{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"la-casa-negra","title":{"source":"La casa negra","translated":"The Black House"},"section":"Part Two","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-casa-negra","lines":42},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/ingenuidad-e-idiotismo","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-circular","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"la-casa-negra-p1-s1","source":"Y apareció en él la angustia, pero tan poderosa, que de pronto Erdosain se tomaba la cabeza enloquecido de un dolor físico.","translation":"And the anguish appeared in him, but so powerful that all at once Erdosain would clutch his head, maddened by a physical pain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tan poderosa, que","title":"«tan… que» (so… that)","body":"The pattern «tan» + adjective + «que» expresses result: 'so powerful that…'. Here «tan poderosa» agrees in gender with «la angustia», and the «que» clause states the consequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies apareció","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"apareció","lemma":"aparecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, oblique (object of preposition), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apareció","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of apareció (inverted/post-verbal)","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies poderosa","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"poderosa","lemma":"poderoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies angustia (predicate, elliptical fue)","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (tan...que) of tomaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase de pronto","gloss":"all at"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tomaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of tomaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tomaba","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause (tan...que), following poderosa","gloss":"would clutch"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tomaba","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"enloquecido","lemma":"enloquecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"maddened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dolor","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dolor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of enloquecido","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dolor","gloss":"physical"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p1-s2","source":"Parecíale que la masa encefálica se le había desprendido del cráneo y que chocaba con las paredes de éste al movimiento de la menor idea.","translation":"It seemed to him that his brain matter had come loose from his skull and was striking against its walls at the movement of the slightest thought.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p1-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Parecíale","title":"Enclitic pronoun on a verb","body":"«Parecíale» is «le parecía» with the pronoun attached to the end of the verb — a literary inversion common in Arlt. It means 'it seemed to him'. The same move appears later in «sentíase», «tornábase», «deslizábase»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Parecíale","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (+ enclitic dative le)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed to him","note":"Literary Spanish: the dative clitic le is attached to the end of parecía (= le parecía)."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of desprendido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of masa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"masa","lemma":"masa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desprendido","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"encefálica","lemma":"encefálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies masa","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desprendido","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of desprendido (dative of possession)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of desprendido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"desprendido","lemma":"desprender","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Parecíale","gloss":"come loose"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cráneo","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"cráneo","lemma":"cráneo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desprendido (source)","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of chocaba (coordinated with que...desprendido)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"chocaba","lemma":"chocar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with desprendido","gloss":"was striking"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paredes","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of paredes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paredes","lemma":"pared","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of chocaba","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éste","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"refers to cráneo (object of de)","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking movimiento","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"movimiento","lemma":"movimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of chocaba (circumstance)","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking idea","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menor","lemma":"menor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"modifies idea","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of movimiento (object of de)","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":3,"label":"2","id":"la-casa-negra-p2-s1","source":"Sabía que estaba irremisiblemente perdido, desterrado de la posible felicidad que siempre, algún día, sonría en la mejilla más pálida: comprendía que el destino lo abortó al caos de esa espantosa multitud de hombres huraños que manchan la vida con sus estampas agobiadas por todos los vicios y sufrimientos.","translation":"He knew he was hopelessly lost, exiled from the possible happiness that always, some day, smiles on the palest cheek: he understood that destiny had aborted him into the chaos of that ghastly multitude of sullen men who stain life with their figures, weighed down by every vice and suffering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"comprendía / abortó","title":"Imperfect vs. preterite","body":"«comprendía» (imperfect) describes an ongoing state of mind — 'he understood', 'he kept realizing'. «abortó» (preterite) marks a single completed act of fate — 'destiny aborted him'. Spanish constantly pairs the backdrop tense with the event tense like this."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of perdido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to perdido","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"irremisiblemente","lemma":"irremisiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perdido","gloss":"hopelessly"},{"surface":"perdido","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabía","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"desterrado","lemma":"desterrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perdido","gloss":"exiled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking felicidad","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"posible","lemma":"posible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies felicidad","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desterrado","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sonría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonría","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonría","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"sonría","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying felicidad","gloss":"smiles"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mejilla","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mejilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mejilla","lemma":"mejilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sonría","gloss":"cheek"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pálida","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"pálida","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mejilla","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"comprendía","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"second main verb, parallel to Sabía","gloss":"he understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of abortó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of destino","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"destino","lemma":"destino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of abortó","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abortó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"abortó","lemma":"abortar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of comprendía","gloss":"had aborted"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caos","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"caos","lemma":"caos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (invariant)","role":"oblique complement of abortó","gloss":"chaos"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking multitud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multitud","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"espantosa","lemma":"espantoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"ghastly"},{"surface":"multitud","lemma":"multitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of caos (object of de)","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"huraños","lemma":"huraño","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of manchan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"manchan","lemma":"manchar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying hombres","gloss":"stain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of manchan","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estampas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of estampas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"estampas","lemma":"estampa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of manchan","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"agobiadas","lemma":"agobiado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies estampas","gloss":"weighed down"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vicios","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vicios (part of todos los)","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of vicios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vicios","lemma":"vicio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition por (agent of agobiadas)","gloss":"vices"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with vicios","gloss":"sufferings"}]},{"number":4,"label":"3","id":"la-casa-negra-p3-s1","source":"El ya no tenía ninguna esperanza, y su miedo de vivir se hacía más poderoso cuando pensaba que jamás tendría ilusiones, cuando obstinadamente fijos los ojos en un rincón de la estancia, reconocía que le era indiferente trabajar de lavaplatos en una fonda o de criado en un prostíbulo.","translation":"He no longer had any hope, and his fear of living grew stronger when he thought that he would never have illusions again, when, his eyes obstinately fixed on a corner of the room, he admitted that it was all the same to him to work as a dishwasher in a cheap eatery or as a servant in a brothel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"jamás","title":"«jamás» — never (emphatic)","body":"«jamás» is a stronger, more absolute 'never' than «nunca»: 'never ever', 'not once for as long as he lives'. It intensifies «tendría ilusiones» — he is sure he will never again have illusions."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ninguna","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esperanza","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"esperanza","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of miedo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"miedo","lemma":"miedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vivir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying miedo","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hacía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tenía","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies poderoso","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"poderoso","lemma":"poderoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of hacía (hacerse + adjective = become)","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pensaba","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on hacía","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tendría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jamás","lemma":"jamás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tendría","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensaba","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ilusiones","lemma":"ilusión","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tendría","gloss":"illusions"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of reconocía","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"obstinadamente","lemma":"obstinadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fijos","gloss":"obstinately"},{"surface":"fijos","lemma":"fijo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"absolute construction, modifies reconocía","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fijos","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of fijos","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estancia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estancia","lemma":"estancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rincón","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"reconocía","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the cuando-clause; itself adverbial on hacía","gloss":"he admitted"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of indiferente","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of era (dative experiencer)","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to indiferente","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"indiferente","lemma":"indiferente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of reconocía","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"trabajar","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause, logical subject of era indiferente","gloss":"to work"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lavaplatos","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"lavaplatos","lemma":"lavaplatos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (invariant)","role":"oblique complement of trabajar","gloss":"dishwasher"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonda","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonda","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fonda","lemma":"fonda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trabajar","gloss":"cheap eatery"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criado","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"criado","lemma":"criado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with lavaplatos (object of de)","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trabajar","gloss":"brothel"}]},{"number":5,"label":"4","id":"la-casa-negra-p4-s1","source":"¡Qué le importaba!","translation":"What did it matter to him!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le importaba","title":"«importar» works like «gustar»","body":"«importar» (to matter) takes the thing as subject and the person as an indirect object: «qué le importaba» literally = 'what mattered to him'. The «le» marks the affected person, exactly as with «gustar» ('to please')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of importaba","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of importaba (dative experiencer)","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"importaba","lemma":"importar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did it matter"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p4-s2","source":"La angustia lo niveló para el seno de una multitud silenciosa de hombres terribles que durante el día arrastran su miseria vendiendo artefactos o biblias, recorriendo al anochecer los urinarios donde exhiben sus órganos genitales a los mozalbetes que entran a los mingitorios acuciados por otras ansiedades semejantes.","translation":"The anguish levelled him down into the bosom of a silent multitude of dreadful men who by day drag their misery about selling gadgets or bibles, prowling at nightfall the urinals where they display their genitals to the youths who enter the latrines, goaded by other, similar cravings.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of niveló","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of niveló","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niveló","lemma":"nivelar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"levelled"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking seno","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of seno","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"seno","lemma":"seno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of niveló","gloss":"bosom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking multitud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multitud","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"multitud","lemma":"multitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies seno","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"silenciosa","lemma":"silencioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of arrastran","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrastran","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"arrastran","lemma":"arrastrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying hombres","gloss":"drag"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of arrastran","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"vendiendo","lemma":"vender","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on arrastran","gloss":"selling"},{"surface":"artefactos","lemma":"artefacto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of vendiendo","gloss":"gadgets"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"biblias","lemma":"biblia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with artefactos","gloss":"bibles"},{"surface":"recorriendo","lemma":"recorrer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on arrastran (coordinated with vendiendo)","gloss":"prowling"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anochecer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"anochecer","lemma":"anochecer","morphology":"noun (nominalized infinitive), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recorriendo (time)","gloss":"nightfall"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of urinarios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"urinarios","lemma":"urinario","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of recorriendo","gloss":"urinals"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying urinarios","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"exhiben","lemma":"exhibir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying urinarios","gloss":"they display"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of órganos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"órganos","lemma":"órgano","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of exhiben","gloss":"organs"},{"surface":"genitales","lemma":"genital","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies órganos","gloss":"genital"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mozalbetes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mozalbetes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mozalbetes","lemma":"mozalbete","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of exhiben","gloss":"youths"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of entran","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"entran","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying mozalbetes","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mingitorios","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mingitorios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mingitorios","lemma":"mingitorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of entran","gloss":"latrines"},{"surface":"acuciados","lemma":"acuciado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mozalbetes (predicate describing the subject of entran)","gloss":"goaded"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ansiedades","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ansiedades","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ansiedades","lemma":"ansiedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acuciados","gloss":"cravings"},{"surface":"semejantes","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ansiedades","gloss":"similar"}]},{"number":7,"label":"5","id":"la-casa-negra-p5-s1","source":"Estas convicciones lo aletargaban en sombrías meditaciones.","translation":"These convictions lulled him into gloomy meditations.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of convicciones","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"convicciones","lemma":"convicción","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of aletargaban","gloss":"convictions"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aletargaban","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aletargaban","lemma":"aletargar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lulled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meditaciones","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"sombrías","lemma":"sombría","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies meditaciones","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"meditaciones","lemma":"meditación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of aletargaban","gloss":"meditations"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p5-s2","source":"Sentíase atornillado a un bloque formidable del que no se evadiría jamás.","translation":"He felt himself bolted to a formidable block from which he would never escape.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p5-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"formidable","title":"False friend: «formidable»","body":"Here «formidable» keeps its older sense of 'fearsome, dreadful, overwhelming' — not the modern colloquial 'great, terrific'. The block is something monstrous he is chained to, not something wonderful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sentíase","lemma":"sentirse","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, reflexive (+ enclitic se)","role":"main verb of the sentence (reflexive copula with atornillado)","gloss":"he felt himself","note":"Literary Spanish: the reflexive clitic se is attached to the end of sentía (= se sentía)."},{"surface":"atornillado","lemma":"atornillado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Sentíase","gloss":"bolted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bloque","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bloque","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bloque","lemma":"bloque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of atornillado","gloss":"block"},{"surface":"formidable","lemma":"formidable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies bloque","gloss":"formidable"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of the preposition de (referring to bloque); oblique complement of evadiría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies evadiría","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of evadiría","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"evadiría","lemma":"evadir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying bloque","gloss":"would escape"},{"surface":"jamás","lemma":"jamás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies evadiría","gloss":"ever"}]},{"number":9,"label":"6","id":"la-casa-negra-p6-s1","source":"Porque esta angustia llegó a ser tan persistente, que de pronto descubrió que su alma estaba triste por el destino que en la ciudad aguardaba a su cuerpo, un cuerpo que pesaba setenta kilos y que él sólo veía cuando lo encaminaba frente a un espejo.","translation":"Because this anguish came to be so persistent that suddenly he discovered his soul was sad for the fate that, in the city, awaited his body — a body that weighed seventy kilos and that he saw only when he steered it in front of a mirror.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"llegó a ser","title":"«llegar a ser» — to come to be","body":"«llegar a + infinitive» expresses reaching a point or eventually managing something: «llegó a ser tan persistente» = 'came to be / ended up being so persistent'. It stresses the gradual arrival at a state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of llegó","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llegó","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (llegó a ser = came to be)","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"links llegó to ser (llegar a + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of llegó a, copula predicating persistente","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies persistente","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"persistente","lemma":"persistente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective after ser, describes angustia","gloss":"persistent"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of persistente (tan...que)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de pronto, modifies descubrió","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de pronto, modifies descubrió","gloss":"suddenly","note":"'de pronto' is a fixed phrase meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"descubrió","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause (subject elided, understood as he)","gloss":"he discovered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of descubrió","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking alma to triste","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking destino (triste por)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of destino","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"destino","lemma":"destino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of triste (por + destino)","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of aguardaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of aguardaba (en + ciudad)","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"aguardaba","lemma":"aguardar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb, modifies destino","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a, marks cuerpo as direct object of aguardaba","gloss":"marks object","note":"Personal 'a' — marks cuerpo as a direct object, as if it were a person."},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aguardaba (marked by personal a)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo (w30)","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to cuerpo (w28)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of pesaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pesaba","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb, modifies cuerpo (w30)","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"setenta","lemma":"setenta","morphology":"numeral, invariable","role":"quantifies kilos","gloss":"seventy"},{"surface":"kilos","lemma":"kilo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"measure complement of pesaba","gloss":"kilos"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two relative clauses (pesaba / veía)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, direct object of veía (=cuerpo)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of veía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb, coordinated with pesaba","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of encaminaba","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encaminaba (=cuerpo)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"encaminaba","lemma":"encaminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on veía","gloss":"steered"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase frente a, marks espejo","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente a, marks espejo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espejo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"espejo","lemma":"espejo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of encaminaba (frente a + espejo)","gloss":"mirror"}]},{"number":10,"label":"7","id":"la-casa-negra-p7-s1","source":"En otros tiempos con el pensamiento se había rodeado de todas las comodidades y los placeres, placeres que por no estar limitados por la materia no tenían duración ni fronteras, mientras que su tristeza actual se refería a su cuerpo, un cuerpo sufriente, y en el cual a momentos Erdosain pensaba como si ya no le perteneciera, pero con el remordimiento de no haberlo hecho feliz.","translation":"In other times he had surrounded himself, in thought, with every comfort and pleasure — pleasures that, being unlimited by matter, had neither duration nor borders — whereas his present sadness was about his body, a suffering body, one Erdosain at times thought about as if it no longer belonged to him, but with the remorse of never having made it happy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si ya no le perteneciera","title":"«como si» + past subjunctive","body":"«como si» ('as if') always triggers the imperfect subjunctive: «perteneciera» (from «pertenecer»). It frames a contrary-to-fact comparison — 'as if it no longer belonged to him', though in fact the body is his."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of rodeado (en + tiempos, temporal)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensamiento","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pensamiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pensamiento","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of rodeado (con + pensamiento)","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of rodeado","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of rodeado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"rodeado","lemma":"rodear","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (había rodeado)","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comodidades, complement of rodeado","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of comodidades (with las)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of comodidades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"comodidades","lemma":"comodidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, complement of rodeado","gloss":"comforts"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of placeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placeres","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with comodidades","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"placeres","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"repeats placeres (w16), antecedent of que...tenían","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of tenían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the causal clause of limitados","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies limitados","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to limitados","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"limitados","lemma":"limitado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of estar, causal clause modifying tenían","gloss":"limited"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking materia","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of materia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"materia","lemma":"materia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of limitados","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenían","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenían","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause verb, modifies placeres","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"duración","lemma":"duración","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenían","gloss":"duration"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"fronteras","lemma":"frontera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with duración","gloss":"borders"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction mientras que","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction mientras que","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of tristeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tristeza","lemma":"tristeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of refería","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"actual","lemma":"actual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies tristeza","gloss":"present","note":"False friend: 'actual' means 'present/current' here, not English 'actual.'"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of refería (referirse a)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"refería","lemma":"referir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the mientras que clause","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpo, complement of refería","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of refería (se refería a)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo (w42)","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to cuerpo (w40)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"sufriente","lemma":"sufriente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo (w42)","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the next clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cual (pensar en)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun el cual","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"relative pronoun (=cuerpo), complement of pensaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a momentos (at times)","gloss":"at","note":"'a momentos' is an Argentine idiom meaning 'at times.'"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase a momentos, complement of pensaba","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of pensaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause coordinated (by y) with refería","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction como si","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction como si","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of ya no (no longer), modifies perteneciera","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of ya no (no longer), modifies perteneciera","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative) of perteneciera","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"perteneciera","lemma":"pertenecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensaba (como si construction)","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking remordimiento","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of remordimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"remordimiento","lemma":"remordimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pensaba (pero con + remordimiento)","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement clause of remordimiento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haberlo hecho","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"haberlo","lemma":"haber él","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive (with enclitic lo)","role":"auxiliary of hecho, carries clitic lo (=cuerpo)","gloss":"having it"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying remordimiento","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"feliz","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of hecho, describes lo","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":11,"label":"8","id":"la-casa-negra-p8-s1","source":"Dicha tristeza, en cuanto se refería a su pobre físico, tornábase profunda, como debe ser profundo el dolor de una madre que nunca pudo satisfacer los deseos de su hijo.","translation":"That sadness, insofar as it concerned his poor body, turned deep — as deep as the grief of a mother who could never satisfy her child's wishes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Dicha tristeza","title":"«dicho/dicha» as 'said, aforementioned'","body":"As an adjective, «dicho/dicha» means 'said' or 'aforementioned': «dicha tristeza» = 'that / the aforesaid sadness'. It is a slightly formal way to point back to something just named, distinct from the noun «la dicha» ('happiness')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dicha","lemma":"dicho","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tristeza (dicho = aforementioned)","gloss":"that","note":"'Dicha' here is the adjective 'dicho' (aforementioned/that), not the noun 'dicha' (happiness) — a common false-friend trap."},{"surface":"tristeza","lemma":"tristeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tornábase","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound conjunction en cuanto","gloss":"insofar"},{"surface":"cuanto","lemma":"cuanto","morphology":"pronoun (fixed phrase en cuanto)","role":"part of the compound conjunction en cuanto, introduces the clause of refería","gloss":"as","note":"'en cuanto' = 'insofar as' here (it can also mean 'as soon as' elsewhere)."},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of refería","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"refería","lemma":"referir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the en cuanto clause, modifies tristeza","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking físico, complement of refería","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of físico","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pobre","lemma":"pobre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies físico","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of refería (se refería a)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"tornábase","lemma":"tornarse","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (archaic enclitic order)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned","note":"Archaic enclitic order: 'tornábase' = 'se tornaba' (it turned/became)."},{"surface":"profunda","lemma":"profundo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of tornábase","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"debe","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser (debe ser = must be)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to profundo","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"profundo","lemma":"profundo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser, within the comparative clause","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dolor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dolor","lemma":"dolor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ser (profundo)","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking madre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of madre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"madre","lemma":"madre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of dolor (de + madre)","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of pudo","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pudo","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"pudo","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of satisfacer","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"satisfacer","lemma":"satisfacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of pudo, relative clause modifies madre","gloss":"satisfy"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of deseos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deseos","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of satisfacer","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hijo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hijo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of deseos (de + hijo)","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":12,"label":"9","id":"la-casa-negra-p9-s1","source":"Porque él no le dio a su carne, que tan poco tiempo viviría, ni un traje decente, ni una alegría que lo reconciliara con el vivir; él no había hecho nada por el placer de su materia, mientras que a su espíritu no le fue negada ni la geografía de los países para quienes los hombres aún no han descubierto máquinas para llegar.","translation":"Because he had given his flesh, which would live so short a time, neither a decent suit nor a joy to reconcile it with living; he had done nothing for the pleasure of his body, whereas his spirit was denied not even the geography of the countries men have yet to invent machines to reach.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ni un traje… ni una alegría","title":"«ni… ni» — neither… nor","body":"Paired «ni… ni» means 'neither… nor' and reinforces a negative verb: «no le dio… ni un traje… ni una alegría» = 'gave it neither a suit nor a joy'. Spanish keeps the «no» on the verb even with the «ni» pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dio","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dio","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dio","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative) of dio, coreferential with carne","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"dio","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carne (doubled by le)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of carne","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"carne","lemma":"carne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of dio (a + carne, doubled by le)","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of viviría","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies poco","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tiempo (tan poco tiempo)","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"duration complement of viviría","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"viviría","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb, modifies carne","gloss":"would live"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (neither...nor)","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of traje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"traje","lemma":"traje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dio (coordinated with alegría)","gloss":"suit"},{"surface":"decente","lemma":"decente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies traje","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (neither...nor)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dio (coordinated with traje)","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of reconciliara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of reconciliara (=carne)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"reconciliara","lemma":"reconciliar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb, modifies alegría","gloss":"reconcile"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vivir","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vivir (nominalized infinitive)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive (used as a noun)","role":"complement of reconciliara (con + el vivir)","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of había hecho","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había hecho","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause (after the semicolon)","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking placer","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of placer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placer","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of hecho","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking materia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of materia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"materia","lemma":"materia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of placer (de + materia)","gloss":"body","note":"'materia' (matter) is used here to mean 'body/flesh.'"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction mientras que","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction mientras que","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espíritu (doubled by le)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of fue negada (a + espíritu, doubled by le)","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies negada","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative) of negada, coreferential with espíritu","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of negada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"negada","lemma":"negar","morphology":"verb, past participle, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the mientras que clause (passive: fue negada)","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"reinforces the negation (no...ni = not even)","gloss":"not even","note":"Double negation: 'no ... ni' emphasizes 'not even.'"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of geografía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geografía","lemma":"geografía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fue negada","gloss":"geography"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking países","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of países","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"países","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of geografía (de + países)","gloss":"countries"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying países (para quienes)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"quienes","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"relative pronoun (object of para), refers to países","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of han descubierto","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies descubierto (aún no = not yet)","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies descubierto (aún no = not yet)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of descubierto","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"descubierto","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying países","gloss":"invented","note":"Literally 'discovered'; rendered 'invented' in the translation."},{"surface":"máquinas","lemma":"máquina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of descubierto","gloss":"machines"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of llegar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"llegar","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying máquinas","gloss":"reach"}]},{"number":13,"label":"10","id":"la-casa-negra-p10-s1","source":"Y muchas veces se decía:","translation":"And many times he said to himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse connective, links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"muchas","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of decía","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of decía","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":14,"label":"11","id":"la-casa-negra-p11-s1","source":"–¿Qué he hecho yo por la felicidad de este desdichado cuerpo mío?","translation":"—What have I done for the happiness of this wretched body of mine?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"este… cuerpo mío","title":"Stressed possessive «mío»","body":"After the noun, the long-form possessive «mío» adds emphasis and emotion: «este cuerpo mío» = 'this body of mine'. It is warmer and more pointed than the plain «mi cuerpo»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hecho","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking felicidad","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of hecho","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"desdichado","lemma":"desdichado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of felicidad (de + cuerpo)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"mío","lemma":"mío","morphology":"possessive pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"postposed possessive, depends on cuerpo","gloss":"of mine"}]},{"number":15,"label":"12","id":"la-casa-negra-p12-s1","source":"Porque lo cierto es que se sentía en circunstancias tan ajeno a él, como el vino del tonel que lo contiene.","translation":"Because the truth is that at times he felt as foreign to himself as the wine to the barrel that holds it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo cierto","title":"Neuter «lo» + adjective","body":"«lo» before an adjective makes an abstract noun: «lo cierto» = 'what is certain / the certain thing / the truth'. This neuter «lo» turns any adjective into 'the … part / the … thing', as in «lo importante» ('the important thing')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"article, neuter","role":"forms the neuter phrase lo cierto with cierto","gloss":"the","note":"'lo' + adjective forms an abstract noun: 'lo cierto' = 'the truth/what is certain.'"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of lo cierto, subject of es","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sentía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en circunstancias (at times)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"circunstancias","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase en circunstancias, complement of sentía","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ajeno","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ajeno","lemma":"ajeno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sentía","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, masculine, singular","role":"object of a, modifies ajeno (used reflexively for the subject)","gloss":"himself","note":"Used reflexively here: 'ajeno a él' = 'foreign to himself.'"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vino","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vino","lemma":"vino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second term of the comparison, parallel to él","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking tonel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"tonel","lemma":"tonel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vino (del tonel)","gloss":"barrel"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of contiene","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contiene (=vino)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"contiene","lemma":"contener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb, modifies tonel","gloss":"holds"}]},{"number":16,"label":"13","id":"la-casa-negra-p13-s1","source":"Luego recaía que ese cuerpo era el que envasaba sus cavilaciones, las nutría con su sangre cansada; un miserable cuerpo mal vestido que ninguna mujer se dignaba mirar y que sentía el desprecio y la carga de los días, de la que sólo eran responsables sus pensamientos que nunca habían apetecido los placeres que reclamaba en silencio, tímidamente.","translation":"Then it would dawn on him that this body was the one that bottled up his broodings and fed them with its weary blood; a wretched, ill-dressed body that no woman deigned to look at and that felt the scorn and the weight of the days — for which only his thoughts were to blame, thoughts that had never craved the pleasures it silently, timidly demanded.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se dignaba mirar","title":"Pronominal verb «dignarse»","body":"«dignarse» ('to deign') is pronominal — it carries a reflexive pronoun and is followed by a bare infinitive: «se dignaba mirar» = 'deigned to look'. The «se» is part of the verb, not a true reflexive 'self'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recaía","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"recaía","lemma":"recaer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would dawn on him","note":"recaer is used impersonally here ('recaía que...') to mean 'it would come back to/occur to him again that...', not its literal sense of 'relapse.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking cuerpo (w5) to el (w7)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of era, head of the relative clause introduced by que (w8)","gloss":"the one","note":"'el que' + verb forms a headless relative meaning 'the one who/that.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of envasaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"envasaba","lemma":"envasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause headed by que (w8), predicate complement of era","gloss":"bottled up"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cavilaciones","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cavilaciones","lemma":"cavilación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of envasaba","gloss":"broodings"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of nutría, referring to cavilaciones","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"nutría","lemma":"nutrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with envasaba (w9), predicate complement of era","gloss":"fed","note":"nutría here is a form of the verb nutrir ('to feed/nourish'), not the noun nutria ('otter') it resembles."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sangre","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sangre","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con (w14), oblique complement of nutría","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"cansada","lemma":"cansado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sangre","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo (w20)","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"miserable","lemma":"miserable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to cuerpo (w5)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vestido","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"vestido","lemma":"vestido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo (w20)","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of mirar (w28)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ninguna","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dignaba","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dignaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"dignaba","lemma":"dignar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cuerpo (w20)","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"mirar","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dignaba","gloss":"to look at"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sentía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dignaba (w27), clause modifying cuerpo (w20)","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desprecio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desprecio","lemma":"desprecio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sentía","gloss":"scorn"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carga","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carga","lemma":"carga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with desprecio","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking días","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de (w37), modifies carga","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking la que (w41-42), 'for which'","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"forms the relative pronoun 'la que' with que (w42), referring back to carga (w36)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of 'la que' (w41), oblique complement of responsables via de (w40)","gloss":"that","note":"'la que' refers back to la carga ('the weight'), not the nearer los días — the feminine singular form is the clue."},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies responsables","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"eran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to responsables","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"responsables","lemma":"responsable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective complement of eran (w44)","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pensamientos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pensamientos","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of responsables (via eran)","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of apetecido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies apetecido","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of apetecido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"apetecido","lemma":"apetecer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying pensamientos","gloss":"craved"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of placeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placeres","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of apetecido","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of reclamaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"reclamaba","lemma":"reclamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying placeres","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reclamaba","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"tímidamente","lemma":"tímidamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reclamaba","gloss":"timidly"}]},{"number":17,"label":"14","id":"la-casa-negra-p14-s1","source":"Erdosain se sentía apiadado, entristecido hacia su doble físico, del que era casi un extraño.","translation":"Erdosain felt pity, felt saddened, toward his physical double, of which he was almost a stranger.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sentía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"apiadado","lemma":"apiadado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sentía, coordinated with entristecido (w5)","gloss":"moved to pity"},{"surface":"entristecido","lemma":"entristecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with apiadado (w4), predicate complement of sentía","gloss":"saddened"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doble","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of doble","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"doble","lemma":"doble","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of hacia (w6), oblique complement of sentía","gloss":"double","note":"doble is a noun here ('his double/doppelganger'), with físico as its modifying adjective — not the reverse."},{"surface":"físico","lemma":"físico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies doble (w8)","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que (w11), 'of which'","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of del (w10), oblique complement of era, referring to doble físico","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to extraño","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extraño","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of extraño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"extraño","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of era (w12)","gloss":"stranger"}]},{"number":18,"label":"15","id":"la-casa-negra-p15-s1","source":"Entonces, como un desesperado que se arroja desde un séptimo piso, él se arrojaba en el delicioso terror de la masturbación, queriendo aniquilar sus remordimientos en un mundo del que nadie podía expulsarlo, rodeándose de las delicias que estaban alejadas de su vida, de todos los cuerpos más distintos y hermosos, para los que se necesitarían una suma inmensa de existencias y dinero para gozar.","translation":"Then, like a desperate man who throws himself from a seventh floor, he flung himself into the delicious terror of masturbation, wanting to annihilate his remorse in a world from which no one could expel him, surrounding himself with the delights kept far from his life, with all the most varied and beautiful bodies, to enjoy which an immense sum of lifetimes and money would be needed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se arroja / se arrojaba","title":"Reflexive «arrojarse» — to fling oneself","body":"«arrojar» means 'to throw'; with the reflexive pronoun, «arrojarse» means 'to throw / fling oneself'. The present «se arroja» describes the simile's leaper; the imperfect «se arrojaba» describes Erdosain's habitual plunge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arrojaba","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arroja","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desesperado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"desesperado","lemma":"desesperado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of como (w2), oblique complement of arrojaba","gloss":"desperate man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of arroja","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arroja","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"arroja","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying desesperado (w4)","gloss":"throws"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piso","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of piso","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"séptimo","lemma":"séptimo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies piso","gloss":"seventh"},{"surface":"piso","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of desde (w8), oblique complement of arroja","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of arrojaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arrojaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"arrojaba","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terror","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of terror","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"delicioso","lemma":"delicioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies terror","gloss":"delicious"},{"surface":"terror","lemma":"terror","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en (w15), oblique complement of arrojaba","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking masturbación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of masturbación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"masturbación","lemma":"masturbación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (w19), modifies terror","gloss":"masturbation"},{"surface":"queriendo","lemma":"querer","morphology":"auxiliary verb, gerund","role":"auxiliary of aniquilar","gloss":"wanting"},{"surface":"aniquilar","lemma":"aniquilar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on arrojaba","gloss":"to annihilate"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of remordimientos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"remordimientos","lemma":"remordimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aniquilar","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en (w26), oblique complement of aniquilar","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que (w30), 'from which'","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of del (w29), oblique complement of expulsarlo, referring to mundo (w28)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of expulsarlo","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of expulsarlo","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"expulsarlo","lemma":"expulsar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying mundo (w28)","gloss":"expel him"},{"surface":"rodeándose","lemma":"rodear él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on arrojaba (w14), coordinated with queriendo (w22)","gloss":"surrounding himself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking delicias","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of delicias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"delicias","lemma":"delicia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de (w35), oblique complement of rodeándose","gloss":"delights"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of alejadas","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to alejadas","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"alejadas","lemma":"alejado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate adjective of estaban, clause modifying delicias (w37)","gloss":"kept far"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (w41), oblique complement of alejadas","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuerpos, parallel to de (w35) on rodeándose","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cuerpos (w47), with los (w46)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cuerpos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuerpos","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de (w44), oblique complement of rodeándose, parallel to delicias (w37)","gloss":"bodies"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies distintos","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"distintos","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cuerpos","gloss":"varied"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hermosos","lemma":"hermoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with distintos","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking los que (w53-54), referring to cuerpos (w47)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"forms the relative pronoun 'los que' with que (w54), referring to cuerpos (w47)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of 'los que' (w53), oblique complement of necesitarían via para (w52)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of necesitarían (passive)","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"necesitarían","lemma":"necesitar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the clause modifying cuerpos (via los que), governs suma (w58) as subject","gloss":"would be needed"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of suma","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"suma","lemma":"suma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of necesitarían","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"inmensa","lemma":"inmenso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies suma","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking existencias","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"existencias","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de (w60), modifies suma","gloss":"lifetimes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with existencias","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of gozar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gozar","lemma":"gozar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying necesitarían (w56)","gloss":"to enjoy"}]},{"number":19,"label":"16","id":"la-casa-negra-p16-s1","source":"Era aquél un universo de ideas gelatinosas, roto en pasadizos donde la obscenidad se vestía con las sedas y puntillas y terciopelos y guipures más costosos; un mundo resplandeciente en su pulpa crepuscular.","translation":"That was a universe of gelatinous ideas, broken into passageways where obscenity dressed itself in the costliest silks and lace and velvets and guipures; a world resplendent in its crepuscular pulp.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Era aquél un universo","title":"Verb-first inversion with «aquél»","body":"Spanish freely puts the verb before the subject: «Era aquél un universo…» = 'That was a universe…'. The stressed demonstrative «aquél» ('that one, that') carries an accent to mark it as a pronoun, not the adjective «aquel»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking aquél (w2) to universo (w4)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aquél","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Era (w1)","gloss":"That","note":"aquél is a demonstrative pronoun ('that one'), not a verb — the accent (now optional under current spelling rules) distinguishes it from the adjective aquel."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of universo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"universo","lemma":"universo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Era (w1)","gloss":"universe"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ideas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de (w5), modifies universo","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"gelatinosas","lemma":"gelatinosa","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ideas","gloss":"gelatinous"},{"surface":"roto","lemma":"roto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies universo (w4)","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasadizos","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"pasadizos","lemma":"pasadizo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of en (w9), oblique complement of roto","gloss":"passageways"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of vestía","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of obscenidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"obscenidad","lemma":"obscenidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vestía","gloss":"obscenity"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vestía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"vestía","lemma":"vestir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying pasadizos (w10)","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sedas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sedas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sedas","lemma":"seda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of con (w16), oblique complement of vestía","gloss":"silks"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"puntillas","lemma":"puntilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with sedas","gloss":"lace"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"terciopelos","lemma":"terciopelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with puntillas","gloss":"velvets"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"guipures","lemma":"guipur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with terciopelos","gloss":"guipures"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies costosos","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"costosos","lemma":"costoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies guipures (w24), applying to the full coordinated list (sedas, puntillas, terciopelos, guipures)","gloss":"costliest"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to universo (w4)","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"resplandeciente","lemma":"resplandeciente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mundo","gloss":"resplendent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pulpa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pulpa","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"pulpa","lemma":"pulpa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en (w30), oblique complement of resplandeciente","gloss":"pulp"},{"surface":"crepuscular","lemma":"crepuscular","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pulpa","gloss":"crepuscular"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p16-s2","source":"Transitaban en él las mujeres más hermosas de la creación, desconocidas tersas que por él descubrían sus senos de manzana, ofreciendo a su boca, agriada por innobles cigarrillos, labios fraganciosos y palabras pesadas de sensualidad.","translation":"Through it moved the most beautiful women of creation, smooth-skinned strangers who for him bared their apple-firm breasts, offering to his mouth, soured by vile cigarettes, fragrant lips and words heavy with sensuality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p16-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Transitaban","lemma":"transitar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"object of en (w2), oblique complement of Transitaban","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Transitaban","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hermosas","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"hermosas","lemma":"hermoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mujeres","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking creación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of creación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"creación","lemma":"creación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (w8), modifies mujeres","gloss":"creation"},{"surface":"desconocidas","lemma":"desconocer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to mujeres (w5), head of the appositive noun phrase","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"tersas","lemma":"terso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies desconocidas (w11)","gloss":"smooth-skinned"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of descubrían","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"for","note":"por él here means 'for him/on his behalf,' not 'by him.'"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"object of por (w14), oblique complement of descubrían","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"descubrían","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by que (w13), modifying mujeres/desconocidas","gloss":"bared"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of senos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"senos","lemma":"seno","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of descubrían","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manzana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"manzana","lemma":"manzana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies senos","gloss":"apple"},{"surface":"ofreciendo","lemma":"ofrecer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Transitaban","gloss":"offering"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boca","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of boca","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"boca","lemma":"boca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of a (w22), indirect object of ofreciendo","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"agriada","lemma":"agriado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies boca","gloss":"soured"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cigarrillos, agent of agriada","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"innobles","lemma":"innoble","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cigarrillos (w28)","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"cigarrillos","lemma":"cigarrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of por (w26), oblique complement of agriada","gloss":"cigarettes"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ofreciendo, coordinated with palabras (w32)","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"fraganciosos","lemma":"fragancioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"fragrant"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with labios (w29), direct object of ofreciendo","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"pesadas","lemma":"pesado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sensualidad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sensualidad","lemma":"sensualidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (w34), oblique complement of pesadas (w33)","gloss":"sensuality"}]},{"number":21,"label":"17","id":"la-casa-negra-p17-s1","source":"Y ya eran doncellas altas, finas y pulidas, ya colegiales corrompidas, un mundo femenino y diverso del que nadie podía expulsarle, a él, pobre diablo, a quien las regentes de los prostíbulos más destartalados miraban con desconfianza como si fuera a defraudarles el importe de la fornicación.","translation":"And now they were tall maidens, slender and polished, now corrupted schoolgirls — a feminine, varied world from which no one could expel him, him, poor devil, whom the madams of the most ramshackle brothels eyed with suspicion, as if he were going to cheat them of the price of the fornication.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ya… ya…","title":"«ya… ya…» — now… now…","body":"Repeated «ya… ya…» means 'now this… now that…', listing alternating possibilities: «ya eran doncellas… ya colegiales» = 'now they were maidens… now schoolgirls'. It is a literary way to say 'sometimes one, sometimes another'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"conjunction linking to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eran (w3), correlative with ya (w9)","gloss":"now","note":"ya...ya... here is a correlative meaning 'now...now...' (alternation), not ya's usual sense of 'already.'"},{"surface":"eran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to doncellas","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"doncellas","lemma":"doncella","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of eran (w3)","gloss":"maidens"},{"surface":"altas","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies doncellas","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"finas","lemma":"fino","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with altas","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pulidas","lemma":"pulida","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with altas","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies colegiales (w10), correlative with ya (w2)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"colegiales","lemma":"colegiala","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with doncellas (w4), predicate nominal (eran implied)","gloss":"schoolgirls"},{"surface":"corrompidas","lemma":"corrompida","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies colegiales","gloss":"corrupted"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to doncellas (w4) and colegiales (w10)","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"femenino","lemma":"femenino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mundo","gloss":"feminine"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"diverso","lemma":"diverso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with femenino","gloss":"varied"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que (w18), 'from which'","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of del (w17), oblique complement of expulsarle, referring to mundo (w13)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of expulsarle","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of expulsarle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"expulsarle","lemma":"expulsar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying mundo (w13)","gloss":"expel him","note":"expulsarle uses le for a masculine direct object referring to a person (leísmo) — contrast expulsarlo used earlier in the chapter for the same meaning."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él (w23), emphatic reduplication of expulsarle's object","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of expulsarle","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"pobre","lemma":"pobre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies diablo","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"diablo","lemma":"diablo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to él (w23)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien (personal a), direct object marker of miraban","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of miraban","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of regentes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regentes","lemma":"regente","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of miraban","gloss":"madams"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of prostíbulos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostíbulos","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de (w30), modifies regentes","gloss":"brothels"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies destartalados","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"destartalados","lemma":"destartalado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies prostíbulos","gloss":"ramshackle"},{"surface":"miraban","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying diablo (w25)","gloss":"eyed"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desconfianza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"desconfianza","lemma":"desconfianza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con (w36), oblique complement of miraban","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fuera/defraudarles","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fuera/defraudarles","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of defraudarles (periphrastic 'ir a' + infinitive, 'was going to')","gloss":"were going","note":"fuera is the imperfect subjunctive of ir ('to go') here, not of ser — 'fuera a + infinitive' is the periphrasis 'was going to...' The two verbs share this subjunctive form."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the periphrasis 'fuera a' (w40), introduces defraudarles","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"defraudarles","lemma":"defraudar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of fuera a (w40-41), within the adverbial clause on miraban (w35)","gloss":"cheat them"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of importe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"importe","lemma":"importe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of defraudarles","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fornicación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fornicación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fornicación","lemma":"fornicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (w45), modifies importe","gloss":"fornication"}]},{"number":22,"label":"18","id":"la-casa-negra-p18-s1","source":"Cerraba los ojos y entraba en la ardiente oscuridad, olvidado de todo, como el fumador de opio que al entrar al asqueroso fumadero donde el patrón chino huele a excremento, cree recobrar el cielo.","translation":"He would close his eyes and enter the burning darkness, oblivious to everything, like the opium smoker who, on entering the filthy den where the Chinese owner reeks of excrement, believes he is regaining heaven.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al entrar","title":"«al» + infinitive","body":"«al» followed by an infinitive means 'upon / on (doing something)': «al entrar al fumadero» = 'on entering the den', 'as he enters the den'. It packs a whole clause of time into two words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cerraba","lemma":"cerrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Cerraba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entraba","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Cerraba","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ardiente","lemma":"ardiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies oscuridad","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en (w6), oblique complement of entraba","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"olvidado","lemma":"olvidado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the implicit subject (he) of Cerraba/entraba","gloss":"oblivious"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de (w11), direct object of olvidado","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fumador","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fumador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fumador","lemma":"fumador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of como (w13), comparandum for the subject","gloss":"smoker"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"opio","lemma":"opio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fumador","gloss":"opium"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entrar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"entrar","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on cree","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fumadero","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"asqueroso","lemma":"asqueroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fumadero","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"fumadero","lemma":"fumadero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of al (w21), complement of entrar","gloss":"den"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of huele","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of patrón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patrón","lemma":"patrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of huele","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"chino","lemma":"chino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies patrón","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"huele","lemma":"oler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fumadero (w23)","gloss":"reeks"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking excremento","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"excremento","lemma":"excremento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a (w29), oblique complement of huele","gloss":"excrement"},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fumador (w15)","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"recobrar","lemma":"recobrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of cree","gloss":"regaining"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of recobrar","gloss":"heaven"}]},{"number":23,"label":"19","id":"la-casa-negra-p19-s1","source":"Y por un momento deslizábase subrepticiamente hacia el placer clandestino, avergonzado, mas con la impaciencia de un jovenzuelo al entrar por primera vez en un lenocinio.","translation":"And for a moment he would slip surreptitiously toward the clandestine pleasure, ashamed, but with the impatience of a young lad entering a brothel for the first time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mas","title":"«mas» without an accent","body":"«mas» (no accent) is a literary conjunction meaning 'but', equivalent to «pero». Do not confuse it with «más» (with accent), which means 'more'. Arlt uses the bookish «mas» for tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies deslizábase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of deslizábase","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"deslizábase","lemma":"deslizarse","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he would slip","note":"Archaic/literary word order: the enclitic se is attached after the verb (deslizábase = se deslizaba)."},{"surface":"subrepticiamente","lemma":"subrepticiamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deslizábase","gloss":"surreptitiously"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking placer","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of placer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placer","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of deslizábase","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"clandestino","lemma":"clandestino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies placer","gloss":"clandestine"},{"surface":"avergonzado","lemma":"avergonzado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, describes the subject of deslizábase","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links avergonzado and impaciencia (adversative: but)","gloss":"but","note":"Literary 'but' (unaccented mas), not to be confused with más ('more')."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking impaciencia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of impaciencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"impaciencia","lemma":"impaciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jovenzuelo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jovenzuelo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jovenzuelo","lemma":"jovenzuelo","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies impaciencia","gloss":"young lad"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entrar","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"entrar","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"temporal clause on impaciencia (jovenzuelo's action of entering)","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vez","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vez","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entrar","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lenocinio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lenocinio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lenocinio","lemma":"lenocinio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entrar","gloss":"brothel","note":"Formal/literary word for a brothel, rare in everyday speech."}]},{"number":24,"label":"20","id":"la-casa-negra-p20-s1","source":"El deseo zumbaba como un tábano en sus oídos, pero nadie lo podía arrancar ya de la oscuridad sensual.","translation":"Desire buzzed like a horsefly in his ears, but no one could tear him now from the sensual darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of deseo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zumbaba","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"zumbaba","lemma":"zumbar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"buzzed"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of tábano","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tábano","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tábano","lemma":"tábano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of como, comparison modifying zumbaba","gloss":"horsefly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oídos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oídos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oídos","lemma":"oído","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of zumbaba","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of arrancar","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of arrancar","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of arrancar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"arrancar","lemma":"arrancar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of podía; second clause coordinated with zumbaba by pero","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arrancar","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrancar","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"sensual","lemma":"sensual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies oscuridad","gloss":"sensual"}]},{"number":25,"label":"21","id":"la-casa-negra-p21-s1","source":"Era esta oscuridad una casa familiar en la que perdía súbitamente las nociones del vivir común.","translation":"This darkness was a familiar house in which he suddenly lost all sense of ordinary living.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to casa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oscuridad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Era","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun after Era","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"familiar","lemma":"familiar","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"part of the relative pronoun la que, object of en","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to casa, object of en","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"perdía","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying casa","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perdía","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of nociones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nociones","lemma":"noción","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of perdía","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vivir","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object of del, modifies nociones","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"común","lemma":"común","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vivir","gloss":"ordinary"}]},{"number":26,"label":"22","id":"la-casa-negra-p22-s1","source":"Allí, en la casa negra, le eran habituales los placeres terribles, que de haberlos sospechado en la existencia de otro hombre le habrían separado para siempre de él.","translation":"There, in the black house, the terrible pleasures were habitual to him — pleasures that, had he suspected them in another man's life, would have separated him from that man forever.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de haberlos sospechado","title":"«de» + perfect infinitive = 'if'","body":"«de» + a perfect infinitive expresses a hypothetical condition: «de haberlos sospechado» = 'had he suspected them', 'if he had suspected them'. It pairs naturally with the conditional perfect «habrían separado» ('would have separated')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies habituales","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of habituales","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative object of eran habituales","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"eran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to habituales","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"habituales","lemma":"habitual","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective describing placeres","gloss":"habitual"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of placeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placeres","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of habituales","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"terribles","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies placeres","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to placeres, subject of habrían separado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sospechado (literary conditional)","gloss":"if","note":"de + infinitive here forms a literary conditional clause, equivalent to 'si hubiera sospechado' ('if he had suspected')."},{"surface":"haberlos","lemma":"haber los","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive, with plural clitic pronoun (los = placeres)","role":"auxiliary of sospechado","gloss":"having them"},{"surface":"sospechado","lemma":"sospechar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying placeres","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking existencia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of existencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"existencia","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sospechado","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies existencia","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of separado (leísmo)","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: le stands in for the expected direct-object pronoun lo. It refers to Erdosain — the same person picked out by 'le' earlier in the sentence ('le eran habituales') — not to 'otro hombre'. Reading with the segment's own translation ('would have separated him from that man forever'): le = him = Erdosain (the one separated), él (w28, 'de él') = that man = otro hombre (the one he'd be separated from)."},{"surface":"habrían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of separado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"separado","lemma":"separar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on placeres","gloss":"separated"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking siempre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies separado","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":27,"label":"23","id":"la-casa-negra-p23-s1","source":"Aunque esta casa negra estaba en Erdosain, entraba en ella haciendo singulares rodeos, tortuosas maniobras, y una vez traspuesto el umbral sabía que era inútil retroceder, porque por los corredores de la casa negra, por un exclusivo corredor siempre enfardado de sombras, avanzaba a su encuentro, con pies ligeros, la mujer que un día en la vereda, en un tranvía o en una casa, le había envarado de deseo.","translation":"Although this black house was inside Erdosain, he entered it by singular detours, tortuous maneuvers, and once the threshold was crossed he knew it was useless to turn back, because down the corridors of the black house, down one particular corridor forever bundled in shadow, there came toward him, on light feet, the woman who one day on the sidewalk, on a streetcar, or in a house, had stiffened him with desire.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la vereda","title":"«vereda» — sidewalk (River Plate)","body":"In Argentina and Uruguay «la vereda» is the everyday word for 'sidewalk / pavement', where Spain says «la acera». The novel is steeped in this Buenos Aires register — «vereda», «tranvía», «pollera» (skirt)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (estaba en Erdosain)","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the concessive clause, links casa to Erdosain (locative)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"entraba","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he would enter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entraba","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"haciendo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on entraba","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"singulares","lemma":"singular","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies rodeos","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"rodeos","lemma":"rodeo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of haciendo","gloss":"detours"},{"surface":"tortuosas","lemma":"tortuosa","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies maniobras","gloss":"tortuous"},{"surface":"maniobras","lemma":"maniobra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of haciendo","gloss":"maneuvers"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez, forms the adverbial una vez (once)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"with una, forms the adverbial una vez (once)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"traspuesto","lemma":"trasponer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sabía","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of umbral","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"umbral","lemma":"umbral","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the absolute clause traspuesto","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"second main verb, coordinated with entraba by y","gloss":"he knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of sabía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inútil","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"inútil","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"retroceder","lemma":"retroceder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive subject of era inútil","gloss":"to turn back"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of avanzaba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corredores","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of corredores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corredores","lemma":"corredor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of avanzaba","gloss":"corridors"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies corredores","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corredor","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corredor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"exclusivo","lemma":"exclusivo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corredor","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"corredor","lemma":"corredor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avanzaba, in apposition to corredores","gloss":"corridor"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enfardado","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"enfardado","lemma":"enfardado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corredor","gloss":"bundled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombras","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sombras","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enfardado","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"avanzaba","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause introduced by porque","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking encuentro","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of encuentro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"encuentro","lemma":"encuentro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of avanzaba","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pies","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of avanzaba","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ligeros","lemma":"ligero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pies","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of avanzaba","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to mujer, subject of había envarado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying había envarado","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vereda","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vereda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereda","lemma":"vereda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había envarado, coordinated with tranvía and casa","gloss":"sidewalk"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tranvía","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tranvía","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tranvía","lemma":"tranvía","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había envarado, coordinated with vereda and casa","gloss":"streetcar"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había envarado, coordinated with vereda and tranvía","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of envarado","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of envarado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"envarado","lemma":"envarar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on mujer","gloss":"stiffened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deseo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"deseo","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of envarado","gloss":"desire"}]},{"number":28,"label":"24","id":"la-casa-negra-p24-s1","source":"Como quien saca de su cartera un dinero que es producto de distintos esfuerzos, Erdosain sacaba de las alcobas de la casa negra una mujer fragmentaria y completa, una mujer compuesta por cien mujeres despedazadas por los cien deseos siempre iguales, renovados a la presencia de semejantes mujeres.","translation":"Like someone drawing from his wallet money that is the product of separate efforts, Erdosain drew from the bedchambers of the black house a woman fragmentary and complete, a woman composed of a hundred women torn apart by the hundred ever-identical desires, renewed at the presence of such women.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Como quien saca","title":"«quien» = 'someone who'","body":"Without an antecedent, «quien» means 'someone who / one who': «como quien saca…» = 'like someone who takes out…'. It is a compact way to introduce a generic person inside a comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of saca","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of saca","gloss":"one who"},{"surface":"saca","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sacaba","gloss":"draws"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cartera","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cartera","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cartera","lemma":"cartera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of saca","gloss":"wallet"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of saca","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of es (linking to producto)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to producto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"producto","lemma":"producto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun after es","gloss":"product"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esfuerzos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"distintos","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies esfuerzos","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"esfuerzos","lemma":"esfuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies producto","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sacaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sacaba","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alcobas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of alcobas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alcobas","lemma":"alcoba","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sacaba","gloss":"bedchambers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies alcobas","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sacaba","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"fragmentaria","lemma":"fragmentario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"fragmentary"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"completa","lemma":"completo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with fragmentaria","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to mujer","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"compuesta","lemma":"compuesto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cien","lemma":"cien","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mujeres","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of por, complement of compuesta","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"despedazadas","lemma":"despedazada","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies mujeres","gloss":"torn apart"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deseos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of deseos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cien","lemma":"cien","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies los","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"deseos","lemma":"deseo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of despedazadas","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iguales","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"iguales","lemma":"igual","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies deseos","gloss":"identical"},{"surface":"renovados","lemma":"renovado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies deseos","gloss":"renewed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking presencia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of presencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"presencia","lemma":"presencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of renovados","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"semejantes","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies presencia","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":29,"label":"25","id":"la-casa-negra-p25-s1","source":"Porque ésta tenía las rodillas de una muchacha a quien el viento soslayaba la pollera mientras esperaba el ómnibus, y los muslos que recordaba haber visto en una postal pornográfica, y la sonrisa triste y desvanecida de una colegiala que hacía mucho tiempo había encontrado en el tranvía, y los ojos verdosos de una modistilla con la pálida boca rodeada de granos que los domingos salía, al atardecer, con una amiga, para bailar en esos centros recreativos, donde los tenderos empujan con sus braguetas sublevadas a las mocitas que gustan de los hombres.","translation":"Because this woman had the knees of a girl whose skirt the wind slanted aside while she waited for the bus, and the thighs he remembered having seen on a pornographic postcard, and the sad, faded smile of a schoolgirl he had met long ago on the streetcar, and the greenish eyes of a little dressmaker with a pale, pimple-ringed mouth who on Sundays went out, at dusk, with a friend, to dance in those recreation halls where shopkeepers shove their swollen flies against the young girls who like men.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la pollera","title":"«pollera» — skirt (River Plate)","body":"In Argentina «la pollera» means 'skirt', where most of Spain says «la falda». It is another mark of the novel's porteño vocabulary, alongside «ómnibus» and «tranvía» for city transport."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ésta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of rodillas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rodillas","lemma":"rodilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muchacha","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacha","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muchacha","lemma":"muchacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rodillas","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of soslayaba (dative)","gloss":"whom","note":"a quien ... la pollera is a dative-of-possession construction: 'whose skirt' (lit. 'to whom [the wind] slanted the skirt')."},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viento","lemma":"viento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of soslayaba","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"soslayaba","lemma":"soslayar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying muchacha","gloss":"slanted aside"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pollera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pollera","lemma":"pollera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of soslayaba","gloss":"skirt"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of esperaba","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"esperaba","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on soslayaba","gloss":"she waited for"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ómnibus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ómnibus","lemma":"ómnibus","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of esperaba","gloss":"bus"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of muslos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muslos","lemma":"muslo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía, coordinated with rodillas","gloss":"thighs"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to muslos, object of visto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying muslos","gloss":"he remembered"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of visto","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"visto","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"complement of recordaba","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking postal","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of postal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"postal","lemma":"postal","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of visto","gloss":"postcard"},{"surface":"pornográfica","lemma":"pornográfico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies postal","gloss":"pornographic"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sonrisa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía, coordinated with muslos","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"desvanecida","lemma":"desvanecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with triste","gloss":"faded"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colegiala","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of colegiala","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"colegiala","lemma":"colegiala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"schoolgirl"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to colegiala, object of había encontrado","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular, impersonal","role":"impersonal verb, temporal adverbial on había encontrado (hacía mucho tiempo = long ago)","gloss":"had been","note":"hacía + time span is an impersonal expression meaning 'ago' (hacía mucho tiempo = 'a long time ago')."},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of encontrado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"encontrado","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on colegiala","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tranvía","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tranvía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tranvía","lemma":"tranvía","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrado","gloss":"streetcar"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía, coordinated with sonrisa","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"verdosos","lemma":"verdoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"greenish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modistilla","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of modistilla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"modistilla","lemma":"modistilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"little dressmaker"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boca","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pálida","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies boca","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"boca","lemma":"boca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con, describes modistilla","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"rodeada","lemma":"rodeado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies boca","gloss":"ringed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking granos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"granos","lemma":"grano","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, complement of rodeada","gloss":"pimples"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to modistilla, subject of salía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of domingos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"domingos","lemma":"domingo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"temporal adverbial modifying salía (on Sundays)","gloss":"Sundays"},{"surface":"salía","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying modistilla","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atardecer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"atardecer","lemma":"atardecer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salía","gloss":"dusk"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amiga","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of amiga","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amiga","lemma":"amiga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con, oblique complement of salía","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of bailar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bailar","lemma":"bailar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on salía","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centros","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of centros","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"centros","lemma":"centro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of bailar","gloss":"centers"},{"surface":"recreativos","lemma":"recreativo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies centros","gloss":"recreation"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of empujan","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tenderos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tenderos","lemma":"tendero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of empujan","gloss":"shopkeepers"},{"surface":"empujan","lemma":"empujar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying centros","gloss":"shove"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking braguetas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of braguetas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"braguetas","lemma":"bragueta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of empujan","gloss":"flies","note":"bragueta = a trouser fly; used crudely here for male anatomy."},{"surface":"sublevadas","lemma":"sublevada","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies braguetas","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks mocitas as a human direct object (personal a)","gloss":"marks the object","note":"Personal a marks a human direct object; it has no independent English translation."},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mocitas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mocitas","lemma":"mocita","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of empujan","gloss":"young girls"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gustan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gustan","lemma":"gustar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying mocitas","gloss":"like","note":"gustar de + noun is an older/literary way to say 'to like'; modern usage typically drops de."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres (gustar de)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, complement of gustan","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":30,"label":"26","id":"la-casa-negra-p26-s1","source":"Esta mujer arbitraria, amasada con la carnadura de todas las mujeres que no había podido poseer, tenía con él esas complacencias que tienen las novias prudentes que ya han dejado las manos en las entrepiernas de sus novios sin dejar por ello de ser honestas.","translation":"This arbitrary woman, kneaded from the flesh of all the women he had not been able to possess, granted him those indulgences that prudent sweethearts grant — sweethearts who have already let their hands stray to their boyfriends' crotches without thereby ceasing to be decent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sin dejar de ser","title":"«dejar de» + infinitive — to stop doing","body":"«dejar de + infinitive» means 'to stop / cease doing something': «sin dejar de ser honestas» = 'without ceasing to be decent'. Note that plain «dejar» means 'to leave/let', but «dejar de» flips it to 'stop'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"arbitraria","lemma":"arbitrario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"arbitrary"},{"surface":"amasada","lemma":"amasado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"kneaded"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carnadura","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carnadura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carnadura","lemma":"carnadura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amasada","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of las","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies carnadura","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of poseer","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies poseer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of podido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"podido","lemma":"poder","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying mujeres","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"poseer","lemma":"poseer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podido","gloss":"to possess"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tenía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of complacencias","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"complacencias","lemma":"complacencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"indulgences"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of tienen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying complacencias","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of novias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"novias","lemma":"novia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of tienen","gloss":"sweethearts"},{"surface":"prudentes","lemma":"prudente","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies novias","gloss":"prudent"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dejado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dejado","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of dejado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dejado","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying novias","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"their","note":"Spanish uses the definite article rather than a possessive with body parts: las manos = 'their hands.'"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dejado","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entrepiernas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of entrepiernas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entrepiernas","lemma":"entrepierna","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dejado","gloss":"crotches"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking novios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of novios","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"novios","lemma":"novio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies entrepiernas","gloss":"boyfriends"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dejar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dejar","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on dejado","gloss":"ceasing"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ello","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ello","lemma":"ello","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of dejar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to honestas","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"honestas","lemma":"honesto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"complement of ser","gloss":"decent"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p26-s2","source":"Iba hacia él.","translation":"She came toward him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p26-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Iba","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p26-s3","source":"Tenía las nalgas contenidas por una faja ortopédica, que dejaba libres sus senos ligeramente combados, y sus modales eran irreprochables como los de una señorita educada que sabe razonar, lo cual no le impide dejar que su novio pierda los dedos en el corpiño entreabierto por un olvido.","translation":"Her buttocks were held in by an orthopedic girdle that left her slightly arched breasts free, and her manners were irreproachable, like those of a well-bred young lady who knows how to reason — which does not stop her from letting her boyfriend lose his fingers in the bodice left half-open by an oversight.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p26-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo cual no le impide","title":"«lo cual» — 'which' (whole-clause)","body":"«lo cual» means 'which' and refers back to the entire preceding idea, not to a single noun: 'her manners were irreproachable, which does not stop her…'. Use «lo cual / lo que» when the antecedent is a whole situation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of nalgas","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"nalgas","lemma":"nalga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"buttocks"},{"surface":"contenidas","lemma":"contenido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies nalgas","gloss":"held in"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faja","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of faja","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"faja","lemma":"faja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of contenidas","gloss":"girdle"},{"surface":"ortopédica","lemma":"ortopédico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies faja","gloss":"orthopedic"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dejaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dejaba","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying faja","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"libres","lemma":"libre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of senos","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of senos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"senos","lemma":"seno","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dejaba","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"ligeramente","lemma":"ligeramente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies combados","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"combados","lemma":"combado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies senos","gloss":"arched"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of modales","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"modales","lemma":"modal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of irreprochables","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"eran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to irreprochables","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"irreprochables","lemma":"irreprochable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with Tenía","gloss":"irreproachable"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of los","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of como","gloss":"those","note":"'los' stands for the omitted noun 'modales' — 'like those [manners] of a young lady.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking señorita","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of señorita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"señorita","lemma":"señorita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of los","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"educada","lemma":"educado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies señorita","gloss":"well-bred"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying señorita","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"razonar","lemma":"razonar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sabe","gloss":"to reason"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase cual","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of impide","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies impide","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of impide","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"impide","lemma":"impedir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on irreprochables","gloss":"stops"},{"surface":"dejar","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of impide","gloss":"letting"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pierda","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of novio","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"novio","lemma":"novio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pierda","gloss":"boyfriend"},{"surface":"pierda","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dejar","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pierda","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corpiño","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corpiño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corpiño","lemma":"corpiño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pierda","gloss":"bodice"},{"surface":"entreabierto","lemma":"entreabierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corpiño","gloss":"half-open"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking olvido","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of olvido","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"olvido","lemma":"olvido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entreabierto","gloss":"oversight"}]},{"number":33,"label":"27","id":"la-casa-negra-p27-s1","source":"Luego caía en los abismos de la casa negra.","translation":"Then he would fall into the abysses of the black house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caía","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would fall"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abismos","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of abismos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"abismos","lemma":"abismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of caía","gloss":"abysses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies abismos","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p27-s2","source":"¡La casa negra!","translation":"The black house!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p27-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":35,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p27-s3","source":"Erdosain, de aquellos tiempos conservaba un recuerdo abominable; tenía la sensación de que había vivido en el interior de un infierno, cuyo contenido diabólico lo acompañaba a través de los días, y aun a pocos de los de su muerte, perseguido por la justicia.","translation":"Of those times Erdosain kept an abominable memory; he had the sensation of having lived inside a hell whose diabolical contents accompanied him through the days, and even within a few days of his death, hunted by the law.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p27-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuyo contenido","title":"«cuyo» — whose","body":"«cuyo» is a relative possessive, 'whose', and agrees with the thing possessed, not the owner: «un infierno, cuyo contenido…» = 'a hell, whose contents…'. So «cuyo» is masculine singular to match «contenido», not «infierno»'s role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of conservaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"aquellos","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of conservaba","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"conservaba","lemma":"conservar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tenía","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of recuerdo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recuerdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of conservaba","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"abominable","lemma":"abominable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies recuerdo","gloss":"abominable"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vivido","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vivido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vivido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vivido","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying sensación","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interior","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of interior","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vivido","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infierno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of infierno","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"infierno","lemma":"infierno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies interior","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies contenido","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"contenido","lemma":"contenido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of acompañaba","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"diabólico","lemma":"diabólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies contenido","gloss":"diabolical"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of acompañaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"acompañaba","lemma":"acompañar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying infierno","gloss":"accompanied"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking días","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"través","lemma":"través","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"through","note":"Fixed idiom 'a través de' = 'through.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acompañaba","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aun","lemma":"aun","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with acompañaba","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pocos","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"pocos","lemma":"poco","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acompañaba","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking los","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pocos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muerte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of muerte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"muerte","lemma":"muerte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies los","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"perseguido","lemma":"perseguido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"hunted"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking justicia","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of justicia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"justicia","lemma":"justicia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of perseguido","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p27-s4","source":"Cuando volcaba su memoria hacia aquella época se exaltaba sobriamente, una llama roja brillaba ante sus ojos, y tal era su doloroso furor, que hubiera querido de un salto llegar hasta más allá de las estrellas, quemarse en una hoguera que limpiara su presente de todo aquel terrible pasado, persistente e inevitable.","translation":"When he turned his memory toward that period he grew soberly exalted, a red flame burned before his eyes, and such was his painful fury that he would have wanted to reach, in a single leap, beyond the stars, to burn himself in a bonfire that would cleanse his present of all that terrible past, persistent and inevitable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p27-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"una hoguera que limpiara","title":"Subjunctive in a relative clause","body":"«limpiara» is imperfect subjunctive because the bonfire is wished-for, not real: 'a bonfire that would cleanse'. Spanish uses the subjunctive in relative clauses when the antecedent is hypothetical or sought rather than known to exist."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of volcaba","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"volcaba","lemma":"volcar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on exaltaba","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of memoria","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"memoria","lemma":"memoria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of volcaba","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking época","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of época","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"época","lemma":"época","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volcaba","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of exaltaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"exaltaba","lemma":"exaltar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew exalted"},{"surface":"sobriamente","lemma":"sobriamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies exaltaba","gloss":"soberly"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of llama","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"llama","lemma":"llama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of brillaba","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"roja","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies llama","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"brillaba","lemma":"brillar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with exaltaba","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of brillaba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated with brillaba","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tal","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of furor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"doloroso","lemma":"doloroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies furor","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"furor","lemma":"furor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tal","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of querido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying furor","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salto","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"salto","lemma":"salto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llegar","gloss":"leap"},{"surface":"llegar","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"to reach"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allá","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies allá","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llegar","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estrellas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of estrellas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estrellas","lemma":"estrella","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of allá","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"quemarse","lemma":"quemarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"to burn himself","note":"Reflexive pronoun 'se' (himself) attached to the infinitive quemar."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoguera","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hoguera","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoguera","lemma":"hoguera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quemarse","gloss":"bonfire"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of limpiara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"limpiara","lemma":"limpiar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hoguera","gloss":"would cleanse"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of presente","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"presente","lemma":"presente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of limpiara","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aquel","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pasado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"terrible","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pasado","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"pasado","lemma":"pasado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of limpiara","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"persistente","lemma":"persistente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pasado","gloss":"persistent"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inevitable","lemma":"inevitable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with persistente","gloss":"inevitable"}]},{"number":37,"label":"28","id":"la-casa-negra-p28-s1","source":"¡La casa negra!","translation":"The black house!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p28-s2","source":"Aún me parece tener ante los ojos el semblante enrigecido del hombre taciturno, que de pronto levantaba la cabeza hacia el cielorraso, luego bajaba los ojos hasta ponerlos a la altura de los míos y sonriendo fríamente, agregaba:","translation":"I still seem to have before my eyes the rigid face of the taciturn man, who would suddenly raise his head toward the ceiling, then lower his eyes until they were level with mine and, smiling coldly, would add:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p28-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el cielorraso","title":"«cielorraso» — ceiling","body":"«cielorraso» (also «cielo raso») is the interior ceiling of a room — literally a 'smooth sky'. Note the abrupt shift to the first person here («los míos», 'mine'): a narrator now reports the killer's words directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies parece","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parece","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"parece","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of parece","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of tener","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"enrigecido","lemma":"enrigecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"rigid"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of semblante","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of levantaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies levantaba","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"suddenly","note":"Fixed idiom 'de pronto' = 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"levantaba","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"would raise"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of levantaba","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cielorraso","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielorraso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cielorraso","lemma":"cielorraso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of levantaba","gloss":"ceiling"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bajaba","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"bajaba","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with levantaba","gloss":"would lower"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of bajaba","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ponerlos","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ponerlos","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on bajaba","gloss":"to put them","note":"Enclitic pronoun 'los' (them) attached to the infinitive poner."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking altura","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of altura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"altura","lemma":"altura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ponerlos","gloss":"level"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking míos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of míos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"míos","lemma":"mío","morphology":"pronoun, possessive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies altura","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"modifies agregaba","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"fríamente","lemma":"fríamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"coldly"},{"surface":"agregaba","lemma":"agregar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with levantaba","gloss":"would add"}]},{"number":39,"label":"29","id":"la-casa-negra-p29-s1","source":"–Vaya, dígales a los hombres lo que es la casa negra.","translation":"—Go on, tell men what the black house is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dígales","title":"Formal command + pronoun","body":"«dígales» is the «usted» command of «decir» ('say') with the indirect-object pronoun «les» ('to them') attached: 'tell them'. Formal imperatives take subjunctive forms and bolt their pronouns onto the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vaya","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"discourse marker introducing dígales","gloss":"go on","note":"Formal (usted) imperative of 'ir', used here as a colloquial discourse filler ('go on, then'). This is the formal command form — not a voseo or tuteo imperative."},{"surface":"dígales","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell them","note":"Imperative of 'decir' with enclitic indirect-object pronoun 'les' (to them, i.e. the men)."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of dígales","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase que","gloss":"what","note":"'lo que' = 'what' (that which)."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to casa","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of es","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"negra","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p29-s2","source":"Y que yo era un asesino.","translation":"And that I was a murderer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p29-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to asesino","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asesino","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"asesino","lemma":"asesino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of era","gloss":"murderer"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p29-s3","source":"Y sin embargo yo, el asesino, he amado todas las bellezas y he luchado en mí mismo contra todas las horribles tentaciones que hora tras hora subían de mis entrañas.","translation":"And yet I, the murderer, have loved every beauty and have struggled within myself against all the horrible temptations that hour after hour rose up from my guts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p29-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"he amado / he luchado","title":"Present perfect for a life's record","body":"«he amado», «he luchado» are present-perfect forms ('I have loved', 'I have struggled'). The speaker sums up the whole span of his life up to now — a completed experience still bearing on the present moment of confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies amado","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sin","gloss":"yet","note":"Fixed idiom 'sin embargo' = 'nevertheless/yet.'"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of amado","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asesino","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asesino","lemma":"asesino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to yo","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of amado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"amado","lemma":"amar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of las","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of bellezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bellezas","lemma":"belleza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of amado","gloss":"beauties"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of luchado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"luchado","lemma":"luchar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with amado","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of luchado","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mí","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tentaciones","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of las","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tentaciones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horribles","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies tentaciones","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"tentaciones","lemma":"tentación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of luchado","gloss":"temptations"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of subían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies subían","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"tras","lemma":"tras","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies subían","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase tras","gloss":"hour","note":"'hora tras hora' = 'hour after hour,' a doubled-noun idiom."},{"surface":"subían","lemma":"subir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying tentaciones","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entrañas","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"mis","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of entrañas","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"entrañas","lemma":"entraña","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of subían","gloss":"guts"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"la-casa-negra-p29-s4","source":"He sufrido por mí, y por los otros, ¿se da cuenta?, también por los otros...","translation":"I have suffered for myself, and for others — do you realize? — for others too...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-casa-negra-p29-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¿se da cuenta?","title":"«darse cuenta (de)» — to realize","body":"«darse cuenta (de)» means 'to realize / become aware (of)'. The formal «¿se da cuenta?» = 'do you realize?', addressed with «usted». Do not confuse it with «dar cuenta de» ('to account for'), which is a different idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"He","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sufrido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"sufrido","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular, prepositional form","role":"oblique complement of sufrido","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otros","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of otros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition por","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of da","gloss":"yourself","note":"'¿Se da cuenta?' is the idiom darse cuenta ('to realize'); se is the reflexive dative, here for formal usted."},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical question ¿se da cuenta?","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sufrido","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otros","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of otros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition por","gloss":"others"}]}]}