{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo","title":{"source":"Ingenuidad e idiotismo","translated":"Innocence and Idiocy"},"section":"Part Two","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo","lines":49},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/incoherencias","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-casa-negra","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p1-s1","source":"El cronista de esta historia no se atreve a definirlo a Erdosain, tan numerosas fueron las desdichas de su vida, que los desastres que más tarde provocó en compañía del Astrólogo pueden explicarse por los procesos psíquicos sufridos durante su matrimonio.","translation":"The chronicler of this story does not dare to define Erdosain, so numerous were the misfortunes of his life that the disasters he later set off in the company of the Astrologer can be explained by the psychic processes he suffered during his marriage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"definirlo a Erdosain","title":"Redundant object pronoun","body":"River Plate Spanish often doubles a person object with both the pronoun and the noun: «definirlo a Erdosain» literally puts both «lo» ('him') and «a Erdosain» on the same verb. The «a» is the personal «a» that marks a human direct object; the extra «lo» is the Buenos Aires habit of foreshadowing it. English just says 'to define Erdosain'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cronista","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cronista","lemma":"cronista","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of atreve","gloss":"chronicler"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking historia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of historia","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"historia","lemma":"historia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cronista","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies atreve","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of atreve","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"atreve","lemma":"atreverse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of definirlo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"definirlo","lemma":"definir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of atreve","gloss":"define him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal 'a' marking Erdosain (clarifies definirlo)","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"The personal 'a' introduces Erdosain in apposition to the clitic 'lo,' clarifying who is being defined; it has no independent translation."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of definirlo (in apposition)","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies numerosas","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"numerosas","lemma":"numeroso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate adjective, modifies desdichas","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"fueron","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to numerosas","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of desdichas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desdichas","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of fueron (predicate numerosas)","gloss":"misfortunes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies desdichas","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explicarse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of desastres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desastres","lemma":"desastre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of explicarse","gloss":"disasters"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of provocó (relative pronoun)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies provocó","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"provocó","lemma":"provocar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause (modifies desastres)","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"compañía","lemma":"compañía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en compañía de","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition + determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of provocó","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"pueden","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of explicarse","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"explicarse","lemma":"explicar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the que-clause (predicate of desastres)","gloss":"be explained"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking procesos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of procesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"procesos","lemma":"proceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of explicarse (agent introduced by por)","gloss":"processes"},{"surface":"psíquicos","lemma":"psíquico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies procesos","gloss":"psychic"},{"surface":"sufridos","lemma":"sufrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies procesos","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matrimonio","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of matrimonio","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"matrimonio","lemma":"matrimonio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sufridos","gloss":"marriage"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p2-s1","source":"Aún hoy, cuando releo las confesiones de Erdosain, paréceme inverosímil haber asistido a tan siniestros desenvolvimientos de impudor y de angustia.","translation":"Even today, when I reread Erdosain's confessions, it seems unbelievable to me that I should have witnessed such sinister unfoldings of shamelessness and anguish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"paréceme","title":"Enclitic pronoun on a finite verb","body":"«paréceme» is «me parece» ('it seems to me') with the pronoun «me» attached to the end of the verb instead of in front of it. This enclitic placement on a conjugated verb is archaic and literary today; Arlt uses it for an elevated, almost old-fashioned narrative voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoy","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"hoy","lemma":"hoy","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the adverbial phrase Aún hoy, modifies paréceme","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of releo","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"releo","lemma":"releer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on paréceme","gloss":"I reread"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of confesiones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"confesiones","lemma":"confesión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of releo","gloss":"confessions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies confesiones","gloss":"Erdosain's"},{"surface":"paréceme","lemma":"parecer yo","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seems to me"},{"surface":"inverosímil","lemma":"inverosímil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of paréceme","gloss":"unbelievable"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of asistido","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"asistido","lemma":"asistir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"infinitive clause, logical subject of inverosímil","gloss":"witnessed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desenvolvimientos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies siniestros","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"siniestros","lemma":"siniestro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies desenvolvimientos","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"desenvolvimientos","lemma":"desenvolvimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of asistido","gloss":"unfoldings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking impudor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"impudor","lemma":"impudor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desenvolvimientos","gloss":"shamelessness"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with impudor","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p3-s1","source":"Me acuerdo.","translation":"I remember.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Me acuerdo","title":"Pronominal «acordarse»","body":"«acordarse (de)» means 'to remember' and is reflexive in form — it always carries a pronoun («me», «te», «se»…). Don't confuse it with «acordar» (without the pronoun), which means 'to agree' or 'to grant'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuerdo","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"acuerdo","lemma":"acordarse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p3-s2","source":"Durante aquellos tres días en que estuvo refugiado en mi casa, lo confesó todo.","translation":"During those three days when he was holed up in my house, he confessed it all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estuvo / confesó","title":"Preterite for a closed span","body":"Both verbs are preterite. «estuvo refugiado» frames the three days as one bounded period now over, and «confesó» reports a completed act — Spanish uses the preterite, not the imperfect, when the past event is sealed off rather than ongoing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking días","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"aquellos","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies días","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of confesó","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of estuvo (refers to días)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"estuvo","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to refugiado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"refugiado","lemma":"refugiado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of estuvo (relative clause modifying días)","gloss":"holed up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of refugiado","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of confesó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"confesó","lemma":"confesar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he confessed"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to lo (direct object)","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":5,"label":"4","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p4-s1","source":"Nos reuníamos en una pieza enorme y vacía de muebles, donde poca luz llegaba.","translation":"We would meet in a huge room, empty of furniture, where little light reached.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pieza","title":"«pieza» = room","body":"In River Plate Spanish «pieza» commonly means a 'room' (especially a bedroom or a let room), where Peninsular Spanish would say «habitación» or «cuarto». «pieza» can also mean a 'piece' generally, so context decides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of reuníamos","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"reuníamos","lemma":"reunirse","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would meet"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieza","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reuníamos","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pieza","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vacía","lemma":"vacío","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with enorme","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muebles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"muebles","lemma":"mueble","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of vacía","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of llegaba","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"poca","lemma":"poco","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llegaba","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"llegaba","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying pieza","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":6,"label":"5","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p5-s1","source":"Erdosain quedábase sentado en el borde de una silla, la espalda arqueada, los codos apoyados en las piernas, las mejillas enrejadas por los dedos, la mirada fija en el pavimento.","translation":"Erdosain would sit on the edge of a chair, his back arched, his elbows propped on his legs, his cheeks barred by his fingers, his gaze fixed on the floor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la espalda arqueada, los codos apoyados","title":"Absolute participle phrases","body":"Spanish piles up noun + past-participle clauses with no verb — «la espalda arqueada» = 'his back (being) arched', «los codos apoyados» = 'his elbows propped'. Each is a little snapshot of posture. Note the definite article «la / los» where English uses possessives ('his back', 'his elbows')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quedábase","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"quedábase","lemma":"quedar él","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he would sit"},{"surface":"sentado","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of quedábase","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of borde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borde","lemma":"borde","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sentado","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of silla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"silla","lemma":"silla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies borde","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espalda","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article for body parts where English uses a possessive ('la espalda' = 'his back'); the possessor (Erdosain) is clear from context throughout this sentence."},{"surface":"espalda","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of arqueada (absolute clause describing Erdosain)","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"arqueada","lemma":"arqueado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies espalda","gloss":"arched"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of codos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"codos","lemma":"codo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of apoyados (absolute clause)","gloss":"elbows"},{"surface":"apoyados","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies codos","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piernas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of piernas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"piernas","lemma":"pierna","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apoyados","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mejillas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mejillas","lemma":"mejilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of enrejadas (absolute clause)","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"enrejadas","lemma":"enrejado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mejillas","gloss":"barred"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enrejadas (agent introduced by por)","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fija (absolute clause)","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"fija","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pavimento","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pavimento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pavimento","lemma":"pavimento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fija","gloss":"floor"}]},{"number":7,"label":"6","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p6-s1","source":"Hablaba sordamente, sin interrupciones, como si recitara una lección grabada al frío por infinitas atmósferas de presión, en el plano de su conciencia oscura.","translation":"He spoke dully, without pause, as if reciting a lesson engraved in the cold by infinite atmospheres of pressure, on the plane of his dark consciousness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si recitara","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"«como si» ('as if') always triggers the subjunctive, and for a hypothetical happening at the same time it takes the imperfect subjunctive: «recitara» ('were reciting'). The construction sets up an unreal comparison — he wasn't really reciting a lesson, he only sounded as though he were."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hablaba","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"sordamente","lemma":"sordamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Hablaba","gloss":"dully"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interrupciones","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"interrupciones","lemma":"interrupción","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Hablaba","gloss":"pause"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of recitara","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of recitara","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"recitara","lemma":"recitar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Hablaba","gloss":"were reciting"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lección","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lección","lemma":"lección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recitara","gloss":"lesson"},{"surface":"grabada","lemma":"grabado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lección","gloss":"engraved"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frío","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"frío","lemma":"frío","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of grabada","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atmósferas","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"infinitas","lemma":"infinito","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies atmósferas","gloss":"infinite"},{"surface":"atmósferas","lemma":"atmósfera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of grabada","gloss":"atmospheres"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking presión","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"presión","lemma":"presión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies atmósferas","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plano","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of plano","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plano","lemma":"plano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of grabada","gloss":"plane"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conciencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plano","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"oscura","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies conciencia","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p6-s2","source":"El tono de su voz, cuáles fueran los acontecimientos, era parejo, isócrono metódico, como el del engranaje de un reloj.","translation":"The tone of his voice, whatever the events might be, was even, isochronous, methodical, like that of a clock's gearing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p6-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuáles fueran los acontecimientos","title":"Concessive subjunctive ('whatever…')","body":"«cuáles fueran los acontecimientos» uses the imperfect subjunctive «fueran» in a concessive sense: 'whatever the events were / might be'. Spanish builds 'no matter what / whoever / whenever' clauses with the subjunctive to signal that the case is left open."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tono","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tono","lemma":"tono","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tono","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"cuáles","lemma":"cuál","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"predicate complement of fueran","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"fueran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to cuáles","gloss":"might be"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of acontecimientos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acontecimientos","lemma":"acontecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fueran","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to parejo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"parejo","lemma":"parejo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"isócrono","lemma":"isócrono","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with parejo","gloss":"isochronous"},{"surface":"metódico","lemma":"metódico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with parejo","gloss":"methodical"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase el del engranaje","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"pronominal, refers to tono (comparison)","gloss":"that (of)"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition + determiner, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking engranaje","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"engranaje","lemma":"engranaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies el","gloss":"gearing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reloj","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of reloj","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reloj","lemma":"reloj","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies engranaje","gloss":"clock"}]},{"number":9,"label":"7","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p7-s1","source":"Si se le interrumpía no se irritaba, sino que recomenzaba el relato, agregando los detalles pedidos, siempre con la cabeza inclinada, los ojos fijos en el suelo, los codos apoyados en las rodillas.","translation":"If he was interrupted he did not grow annoyed, but rather began the account again, adding the requested details, always with his head bowed, his eyes fixed on the floor, his elbows propped on his knees.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no... sino que","title":"«no… sino que»","body":"«sino» corrects a preceding negative — 'not X but rather Y'. When the contrast is between two whole conjugated clauses, Spanish uses «sino que»: «no se irritaba, sino que recomenzaba» = 'he did not get annoyed, but rather started over'. With just a word or phrase, plain «sino» would do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying irritaba","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive/passive marker","role":"passive marker with interrumpía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interrumpía","gloss":"him","note":"«se le interrumpía» is an impersonal/passive construction: 'se' plus dative 'le' give 'he was interrupted' without naming an agent."},{"surface":"interrumpía","lemma":"interrumpir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"conditional clause modifying irritaba","gloss":"was interrupted"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies irritaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of irritaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"irritaba","lemma":"irritar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew annoyed"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather","note":"«sino que» introduces a contrasting affirmative action after a negated clause."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recomenzaba","lemma":"recomenzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with irritaba","gloss":"began again"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of relato","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"relato","lemma":"relato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of recomenzaba","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"agregando","lemma":"agregar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on recomenzaba","gloss":"adding"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of detalles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"detalles","lemma":"detalle","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of agregando","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"pedidos","lemma":"pedido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies detalles","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies agregando","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabeza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of agregando","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"inclinada","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with cabeza","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"fijos","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suelo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of suelo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suelo","lemma":"suelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fijos","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of codos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"codos","lemma":"codo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ojos","gloss":"elbows"},{"surface":"apoyados","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies codos","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rodillas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of rodillas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rodillas","lemma":"rodilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apoyados","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p7-s2","source":"Narraba con lentitud derivada de un exceso de atención, para no originar confusiones.","translation":"He narrated with a slowness that came from an excess of attention, so as not to cause confusion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p7-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para no originar","title":"«para» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«para» plus an infinitive states a purpose: «para no originar confusiones» = 'in order not to cause confusion'. The negative «no» sits directly before the infinitive. Because the subject is the same throughout, Spanish keeps the infinitive instead of a full «para que» + subjunctive clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Narraba","lemma":"narrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He narrated"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lentitud","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lentitud","lemma":"lentitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Narraba","gloss":"a slowness"},{"surface":"derivada","lemma":"derivado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lentitud","gloss":"coming from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking exceso","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of exceso","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"exceso","lemma":"exceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of derivada","gloss":"excess"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atención","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"atención","lemma":"atención","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies exceso","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of originar","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies originar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"originar","lemma":"originar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on Narraba","gloss":"to cause"},{"surface":"confusiones","lemma":"confusión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of originar","gloss":"confusion"}]},{"number":11,"label":"8","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p8-s1","source":"Impasiblemente amontonaba inquietud sobre iniquidad.","translation":"Impassively he heaped unease upon iniquity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Impasiblemente","lemma":"impasiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies amontonaba","gloss":"Impassively"},{"surface":"amontonaba","lemma":"amontonar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heaped"},{"surface":"inquietud","lemma":"inquietud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of amontonaba","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iniquidad","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"iniquidad","lemma":"iniquidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amontonaba","gloss":"iniquity"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p8-s2","source":"Sabía que iba a morir, que la justicia de los hombres lo buscaba, encarnizadamente, pero él, con su revólver en el bolsillo, los codos apoyados en las rodillas, el rostro enrejado en los dedos, la mirada fija en el polvo de la enorme habitación vacía, hablaba impasiblemente.","translation":"He knew he was going to die, that the justice of men was hunting him, relentlessly, but he, with his revolver in his pocket, his elbows propped on his knees, his face barred by his fingers, his gaze fixed on the dust of the huge empty room, went on speaking impassively.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iba a morir","title":"«ir a» + infinitive in the past","body":"«iba a morir» is the imperfect of «ir a» + infinitive — the past version of 'going to': 'he was going to die'. It expresses a future seen from a point in the past, the doom hanging over the scene rather than a finished act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of morir","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of morir","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of morir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"morir","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Sabía","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of buscaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of justicia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"justicia","lemma":"justicia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of buscaba","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies justicia","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of buscaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"buscaba","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on morir","gloss":"was hunting"},{"surface":"encarnizadamente","lemma":"encarnizadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buscaba","gloss":"relentlessly"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hablaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking revólver","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of revólver","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"revólver","lemma":"revólver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies él","gloss":"revolver"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bolsillo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bolsillo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bolsillo","lemma":"bolsillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies revólver","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of codos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"codos","lemma":"codo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to él","gloss":"elbows"},{"surface":"apoyados","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies codos","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rodillas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of rodillas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rodillas","lemma":"rodilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apoyados","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to él — parallel to codos/revólver/mirada in the chain of absolute constructions describing him; 'rostro' is not the same referent as 'codos', so it cannot be in apposition to it","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"enrejado","lemma":"enrejado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rostro","gloss":"barred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enrejado","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to él — same fix as w30: 'mirada' is a separate parallel absolute construction, not in apposition to 'rostro'","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"fija","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking polvo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of polvo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"polvo","lemma":"polvo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fija — 'polvo' is the object of 'en', which is governed by the adjective 'fija' ('la mirada fija en el polvo'), not by 'mirada' directly; parallels 'suelo' after 'fijos' in ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p7-s1, which was correctly tagged 'oblique complement of fijos'","gloss":"dust"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking habitación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of habitación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies habitación","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"habitación","lemma":"habitación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies polvo","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"vacía","lemma":"vacío","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies habitación","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"hablaba","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Sabía","gloss":"went on speaking"},{"surface":"impasiblemente","lemma":"impasiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablaba","gloss":"impassively"}]},{"number":13,"label":"9","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p9-s1","source":"Había enflaquecido extraordinariamente en pocos días.","translation":"He had grown extraordinarily thin in just a few days.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Había enflaquecido","title":"Pluperfect tense","body":"«había enflaquecido» is the pluperfect: imperfect of «haber» («había») + past participle. It reports an action completed before another past moment — by the time of the narration he had already wasted away. English matches it with 'had grown thin'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of enflaquecido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"enflaquecido","lemma":"enflaquecer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grown thin"},{"surface":"extraordinariamente","lemma":"extraordinariamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enflaquecido","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking días","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"pocos","lemma":"poco","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"just a few"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enflaquecido","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p9-s2","source":"La piel amarilla, pegada a los huesos planos del rostro, le daba la apariencia de un tísico.","translation":"The yellow skin, stuck to the flat bones of his face, gave him the look of a consumptive.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p9-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tísico","title":"«tísico» = consumptive","body":"«tísico» means someone suffering from «tisis», the old word for tuberculosis ('consumption'). Used as a noun here, it conjures the wasted, hollow-cheeked look the disease was famous for — fitting the next sentence's autopsy."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of piel","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"piel","lemma":"piel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of daba","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"amarilla","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piel","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"pegada","lemma":"pegado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piel","gloss":"stuck"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huesos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of huesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huesos","lemma":"hueso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pegada","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"planos","lemma":"plano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies huesos","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rostro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies huesos","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of daba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daba","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of apariencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"apariencia","lemma":"apariencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of daba","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tísico","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tísico","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tísico","lemma":"tísico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies apariencia","gloss":"consumptive"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p9-s3","source":"Más tarde la autopsia reveló que estaba ya avanzada la enfermedad en él.","translation":"Later the autopsy revealed that the disease was already far advanced in him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p9-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reveló","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of autopsia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"autopsia","lemma":"autopsia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of reveló","gloss":"autopsy"},{"surface":"reveló","lemma":"revelar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of avanzada","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to avanzada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies avanzada","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"avanzada","lemma":"avanzado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of reveló","gloss":"far advanced"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of enfermedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"enfermedad","lemma":"enfermedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of avanzada","gloss":"disease"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avanzada","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":16,"label":"10","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p10-s1","source":"Decíame la segunda tarde de encontrarse en mi casa:","translation":"He was telling me, on the second afternoon of his stay in my house:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Decíame","title":"Enclitic «me» on the imperfect","body":"«decíame» is «me decía» ('he was telling me') with the object pronoun attached after the verb. As with «paréceme» earlier, this enclitic-on-a-finite-verb word order is a literary archaism; modern speech puts the pronoun in front: «me decía»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Decíame","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, with enclitic pronoun me","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He was telling me","note":"Archaic/literary enclitic order: «Decíame» = «Me decía» ('he was telling me')."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"segunda","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Decíame","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of encontrarse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"encontrarse","lemma":"encontrar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying tarde","gloss":"his being"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrarse","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":17,"label":"11","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p11-s1","source":"–Antes de casarme, yo pensaba con horror en la fornicación.","translation":"—Before I married, I used to think of fornication with horror.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Antes de casarme","title":"«antes de» + infinitive","body":"When both clauses share a subject, 'before doing X' is «antes de» + infinitive: «antes de casarme» = 'before getting married / before I married'. The reflexive «-me» on «casar» marks the subject as the one marrying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensaba","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of casarme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"casarme","lemma":"casar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on Antes","gloss":"I married"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of pensaba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to think"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horror","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"horror","lemma":"horror","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensaba — 'horror' is the object of the preposition 'con' (manner adverbial 'con horror'), not a direct object of 'pensaba'","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fornicación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fornicación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fornicación","lemma":"fornicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensaba — 'fornicación' is the object of 'en' ('pensar en algo'); it has no syntactic relation to 'horror', which is a separate PP ('con horror')","gloss":"fornication"}]},{"number":18,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p11-s2","source":"En mi concepto, un hombre no se casaba sino para estar siempre junto a su mujer y gozar la alegría de verse a todas horas; y hablarse, quererse con los ojos, con las palabras y las sonrisas.","translation":"To my mind, a man married only to be always at his wife's side and to enjoy the gladness of seeing each other at every hour; and to talk to each other, to love each other with the eyes, with words and smiles.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p11-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verse, hablarse, quererse","title":"Reciprocal «-se»","body":"Here the pronoun «-se» is reciprocal — 'each other'. «verse» = 'to see each other', «hablarse» = 'to talk to each other', «quererse» = 'to love each other'. Spanish folds the whole 'one another' idea into a single pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking concepto","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of concepto","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"concepto","lemma":"concepto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of casaba","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of casaba","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies casaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"casaba","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but only","note":"«no ... sino para» = 'only to' — negates everything but the purpose clause that follows."},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on casaba","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estar","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estar","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gozar","lemma":"gozar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with estar","gloss":"enjoy"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of gozar","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of verse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verse","lemma":"ver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying alegría","gloss":"seeing each other"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horas","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of horas","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of verse","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hablarse","lemma":"hablar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with estar","gloss":"talk to each other"},{"surface":"quererse","lemma":"querer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with estar","gloss":"love each other"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of quererse","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of quererse","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sonrisas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sonrisas","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with palabras","gloss":"smiles"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p11-s3","source":"Cierto es que yo era joven entonces, pero cuando fui novio de Elsa sentí necesidad de renovar todas estas cosas.","translation":"True, I was young then, but when I became Elsa's sweetheart I felt the need to renew all these things.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p11-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"era / fui","title":"Imperfect vs. preterite","body":"«era joven» (imperfect) describes a lasting background state — 'I was young'. «fui novio» and «sentí» (preterite) report bounded events — 'I became her sweetheart', 'I felt'. The same sentence shows the contrast: ongoing condition vs. punctual act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of es, fronted for emphasis ('Cierto es que...' = 'Es cierto que...'); the que-clause is the logical (extraposed) subject of es, not 'Cierto'","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of joven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of joven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to joven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"joven","lemma":"joven","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies joven","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fui","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"fui","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to novio","gloss":"I became","note":"«fui» here is from ser ('to be/become'), not ir ('to go') — the two verbs share identical preterite forms."},{"surface":"novio","lemma":"novio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of fui","gloss":"sweetheart"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies novio","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"sentí","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with es","gloss":"I felt"},{"surface":"necesidad","lemma":"necesidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sentí","gloss":"the need"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of renovar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"renovar","lemma":"renovar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying necesidad","gloss":"renew"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of estas","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of renovar","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":20,"label":"12","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p12-s1","source":"Hablaba.","translation":"He went on speaking.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hablaba","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on speaking"}]},{"number":21,"label":"13","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p13-s1","source":"Erdosain jamás besó a Elsa, porque era feliz dejando que le apretara la garganta el vértigo de quererla y porque además creía que «a una señorita no debe besársela».","translation":"Erdosain never kissed Elsa, because he was happy letting the vertigo of loving her tighten his throat, and because he also believed that \"a young lady should not be kissed\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dejando que le apretara","title":"«dejar que» + subjunctive","body":"«dejar que» ('to let / allow that…') governs the subjunctive: «dejando que le apretara la garganta» = 'letting the vertigo tighten his throat'. «apretara» is imperfect subjunctive because the main verb «era» is in the past. The thing doing the tightening, «el vértigo», is the grammatical subject sitting after its verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of besó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"jamás","lemma":"jamás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besó","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"besó","lemma":"besar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"Personal «a»: marks a human direct object; it has no independent translation."},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of besó","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to feliz","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"feliz","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"dejando","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on feliz","gloss":"letting"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of apretara","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of apretara","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"apretara","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dejando","gloss":"tighten"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of garganta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"garganta","lemma":"garganta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of apretara","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vértigo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vértigo","lemma":"vértigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of apretara","gloss":"vertigo"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of quererla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"quererla","lemma":"querer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying vértigo","gloss":"loving her"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of creía","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creía","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with era — 'creía' heads the second 'porque'-clause, coordinated by 'y' with the first 'porque'-clause's finite verb 'era', not with the predicate adjective 'feliz'","gloss":"he believed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of besársela","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking señorita","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of señorita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"señorita","lemma":"señorita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of besársela, dislocated and resumed by la","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besársela","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"modal verb governing besársela","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"besársela","lemma":"besar","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with enclitic pronouns se (impersonal) and la (her)","role":"complement of debe, impersonal passive","gloss":"be kissed","note":"Enclitics attach to the infinitive: besar+se+la = 'kiss her' in an impersonal-passive sense, so «no debe besársela» = 'she should not be kissed.'"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p13-s2","source":"Y confundía con espiritualidad lo que en sí no era más que un apetecimiento de su carne.","translation":"And he mistook for spirituality what was in itself nothing more than an appetite of his flesh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que","title":"«lo que» = 'what / that which'","body":"«lo que» is a neuter relative meaning 'what' or 'that which' when there is no specific noun to point at: «lo que… no era más que un apetecimiento» = 'what was nothing more than an appetite'. The neuter «lo» refers to a whole idea rather than a masculine or feminine thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"confundía","lemma":"confundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he mistook"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espiritualidad","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"espiritualidad","lemma":"espiritualidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of confundía","gloss":"spirituality"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of confundía","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of era","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to apetecimiento","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies apetecimiento","gloss":"more","note":"«no ... más que» is an idiom meaning 'nothing more than / only.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase más","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of apetecimiento","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"apetecimiento","lemma":"apetecimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"appetite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies apetecimiento","gloss":"flesh"}]},{"number":23,"label":"14","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s1","source":"–Tampoco nos tuteábamos, porque me era agradable era distancia que interponía entre nosotros el usted.","translation":"—Nor did we address each other as \"tú\", because the distance that the formal \"usted\" set between us was pleasant to me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nos tuteábamos","title":"«tutear» = to use «tú»","body":"«tutear» means to address someone with the familiar «tú» (or, in Buenos Aires, «vos») rather than the formal «usted». Reflexive «tutearse» makes it mutual: «nos tuteábamos» = 'we were on familiar terms'. He prefers the cool formality of «usted»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tampoco","lemma":"tampoco","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tuteábamos","gloss":"Nor"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"direct object of tuteábamos","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"tuteábamos","lemma":"tutear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used tú with"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of agradable","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to agradable","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"agradable","lemma":"agradable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula, likely a duplicate of era (w6) in the source text","gloss":"was","note":"The source appears to duplicate 'era' here (a probable OCR/typesetting artifact); the sentence reads naturally as '...agradable la distancia que interponía...'"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era (w6)","gloss":"the distance"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of interponía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"interponía","lemma":"interponer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying distancia","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nosotros","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of interponía","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of usted","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of interponía","gloss":"formal 'usted'"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s2","source":"Además yo creía que a una señorita no se la tutea.","translation":"Besides, I believed that one does not use \"tú\" with a young lady.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no se la tutea","title":"Impersonal «se»","body":"«no se la tutea» uses impersonal «se» for a generalized 'one': 'one does not address her familiarly'. The «la» is the feminine direct object ('her', the young lady). Spanish leans on «se» where English reaches for 'one', 'you', or the passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creía","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of creía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tutea","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking señorita","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of señorita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"señorita","lemma":"señorita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of tutea, dislocated and resumed by la","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tutea","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal","role":"impersonal marker of tutea","gloss":"(impersonal)"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tutea","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"tutea","lemma":"tutear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of creía","gloss":"uses tú with"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s3","source":"No se ría.","translation":"Don't laugh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No se ría","title":"Negative «usted» command","body":"«no se ría» is a negative command addressed with «usted»: 'don't laugh'. Negative commands always use the subjunctive form («ría» from «reír»), and the reflexive «se» comes before the verb in a negative command (compare the affirmative «ríase»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ría","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ría","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"ría","lemma":"reír","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular, formal imperative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh","note":"«ría» here is the formal ('usted') command form of reírse ('don't laugh'), not the unrelated noun ría meaning 'estuary' — a false-friend homograph."}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s4","source":"En mi concepto, la «señorita» era la auténtica expresión de pureza, perfección y candidez.","translation":"To my mind, the \"señorita\" was the true expression of purity, perfection, and innocence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking concepto","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of concepto","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"concepto","lemma":"concepto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of señorita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"señorita","lemma":"señorita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to expresión","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of expresión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"auténtica","lemma":"auténtico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies expresión","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"expresión","lemma":"expresión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pureza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pureza","lemma":"pureza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies expresión","gloss":"purity"},{"surface":"perfección","lemma":"perfección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with pureza","gloss":"perfection"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"candidez","lemma":"candidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with pureza","gloss":"innocence"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s5","source":"A su lado yo no conocí el deseo, sino la inquietud de un arrobamiento delicioso que me llenaba de lágrimas los ojos.","translation":"At her side I did not come to know desire, but the disquiet of a delicious rapture that filled my eyes with tears.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no conocí","title":"«conocer» in the preterite","body":"«conocer» in the imperfect means 'to know / be acquainted with', but in the preterite it shifts to 'to meet' or 'to come to know (for the first time)'. So «no conocí el deseo» = 'I did not come to know desire' — the onset of an experience, framed as a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lado","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"lado","lemma":"lado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of conocí","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of conocí","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conocí","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"conocí","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of conocí","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts deseo with inquietud","gloss":"but rather","note":"Correlative 'no ... sino' = 'not ... but rather', contrasting two options."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of inquietud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inquietud","lemma":"inquietud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with deseo (object of conocí)","gloss":"disquiet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arrobamiento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of arrobamiento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"arrobamiento","lemma":"arrobamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies inquietud","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"delicioso","lemma":"delicioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies arrobamiento","gloss":"delicious"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of llenaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"marks possession of ojos in llenaba","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"llenaba","lemma":"llenar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying arrobamiento","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lágrimas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lágrimas","lemma":"lágrima","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llenaba","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of llenaba","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s6","source":"Y era feliz porque amaba con sufrimiento, ignorando el fin de mi deseo, y porque creía que era amor espiritual toda esa convulsión orgánica y terrible que me postraba dichoso ante la quieta mirada de ella, una mirada limpia que me penetraba con lentitud las subcapas más estremecidas del espíritu.","translation":"And I was happy because I loved with suffering, unaware of the aim of my desire, and because I believed that all that terrible organic convulsion which laid me low, blissful, before her still gaze was spiritual love — a clean gaze that slowly pierced the most trembling under-layers of my spirit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p14-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ignorando","title":"False friend «ignorar»","body":"«ignorar» does not mean 'to ignore'; it means 'to be unaware of / not know'. «ignorando el fin de mi deseo» = 'not knowing the aim of my desire'. To say 'ignore (deliberately disregard)' Spanish would use «hacer caso omiso» or «no hacer caso»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to feliz","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"feliz","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of amaba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"amaba","lemma":"amar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on feliz","gloss":"I loved"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimiento","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sufrimiento","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amaba","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ignorando","lemma":"ignorar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on amaba","gloss":"unaware of"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ignorando","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deseo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fin","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of creía","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on feliz, coordinated with amaba","gloss":"I believed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking amor to convulsión","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"espiritual","lemma":"espiritual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies amor","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of convulsión","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of convulsión","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"convulsión","lemma":"convulsión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"convulsion"},{"surface":"orgánica","lemma":"orgánico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies convulsión","gloss":"organic"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"terrible","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with orgánica","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of postraba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of postraba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"postraba","lemma":"postrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying convulsión","gloss":"laid low"},{"surface":"dichoso","lemma":"dichoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying me","gloss":"blissful"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quieta","lemma":"quieto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of postraba","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to la quieta mirada","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"limpia","lemma":"limpio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of penetraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"marks possession of subcapas in penetraba","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"penetraba","lemma":"penetrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mirada","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lentitud","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lentitud","lemma":"lentitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of penetraba","gloss":"slowness"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of subcapas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"subcapas","lemma":"subcapa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of penetraba","gloss":"under-layers"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estremecidas","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"estremecidas","lemma":"estremecida","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies subcapas","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espíritu","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies subcapas","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":29,"label":"15","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p15-s1","source":"En tanto hablaba, yo lo miraba a Erdosain.","translation":"While he spoke, I watched Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En tanto","title":"«en tanto» = while","body":"«en tanto (que)» is a literary connector meaning 'while / meanwhile / as long as'. Here it sets the narrator's watching against Erdosain's talking, both ongoing in the imperfect («hablaba», «miraba»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hablaba","gloss":"while","note":"'En tanto (que)' is a fixed phrase meaning 'while'."},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"hablaba","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on miraba","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking Erdosain as object","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"Personal 'a' precedes a specific person as direct object here; it has no independent translation."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p15-s2","source":"¡El era un asesino, un asesino, y hablaba de matices del sentimiento absurdo!","translation":"He was a murderer, a murderer, and he was talking about the shadings of an absurd feeling!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to asesino","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asesino","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"asesino","lemma":"asesino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of era","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asesino","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"asesino","lemma":"asesino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to asesino","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hablaba","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with era","gloss":"was talking"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matices","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"matices","lemma":"matiz","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hablaba","gloss":"shadings"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentimiento","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"sentimiento","lemma":"sentimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies matices","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"absurdo","lemma":"absurdo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sentimiento","gloss":"absurd"}]},{"number":31,"label":"16","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p16-s1","source":"Continuaba:","translation":"He went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Continuaba","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":32,"label":"17","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s1","source":"–Y la noche del día que nos casamos, ya solos en la pieza del hotel, ella se desnudó con naturalidad frente a la lámpara encendida.","translation":"—And on the night of the day we married, alone at last in the hotel room, she undressed unselfconsciously in front of the lit lamp.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se desnudó","title":"Reflexive «desnudarse»","body":"«desnudarse» ('to undress oneself') is reflexive — the «se» shows the subject acts on herself. Many grooming and dressing verbs work this way in Spanish: «vestirse» (get dressed), «bañarse» (bathe), «peinarse» (comb one's hair)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desnudó","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies noche","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of casamos, referring to día","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casamos","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"casamos","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"clause modifying día","gloss":"we married"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies solos","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"solos","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"describes the subject of desnudó (absolute construction)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieza","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies solos","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hotel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hotel","lemma":"hotel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pieza","gloss":"hotel"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desnudó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desnudó","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"desnudó","lemma":"desnudar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"undressed"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naturalidad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"naturalidad","lemma":"naturalidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desnudó","gloss":"naturalness"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun","role":"preposition marking lámpara","gloss":"in front","note":"'Frente a' is a fixed compound preposition meaning 'in front of'."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desnudó","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"encendida","lemma":"encendido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lámpara","gloss":"lit"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s2","source":"Ruborizado hasta las sienes, yo volví la cabeza para no mirarla y que no descubriera mi vergüenza.","translation":"Blushing to the temples, I turned my head away so as not to look at her and so that she would not discover my shame.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que no descubriera","title":"Purpose clause + subjunctive","body":"After the purpose «para» the sentence shifts subjects, so it switches to a «(para) que» clause with the subjunctive: «que no descubriera mi vergüenza» = 'so that she would not discover my shame'. «descubriera» is imperfect subjunctive, matching the past main verb «volví»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ruborizado","lemma":"ruborizado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"describes yo (absolute construction)","gloss":"blushing"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sienes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sienes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sienes","lemma":"sien","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Ruborizado","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of volví","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"volví","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of volví","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mirarla","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mirarla","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mirarla","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with enclitic la","role":"adverbial clause on volví","gloss":"look at her"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of descubriera","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies descubriera","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"descubriera","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with mirarla","gloss":"discover"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vergüenza","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vergüenza","lemma":"vergüenza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of descubriera","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s3","source":"Luego me quité el cuello, el saco y los botines y me puse bajo las sábanas con los pantalones puestos.","translation":"Then I took off my collar, my jacket, and my boots, and slipped under the sheets with my trousers still on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"saco","title":"«saco» = jacket","body":"In River Plate Spanish «saco» is a man's suit jacket, not a 'sack'. «botines» are ankle boots or laced boots. Note «me quité» (reflexive «quitarse» = to take off one's own clothing) versus plain «quitar» = to take away from someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quité","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of quité","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"quité","lemma":"quitar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took off"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuello","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuello","lemma":"cuello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of quité","gloss":"collar"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of saco","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"saco","lemma":"saco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with cuello (object of quité)","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of botines","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"botines","lemma":"botín","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with saco","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"direct object of puse","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"puse","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quité","gloss":"slipped"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sábanas","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sábanas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sábanas","lemma":"sábana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of puse","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pantalones","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pantalones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pantalones","lemma":"pantalón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of puse","gloss":"trousers"},{"surface":"puestos","lemma":"puesto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pantalones","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":35,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s4","source":"Sobre la almohada, entre sus rizos negros, ella volvió el rostro y dijo sonriendo con una risa extraña:","translation":"On the pillow, among her black curls, she turned her face and said, smiling with a strange laugh:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p17-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almohada","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of almohada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almohada","lemma":"almohada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volvió","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rizos","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rizos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rizos","lemma":"rizo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of volvió","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rizos","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of volvió","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of volvió","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with volvió","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of dijo","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking risa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of risa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"risa","lemma":"risa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonriendo","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"extraña","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies risa","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":36,"label":"18","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p18-s1","source":"–¿No tenés miedo de que se te arruguen?","translation":"—Aren't you afraid they'll get wrinkled?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tenés","title":"«Voseo»: «tenés» for «tienes»","body":"Buenos Aires uses «vos» instead of «tú», with its own present-tense endings: «vos tenés» where Peninsular Spanish says «tú tienes». The stress moves to the final syllable and the stem does not diphthongize. «Voseo» is the hallmark of porteño speech throughout Arlt's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenés","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have","note":"Voseo: Rioplatense 'tenés' replaces standard 'tienes' (vos instead of tú)."},{"surface":"miedo","lemma":"miedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenés","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of arruguen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arruguen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arruguen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of interest with arruguen (on you)","gloss":"on you"},{"surface":"arruguen","lemma":"arrugar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying miedo","gloss":"get wrinkled"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p18-s2","source":"Sácatelos, zoncito.","translation":"Take them off, you silly thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p18-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zoncito","title":"«zoncito» — affectionate 'silly'","body":"«zonzo/sonso» means 'silly, foolish' in River Plate slang; the «-ito» diminutive «zoncito» turns it tender, like 'you little goose'. «Sácatelos» stacks two pronouns on a command — «saca» + «te» (reflexive) + «los» ('them', the trousers): 'take them off (yourself)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sácatelos","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo), with enclitics te + los","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take them off","note":"Voseo imperative 'sacate' (= standard 'sácate') plus the enclitic 'los' ('them')."},{"surface":"zoncito","lemma":"zonzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, diminutive, vocative","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"silly thing","note":"Diminutive of 'zonzo' ('silly, foolish'), used affectionately as a term of address."}]},{"number":38,"label":"19","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p19-s1","source":"Más tarde, una distancia misteriosa la separó a Elsa de Erdosain.","translation":"Later, a mysterious distance separated Elsa from Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la separó a Elsa","title":"Doubled object again","body":"As in the opening sentence, the human object is doubled: the pronoun «la» plus «a Elsa». «la separó a Elsa de Erdosain» = 'it separated Elsa from Erdosain'. The clitic «la» anticipates the named object — standard in Buenos Aires speech and prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies separó","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of distancia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of separó","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"misteriosa","lemma":"misterioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies distancia","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of separó","gloss":"her","note":"Clitic doubling: the pronoun 'la' anticipates the following named object 'a Elsa', common in spoken/literary Spanish."},{"surface":"separó","lemma":"separar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"separated"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking Elsa as object","gloss":"(object marker)","note":"Personal 'a' marks Elsa as a specific person functioning as direct object; untranslated."},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of separó (in apposition to la)","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of separó (source)","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p19-s2","source":"Se entregaba a él, pero con repugnancia, defraudada quién sabe en qué.","translation":"She would give herself to him, but with revulsion, let down who knows in what.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p19-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se entregaba","title":"Imperfect for a habit","body":"«se entregaba» is imperfect — a repeated, habitual past: 'she would give herself / used to give herself'. The imperfect is Spanish's tense for customary or recurring past behaviour, distinct from a one-time act in the preterite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of entregaba","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"entregaba","lemma":"entregar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entregaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking repugnancia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"repugnancia","lemma":"repugnancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entregaba","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"defraudada","lemma":"defraudado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"describes the subject (ella), predicate adjunct","gloss":"let down"},{"surface":"quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies defraudada","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of defraudada","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p19-s3","source":"Y él se arrodillaba a la cabecera de su cama, y le suplicaba que se le diera un instante, mas la mujer, con voz sorda de impaciencia, le respondía casi gritando:","translation":"And he would kneel at the head of her bed and beg her to give herself to him for a moment, but the woman, with a voice dull with impatience, would answer him almost shouting:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p19-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"suplicaba que se le diera","title":"«suplicar que» + subjunctive","body":"Verbs of asking and begging like «suplicar» take a «que» clause in the subjunctive: «le suplicaba que se le diera» = 'he begged her to give herself to him'. «diera» is imperfect subjunctive because «suplicaba» is past. Note also literary «mas» (no accent) = 'but', a higher-register «pero»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of arrodillaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arrodillaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"arrodillaba","lemma":"arrodillar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knelt"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabecera","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabecera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabecera","lemma":"cabecera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrodillaba","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabecera","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of suplicaba","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"suplicaba","lemma":"suplicar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with arrodillaba","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of diera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of diera","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of diera","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"diera","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of suplicaba","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of diera","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but","note":"'Mas' (no accent) is a literary conjunction meaning 'but' — distinct from 'más' ('more')."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of respondía","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of respondía","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"sorda","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking impaciencia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"impaciencia","lemma":"impaciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sorda","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of respondía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"respondía","lemma":"responder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with arrodillaba (contrasted by mas)","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gritando","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"gritando","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clausal complement of respondía","gloss":"shouting"}]},{"number":41,"label":"20","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p20-s1","source":"–¡Déjame tranquila!","translation":"—Leave me alone!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Déjame tranquila","title":"Affirmative command + attached pronoun","body":"«déjame» is the «tú»-command «deja» with «me» attached: 'leave me'. «tranquila» is a feminine adjective agreeing with the female speaker — 'leave me (in) peace / alone'. In affirmative commands the pronoun attaches to the end and an accent is added to keep the stress («déjame»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Déjame","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular, with enclitic me","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave me"},{"surface":"tranquila","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing me","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p20-s2","source":"¿No ves que me das asco?","translation":"Can't you see you disgust me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p20-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dar asco","title":"«dar asco» = to disgust","body":"«dar asco» literally 'to give disgust/nausea' is the idiom for 'to disgust / be revolting': «me das asco» = 'you disgust me'. It works like «dar miedo» (to frighten) — the thing that causes the feeling is the subject, and the person who feels it is the indirect object «me»."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ves","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ves","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of das","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of das","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"das","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of ves","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"asco","lemma":"asco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of das","gloss":"disgust"}]},{"number":43,"label":"21","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p21-s1","source":"Refrenando un terror de catástrofe, Erdosain se hundía otra vez en su cama.","translation":"Reining in a terror of catastrophe, Erdosain would sink back into his bed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Refrenando","title":"Gerund as backdrop","body":"The «-ndo» gerund «refrenando» ('reining in') opens the sentence to describe a simultaneous action: 'while reining in a terror of catastrophe, he sank…'. Spanish often fronts a gerund to set the manner or circumstance of the main verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Refrenando","lemma":"refrenar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on hundía","gloss":"reining in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of terror","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"terror","lemma":"terror","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Refrenando","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking catástrofe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"catástrofe","lemma":"catástrofe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies terror","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of hundía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hundía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hundía","lemma":"hundir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hundía","gloss":"again","note":"'Otra vez' = 'again', a fixed adverbial phrase."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hundía","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":44,"label":"22","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p22-s1","source":"–No me acostaba, sino que permanecía sentado, casi apoyada la espalda en la almohada, mirando las tinieblas.","translation":"—I would not lie down, but rather stayed sitting up, my back almost propped against the pillow, staring into the darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"casi apoyada la espalda","title":"Fronted absolute participle","body":"«casi apoyada la espalda en la almohada» is an absolute construction — participle before its noun — meaning 'my back almost propped against the pillow'. The participle «apoyada» agrees in gender and number with «la espalda». It paints the posture without a separate finite verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acostaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of acostaba","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"acostaba","lemma":"acostar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"permanecía","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with acostaba","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"sentado","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of permanecía","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies apoyada","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"apoyada","lemma":"apoyado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate participle describing espalda (absolute construction)","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espalda","gloss":"the","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts ('la espalda') where English uses a possessive ('my back')."},{"surface":"espalda","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of apoyada (absolute construction)","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almohada","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of almohada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almohada","lemma":"almohada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyada","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on permanecía","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tinieblas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mirando","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p22-s2","source":"Yo sabía que no había ningún objeto en estar mirando las tinieblas, pero me imaginaba que ella, compadecida de verme así, abandonado en la oscuridad, terminaría por apiadarse y decirme: «Bueno, vení si queras».","translation":"I knew there was no point in lying there staring into the darkness, but I imagined that she, moved to pity at seeing me like that, abandoned in the dark, would end up taking pity and saying to me: \"All right, come if you want\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p22-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"terminaría por apiadarse","title":"«terminar por» + infinitive","body":"«terminar por» + infinitive means 'to end up (doing)': «terminaría por apiadarse» = 'she would end up taking pity'. «terminaría» is the conditional, reporting an imagined future from a past viewpoint. «vení» is the «vos» command of «venir», and «queras» is his rendering of «quieras» ('you want')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of había","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (impersonal existential haber)","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"ningún","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of objeto","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"objeto","lemma":"objeto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"point","note":"Objeto here means 'point/purpose,' not physical 'object' — a false friend."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mirando","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of mirando","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying objeto","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tinieblas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of mirando","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of imaginaba","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"imaginaba","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sabía","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terminaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of terminaría","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"compadecida","lemma":"compadecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ella","gloss":"moved to pity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of verme","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"verme","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive (+ clitic me)","role":"adverbial clause on compadecida","gloss":"seeing me"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verme","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"abandonado","lemma":"abandonado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies me (object of verme)","gloss":"abandoned","note":"Masculine form — describes the male narrator (object of verme), not ella, which would need the feminine abandonada."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abandonado","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"terminaría","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of imaginaba","gloss":"would end up"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of apiadarse","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"apiadarse","lemma":"apiadarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on terminaría","gloss":"taking pity"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"decirme","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive (+ clitic me)","role":"coordinated with terminaría","gloss":"saying to me"},{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"discourse marker introducing vení","gloss":"All right"},{"surface":"vení","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the quoted command (complement of decirme)","gloss":"come","note":"Voseo imperative of venir (= standard ven), used with vos instead of tú."},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of queras","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"queras","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"conditional clause modifying vení","gloss":"you want","note":"Colloquial/regional voseo subjunctive for quieras (standard querer)."}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p22-s3","source":"Pero nunca, nunca, me dijo esas palabras, hasta que una noche le grité desesperado:","translation":"But never, never did she say those words to me, until one night I shouted at her, desperate:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p22-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nunca, nunca, me dijo","title":"Double negation and emphasis","body":"When a negative word like «nunca» comes before the verb, Spanish needs no extra «no»: «nunca me dijo» = 'she never said to me'. Repeating «nunca, nunca» piles on emphasis — 'never, never'. The preterite «dijo» marks it as a settled fact across the whole marriage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dijo","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of grité","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of grité","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of grité","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of grité","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"grité","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"I shouted"},{"surface":"desesperado","lemma":"desesperado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the subject (yo) of grité","gloss":"desperate"}]},{"number":47,"label":"23","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p23-s1","source":"–¿Pero vos qué te pensás... que voy a estar masturbándome siempre?","translation":"—But you, what do you think… that I'm going to be masturbating forever?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vos qué te pensás","title":"«Voseo» + reflexive «pensarse»","body":"«vos te pensás» is the porteño «vos» form of «pensarse» ('to think / suppose'), stressed on the last syllable: «pensás» rather than «piensas». The reflexive «te» adds a colloquial, indignant edge — roughly 'what on earth do you imagine?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies pensás","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of pensás (fronted/topic)","gloss":"you","note":"Rioplatense voseo second-person pronoun, replacing tú."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of pensás","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"reflexive particle of pensás","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"pensás","lemma":"pensarse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think","note":"Voseo present indicative of pensarse (= standard piensas)."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of estar","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of masturbándome (progressive periphrasis); complement of voy a","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"masturbándome","lemma":"masturbarse","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"complement of estar (progressive periphrasis: estar + gerund)","gloss":"masturbating"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies masturbándome","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":48,"label":"24","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p24-s1","source":"Y entonces ella, serenamente, me contestó:","translation":"And then she, serenely, answered me:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies contestó","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies contestó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of contestó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"serenamente","lemma":"serenamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies contestó","gloss":"serenely"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contestó","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"contestó","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":49,"label":"25","id":"ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p25-s1","source":"–Es inútil: yo no debía haberme casado con vos.","translation":"—It's no use: I should never have married you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no debía haberme casado","title":"«deber» + perfect infinitive = regret","body":"«debía haberme casado» pairs «deber» ('ought / should') with a perfect infinitive «haber casado» to voice regret about the past: 'I should have married'. Negated, «no debía haberme casado con vos» = 'I should not have married you'. «vos» is again the porteño 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inútil","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"inútil","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no use"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of debía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies debía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (modal, governs haberme casado)","gloss":"should have"},{"surface":"haberme","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive (+ clitic me)","role":"auxiliary of casado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"casado","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"past participle completing haberme (complement of debía)","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, oblique (object of preposition), second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"object of the preposition con","gloss":"you"}]}]}