre que no quiere ser oído.","translation":"Beyond the little glazed window one-eyed sharks came and went, furious because they suffered from hemorrhoids, and Erdosain rejoiced in silence, laughing with the little chuckles of a man who does not want to be heard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p6-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tuertos","title":"«tuerto» — one-eyed","body":"«tuerto» means one-eyed, blind in one eye. It seeds the dream's running image: in the next sentence every fish in the sea is «tuerto» and Erdosain is Emperor of the City of the One-Eyed Fish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tras","lemma":"tras","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventanuco","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ventanuco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vidriado","lemma":"vidriado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ventanuco","gloss":"glazed"},{"surface":"ventanuco","lemma":"ventanuco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iban","gloss":"little window"},{"surface":"iban","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"venían","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with iban","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"tiburones","lemma":"tiburón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of iban and venían","gloss":"sharks"},{"surface":"tuertos","lemma":"tuerto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiburones","gloss":"one-eyed"},{"surface":"furiosos","lemma":"furioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiburones","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sufrían","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"sufrían","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on furiosos","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almorranas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"almorranas","lemma":"almorrana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sufrían","gloss":"hemorrhoids"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of regocijó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of regocijó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"regocijó","lemma":"regocijarse","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with iban/venían (second main clause)","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"silenciosamente","lemma":"silenciosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies regocijó","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"riéndose","lemma":"reírse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on regocijó","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking risitas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"risitas","lemma":"risita","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of riéndose","gloss":"little chuckles"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies risitas","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of quiere","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiere","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying hombre","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of oído","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"oído","lemma":"oír","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of quiere","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p6-s3","source":"Ahora todos los peces del mar estaban tuertos, y él era Emperador de la Ciudad de los Peces Tuertos.","translation":"Now all the fish of the sea were one-eyed, and he was Emperor of the City of the One-Eyed Fish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p6-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaban","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peces","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of peces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peces","lemma":"pez","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of estaban","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mar","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mar","lemma":"mar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies peces","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to tuertos","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"tuertos","lemma":"tuerto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of estaban","gloss":"one-eyed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to Emperador","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Emperador","lemma":"emperador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ciudad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Ciudad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ciudad","lemma":"Ciudad","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Emperador","gloss":"City"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Peces","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Peces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Peces","lemma":"Peces","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ciudad","gloss":"Fish"},{"surface":"Tuertos","lemma":"Tuertos","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ciudad","gloss":"One-Eyed"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p6-s4","source":"Una muralla eterna circundaba el desierto a la orilla del mar, el cielo verde se oxidaba en los ladrillos del muro, y en las paredes de las torres rojas, las olas entrechocaban miríadas de peces gordos y tuertos, monstruosos peces ventrudos enfermos de lepra marina, mientras que un negro hidrópico amenazaba con el puño a un ídolo de sal.","translation":"An eternal rampart girded the desert at the sea's edge, the green sky rusted in the bricks of the wall, and against the walls of the red towers the waves dashed myriads of fat, one-eyed fish, monstrous potbellied fish sick with a marine leprosy, while a dropsical black man shook his fist at an idol of salt.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p6-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"entrechocaban","title":"«entrechocar» — to dash together","body":"«entrechocar» means to knock or dash one thing against another — the prefix «entre-» ('between') adds the sense of mutual collision. Here the waves hurl the fish against each other and against the towers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muralla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muralla","lemma":"muralla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of circundaba","gloss":"rampart"},{"surface":"eterna","lemma":"eterno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies muralla","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"circundaba","lemma":"circundar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause (parallel with oxidaba and entrechocaban)","gloss":"girded"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desierto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desierto","lemma":"desierto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of circundaba","gloss":"desert"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orilla","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of orilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orilla","lemma":"orilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of circundaba","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mar","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mar","lemma":"mar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies orilla","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of oxidaba","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"verde","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cielo","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of oxidaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"oxidaba","lemma":"oxidar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause (parallel with circundaba and entrechocaban)","gloss":"rusted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ladrillos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ladrillos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ladrillos","lemma":"ladrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of oxidaba","gloss":"bricks"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"muro","lemma":"muro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ladrillos","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paredes","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of paredes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paredes","lemma":"pared","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of entrechocaban","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking torres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of torres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"torres","lemma":"torre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies paredes","gloss":"towers"},{"surface":"rojas","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies torres","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of olas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"olas","lemma":"ola","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of entrechocaban","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"entrechocaban","lemma":"entrechocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with oxidaba","gloss":"dashed"},{"surface":"miríadas","lemma":"miríada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of entrechocaban","gloss":"myriads"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking peces","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"peces","lemma":"pez","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies miríadas","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"gordos","lemma":"gordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peces","gloss":"fat"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tuertos","lemma":"tuerto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with gordos, modifies peces","gloss":"one-eyed"},{"surface":"monstruosos","lemma":"monstruoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peces (second occurrence, w40)","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"peces","lemma":"pez","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to miríadas","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"ventrudos","lemma":"ventrudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peces","gloss":"potbellied"},{"surface":"enfermos","lemma":"enfermo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peces","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lepra","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lepra","lemma":"lepra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies enfermos","gloss":"leprosy"},{"surface":"marina","lemma":"marino","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lepra","gloss":"marine"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of amenazaba (with que)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction mientras que","gloss":"that","note":"mientras que = 'while' (compound conjunction)."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of negro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of amenazaba","gloss":"black man"},{"surface":"hidrópico","lemma":"hidrópico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies negro","gloss":"dropsical"},{"surface":"amenazaba","lemma":"amenazar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the mientras que clause","gloss":"shook","note":"Literally 'threatened'; amenazar con el puño = 'to shake one's fist at' (idiom)."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puño","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of puño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puño","lemma":"puño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amenazaba (object of instrumental con — amenazar con el puño a alguien; the true direct object, marked by personal a, is ídolo at w57, so puño cannot also be the direct object)","gloss":"fist"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ídolo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ídolo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ídolo","lemma":"ídolo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of amenazaba","gloss":"idol"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sal","lemma":"sal","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ídolo","gloss":"salt"}]},{"number":18,"label":"7","id":"incoherencias-p7-s1","source":"Otras veces, Erdosain evocaba tiempos pasados y en los que había previsto los sucesos actuales, como le dijera aquella noche al capitán.","translation":"At other times Erdosain would summon up past days, days in which he had foreseen the present events, as he had told the captain that night.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como le dijera","title":"«-ra» imperfect subjunctive as a pluperfect","body":"«dijera» is the «-ra» imperfect subjunctive of «decir», but in older literary Spanish it often replaces the pluperfect indicative «había dicho»: «como le dijera aquella noche» = 'as he had told him that night'. This narrative use is common in Arlt's prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of evocaba","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of evocaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"evocaba","lemma":"evocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would summon"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of evocaba","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"pasados","lemma":"pasado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the relative pronoun los que (referring to tiempos)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"part of the relative pronoun phrase los que","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the relative pronoun phrase los que","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of previsto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"previsto","lemma":"prever","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause (coordinated with pasados) modifying tiempos","gloss":"foreseen"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sucesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sucesos","lemma":"suceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of previsto","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"actuales","lemma":"actual","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies sucesos","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dijera","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijera","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dijera","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on previsto","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijera","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capitán","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of dijera","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p7-s2","source":"Sufrimientos sordos, merodeos en torno de una realidad que ahora le hacia decir:","translation":"Muffled sufferings, prowlings around a reality that now made him say:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p7-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sordos","title":"«sordo» — dull, muffled","body":"Beyond 'deaf', «sordo» describes a sound or sensation that is muffled, dull, deadened — «sufrimientos sordos» are sufferings without a sharp voice, a low, inarticulate ache."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"sordos","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Sufrimientos","gloss":"muffled"},{"surface":"merodeos","lemma":"merodeo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Sufrimientos (second head of the phrase)","gloss":"prowlings"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en torno de ('around'), preposition marking realidad","gloss":"around","note":"en torno de = 'around' (idiomatic compound preposition)."},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the idiom en torno de","gloss":"(around)"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en torno de","gloss":"(around)"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of realidad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en torno de, modifying merodeos","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hacia","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hacia","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hacia (causee of the causative hacer + decir)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause (causative, governs decir)","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hacia (causative construction)","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":20,"label":"8","id":"incoherencias-p8-s1","source":"–Tenía razón, no me equivocaba.","translation":"–I was right, I was not mistaken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Tenía razón","title":"«tener razón» — to be right","body":"«tener razón» (literally 'to have reason') is the fixed idiom for 'to be right / correct'. The imperfect «tenía» here looks back on a settled past truth: 'I was right (all along)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was","note":"Idiom: tener razón = 'to be right' (literally 'to have reason')."},{"surface":"razón","lemma":"razón","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies equivocaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"direct object of equivocaba","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"equivocaba","lemma":"equivocarse","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated (asyndetically) with Tenía","gloss":"was mistaken"}]},{"number":21,"label":"9","id":"incoherencias-p9-s1","source":"Así, recordaba que una noche conversando con Elsa, ésta, en un momento de sinceridad, le confesó que de haber sido soltera, no se habría casado, sino que hubiera tenido un amante.","translation":"Thus he recalled that one night, while talking with Elsa, she, in a moment of frankness, confessed to him that, had she been single, she would not have married, but would have taken a lover.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de haber sido soltera","title":"«de» + infinitive as a condition","body":"«de» plus a (perfect) infinitive expresses a condition, equivalent to an 'if' clause: «de haber sido soltera» = 'if she had been single', 'had she been single'. It pairs naturally with the conditional-perfect results that follow («no se habría casado»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"no se habría casado ... hubiera tenido","title":"Two ways to say 'would have'","body":"Both «se habría casado» (conditional perfect) and «hubiera tenido» («-ra» pluperfect subjunctive) translate as 'would have...'. Spanish freely uses the «-ra» subjunctive as a stand-in for the conditional perfect in the result of an unreal condition, so the two clauses sit comfortably side by side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordaba","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause (main verb confesó)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conversando","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"conversando","lemma":"conversar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial gerund clause modifying confesó","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of conversando (object of the preposition con — conversar is intransitive, takes con + person, not a direct object)","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"ésta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of confesó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of confesó","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sinceridad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sinceridad","lemma":"sinceridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies momento","gloss":"frankness"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of confesó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"confesó","lemma":"confesar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que (complement of recordaba)","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of casado (complement of confesó)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the counterfactual conditional clause (de + infinitive = 'if')","gloss":"if","note":"de haber sido = 'had she been' — a literary conditional construction (de + infinitive in place of si + subjunctive)."},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of sido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"copula linking to soltera","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"soltera","lemma":"soltero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sido","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies casado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casado","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"habría","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of casado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"casado","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the que-clause (complement of confesó)","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tenido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"tenido","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with casado","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amante","lemma":"amante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenido","gloss":"lover"}]},{"number":22,"label":"10","id":"incoherencias-p10-s1","source":"Erdosain le preguntó:","translation":"Erdosain asked her:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of preguntó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":23,"label":"11","id":"incoherencias-p11-s1","source":"–¿En serio decís eso?","translation":"–Do you mean that seriously?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"decís","title":"Argentine «voseo»","body":"«decís» is the «vos» form of «decir» — Buenos Aires Spanish uses «vos» instead of «tú», with its own present-tense endings («vos decís», «vos tenés», «vos sos»). This is the everyday voice of the novel's couple, in contrast to the dream's courtly «amáis»."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en serio ('seriously'), modifies decís","gloss":"in","note":"en serio = 'seriously, really' (idiom)."},{"surface":"serio","lemma":"serio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom en serio","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"decís","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular, voseo","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say","note":"decís is the voseo present-tense form of decir ('you say'), used in place of dices in Rioplatense Spanish."},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of decís","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":24,"label":"12","id":"incoherencias-p12-s1","source":"De la otra cama, terca, Elsa respondió:","translation":"From the other bed, stubborn, Elsa answered:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cama","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of respondió","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"terca","lemma":"terco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Elsa","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of respondió","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"respondió","lemma":"responder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":25,"label":"13","id":"incoherencias-p13-s1","source":"–Sí, hombre, tendría un amante... ¿para qué casarse?...","translation":"–Yes, man, I'd have a lover... what's the point of marrying?...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿para qué casarse?","title":"«¿para qué?» — to what end?","body":"«¿para qué?» asks about purpose — 'for what / to what end?', not 'why' as cause («¿por qué?»). «¿Para qué casarse?» = 'What would be the point of marrying?' — challenging the very purpose of marriage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker preceding tendría","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (discourse marker)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amante","lemma":"amante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tendría","gloss":"lover"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom para qué ('what for'), preposition marking qué","gloss":"for","note":"para qué = 'what for, what's the point' (idiom)."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of casarse","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"casarse","lemma":"casarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question (independent clause)","gloss":"marrying"}]},{"number":26,"label":"14","id":"incoherencias-p14-s1","source":"Fenómeno curioso: Erdosain tuvo súbitamente la sensación del silencio de la muerte, un silencio paralelo como un féretro a su cuerpo horizontal.","translation":"A curious phenomenon: Erdosain suddenly had the sensation of the silence of death, a silence lying parallel to his horizontal body like a coffin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tuvo súbitamente la sensación","title":"Preterite of «tener» for a sudden event","body":"«tuvo» is the preterite of «tener». Though «tener» usually names a state, in the preterite it marks the onset of one: «tuvo súbitamente la sensación» = 'he suddenly got / was struck by the sensation' — a thing that happened in an instant, not a lasting condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fenómeno","lemma":"fenómeno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"phenomenon"},{"surface":"curioso","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Fenómeno","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tuvo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause explaining Fenómeno (after the colon)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tuvo","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sensación","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muerte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muerte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muerte","lemma":"muerte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to silencio","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"paralelo","lemma":"paralelo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"parallel"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the simile como un féretro ('like a coffin')","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of féretro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"féretro","lemma":"féretro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the simile como, compared with paralelo","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpo (paralelo a = 'parallel to')","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a, complement of paralelo","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"horizontal","lemma":"horizontal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo","gloss":"horizontal"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p14-s2","source":"Posiblemente en aquel instante, en él se destruyó todo el amor inconsciente que el hombre siente por una mujer, y luego le permitirá afrontar situaciones terribles, que serían insoportables de no haber sucedido previamente aquel fenómeno.","translation":"Possibly in that instant there was destroyed in him all the unconscious love that a man feels for a woman, which would later let him face terrible situations that would be unbearable had that phenomenon not occurred beforehand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p14-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se destruyó todo el amor","title":"Passive-impersonal «se»","body":"«se destruyó todo el amor» uses the pronominal «se» to state that the love was destroyed without naming an agent — 'all the love was destroyed', 'all the love came undone'. The verb agrees with «todo el amor», which sits after it as the grammatical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de no haber sucedido","title":"Negative «de» + infinitive condition","body":"As with «de haber sido», «de no haber sucedido aquel fenómeno» packs a negative 'if' into an infinitive: 'had that phenomenon not happened', 'if that phenomenon had not happened beforehand'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Posiblemente","lemma":"posiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies destruyó","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instante","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of destruyó","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of destruyó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of destruyó","gloss":"itself","note":"Passive/reflexive 'se': 'se destruyó' reads as 'was destroyed,' not literally 'destroyed itself.'"},{"surface":"destruyó","lemma":"destruir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was destroyed"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of destruyó","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"inconsciente","lemma":"inconsciente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies amor","gloss":"unconscious"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of siente","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of siente","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"siente","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying amor","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition por","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies permitirá","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of permitirá","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"permitirá","lemma":"permitir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with destruyó","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"afrontar","lemma":"afrontar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of permitirá","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"situaciones","lemma":"situación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of afrontar","gloss":"situations"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies situaciones","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of insoportables","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"serían","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to insoportables","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"insoportables","lemma":"insoportable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clause modifying situaciones","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sucedido","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sucedido","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of sucedido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"sucedido","lemma":"suceder","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying insoportables","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"previamente","lemma":"previamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sucedido","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fenómeno","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fenómeno","lemma":"fenómeno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sucedido","gloss":"phenomenon"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p14-s3","source":"Le parecía ahora encontrarse en el fondo de un sepulcro, pensó que jamás vería la luz, y en ese silencio liviano y negro que colmaba la habitación se movían los fantasmas despertados por la voz de su esposa.","translation":"It now seemed to him that he was at the bottom of a tomb; he thought he would never see the light again, and in that light, black silence that brimmed the room moved the phantoms awakened by his wife's voice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p14-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"jamás vería la luz","title":"Conditional as future-in-the-past","body":"«vería» is the conditional of «ver». After a past reporting verb («pensó que...»), the conditional expresses a future seen from that past moment: «pensó que jamás vería la luz» = 'he thought he would never see the light'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies parecía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"encontrarse","lemma":"encontrarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of parecía","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fondo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fondo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fondo","lemma":"fondo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrarse","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sepulcro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sepulcro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sepulcro","lemma":"sepulcro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fondo","gloss":"tomb"},{"surface":"pensó","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with parecía","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vería","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jamás","lemma":"jamás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vería","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"vería","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensó","gloss":"would see"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vería","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movían","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"liviano","lemma":"liviano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with liviano","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of colmaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"colmaba","lemma":"colmar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying silencio","gloss":"brimmed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of habitación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"habitación","lemma":"habitación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of colmaba","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movían","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"movían","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with pensó","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of fantasmas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fantasmas","lemma":"fantasma","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of movían","gloss":"phantoms"},{"surface":"despertados","lemma":"despertado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fantasmas","gloss":"awakened"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition por","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":29,"label":"15","id":"incoherencias-p15-s1","source":"Más tarde, explicando esos momentos, recordó que se mantenía inmóvil, en la cama, temeroso de romper el equilibrio de su enorme desdicha, que aplomaba definitivamente su cuerpo horizontal en la superficie de una angustia implacable.","translation":"Later, explaining those moments, he recalled that he kept himself motionless, in the bed, afraid of breaking the balance of his enormous misery, which pinned his horizontal body once and for all onto the surface of an implacable anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"temeroso de romper","title":"Adjective + «de» + infinitive","body":"Many adjectives of feeling take «de» before an infinitive to name what the feeling is about: «temeroso de romper» = 'afraid of breaking'. Compare «deseoso de» (eager to), «capaz de» (capable of)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordó","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"explicando","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on recordó","gloss":"explaining"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of momentos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of explicando","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"recordó","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mantenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of mantenía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"mantenía","lemma":"mantener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of recordó","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"inmóvil","lemma":"inmóvil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of mantenía","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mantenía","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"temeroso","lemma":"temeroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with inmóvil","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of romper","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"romper","lemma":"romper","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying temeroso","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of equilibrio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"equilibrio","lemma":"equilibrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of romper","gloss":"balance"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desdicha","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of desdicha","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies desdicha","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"desdicha","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies equilibrio","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aplomaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aplomaba","lemma":"aplomar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying desdicha","gloss":"pinned"},{"surface":"definitivamente","lemma":"definitivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aplomaba","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aplomaba","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"horizontal","lemma":"horizontal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo","gloss":"horizontal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking superficie","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of superficie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"superficie","lemma":"superficie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aplomaba","gloss":"surface"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies superficie","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies angustia","gloss":"implacable"}]},{"number":30,"label":"16","id":"incoherencias-p16-s1","source":"Su corazón latía pesadamente.","translation":"His heart beat heavily.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of latía","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"latía","lemma":"latir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"pesadamente","lemma":"pesadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies latía","gloss":"heavily"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p16-s2","source":"Parecíale que cada sístole diástole tenía que vencer la presión de una elástica masa de fango.","translation":"It seemed to him that each systole and diastole had to overcome the pressure of an elastic mass of mire.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p16-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Parecíale","title":"Enclitic pronoun on a conjugated verb","body":"«Parecíale» is «le parecía» with the pronoun attached to the end of the verb — an older literary word order. It means the same thing, 'it seemed to him', but tacking the «le» on (an enclitic) gives the prose its slightly archaic, formal cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tenía que vencer","title":"«tener que» + infinitive — obligation","body":"«tener que» plus an infinitive expresses necessity or obligation: «tenía que vencer» = 'had to overcome'. The imperfect «tenía» casts it as a continuous, laboring condition of each heartbeat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Parecíale","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to him","note":"'Parecíale' = 'parecía' + enclitic 'le' (archaic word order common in early-1900s prose): 'it seemed to him.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sístole","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"sístole","lemma":"sístole","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"systole"},{"surface":"diástole","lemma":"diástole","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with sístole","gloss":"diastole"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Parecíale","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vencer","gloss":"to","note":"'tener que' + infinitive = 'to have to'; this 'que' has no independent translation of its own."},{"surface":"vencer","lemma":"vencer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tenía","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of presión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"presión","lemma":"presión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of vencer","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking masa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of masa","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"elástica","lemma":"elástico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies masa","gloss":"elastic"},{"surface":"masa","lemma":"masa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies presión","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fango","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fango","lemma":"fango","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies masa","gloss":"mire"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p16-s3","source":"Y era inútil que desde allí él intentara mover las manos para alcanzar el sol que estaba más arriba.","translation":"And it was useless for him to try, from there, to move his hands to reach the sun that was higher up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p16-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"era inútil que ... intentara","title":"Subjunctive after an impersonal judgment","body":"Impersonal value judgments like «es/era inútil que» ('it is/was useless that') trigger the subjunctive in the clause that follows: «era inútil que intentara» = 'it was useless for him to try'. «intentara» is the imperfect subjunctive of «intentar»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies inútil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inútil","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"inútil","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of intentara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allí","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies intentara","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of intentara","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"intentara","lemma":"intentar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on inútil","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"mover","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of intentara","gloss":"to move"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article for body parts where English uses a possessive: 'las manos' = 'his hands.'"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mover","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of alcanzar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"alcanzar","lemma":"alcanzar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on mover","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of alcanzar","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of arriba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to arriba","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arriba","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"arriba","lemma":"arriba","morphology":"adverb","role":"clause modifying sol","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p16-s4","source":"Y la voz de la esposa repetía aún en sus oídos:","translation":"And his wife's voice still repeated in his ears:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p16-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies repetía","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of repetía","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"repetía","lemma":"repetir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies repetía","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oídos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oídos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oídos","lemma":"oído","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of repetía","gloss":"ears"}]},{"number":34,"label":"17","id":"incoherencias-p17-s1","source":"–No me hubiera casado.","translation":"–I would not have married.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies casado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casado","gloss":"myself","note":"'casarse' = 'to get married,' literally 'to marry oneself' — a reflexive verb."},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of casado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"casado","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"}]},{"number":35,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p17-s2","source":"Tendría un amante.","translation":"I'd have a lover.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p17-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tendría","title":"Conditional «tendría» — 'I would have'","body":"«tendría» is the conditional of «tener»: 'I would have'. Together with «no me hubiera casado» it states the unreal alternative life she imagines — not marrying, taking a lover instead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amante","lemma":"amante","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"direct object of Tendría","gloss":"lover"}]},{"number":36,"label":"18","id":"incoherencias-p18-s1","source":"Y esas palabras, que para ser pronunciadas no habían requerido sino el espacio de dos segundos de tiempo, estarían ahora resonando toda la vida en él.","translation":"And those words, which to be uttered had required no more than the space of two seconds of time, would now go on resounding inside him all his life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no habían requerido sino","title":"«no ... sino» — nothing but","body":"«no ... sino» means 'nothing but / only': «no habían requerido sino dos segundos» = 'had required nothing but two seconds', 'had taken only two seconds'. «sino» here marks the sole exception to the negation, distinct from «pero» ('but, however')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies estarían","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of estarían","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of requerido","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pronunciadas","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of pronunciadas","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"pronunciadas","lemma":"pronunciar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial clause on requerido","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies requerido","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of requerido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"requerido","lemma":"requerir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying palabras","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"marks the exception (no...sino)","gloss":"only","note":"'no… sino' = 'nothing but, only' — a restrictive negation, not the coordinating conjunction 'but.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espacio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espacio","lemma":"espacio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of requerido","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking segundos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies segundos","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"segundos","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies espacio","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies segundos","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"estarían","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies resonando","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"resonando","lemma":"resonar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clausal complement of estarían","gloss":"resounding"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of resonando","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of resonando","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p18-s2","source":"Cerró los ojos.","translation":"He closed his eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p18-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cerró","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Cerró","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p18-s3","source":"Las palabras estarían toda la vida en él, arraigadas en su entraña como un crecimiento de carne.","translation":"The words would be in him all his life, rooted in his gut like a growth of flesh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p18-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"arraigadas","title":"«arraigar» — to take root","body":"«arraigar» means to take root, from «raíz» (root). The past participle «arraigadas» makes the words plant-like, sunk into «su entraña» (his innermost being, his guts) — an organic, bodily image of an unforgettable wound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of estarían","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"estarían","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of estarían","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estarían","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"arraigadas","lemma":"arraigado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"rooted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entraña","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of entraña","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"entraña","lemma":"entraña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arraigadas","gloss":"gut"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of crecimiento","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of crecimiento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"crecimiento","lemma":"crecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arraigadas","gloss":"growth"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies crecimiento","gloss":"flesh"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p18-s4","source":"Y sus dientes rechinaron.","translation":"And his teeth gnashed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p18-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies rechinaron","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dientes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of rechinaron","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"rechinaron","lemma":"rechinar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnashed"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p18-s5","source":"Quería sufrir más aún, agotarse de dolor, desangrarse en un lento chorrear de angustia.","translation":"He wanted to suffer still more, to exhaust himself with pain, to bleed himself out in a slow trickling of anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p18-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desangrarse","title":"«desangrarse» — to bleed out","body":"«desangrarse» (from «sangre», blood) is to bleed out, to drain of blood. The pronominal «se» makes it self-directed — Erdosain wants to bleed himself dry, to be emptied, by anguish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"sufrir","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Quería","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aún","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrir","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"agotarse","lemma":"agotarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with sufrir","gloss":"to exhaust himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dolor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of agotarse","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"desangrarse","lemma":"desangrarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with sufrir","gloss":"to bleed himself out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chorrear","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chorrear","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lento","lemma":"lento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chorrear","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"chorrear","lemma":"chorrear","morphology":"verb, infinitive (used as noun)","role":"oblique complement of desangrarse","gloss":"trickling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chorrear","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p18-s6","source":"Y con las manos pegadas a los muslos, tieso como un muerto en su ataúd, sin volver la cabeza, reteniendo el galope de su respiración, preguntó con voz sibilante:","translation":"And with his hands pressed to his thighs, stiff as a dead man in his coffin, without turning his head, holding back the gallop of his breathing, he asked in a hissing voice:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p18-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tieso como un muerto","title":"«tieso» — rigid, stiff","body":"«tieso» means rigid, stiff, taut. «tieso como un muerto en su ataúd» = 'stiff as a dead man in his coffin' — the corpse imagery of the whole scene tightening around his living, paralyzed body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies preguntó","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of preguntó","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"pegadas","lemma":"pegado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies manos","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muslos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muslos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"muslos","lemma":"muslo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pegadas","gloss":"thighs"},{"surface":"tieso","lemma":"tieso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"describes the subject of preguntó","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of muerto","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of muerto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muerto","lemma":"muerto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tieso","gloss":"dead man"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ataúd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ataúd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ataúd","lemma":"ataúd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies muerto","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of volver","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"volver","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on preguntó","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of volver","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"reteniendo","lemma":"retener","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on preguntó","gloss":"holding back"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of galope","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"galope","lemma":"galope","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of reteniendo","gloss":"gallop"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking respiración","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of respiración","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"respiración","lemma":"respiración","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies galope","gloss":"breathing"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of preguntó","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"sibilante","lemma":"sibilante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"hissing"}]},{"number":42,"label":"19","id":"incoherencias-p19-s1","source":"–¿Y lo hubieras querido?","translation":"–And would you have wanted him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿lo hubieras querido?","title":"«-ra» pluperfect subjunctive for 'would have'","body":"«hubieras querido» is the «-ra» pluperfect subjunctive of «querer», used here for the conditional perfect: 'would you have wanted / loved him?'. The clitic «lo» is the masculine direct object — the imagined lover."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies querido","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of querido","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hubieras","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"would you have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":43,"label":"20","id":"incoherencias-p20-s1","source":"–¿Para qué?... ¡Quién sabe!... Sí; si era bueno, ¿por qué no?","translation":"–What for?... Who knows!... Yes; if he was good, why not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¡Quién sabe!","title":"«¡Quién sabe!» — Who knows!","body":"«¡Quién sabe!» is a fixed exclamation, 'Who knows! / Who can say!', used to shrug off certainty. Note «por qué» (two words, with accent) is 'why', as opposed to «porque» ('because') — Elsa answers his torment with airy indifference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of preposition Para","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bueno","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to bueno","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"conditional clause modifying no","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"depends on bueno","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies qué","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":44,"label":"21","id":"incoherencias-p21-s1","source":"–¿Y dónde se hubieran visto?","translation":"–And where would the two of you have met?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se hubieran visto","title":"Reciprocal «se» — each other","body":"Here «se» is reciprocal rather than reflexive: «se hubieran visto» = 'they would have seen / met each other'. The «-ra» pluperfect subjunctive again does the work of the conditional perfect in this unreal question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies visto","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dónde","lemma":"dónde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of visto","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of visto","gloss":"each other","note":"Reciprocal 'se': 'se hubieran visto' = 'would have seen each other,' i.e. met."},{"surface":"hubieran","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of visto","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p21-s2","source":"Porque en tu casa no iban a tolerar eso.","translation":"Because at your house they weren't going to put up with that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p21-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no iban a tolerar","title":"«ir a» + infinitive in the imperfect","body":"«ir a» plus an infinitive is the 'going to' future; in the imperfect («iban a tolerar») it becomes a future-in-the-past — 'they were (not) going to tolerate'. It projects what would have happened from a past vantage point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tolerar","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tolerar","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iban","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"iban","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of tolerar","gloss":"were going to"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tolerar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tolerar","lemma":"tolerar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put up with"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of tolerar","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":46,"label":"22","id":"incoherencias-p22-s1","source":"–En algún hotel.","translation":"–In some hotel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hotel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hotel","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"hotel","lemma":"hotel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hotel"}]},{"number":47,"label":"23","id":"incoherencias-p23-s1","source":"–¡Ah!","translation":"–Ah!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"}]},{"number":48,"label":"24","id":"incoherencias-p24-s1","source":"Callaron, pero ya Erdosain la veía en la firme desdicha de su vida, avanzar por la acera de una calle empedrada con lascas de río.","translation":"They fell silent, but Erdosain already saw her, in the firm misery of his life, advancing along the sidewalk of a street cobbled with river slabs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Callaron","title":"«callar» — to fall silent","body":"«callar» is to fall silent, to stop speaking. The preterite «callaron» marks the single moment the talk broke off: 'they fell silent'. (Pronominal «callarse» often carries the sense 'to shut up / hush'.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Callaron","lemma":"callar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of veía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of veía","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with Callaron","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desdicha","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of desdicha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firme","lemma":"firme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies desdicha","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"desdicha","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of veía","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies desdicha","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"avanzar","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of veía (perception construction: 'saw her advancing')","gloss":"advancing"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acera","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of acera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acera","lemma":"acera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avanzar","gloss":"sidewalk"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies acera","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"empedrada","lemma":"empedrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies calle","gloss":"cobbled"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lascas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lascas","lemma":"lasca","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of empedrada","gloss":"slabs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking río","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"río","lemma":"río","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lascas","gloss":"river"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p24-s2","source":"Ella se adelantaba por la ancha vereda.","translation":"She moved forward along the wide pavement.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p24-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of adelantaba","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of adelantaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"adelantaba","lemma":"adelantar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved forward"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vereda","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vereda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ancha","lemma":"ancho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vereda","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"vereda","lemma":"vereda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of adelantaba","gloss":"pavement"}]},{"number":50,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p24-s3","source":"Un tul oscuro le cubría la mitad del semblante, y encaminándose hacia el lugar donde la conducía el deliberado deseo, avanzaba con rápidos y seguros pasos.","translation":"A dark veil of tulle covered half her face, and making her way toward the place where her deliberate desire was leading her, she advanced with quick, sure steps.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p24-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le cubría la mitad del semblante","title":"Dative of possession with body parts","body":"Spanish marks the owner of a body part with a dative pronoun rather than a possessive: «le cubría la mitad del semblante» = literally 'covered to her half the face', i.e. 'covered half her face'. The «le» tells us whose face, so no «su» is needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tul","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"tul","lemma":"tul","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of cubría","gloss":"tulle"},{"surface":"oscuro","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tul","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of cubría (dative of possession)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cubría","lemma":"cubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mitad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mitad","lemma":"mitad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cubría","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mitad","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"encaminándose","lemma":"encaminar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on avanzaba","gloss":"making her way"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lugar","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lugar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lugar","lemma":"lugar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encaminándose","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"relative pronoun/adverb","role":"oblique complement of conducía","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of conducía","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"conducía","lemma":"conducir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying lugar","gloss":"was leading"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deliberado","lemma":"deliberado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies deseo","gloss":"deliberate"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of conducía","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"avanzaba","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with cubría","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rápidos","lemma":"rápido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pasos","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"seguros","lemma":"seguro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with rápidos","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"pasos","lemma":"paso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of avanzaba","gloss":"steps"}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p24-s4","source":"Y deseoso de martirizar aún lo poco de esperanza que le quedaba, Erdosain continuó, con una sonrisa falsa que ella no podía distinguir en la oscuridad, y la voz suave, para que Elsa no reparara en el furor que estremecía sus labios:","translation":"And eager to torment even the little hope that remained to him, Erdosain went on, with a false smile she could not make out in the dark, and a soft voice, so that Elsa would not notice the fury that trembled on his lips:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p24-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para que ... no reparara","title":"«para que» + subjunctive of purpose","body":"«para que» ('so that') always takes the subjunctive: «para que Elsa no reparara» = 'so that Elsa would not notice'. «reparara» is the imperfect subjunctive of «reparar» (here 'to notice, to take note of')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"deseoso","lemma":"deseoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjective describing Erdosain","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of martirizar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"martirizar","lemma":"martirizar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying deseoso","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies poco","gloss":"even","note":"Here aún means 'even', not its usual 'still/yet' — an idiomatic use before a quantifier."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adjective (nominalized), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of martirizar","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esperanza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esperanza","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies poco","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of quedaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of quedaba","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"quedaba","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying esperanza","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonrisa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sonrisa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of continuó","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"falsa","lemma":"falso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of distinguir","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of distinguir","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies podía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of distinguir","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"distinguir","lemma":"distinguir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying sonrisa","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of distinguir","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with sonrisa (object of con)","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"suave","lemma":"suave","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reparara","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of reparara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of reparara","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reparara","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"reparara","lemma":"reparar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"purpose clause modifying continuó","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking furor","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of furor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"furor","lemma":"furor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reparara","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estremecía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estremecía","lemma":"estremecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying furor","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of estremecía","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":52,"label":"25","id":"incoherencias-p25-s1","source":"–¿Ves?","translation":"–You see?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ves","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p25-s2","source":"Así es lindo, en un matrimonio, poder hablar de todo con una confianza de hermanos.","translation":"That's how it's nice, in a marriage, to be able to talk about everything with the trust of brother and sister.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lindo","title":"«lindo» — lovely, nice","body":"«lindo» means pretty, lovely, nice — extremely common in River Plate speech where another dialect might say «bonito» or «bueno». «Así es lindo» = 'that's how it's lovely', a falsely warm note in Erdosain's cruel game."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lindo","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lindo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lindo","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matrimonio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of matrimonio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"matrimonio","lemma":"matrimonio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lindo","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"poder","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of hablar","gloss":"to be able"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal subject of lindo","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todo","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hablar","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking confianza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of confianza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"confianza","lemma":"confianza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition con","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hermanos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hermanos","lemma":"hermano","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies confianza","gloss":"brother and sister"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p25-s3","source":"Y, decíme, ¿te hubieras desnudado ante él?","translation":"And, tell me, would you have undressed in front of him?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p25-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"decíme","title":"«vos» affirmative command","body":"«decíme» is the «vos» imperative of «decir» plus the attached pronoun «me»: 'tell me'. The «vos» command keeps the stress on the final syllable («decí», «contá», «mirá»), unlike the «tú» imperative «dime»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"decíme","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo) + enclitic pronoun","role":"parenthetical imperative, main verb of interjected clause","gloss":"tell me","note":"decíme is the voseo imperative of decir ('tell') plus the enclitic object pronoun me — the Rioplatense form of standard dime."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"direct object of desnudado","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"hubieras","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of desnudado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"desnudado","lemma":"desnudar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the question (with hubieras)","gloss":"undressed"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desnudado","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":55,"label":"26","id":"incoherencias-p26-s1","source":"–¡No digas estupideces!","translation":"–Don't talk nonsense!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¡No digas!","title":"Negative command uses the subjunctive","body":"Negative commands are formed with the present subjunctive: «no digas» = 'don't say'. (The affirmative «vos» command would be «decí»; for the negative, Spanish switches to the subjunctive «digas» regardless of «tú»/«vos».)"}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies digas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"digas","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"estupideces","lemma":"estupidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of digas","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":56,"label":"27","id":"incoherencias-p27-s1","source":"–No; decíme: ¿te hubieras desnudado?","translation":"–No; tell me: would you have undressed?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"decíme","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo) + enclitic pronoun","role":"parenthetical imperative, main verb of interjected clause","gloss":"tell me","note":"decíme is the voseo imperative of decir ('tell') plus the enclitic object pronoun me — the Rioplatense form of standard dime."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"direct object of desnudado","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"hubieras","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of desnudado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"desnudado","lemma":"desnudar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the question (with hubieras)","gloss":"undressed"}]},{"number":57,"label":"28","id":"incoherencias-p28-s1","source":"–¡Y... claro!","translation":"–Why... of course!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¡Y... claro!","title":"«¡claro!» — of course","body":"«¡claro!» means 'of course! / sure!'. The leading «¡Y...!» is a colloquial filler ('Well...', 'Why...') that, with «claro», gives an offhand, obvious-sounding 'Well, of course!' — devastating in its casualness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker, head of the phrase","gloss":"Why","note":"Here y is used as a filler/discourse marker ('well...'), not the ordinary conjunction 'and'."},{"surface":"claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p28-s2","source":"¡No me iba a estar vestida!","translation":"I wasn't going to stay there dressed!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p28-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estar vestida","title":"«estar» + participle for a state","body":"«estar» plus a past participle describes a resulting state, not an action: «estar vestida» = 'to be (in the state of being) dressed', 'to have one's clothes on'. With «no me iba a estar vestida» she scoffs at the idea of keeping them on."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, first-person, singular","role":"reflexive particle of iba","gloss":"(reflexive)","note":"This colloquial me intensifies iba (was going to) rather than acting as a direct object — an idiomatic use, not literal 'to me'."},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary in periphrasis iba a estar","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estar (ir a + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to vestida","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"vestida","lemma":"vestido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dressed"}]},{"number":59,"label":"29","id":"incoherencias-p29-s1","source":"Si de un hachazo le hubieran partido la columna vertebral, no quedaría más rígido.","translation":"Had they split his spine with one axe-blow, he would not have lain more rigid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de un hachazo","title":"«-azo» — a blow with","body":"The suffix «-azo» names a blow struck with the root noun: «hacha» (axe) → «hachazo» (an axe-blow). The same pattern gives «martillazo» (hammer-blow), «portazo» (door slam) — a single, violent stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of partido","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hachazo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hachazo","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hachazo","lemma":"hachazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of partido","gloss":"axe-blow"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of partido (dative of possession)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hubieran","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of partido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"partido","lemma":"partir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on quedaría","gloss":"split"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of columna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"columna","lemma":"columna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of partido","gloss":"spine"},{"surface":"vertebral","lemma":"vertebral","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies columna","gloss":"spinal"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quedaría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quedaría","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rígido","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"rígido","lemma":"rígido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of quedaría","gloss":"rigid"}]},{"number":60,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p29-s2","source":"La garganta se le resecó como si por ella entrara un viento de fuego.","translation":"His throat went dry as if a wind of fire were passing through it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p29-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si ... entrara","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"«como si» ('as if') always takes the imperfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive: «como si entrara un viento de fuego» = 'as if a wind of fire were passing through'. It frames a hypothetical, unreal comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of garganta","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"garganta","lemma":"garganta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of resecó","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of resecó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of resecó (dative of possession)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"resecó","lemma":"resecar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went dry"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entrara","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entrara","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entrara","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"entrara","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on resecó","gloss":"were passing"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"viento","lemma":"viento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of entrara","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fuego","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fuego","lemma":"fuego","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies viento","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p29-s3","source":"Su corazón apenas latía; por sobre los sesos sintió correr una neblina que se le escapaba por los ojos.","translation":"His heart barely beat; over his brains he felt a mist run that was escaping him through the eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p29-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sintió correr una neblina","title":"Perception verb + bare infinitive","body":"Verbs of perception («sentir», «ver», «oír») take a plain infinitive where English uses a participle: «sintió correr una neblina» = 'he felt a mist run / running'. The thing perceived («una neblina») is the subject of that infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of latía","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"apenas","lemma":"apenas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies latía","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"latía","lemma":"latir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sesos (compound: por sobre)","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sesos (compound: por sobre)","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sesos","lemma":"seso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of por sobre, adjunct of sintió","gloss":"brains"},{"surface":"sintió","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"correr","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sintió","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of correr (perception construction, notional object of sintió)","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of escapaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of escapaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of escapaba","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"escapaba","lemma":"escapar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying neblina","gloss":"was escaping"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of escapaba","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p29-s4","source":"Caía en el silencio y la oscuridad, se sumergía en la nada por un muelle descendimiento, mientras que la firme parálisis de su carne cúbica subsistía para que la sensación de la pena se estampara más profundamente.","translation":"He was falling into silence and darkness, sinking into nothingness by a soft descent, while the firm paralysis of his cubic flesh held on so that the sensation of grief might be stamped more deeply.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p29-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"muelle descendimiento","title":"«muelle» — soft, yielding (adjective)","body":"Here «muelle» is not the noun 'wharf/spring' but the adjective 'soft, yielding, languid': «un muelle descendimiento» = 'a soft, gentle descent'. «descendimiento» is a rare nominalization of «descender» — a 'descending', a coming-down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was falling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of silencio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Caía","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with silencio","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sumergía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"sumergía","lemma":"sumergir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Caía","gloss":"was sinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nada","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sumergía","gloss":"nothingness"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking descendimiento","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of descendimiento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muelle","lemma":"muelle","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies descendimiento","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"descendimiento","lemma":"descendimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sumergía","gloss":"descent"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of subsistía (mientras que = 'while')","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras que","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of parálisis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firme","lemma":"firme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies parálisis","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"parálisis","lemma":"parálisis","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"subject of subsistía","gloss":"paralysis"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies parálisis","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"cúbica","lemma":"cúbico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carne","gloss":"cubic"},{"surface":"subsistía","lemma":"subsistir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the mientras que clause","gloss":"held on"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estampara","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estampara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estampara","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pena","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sensación","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive/passive particle of estampara","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"estampara","lemma":"estampar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on subsistía","gloss":"might be stamped"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies profundamente","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"profundamente","lemma":"profundamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estampara","gloss":"deeply"}]},{"number":63,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p29-s5","source":"Calló, y, sin embargo, él hubiera querido sollozar, arrodillarse ante alguien, levantarse en ese instante, vestirse e ir a dormir en el atrio de alguna casa, en el umbral de una ciudad desconocida.","translation":"He fell silent, and yet he would have wanted to sob, to kneel before someone, to get up that very instant, to dress and go sleep in the entryway of some house, on the threshold of an unknown city.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p29-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vestirse e ir","title":"«y» becomes «e» before an i-sound","body":"The conjunction «y» ('and') changes to «e» before a word beginning with the i-sound, to avoid two i-sounds colliding: «vestirse e ir» = 'to dress and go'. (Similarly «o» becomes «u» before an o-sound.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Calló","lemma":"callar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom sin embargo, modifies querido","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom sin embargo","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of querido","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with Calló","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"sollozar","lemma":"sollozar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"sob"},{"surface":"arrodillarse","lemma":"arrodillar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with sollozar (complement of querido)","gloss":"kneel"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alguien","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"alguien","lemma":"alguien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrodillarse","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"levantarse","lemma":"levantar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with sollozar (complement of querido)","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instante","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of levantarse","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"vestirse","lemma":"vestir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of dormir","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dormir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dormir","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ir (complement of querido)","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atrio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of atrio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atrio","lemma":"atrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormir","gloss":"entryway"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alguna","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies atrio","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking umbral","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of umbral","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"umbral","lemma":"umbral","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormir","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies umbral","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"desconocida","lemma":"desconocido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ciudad","gloss":"unknown"}]},{"number":64,"label":"30","id":"incoherencias-p30-s1","source":"Enloquecido, gritó Erdosain:","translation":"Crazed, Erdosain shouted:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p30-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Enloquecido","title":"«enloquecer» — to drive/go mad","body":"«enloquecer» means to drive mad or to go mad (from «loco», mad). The participle «enloquecido» = 'maddened, crazed' — and «loco» is, of course, the word in the novel's own title, «Los siete locos», 'The Seven Madmen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Enloquecido","lemma":"enloquecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjunct describing Erdosain","gloss":"Crazed"},{"surface":"gritó","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gritó","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":65,"label":"31","id":"incoherencias-p31-s1","source":"–¿Pero te das cuenta... te das cuenta de lo horrible de esto, de lo espantoso que me has dicho?","translation":"–But do you realize... do you realize the horror of this, the dreadfulness of what you've told me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te das cuenta","title":"«darse cuenta de» — to realize","body":"«darse cuenta de» is the everyday idiom for 'to realize, to grasp': «¿te das cuenta?» = 'do you realize?'. Note the «de» before the thing realized — «darse cuenta de lo horrible» = 'to realize the horror'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo horrible de esto","title":"«lo» + adjective — the ... quality","body":"Neuter «lo» plus an adjective forms an abstract noun: «lo horrible de esto» = 'the horrible(ness) of this', 'how horrible this is'. Likewise «lo espantoso» = 'the dreadful thing / how dreadful'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize","note":"darse cuenta (lit. 'to give oneself an account') is an idiom meaning 'to realize' — its pieces don't translate word-for-word."},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with das","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of repeated clause (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with das","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horrible","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of horrible","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"object of de (complement of darse cuenta)","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"modifies horrible","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces second complement of darse cuenta (parallel to lo horrible)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espantoso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espantoso","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"object of de (complement of darse cuenta), modified by the following relative clause","gloss":"dreadfulness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of dicho","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dicho","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"has","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying espantoso","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p31-s2","source":"¡Yo debía matarte!","translation":"I ought to kill you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p31-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"debía matarte","title":"«deber» + infinitive — obligation","body":"«deber» plus an infinitive expresses moral obligation: «debía matarte» = 'I ought to / should kill you'. (Distinct from «deber de» + infinitive, which marks supposition: 'I must be...'.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of matarte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of matarte","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"matarte","lemma":"matar tú","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill you"}]},{"number":67,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p31-s3","source":"¡Sos una perra!","translation":"You're a bitch!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p31-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sos","title":"«sos» — «vos» form of «ser»","body":"«sos» is the Argentine «vos» form of «ser»: «vos sos» = 'you are' (where «tú eres» would be standard). One of the most recognizable markers of porteño speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"copula linking to perra","gloss":"you're","note":"Sos is the voseo present-tense form of ser ('to be'), used with vos = 'you' in Rioplatense Spanish, equivalent to standard eres."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of perra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"perra","lemma":"perra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bitch"}]},{"number":68,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p31-s4","source":"¡Yo debía matarte, sí, matarte!","translation":"I ought to kill you, yes, kill you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p31-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of matarte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of matarte","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"matarte","lemma":"matar tú","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill you"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphatic interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"matarte","lemma":"matar tú","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with matarte","gloss":"kill you"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p31-s5","source":"¿Te das cuenta?","translation":"Do you realize?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p31-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with das","gloss":"realize"}]},{"number":70,"label":"32","id":"incoherencias-p32-s1","source":"–¡Pero qué te pasa!","translation":"–But what's the matter with you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p32-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¿qué te pasa?","title":"«¿qué te pasa?» — what's wrong with you?","body":"«pasarle algo a alguien» is 'for something to happen to someone'. «¿Qué te pasa?» = 'What's happening to you? / What's the matter with you?' — the dative «te» marks the person affected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies pasa","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pasa","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pasa","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"pasa","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is the matter"}]},{"number":71,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p32-s2","source":"¿Estás loco?","translation":"Are you mad?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p32-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to loco","gloss":"Are you"},{"surface":"loco","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mad"}]},{"number":72,"label":"33","id":"incoherencias-p33-s1","source":"–Vos has deshecho mi vida.","translation":"–You've wrecked my life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"has deshecho","title":"«deshacer» — to undo, to wreck","body":"«deshacer» (the «des-» reversal of «hacer», 'to make') means to undo, take apart, ruin. Its irregular past participle is «deshecho»: «has deshecho mi vida» = 'you have undone / wrecked my life'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular","role":"subject of deshecho","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"has","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of deshecho","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"deshecho","lemma":"deshacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrecked"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of deshecho","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":73,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s2","source":"Ahora sé por qué no te me entregabas, ¡y me has obligado a masturbarme!","translation":"Now I know why you wouldn't give yourself to me, and you've forced me to masturbate!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no te me entregabas","title":"Stacked pronouns «te me»","body":"«entregarse» is 'to give oneself'; «no te me entregabas» stacks two clitics — reflexive «te» ('yourself', 2nd person vos) and dative «me» ('to me', 1st person): 'you wouldn't give yourself to me'. The order is reflexive-before-indirect: «te me»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"me has obligado a masturbarme","title":"«obligar a» + infinitive","body":"«obligar a» plus an infinitive means 'to force / compel to do': «me has obligado a masturbarme» = 'you have forced me to masturbate'. Many verbs of compulsion and beginning take «a» before their infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for","note":"'por qué' together means 'why.'"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"forms 'por qué' with por, modifies entregabas","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entregabas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of entregabas","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of entregabas","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"entregabas","lemma":"entregar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"verb of the por qué clause, complement of sé","gloss":"you gave"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of obligado","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"has","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of obligado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"obligado","lemma":"obligar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of masturbarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"masturbarme","lemma":"masturbar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of obligado","gloss":"masturbate"}]},{"number":74,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s3","source":"¡Sí, a eso!","translation":"Yes, to that!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"eso","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"complement of a (depends on Sí)","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":75,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s4","source":"Me has hecho un trapo de hombre.","translation":"You've made a rag of a man out of me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un trapo de hombre","title":"«un trapo de hombre» — a wreck of a man","body":"«trapo» is a rag, a worthless scrap of cloth. «un trapo de hombre» means 'a wreck / wretch of a man' — the «X de Y» pattern ('a rag of a man') uses the first noun to insult the second."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"has","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trapo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"trapo","lemma":"trapo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object complement of hecho (predicate of Me)","gloss":"rag"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies trapo","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":76,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s5","source":"Debía matarte.","translation":"I ought to kill you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of matarte","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"matarte","lemma":"matar tú","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kill you"}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s6","source":"El primero que venga podrá escupirme en la cara.","translation":"The first man who comes along will be able to spit in my face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"El primero que venga","title":"Subjunctive for an unspecified person","body":"«venga» is the present subjunctive of «venir». When the antecedent is indefinite — not a known person but 'whoever comes', 'the first one who may come' — the relative clause takes the subjunctive: «el primero que venga» = 'the first one who comes / whoever comes first'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of primero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primero","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of podrá","gloss":"first one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of venga (relative pronoun)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"venga","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying primero","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"podrá","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of escupirme","gloss":"will be able"},{"surface":"escupirme","lemma":"escupir yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spit on me"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cara","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"the","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive; 'escupirme en la cara' literally 'spit on me in the face' means 'spit in my face.'"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escupirme","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":78,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s7","source":"¿Te das cuenta?","translation":"Do you realize?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of das (idiom: darse cuenta)","gloss":"account","note":"'darse cuenta' is an idiom meaning 'to realize' (literally 'to give oneself an account')."}]},{"number":79,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s8","source":"Y mientras yo robo y estafo, y sufro por vos, vos... sí, vos estás pensando en eso.","translation":"And while I steal and swindle, and suffer for you, you... yes, you are thinking about that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"estafo","title":"«estafar» — to swindle","body":"«estafar» is to swindle, to cheat someone out of money — the very crime that opens the novel, when Erdosain is caught embezzling. «robo y estafo» = 'I steal and swindle', the labors he claims to bear for her sake."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the main clause (vos estás pensando)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of robo","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of robo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"robo","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the mientras clause","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"estafo","lemma":"estafar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with robo","gloss":"swindle"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sufro","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with robo","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"oblique complement of sufro","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"repeated address, anticipates pensando","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone (emphatic yes)","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of pensando","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pensando","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"eso","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of en (complement of pensando)","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":80,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s9","source":"¡En que te hubieras entregado a un hombre bueno!","translation":"About how you'd have given yourself to a good man!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entregado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of entregado","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"hubieras","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of entregado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"entregado","lemma":"entregar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entregado","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":81,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s10","source":"¿Pero te das cuenta?","translation":"But do you realize?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker, modifies das","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of das","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of das (idiom: darse cuenta)","gloss":"account","note":"'darse cuenta' is an idiom meaning 'to realize.'"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s11","source":"¡Un hombre bueno!","translation":"A good man!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p33-s12","source":"¡Así, un hombre bueno!","translation":"Just like that, a good man!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p33-s12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"just like that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":84,"label":"34","id":"incoherencias-p34-s1","source":"–¿Pero estás loco?","translation":"–But are you mad?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p34-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies loco","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (copula linking to loco)","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"loco","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of estás","gloss":"mad"}]},{"number":85,"label":"35","id":"incoherencias-p35-s1","source":"Rápidamente se vestía Erdosain.","translation":"Quickly Erdosain was dressing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p35-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se vestía","title":"«vestirse» — to get dressed","body":"The pronominal «vestirse» means 'to dress oneself, to get dressed' (vs. transitive «vestir», 'to dress someone'). The imperfect «se vestía» shows the action in progress: 'he was getting dressed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rápidamente","lemma":"rápidamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vestía","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vestía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"vestía","lemma":"vestirse","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was dressing"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of vestía","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":86,"label":"36","id":"incoherencias-p36-s1","source":"–¿Dónde vas?","translation":"–Where are you going?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p36-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dónde","lemma":"dónde","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of vas","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you going"}]},{"number":87,"label":"37","id":"incoherencias-p37-s1","source":"Echóse a cuestas el sobretodo; después inclinándose sobre la cama de la mujer, exclamó:","translation":"He threw the overcoat on over his shoulders; then, leaning over the woman's bed, he exclaimed:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p37-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Echóse a cuestas","title":"Enclitic pronoun + «a cuestas»","body":"«Echóse» is «se echó» with the pronoun attached (enclitic), an older literary order: 'he flung onto himself'. «a cuestas» means 'on one's back / shoulders', so «echóse a cuestas el sobretodo» = 'he threw the overcoat on over his shoulders'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Echóse","lemma":"echar él","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"threw on"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a cuestas (modifies Echóse)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"cuestas","lemma":"cuestas","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase a cuestas","gloss":"shoulders","note":"'a cuestas' is a fixed phrase meaning 'on one's back/shoulders.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sobretodo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sobretodo","lemma":"sobretodo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Echóse","gloss":"overcoat"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inclinándose","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"inclinándose","lemma":"inclinar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on exclamó","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of inclinándose","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cama","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"exclamó","lemma":"exclamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he exclaimed"}]},{"number":88,"label":"38","id":"incoherencias-p38-s1","source":"–¿Sabes adonde voy?","translation":"–Do you know where I'm going?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p38-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"adonde","lemma":"adonde","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of voy","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabes","gloss":"I'm going"}]},{"number":89,"label":"","id":"incoherencias-p38-s2","source":"A un prostíbulo, a buscarme una sífilis.","translation":"To a brothel, to go catch myself syphilis.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/incoherencias-p38-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a buscarme una sífilis","title":"«a» + infinitive of purpose; ethical dative","body":"The «a» + infinitive states purpose ('to go and look for'): «a buscarme una sífilis» = 'to go and get myself syphilis'. The «me» is an ethical/benefactive dative — 'for myself', heavy with self-destructive spite as Erdosain storms out."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of voy (previous line)","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of buscarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buscarme","lemma":"buscar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause complement of voy (previous line)","gloss":"go catch myself"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sífilis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sífilis","lemma":"sífilis","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of buscarme","gloss":"syphilis"}]}]}