{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"la-circular","title":{"source":"La circular","translated":"The Circular"},"section":"Part Two","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-circular","lines":83},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-casa-negra","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/trabajo-de-la-angustia","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"la-circular-p1-s1","source":"El secuestro se llevó a cabo diez días después de la fuga de Elsa.","translation":"The kidnapping was carried out ten days after Elsa's flight.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se llevó a cabo","title":"«llevar a cabo»","body":"«Llevar a cabo» is a fixed idiom meaning 'to carry out' or 'to accomplish (something)'. Here it appears with the passive «se»: «el secuestro se llevó a cabo» = 'the kidnapping was carried out'. The «se» plus a third-person verb is Spanish's everyday way of leaving the agent unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of secuestro","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"secuestro","lemma":"secuestro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llevó","gloss":"kidnapping"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/impersonal reflexive particle of llevó","gloss":"itself","note":"'se llevó a cabo' is a passive-reflexive construction (pasiva refleja); it corresponds to the English passive 'was carried out,' not an active construction."},{"surface":"llevó","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was carried"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cabo","lemma":"cabo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compound with llevó","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"diez","lemma":"diez","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies días","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of después","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llevó","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fuga","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fuga","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuga","lemma":"fuga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of después","gloss":"flight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Elsa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies fuga","gloss":"Elsa"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p1-s2","source":"El día catorce de agosto Erdosain recibió la visita del Astrólogo, mas, como había salido, al regresar encontró tirado bajo la puerta un sobre.","translation":"On the fourteenth of August Erdosain received a visit from the Astrologer, but, since he had gone out, on returning he found an envelope shoved under the door.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p1-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"mas","title":"«mas» (without accent)","body":"«Mas» without an accent is a literary conjunction meaning 'but', equivalent to «pero». Do not confuse it with «más» (with accent), which means 'more'. The unaccented «mas» gives the sentence a slightly elevated, bookish register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"había salido","title":"Pluperfect: «había salido»","body":"«Había salido» is the pluperfect (past perfect): «haber» in the imperfect plus a past participle. It marks an action completed before another past moment — he had already gone out before he came back. It explains why the visit was missed."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recibió","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"catorce","lemma":"catorce","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with día","gloss":"fourteenth"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agosto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"agosto","lemma":"agosto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compound with día","gloss":"August"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recibió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recibió","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of visita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"visita","lemma":"visita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recibió","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies visita","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction linking to the next clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of salido","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of salido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"salido","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on encontró","gloss":"gone out"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regresar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"regresar","lemma":"regresar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on encontró","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"encontró","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recibió","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"tirado","lemma":"tirado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sobre","gloss":"shoved"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tirado","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sobre","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encontró","gloss":"envelope"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p1-s3","source":"Este contenía una circular falsificada, del Ministerio de Guerra, comunicándole a Erdosain de la supuesta dirección del capitán Belaunde y una curiosa posdata que decía así:","translation":"It contained a forged circular, from the Ministry of War, informing Erdosain of the supposed address of Captain Belaunde and a curious postscript that read as follows:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p1-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"comunicándole","title":"Gerund with attached pronoun","body":"«Comunicándole» is the gerund «comunicando» ('informing') with the indirect-object pronoun «le» ('to him') tacked onto the end. Spanish attaches object pronouns to gerunds, infinitives and affirmative commands, adding an accent to keep the original stress: «comunicar» → «comunicándole»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Este","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of contenía","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"contenía","lemma":"contener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of circular","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"circular","lemma":"circular","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of contenía","gloss":"circular"},{"surface":"falsificada","lemma":"falsificado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies circular","gloss":"forged"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ministerio","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"Ministerio","lemma":"Ministerio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies circular","gloss":"Ministry"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Guerra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Guerra","lemma":"Guerra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ministerio","gloss":"War"},{"surface":"comunicándole","lemma":"comunicar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on contenía","gloss":"informing him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"dative preposition marking Erdosain, indirect object of comunicándole (doubling le)","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of comunicándole, doubling le","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of comunicándole","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dirección","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"supuesta","lemma":"supuesto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dirección","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"dirección","lemma":"dirección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of comunicándole","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capitán","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"capitán","lemma":"capitán","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dirección","gloss":"Captain"},{"surface":"Belaunde","lemma":"Belaunde","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to capitán","gloss":"Belaunde"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of posdata","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"curiosa","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies posdata","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"posdata","lemma":"posdata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with circular","gloss":"postscript"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying posdata","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies decía","gloss":"as follows"}]},{"number":4,"label":"2","id":"la-circular-p2-s1","source":"«Lo esperaré hasta el día veinte todas las mañanas de diez a once, en compañía de Barsut.","translation":"\"I will wait for you until the twentieth every morning from ten to eleven, together with Barsut.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"esperaré","title":"Simple future: «esperaré»","body":"«Esperaré» is the simple future of «esperar», formed by adding «-é» to the full infinitive: «esperar» + «-é». The future endings (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án) attach to the whole infinitive, so the verb 'esperar' stays visible inside the form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of esperaré","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"esperaré","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will wait"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of esperaré","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"veinte","lemma":"veinte","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with día","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies mañanas","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mañanas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mañanas","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of esperaré","gloss":"mornings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diez","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"diez","lemma":"diez","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mañanas","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking once","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"once","lemma":"once","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"compound with diez","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"compañía","lemma":"compañía","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of esperaré","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p2-s2","source":"Llame y entre sin esperar.","translation":"Knock and come in without waiting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p2-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Llame y entre","title":"Formal commands","body":"«Llame» and «entre» are «usted» commands (formal 'you'). Spanish builds them from the present subjunctive, so an «-ar» verb like «llamar» takes an «-e» ending and «entrar» does the same. The polite «usted» form fits the cold, official tone of the forged circular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Llame","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular (formal imperative)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Knock"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular (formal imperative)","role":"coordinated with Llame","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of esperar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"esperar","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on entre","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p2-s3","source":"No venga a visitarme solo».","translation":"Do not come to visit me alone.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p2-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No venga","title":"Negative formal command","body":"«No venga» is the negative «usted» command of the irregular verb «venir». Negative commands always use the subjunctive form: «no venga» = 'do not come'. The bare «venga» comes from the irregular subjunctive stem «veng-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies venga","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"venga","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of visitarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"visitarme","lemma":"visitar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of venga","gloss":"visit me"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjective describing the subject of venga","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":7,"label":"3","id":"la-circular-p3-s1","source":"Erdosain leyó la carta del Astrólogo y quedó pensativo.","translation":"Erdosain read the Astrologer's letter and grew thoughtful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"quedó pensativo","title":"«quedar» + adjective","body":"«Quedar» followed by an adjective expresses entering a state: «quedó pensativo» = 'he was left thoughtful', 'he grew pensive'. It frames the mood as a result of what just happened — reading the letter left him in that condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of leyó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"leyó","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carta","lemma":"carta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of leyó","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies carta","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"quedó","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with leyó","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"pensativo","lemma":"pensativo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of quedó","gloss":"thoughtful"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p3-s2","source":"Se había olvidado de Barsut.","translation":"He had forgotten about Barsut.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se había olvidado de","title":"Pronominal «olvidarse de»","body":"«Olvidarse de» is the pronominal form of 'to forget', requiring the preposition «de» before its object: «se olvidó de Barsut» = 'he forgot about Barsut'. Here it is in the pluperfect, «se había olvidado», marking a forgetting already in place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of olvidado","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of olvidado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"olvidado","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of olvidado (object of preposition de)","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":9,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p3-s3","source":"Sabía que tenía que matarlo, luego tal determinación se cubrió de tinieblas, y los días que ocupaban el intervalo, y que transcurriera embotado, se fueron para siempre.","translation":"He knew he had to kill him, then that resolve clouded over with darkness, and the days that filled the interval, and that passed by in a stupor, were gone forever.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p3-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sabía / tenía / ocupaban","title":"Imperfect for background","body":"«Sabía», «tenía» and «ocupaban» are imperfect forms. The imperfect paints an ongoing past state or backdrop — what he knew, what he had to do, the days that were filling the gap — rather than a single finished event. The completed turns («se cubrió», «se fueron») switch to the preterite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of matarlo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabía","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the periphrasis tenía que (=had to)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"matarlo","lemma":"matar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tenía (tener que + infinitive)","gloss":"kill him"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cubrió","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of determinación","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"determinación","lemma":"determinación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cubrió","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/impersonal reflexive particle of cubrió","gloss":"itself","note":"'se cubrió' is a middle-voice reflexive, rendered actively in English as 'clouded over.'"},{"surface":"cubrió","lemma":"cubrir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Sabía","gloss":"clouded"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tinieblas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tinieblas","lemma":"tiniebla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cubrió","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fueron","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ocupaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ocupaban","lemma":"ocupar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying días","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of intervalo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intervalo","lemma":"intervalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ocupaban","gloss":"interval"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"subject of transcurriera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"transcurriera","lemma":"transcurrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying días","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"embotado","lemma":"embotado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of transcurriera","gloss":"in a stupor"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of fueron (irse)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"fueron","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Sabía","gloss":"were gone","note":"From irse ('to go away, be gone'), not ser ('to be') — the two verbs share the preterite form fueron."},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking siempre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fueron","gloss":"ever"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p3-s4","source":"«Tenía que matarlo a Barsut».","translation":"\"I had to kill Barsut.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p3-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"matarlo a Barsut","title":"Redundant object pronoun","body":"«Matarlo a Barsut» doubles the object: the pronoun «lo» and the full noun «a Barsut» both name the same person. This redundant pronoun is typical of River Plate Spanish (Buenos Aires) and adds emphasis — 'kill him, Barsut'. Note the personal «a» before the human object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the periphrasis Tenía que (=had to)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"matarlo","lemma":"matar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Tenía (tener que + infinitive)","gloss":"kill him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking Barsut","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"clarifies lo, the direct object of matarlo","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":11,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p3-s5","source":"La explicación de la palabra «tenía» podría encontrarse como la característica de la locura de Erdosain.","translation":"The explanation of the word \"had to\" could be found in the very character of Erdosain's madness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p3-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of explicación","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"explicación","lemma":"explicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of podría","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of palabra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabra","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies explicación","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"in apposition to palabra (the word being defined)","gloss":"'had to'"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of encontrarse","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"encontrarse","lemma":"encontrar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be found"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of característica","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of característica","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"característica","lemma":"característica","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontrarse","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking locura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of locura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"locura","lemma":"locura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies característica","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies locura","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p3-s6","source":"Cuando le interrogué a ese respecto, me contesto: «Tenía que matarlo, porque si no, no hubiera vivido tranquilo.","translation":"When I questioned him on that point, he answered me: \"I had to kill him, because otherwise, I would not have lived in peace.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p3-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no hubiera vivido","title":"Past subjunctive in a hypothetical","body":"«No hubiera vivido» is the pluperfect subjunctive, used here for an unreal past result: 'I would not have lived (in peace)'. After «si no» ('otherwise / if not'), Spanish reaches for the subjunctive to mark a consequence that never actually happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of interrogué","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of interrogué","gloss":"him","note":"'le' functions as a direct object here due to leísmo (using the dative pronoun for a personal direct object); leísmo is characteristic of Peninsular Spanish, not the Rioplatense norm (which favors lo/la for direct objects) — likely a literary archaism in Arlt's prose rather than colloquial usage."},{"surface":"interrogué","lemma":"interrogar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on contesto","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking respecto","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of respecto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"respecto","lemma":"respecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of interrogué","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contesto","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"contesto","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered","note":"Source lacks the accent (should be contestó); this is preterite third-person 'he answered,' not present 'I answer.'"},{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"quoted clause, complement of contesto","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the periphrasis Tenía que (=had to)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"matarlo","lemma":"matar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Tenía (tener que + infinitive)","gloss":"kill him"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vivido","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom si no (=otherwise)","gloss":"not","note":"'si no' is elliptical for 'if [I had] not [killed him]' — idiomatically 'otherwise.'"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivido","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vivido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"vivido","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by porque","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"tranquilo","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of vivido","gloss":"in peace"}]},{"number":13,"label":"4","id":"la-circular-p4-s1","source":"Matar a Barsut era una condición previa para existir, como lo es para otros el respirar aire puro».","translation":"To kill Barsut was a precondition for existing, as breathing clean air is for others.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Matar a Barsut era","title":"Infinitive as subject","body":"«Matar a Barsut» — an infinitive phrase — works as the grammatical subject of «era» ('was'). Spanish freely uses the bare infinitive where English would use a gerund or a 'to'-clause: 'killing Barsut was...'. The same trick returns in «el respirar aire puro» ('breathing clean air')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Matar","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of era","gloss":"To kill"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking Barsut","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of Matar","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to condición","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of condición","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"condición","lemma":"condición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of era","gloss":"precondition"},{"surface":"previa","lemma":"previo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies condición","gloss":"prior"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of existir","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"existir","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on condición","gloss":"existing"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lo","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es (refers back to condición previa)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otros","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of es","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of respirar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"respirar","lemma":"respirar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of es","gloss":"breathing"},{"surface":"aire","lemma":"aire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of respirar","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"puro","lemma":"puro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies aire","gloss":"clean"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p4-s2","source":"Así, no bien hubo recibido la carta, se dirigió a la casa de Barsut.","translation":"So, no sooner had he received the letter than he set out for Barsut's house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"no bien","title":"«no bien» = 'as soon as'","body":"«No bien» is a literary connector meaning 'as soon as' or 'no sooner than'. Paired with the pretérito anterior «hubo recibido» ('had received'), it stresses that one action followed instantly on another — he left the moment the letter arrived."}],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recibido","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recibido","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase no","gloss":"sooner","note":"'no bien' is an idiom meaning 'no sooner ... than' / 'as soon as.'"},{"surface":"hubo","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of recibido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"recibido","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by no bien","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carta","lemma":"carta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recibido","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dirigió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dirigió","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dirigió","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p4-s3","source":"Este vivía en una pensión de la calle Uruguay, cierto departamento oscuro y sucio ocupado por un fantástico mundo de gente de toda calaña.","translation":"He lived in a boarding house on Uruguay Street, a certain dark and dirty flat occupied by a fantastic world of people of every sort.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p4-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de toda calaña","title":"«de toda calaña»","body":"«Calaña» means 'kind' or 'ilk', almost always with a negative, disreputable flavor. «Gente de toda calaña» = 'people of every (low) sort'. The word colors the boarding house as seedy and disreputable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Este","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vivía","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"vivía","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensión","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pensión","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pensión","lemma":"pensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vivía","gloss":"boarding house"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pensión","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"Uruguay","lemma":"Uruguay","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calle","gloss":"Uruguay"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of departamento","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"departamento","lemma":"departamento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to pensión","gloss":"flat"},{"surface":"oscuro","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies departamento","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sucio","lemma":"sucio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with oscuro","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"ocupado","lemma":"ocupado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies departamento","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mundo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fantástico","lemma":"fantástico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mundo","gloss":"fantastic"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of the passive ocupado (object of por)","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mundo","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calaña","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calaña","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"calaña","lemma":"calaña","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gente","gloss":"sort"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p4-s4","source":"La patrona de tal antro se dedicaba al espiritismo, tenía una hija bizca y en cuanto a los pagos era inexorable.","translation":"The landlady of that den dabbled in spiritism, had a cross-eyed daughter, and as for the rent she was inexorable.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p4-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se dedicaba al espiritismo","title":"«dedicarse a»","body":"«Dedicarse a» means 'to devote oneself to' or 'to be engaged in' an activity. «Se dedicaba al espiritismo» = 'she went in for spiritism'. The reflexive «se» plus «a» is the standard way to say what someone does for a living or as a pursuit."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of patrona","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"patrona","lemma":"patrona","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dedicaba","gloss":"landlady"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of antro","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"antro","lemma":"antro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies patrona","gloss":"den"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dedicaba","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"dedicaba","lemma":"dedicar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dabbled"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espiritismo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"espiritismo","lemma":"espiritismo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dedicaba","gloss":"spiritism"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dedicaba","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hija","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hija","lemma":"hija","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"bizca","lemma":"bizco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hija","gloss":"cross-eyed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition en cuanto a","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"cuanto","lemma":"cuanto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the compound preposition en cuanto a","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition en cuanto a","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pagos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pagos","lemma":"pago","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of the compound preposition en cuanto a","gloss":"payments"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inexorable","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"inexorable","lemma":"inexorable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of era","gloss":"inexorable"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p4-s5","source":"Pensionista que se retrasaba veinticuatro horas en pagarle, estaba seguro que al llegar la noche encontraba sus baúles y trastos arrojados en el centro del patio.","translation":"Any lodger who fell twenty-four hours behind in paying her could be sure that, when night came, he would find his trunks and junk flung into the middle of the courtyard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p4-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al llegar la noche","title":"«al» + infinitive","body":"«Al» followed by an infinitive means 'upon / when (something happens)': «al llegar la noche» = 'when night fell'. It compresses an entire time clause into two words — a very common Spanish construction that also opens the novel's first chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pensionista","lemma":"pensionista","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"Lodger"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of retrasaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of retrasaba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"retrasaba","lemma":"retrasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell behind"},{"surface":"veinticuatro","lemma":"veinticuatro","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies horas","gloss":"twenty-four"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of retrasaba","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pagarle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"pagarle","lemma":"pagar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on retrasaba","gloss":"paying her"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to seguro","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"seguro","lemma":"seguro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of estaba (main predicate of the sentence)","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking llegar","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"llegar","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on encontraba","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llegar","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause complementing seguro","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of baúles","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"baúles","lemma":"baúl","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of encontraba","gloss":"trunks"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trastos","lemma":"trasto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with baúles","gloss":"junk"},{"surface":"arrojados","lemma":"arrojado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies baúles","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centro","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of centro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"centro","lemma":"centro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojados","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking patio","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"patio","lemma":"patio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies centro","gloss":"courtyard"}]},{"number":18,"label":"5","id":"la-circular-p5-s1","source":"Llegó atardecido a la casa del otro.","translation":"He reached the other man's house at dusk.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"atardecido","lemma":"atardecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Llegó (temporal: 'at dusk')","gloss":"at dusk"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Llegó","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"other man"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p5-s2","source":"Precisamente estaba Gregorio afeitándose cuando entró Erdosain a su pieza.","translation":"Gregorio happened to be shaving just as Erdosain walked into his room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p5-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pieza","title":"«pieza» = 'room'","body":"In River Plate Spanish, «pieza» means a 'room' (especially a bedroom or rented room), where Peninsular Spanish would more often say «habitación» or «cuarto». It is the natural word for a lodger's room in 1920s Buenos Aires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Precisamente","lemma":"precisamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"Precisely"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of afeitándose","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Gregorio","lemma":"Gregorio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"Gregorio"},{"surface":"afeitándose","lemma":"afeitar él","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shaving"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entró","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"entró","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by cuando","gloss":"walked in"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of entró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieza","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entró","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p5-s3","source":"Barsut se detuvo pálido, con la navaja sobre la mejilla, luego mirándolo de pies a cabeza a Erdosain, exclamó:","translation":"Barsut stopped short, pale, the razor against his cheek, then, looking Erdosain over from head to foot, he exclaimed:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p5-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de pies a cabeza","title":"«de pies a cabeza»","body":"«De pies a cabeza» literally 'from feet to head' is the fixed idiom English renders 'from head to toe / head to foot'. The Spanish order is reversed. It describes a sweeping, sizing-up look."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"pálido","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Barsut","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking navaja","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of navaja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"navaja","lemma":"navaja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"razor"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mejilla","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mejilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mejilla","lemma":"mejilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sobre","gloss":"cheek"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mirándolo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"mirándolo","lemma":"mirar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on exclamó","gloss":"looking at him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pies a cabeza","gloss":"from","note":"'de pies a cabeza' literally reverses English order: Spanish says 'from feet to head' for 'head to foot.'"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pies a cabeza","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a' marks a human direct object; it has no English equivalent."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of mirándolo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"exclamó","lemma":"exclamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with detuvo","gloss":"exclaimed"}]},{"number":21,"label":"6","id":"la-circular-p6-s1","source":"–¿Qué es lo que querés vos aquí?","translation":"—What is it you want here?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"querés vos","title":"«voseo»: «vos querés»","body":"«Querés vos» uses the «voseo» — the Buenos Aires second-person 'you' that replaces «tú» with «vos» and shifts the verb ending: «tú quieres» becomes «vos querés». The extra «vos» after the verb adds emphasis. Voseo runs through all the dialogue in this chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, singular","role":"predicate of es","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of querés","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying lo","gloss":"you want","note":"Voseo form: 'vos querés' (Rioplatense 'you want') instead of standard 'tú quieres.'"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular","role":"subject of querés","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies querés","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":22,"label":"7","id":"la-circular-p7-s1","source":"«Otro se hubiera indignado –comentaba más tarde Erdosain–.","translation":"\"Another man would have been outraged,\" Erdosain remarked later.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se hubiera indignado","title":"Subjunctive for 'would have'","body":"«Se hubiera indignado» is the pluperfect subjunctive standing in for the conditional perfect: 'would have become indignant'. River Plate Spanish often prefers «hubiera» to «habría» in this unreal-past sense. «Indignarse» ('to grow indignant') is pronominal, hence the «se»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of indignado","gloss":"Another"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of indignado","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of indignado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"indignado","lemma":"indignar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"outraged"},{"surface":"comentaba","lemma":"comentar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the attribution clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comentaba","gloss":"late","note":"'más tarde' together means 'later.'"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of comentaba","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":23,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p7-s2","source":"Yo le miré sonriendo 'amistosamente', porque me sentía amigo de él en aquellos momentos, y sin decir palabras le alcancé la carta del Ministerio de Guerra.","translation":"I looked at him smiling 'in a friendly way', because I felt like his friend in that moment, and without a word I handed him the letter from the Ministry of War.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p7-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le alcancé la carta","title":"«alcanzar» = 'to hand over'","body":"Besides 'to reach', «alcanzar» commonly means 'to pass / hand (something) to someone' when followed by an indirect object: «le alcancé la carta» = 'I handed him the letter'. It is everyday spoken usage in Argentina."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of miré","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of miré","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: 'le' used as masculine direct object ('him') instead of 'lo.'"},{"surface":"miré","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of miré","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"amistosamente","lemma":"amistosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"in a friendly way"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sentía","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentía","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on miré","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sentía","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of amigo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momentos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"aquellos","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of momentos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sentía","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decir","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on alcancé","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of decir","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of alcancé","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"alcancé","lemma":"alcanzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miré","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carta","lemma":"carta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of alcancé","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ministerio","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"Ministerio","lemma":"Ministerio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies carta","gloss":"Ministry"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Guerra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Guerra","lemma":"Guerra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ministerio","gloss":"War"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p7-s3","source":"Una alegría inexplicable me mantenía inquieto, recuerdo que estuve un minuto sentado en la orilla de su cama, luego me levanté poniéndome a pasear nerviosamente por la pieza».","translation":"An inexplicable joy kept me on edge; I remember I sat a minute on the edge of his bed, then I got up and began pacing nervously about the room.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p7-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"poniéndome a pasear","title":"«ponerse a» + infinitive","body":"«Ponerse a» plus an infinitive means 'to start / set about doing something': «me puse a pasear» = 'I began to pace'. It marks the sudden beginning of an action. Here it appears as a gerund, «poniéndome a pasear», with the reflexive «me» attached."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of mantenía","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"inexplicable","lemma":"inexplicable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies alegría","gloss":"inexplicable"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of mantenía","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"mantenía","lemma":"mantener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"inquieto","lemma":"inquieto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of mantenía","gloss":"on edge"},{"surface":"recuerdo","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with mantenía","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estuve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estuve","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sentado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of minuto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"minuto","lemma":"minuto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies estuve","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"sentado","lemma":"sentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of estuve","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orilla","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of orilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orilla","lemma":"orilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sentado","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cama","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies orilla","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies levanté","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of levanté","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"levanté","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with estuve","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"poniéndome","lemma":"poner yo","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"complement of levanté","gloss":"starting"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pasear","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pasear","lemma":"pasear","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of poniéndome","gloss":"pace"},{"surface":"nerviosamente","lemma":"nerviosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasear","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieza","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pieza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pieza","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pasear","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":25,"label":"8","id":"la-circular-p8-s1","source":"–Así que está en Temperley.","translation":"—So she's in Temperley.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of está","gloss":"So","note":"'Así que' together means 'so,' not literally 'thus that.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Así","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Temperley","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Temperley","lemma":"Temperley","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of está","gloss":"Temperley"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p8-s2","source":"¿Y vos querés que vayamos a buscarla?","translation":"And you want us to go and fetch her?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"querés que vayamos","title":"Subjunctive after «querer que»","body":"When one person wants another to do something — «querer que» plus a different subject — the second verb goes into the subjunctive: «querés que vayamos» = 'you want us to go'. «Vayamos» is the present subjunctive of the irregular «ir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular","role":"subject of querés","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vayamos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vayamos","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of querés","gloss":"we go"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of buscarla","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buscarla","lemma":"buscar ella","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vayamos","gloss":"fetch her"}]},{"number":27,"label":"9","id":"la-circular-p9-s1","source":"–Sí, eso es lo que quiero.","translation":"—Yes, that's what I want.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker, independent","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying lo","gloss":"I want"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p9-s2","source":"Y que vos vayas a buscarla.","translation":"And that you go and fetch her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p9-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que vos vayas","title":"Subjunctive «vayas» with «vos»","body":"The clause continues the wish from the previous line, so it stays in the subjunctive: «que vos vayas» = 'that you go'. With «vos», the present subjunctive of «ir» is «vayas» (the same as the «tú» form here); the «vos» pronoun is added for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vayas","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vayas","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vayas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"you go"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of buscarla","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buscarla","lemma":"buscar ella","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vayas","gloss":"fetch her"}]},{"number":29,"label":"10","id":"la-circular-p10-s1","source":"Barsut murmuró algo que Erdosain no entendió, luego con las manos empezó a friccionarse los músculos de los brazos y la epidermis se sonrojó suavemente.","translation":"Barsut muttered something Erdosain did not catch, then with his hands he began to rub the muscles of his arms, and the skin flushed softly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"friccionarse los músculos","title":"Pronominal verb for body parts","body":"«Friccionarse los músculos de los brazos» uses the reflexive «se» to show the action is done to one's own body: 'to rub the muscles of his arms'. Spanish marks body parts with the reflexive plus a definite article («los músculos») rather than a possessive — not 'his muscles' but 'the muscles' on himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of murmuró","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"murmuró","lemma":"murmurar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of murmuró","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of entendió","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of entendió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entendió","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"entendió","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying algo","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies empezó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of con","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"empezó","lemma":"empezar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with murmuró","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of friccionarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"friccionarse","lemma":"friccionar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"complement of empezó","gloss":"rub"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of músculos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"músculos","lemma":"músculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of friccionarse","gloss":"muscles"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of brazos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brazos","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies músculos","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of epidermis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"epidermis","lemma":"epidermis","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sonrojó","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sonrojó","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"sonrojó","lemma":"sonrojar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with murmuró","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"suavemente","lemma":"suavemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonrojó","gloss":"softly"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p10-s2","source":"Iba a afeitarse los bigotes, sostuvo la navaja en el aire y volviendo la cabeza, dijo: –¿Sabes?","translation":"He was about to shave his moustache; he held the razor in the air and, turning his head, said: —You know what?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p10-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Iba a afeitarse","title":"«ir a» + infinitive (imperfect)","body":"«Iba a afeitarse» is «ir a» plus an infinitive in the imperfect — the 'was going to / was about to' construction: 'he was about to shave'. The imperfect «iba» frames an intention interrupted by the next action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of afeitarse","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of afeitarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"afeitarse","lemma":"afeitar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shave"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bigotes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bigotes","lemma":"bigote","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of afeitarse","gloss":"moustache"},{"surface":"sostuvo","lemma":"sostener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with afeitarse","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of navaja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"navaja","lemma":"navaja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sostuvo","gloss":"razor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aire","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aire","lemma":"aire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sostuvo","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"volviendo","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of volviendo","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sostuvo","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijo","gloss":"You know","note":"'¿Sabes?' is used here as a conversational filler, 'you know?'"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p10-s3","source":"Creí que nunca tendrías el coraje de visitarme.","translation":"I thought you'd never have the nerve to come and see me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p10-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tendrías","title":"Conditional «tendrías»","body":"«Tendrías» is the conditional of «tener», the irregular stem «tendr-» plus the conditional ending «-ías». After a past 'I thought', it expresses a future-in-the-past expectation: 'I thought you would (never) have the courage'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Creí","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tendrías","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tendrías","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"tendrías","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, second-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Creí","gloss":"you'd have"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coraje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coraje","lemma":"coraje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tendrías","gloss":"nerve"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of visitarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"visitarme","lemma":"visitar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying coraje","gloss":"visit me"}]},{"number":32,"label":"11","id":"la-circular-p11-s1","source":"Erdosain sostuvo la estriada mirada verde, realmente aquel hombre tenía la faz de un tigre, y después de cruzarse de brazos, arguyó:","translation":"Erdosain held that streaked green gaze; the man really did have the face of a tiger, and after folding his arms, he argued:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cruzarse de brazos","title":"«cruzarse de brazos»","body":"«Cruzarse de brazos» is the idiom 'to fold one's arms'. Literally and figuratively it can also mean 'to do nothing, to stand by'; here it is the literal gesture. The pronominal «se» marks the action done to oneself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sostuvo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sostuvo","lemma":"sostener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estriada","lemma":"estriado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"streaked"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sostuvo","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"verde","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"realmente","lemma":"realmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sostuvo","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of faz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"faz","lemma":"faz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tigre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tigre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tigre","lemma":"tigre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies faz","gloss":"tiger"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arguyó","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of cruzarse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cruzarse","lemma":"cruzar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"folding","note":"'cruzarse de brazos' is an idiom meaning 'to fold one's arms.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"brazos","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cruzarse","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"arguyó","lemma":"argüir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with sostuvo","gloss":"argued"}]},{"number":33,"label":"12","id":"la-circular-p12-s1","source":"–Es cierto, yo también creía eso, pero ya vez, las cosas cambian...","translation":"—It's true, I thought so too, but you see, things change...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cierto","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Es","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of creía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creía","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of creía","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vez","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with creía","gloss":"you see","note":"Spelled 'vez' here but functions as 'ves' (you see) — a seseo spelling variant, not the noun 'vez' (time)."},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of cambian","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"cambian","lemma":"cambiar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with creía","gloss":"change"}]},{"number":34,"label":"13","id":"la-circular-p13-s1","source":"–¿Tenés miedo de ir vos solo?","translation":"—Are you afraid to go on your own?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tenés miedo","title":"«voseo»: «vos tenés»","body":"«Tenés» is the «voseo» form of «tener»: «tú tienes» becomes «vos tenés», with the stress moved to the final syllable and no stem change. «Tener miedo de» = 'to be afraid to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do you have","note":"'tener miedo' means 'to be afraid' (literally 'to have fear'); 'Tenés' is the voseo form."},{"surface":"miedo","lemma":"miedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenés","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying miedo","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular","role":"subject of ir","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vos","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":35,"label":"14","id":"la-circular-p14-s1","source":"–No, lo que tengo es interés de verte a vos en la aventura...","translation":"—No, what I have is an interest in seeing you in on the adventure...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verte a vos","title":"Doubled object «verte a vos»","body":"«Verte a vos» doubles the object for emphasis: the attached pronoun «te» and the prepositional «a vos» both mean 'you'. With «vos», the emphatic pronoun is «a vos» (not «a ti»). The effect is 'seeing you — you specifically — in the adventure'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, independent","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying lo","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to interés","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"interés","lemma":"interés","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of verte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verte","lemma":"ver tú","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"modifies interés","gloss":"seeing you"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, second-person, singular","role":"oblique complement of verte","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aventura","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aventura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aventura","lemma":"aventura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of verte","gloss":"adventure"}]},{"number":36,"label":"15","id":"la-circular-p15-s1","source":"Barsut apretó los dientes.","translation":"Barsut clenched his teeth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of apretó","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"apretó","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clenched"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dientes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of apretó","gloss":"teeth"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p15-s2","source":"Con el mentón empapado de espuma jabonosa y la frente arrugada poderosamente consideró a Erdosain y terminó por decir:","translation":"With his chin soaked in soapy lather and his brow fiercely furrowed, he studied Erdosain and finally said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"terminó por decir","title":"«terminar por» + infinitive","body":"«Terminar por» plus an infinitive means 'to end up doing something': «terminó por decir» = 'he ended up saying', 'he finally said'. It marks the action as the outcome of a longer process — here, the slow build of his glare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mentón","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mentón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mentón","lemma":"mentón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of consideró","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"empapado","lemma":"empapado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mentón","gloss":"soaked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espuma","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"espuma","lemma":"espuma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"lather"},{"surface":"jabonosa","lemma":"jabonoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies espuma","gloss":"soapy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with mentón","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"arrugada","lemma":"arrugado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"furrowed"},{"surface":"poderosamente","lemma":"poderosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arrugada","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"consideró","lemma":"considerar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of consideró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"terminó","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with consideró","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decir","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"compound with terminó","gloss":"saying"}]},{"number":38,"label":"16","id":"la-circular-p16-s1","source":"–Mirá, yo me creía un canalla, pero creo que vos... vos sos peor que yo.","translation":"—Look, I thought I was a scoundrel, but I think you... you're worse than me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Mirá","title":"«Mirá» (voseo imperative)","body":"«Mirá» is the «voseo» command of «mirar», stressed on the last syllable, where «tú» Spanish says «mira». Used as a discourse marker it means 'look' / 'listen here', opening a candid remark. «Sos» later in the line is the «voseo» of «ser» ('vos sos' = 'you are')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"canalla","title":"«canalla»","body":"«Canalla» means a 'scoundrel' or 'swine' — a contemptible, base person. It is strong but literary, and recurs as a moral keyword in Arlt, whose characters obsessively weigh their own infamy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mirá","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"discourse marker, independent","gloss":"Look","note":"Voseo imperative: 'mirá' ('look') instead of standard 'mira.'"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of creía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of creía","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of canalla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of creía","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"creo","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with creía","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of peor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular","role":"false start, resumed by following vos","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular","role":"subject of sos","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to peor","gloss":"you are","note":"'sos' is the voseo form of 'eres' (you are)."},{"surface":"peor","lemma":"peor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"predicate complement of sos","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of yo","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"oblique complement of peor","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p16-s2","source":"En fin, que sea lo que Dios quiera.","translation":"Anyway, let it be as God wills.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p16-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que Dios quiera","title":"Subjunctive «quiera»","body":"«Lo que Dios quiera» = 'whatever God wants', a fixed resigned phrase. The subjunctive «quiera» appears because the outcome is open and unknown — 'whatever' / 'come what may'. The opening «que sea» ('let it be') is also subjunctive, expressing a wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase fin","gloss":"In","note":"'En fin' together means 'anyway, in short.'"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sea","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sea","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of quiera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quiera","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"quiera","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying lo","gloss":"wills"}]},{"number":40,"label":"17","id":"la-circular-p17-s1","source":"–¿Por qué decís que sea lo que Dios quiera?","translation":"—Why do you say let it be as God wills?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"decís","title":"«voseo»: «vos decís»","body":"«Decís» is the «voseo» of «decir»: «tú dices» becomes «vos decís», with no stem change and the stress on the final syllable. It quotes Barsut's phrase back at him, keeping its two subjunctives («sea», «quiera»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, singular","role":"oblique complement of decís","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"decís","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sea","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of decís","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sea","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of quiera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quiera","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"quiera","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying lo","gloss":"wills"}]},{"number":41,"label":"18","id":"la-circular-p18-s1","source":"Barsut se detuvo frente al espejo, apoyó los puños en la cintura, y lo que dijo no le sorprendió a Erdosain, que con el semblante sereno escuchó estas palabras:","translation":"Barsut stopped in front of the mirror, set his fists on his hips, and what he said did not surprise Erdosain, who with a calm face listened to these words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"semblante","title":"«semblante»","body":"«Semblante» is a literary word for 'face' or 'countenance', stressing the expression rather than the physical features. «Con el semblante sereno» = 'with a calm face/look'. It is a register higher than the everyday «cara»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente a","morphology":"adverb (part of the compound preposition frente a)","role":"preposition marking espejo","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"el","morphology":"contraction of a + el, determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espejo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espejo","lemma":"espejo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"apoyó","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with detuvo","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of puños","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"puños","lemma":"puño","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of apoyó","gloss":"fists"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cintura","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cintura","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cintura","lemma":"cintura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyó","gloss":"hips"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative, singular","role":"part of the phrase lo que, subject of sorprendió","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dijo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on lo, subject of sorprendió","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sorprendió","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (leísmo), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sorprendió","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"sorprendió","lemma":"sorprender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with detuvo","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain (personal a)","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a' precedes a human direct object here; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of sorprendió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of escuchó","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escuchó","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"sereno","lemma":"sereno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"escuchó","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying Erdosain","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of escuchó","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":42,"label":"19","id":"la-circular-p19-s1","source":"–¿Quién me dice que esta circular no esté falsificada y que vos me tiendas una «cama» para asesinarme?","translation":"—Who's to tell me this circular isn't forged and that you aren't setting a \"trap\" to murder me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tender una «cama»","title":"Lunfardo: «tender una cama»","body":"«Tender una cama» here is Buenos Aires slang («lunfardo») for 'to set a trap / lay an ambush', not 'to make a bed'. Arlt flags the slang sense with guillemets around «cama». «Tender» means 'to lay out / set'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"no esté / me tiendas","title":"Subjunctive after doubt","body":"«No esté» and «me tiendas» are present subjunctives triggered by the doubting frame «¿Quién me dice que...?» ('who's to say that...?'). When the main clause casts doubt on a fact, the subordinate verb shifts to the subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dice","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of esté","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of circular","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"circular","lemma":"circular","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of esté","gloss":"circular"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies esté","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"esté","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to falsificada","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"falsificada","lemma":"falsificado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of esté","gloss":"forged"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tiendas","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of tiendas","gloss":"you","note":"Vos is the Rioplatense second-person singular pronoun (voseo), used in place of tú."},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tiendas","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"tiendas","lemma":"tender","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with esté","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cama","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cama","lemma":"cama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tiendas","gloss":"trap","note":"Lunfardo/porteño idiom: 'tender una cama' means to frame or set someone up, not literally 'bed' — hence the quotation marks in the original."},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of asesinarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"asesinarme","lemma":"asesinar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on tiendas","gloss":"murder me"}]},{"number":43,"label":"20","id":"la-circular-p20-s1","source":"«¡Qué curiosa es el alma del hombre! –comentaba luego Erdosain–.","translation":"\"How curious the soul of man is!\" Erdosain remarked afterward.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¡Qué curiosa es!","title":"Exclamatory «¡Qué...!»","body":"«¡Qué curiosa es...!» is the exclamatory pattern «¡Qué» + adjective + verb: 'how curious... is!'. The adjective «curiosa» is feminine to agree with «el alma» — a feminine noun that takes «el» only because it begins with a stressed 'a'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of curiosa","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"curiosa","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of es","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to curiosa","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the","note":"'El' is the special allomorph used before feminine nouns beginning with stressed a- (el alma); alma itself stays grammatically feminine, as shown by 'esa alma', 'el alma pura', etc. — it should not be tagged masculine."},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies alma","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"comentaba","lemma":"comentar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comentaba","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of comentaba","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p20-s2","source":"Yo escuché esas palabras y ni un solo músculo del semblante se me alteró.","translation":"I heard those words and not a single muscle of my face moved.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p20-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se me alteró","title":"«se me alteró»: the dative of interest","body":"«Se me alteró» pairs the reflexive «se» (the muscle altered on its own) with the dative «me» ('on me / to me'). This 'dative of interest' shows the speaker affected by an involuntary event: 'not a muscle of mine stirred'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of escuché","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"escuché","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of escuché","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies músculo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of músculo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies músculo","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"músculo","lemma":"músculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of alteró","gloss":"muscle"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de + el)","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies músculo","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of alteró","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of alteró","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"alteró","lemma":"alterar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with escuché","gloss":"moved"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p20-s3","source":"¿Cómo Gregorio había adivinado la verdad?","translation":"How had Gregorio guessed the truth?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p20-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"había adivinado","title":"«adivinar»","body":"«Adivinar» means 'to guess' or 'to divine / foretell'. In the pluperfect, «había adivinado» = 'had guessed', marking the guess as already accomplished before the narrator's astonishment. The verb's fortune-telling overtone fits the chapter's Astrologer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of adivinado","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"Gregorio","lemma":"Gregorio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of adivinado","gloss":"Gregorio"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of adivinado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"adivinado","lemma":"adivinar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of adivinado","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p20-s4","source":"No lo sé.","translation":"I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p20-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sé","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":47,"label":"21","id":"la-circular-p21-s1","source":"¿O es que él tenía también la mala imaginación mía?»","translation":"Or was it that he too had my evil imagination?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿O es que...?","title":"«¿es que...?»","body":"«¿O es que...?» is a rhetorical framing meaning 'or is it that...?'. The «es que» introduces an explanation or supposition the speaker is weighing aloud. Note the possessive «la mala imaginación mía» — the long form «mía» after the noun, more emphatic than «mi mala imaginación»."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"también","lemma":"también","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of imaginación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mala","lemma":"malo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies imaginación","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"imaginación","lemma":"imaginación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"mía","lemma":"mío","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of imaginación","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":48,"label":"22","id":"la-circular-p22-s1","source":"Encendió un cigarrillo y le contestó estas únicas palabras:","translation":"He lit a cigarette and answered him with these words alone:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Encendió","lemma":"encender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Lit"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cigarrillo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cigarrillo","lemma":"cigarrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Encendió","gloss":"cigarette"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contestó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"contestó","lemma":"contestar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Encendió","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"únicas","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of contestó","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":49,"label":"23","id":"la-circular-p23-s1","source":"–Hacé lo que quieras.","translation":"—Do as you like.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hacé lo que quieras","title":"Voseo command + subjunctive","body":"«Hacé» is the «voseo» command of «hacer» ('do'), stressed on the last syllable where «tú» says «haz». «Lo que quieras» ('whatever you want') takes the subjunctive «quieras» because the thing wanted is left open and indefinite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hacé","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do","note":"Hacé is the voseo imperative of hacer ('do/make') — equivalent to standard Spanish haz."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Hacé","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of quieras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quieras","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Hacé","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":50,"label":"24","id":"la-circular-p24-s1","source":"Pero Barsut, que estaba en vena de conversar, repuso:","translation":"But Barsut, who was in a mood for talking, retorted:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en vena de","title":"«estar en vena de»","body":"«Estar en vena de» means 'to be in the mood / vein for' doing something: «en vena de conversar» = 'in a mood to talk'. The verb «repuso» is the preterite of «reponer» in its sense 'to reply, retort'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies repuso","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of repuso","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to vena","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vena","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vena","lemma":"vena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"mood","note":"'En vena de' is an idiom meaning 'in the mood for' — vena literally means 'vein.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of conversar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"conversar","lemma":"conversar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying vena","gloss":"talking"},{"surface":"repuso","lemma":"reponer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"retorted"}]},{"number":51,"label":"25","id":"la-circular-p25-s1","source":"–¿Pero por qué no?","translation":"—But why not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what reason"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies qué","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p25-s2","source":"Decíme: ¿Por qué no?","translation":"Tell me: why not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Decíme","title":"Voseo command with pronoun","body":"«Decíme» is the «voseo» command «decí» ('tell') of «decir» with the pronoun «me» attached: 'tell me'. The accent on «Decíme» keeps the stress on the original final syllable of the command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Decíme","lemma":"decir yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo, with attached pronoun me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Tell me","note":"Decíme is the voseo imperative of decir ('tell') with the object pronoun me attached — equivalent to standard Spanish dime."},{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what reason"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies qué","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p25-s3","source":"¿Qué tendría de extraño que vos me quisieras matar?","translation":"What would be so strange about you wanting to kill me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p25-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tendría / quisieras","title":"Conditional + past subjunctive","body":"«¿Qué tendría de extraño que...?» pairs the conditional «tendría» ('what would there be strange') with the past subjunctive «quisieras» ('that you wanted to'). A hypothetical main clause in the conditional pulls the «que»-clause into the past subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of tendría","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"tendría","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking extraño","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"extraño","lemma":"extraño","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Qué","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quisieras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of quisieras","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of matar","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"quisieras","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of extraño","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"matar","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quisieras","gloss":"kill"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p25-s4","source":"Es lógico.","translation":"It's only logical.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p25-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lógico","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"lógico","lemma":"lógico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"logical"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p25-s5","source":"Te quise robar la mujer, te denuncié, te di una paliza, ¡qué diablos!, tendrías que ser un santo para que no tuvieras ganas de matarme.","translation":"I tried to steal your woman, I informed on you, I gave you a beating —what the devil!— you'd have to be a saint not to feel like killing me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p25-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"quise / denuncié / di","title":"Preterite for a list of acts","body":"«Quise», «denuncié» and «di» are preterites — single, completed past actions. The chain of preterites tallies Barsut's offenses one by one: 'I tried, I denounced, I gave'. «Quise» (preterite of «querer») here carries the sense 'I tried to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"para que no tuvieras ganas","title":"«para que» + subjunctive","body":"«Para que» ('so that / in order that') always takes the subjunctive: «para que no tuvieras ganas» = 'so as not to feel like'. «Tener ganas de» means 'to feel like / want to' do something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of robar","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"quise","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"robar","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quise","gloss":"steal"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of robar","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of denuncié","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"denuncié","lemma":"denunciar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quise","gloss":"informed on"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of di","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"di","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quise","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of paliza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paliza","lemma":"paliza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of di","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diablos","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"diablos","lemma":"diablo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"interjection (parenthetical)","gloss":"devil","note":"'Qué diablos' is a colloquial exclamation, roughly 'what the devil/hell.'"},{"surface":"tendrías","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, conditional, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quise","gloss":"would have to"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to santo","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of santo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"santo","lemma":"santo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tuvieras","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tuvieras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tuvieras","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tuvieras","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tendrías","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ganas","lemma":"gana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tuvieras","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of matarme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"matarme","lemma":"matar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying ganas","gloss":"kill me"}]},{"number":56,"label":"26","id":"la-circular-p26-s1","source":"–¿Un santo?","translation":"—A saint?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of santo","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"santo","lemma":"santo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"saint"}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p26-s2","source":"No, m'hijo, no lo soy.","translation":"No, my boy, I'm not one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p26-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"m'hijo","title":"«m'hijo» (mi hijo)","body":"«M'hijo» is the contracted, colloquial «mi hijo» ('my son'), used in River Plate speech as a familiar form of address — 'pal', 'my boy', 'old man' — not literally one's child. The apostrophe marks the dropped vowel of casual pronunciation."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"m'hijo","lemma":"mi hijo","morphology":"noun phrase (contraction of mi hijo), vocative","role":"vocative (direct address)","gloss":"my boy","note":"M'hijo is a colloquial contraction of mi hijo ('my son'), used as an affectionate form of address."},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative, singular","role":"predicate complement of soy","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lo","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":58,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p26-s3","source":"Pero te juro que mañana no te mataré.","translation":"But I swear to you that tomorrow I won't kill you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p26-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies juro","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of juro","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"juro","lemma":"jurar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swear"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mataré","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mataré","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mataré","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of mataré","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mataré","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of juro","gloss":"will kill"}]},{"number":59,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p26-s4","source":"Algún día sí, pero mañana no.","translation":"Some day yes, but not tomorrow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p26-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies día","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with día","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mañana","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":60,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p26-s5","source":"Barsut se echó a reír alegremente.","translation":"Barsut burst out laughing cheerfully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p26-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se echó a reír","title":"«echarse a» + infinitive","body":"«Echarse a» plus an infinitive means 'to burst into / suddenly start': «se echó a reír» = 'he burst out laughing'. It stresses the abrupt onset of the action, more vivid than a plain «empezó a reír»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of echó","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of echó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"echó","lemma":"echar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reír","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reír","lemma":"reír","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of echó","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"alegremente","lemma":"alegremente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies echó","gloss":"cheerfully"}]},{"number":61,"label":"27","id":"la-circular-p27-s1","source":"–¿Sabes que sos notable, Remo?","translation":"—Do you know you're remarkable, Remo?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of notable","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"copula linking to notable","gloss":"are","note":"Sos is the voseo present-tense form of ser ('to be') — equivalent to standard Spanish eres."},{"surface":"notable","lemma":"notable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabes","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative (direct address)","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p27-s2","source":"Algún día me matarás.","translation":"Some day you'll kill me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p27-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"matarás","title":"Future «matarás»","body":"«Matarás» is the simple future of «matar», the full infinitive plus «-ás»: 'you will kill'. Barsut states it as a near-certainty, almost a prophecy — the future tense lends the line its eerie calm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Algún","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of matarás","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of matarás","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"matarás","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"}]},{"number":63,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p27-s3","source":"¡Qué curioso!","translation":"How curious!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p27-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of curioso","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"curioso","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"curious"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p27-s4","source":"¿Sabes lo que me interesa de todo eso?","translation":"Do you know what interests me about all this?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p27-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabes","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Sabes","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of interesa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interesa","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"interesa","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabes","gloss":"interests"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of eso","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of the preposition de","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p27-s5","source":"La cara que pondrás al matarme.","translation":"The face you'll make as you kill me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p27-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al matarme","title":"«al» + infinitive + pronoun","body":"«Al matarme» = 'on/as (you) kill me': «al» plus the infinitive «matar» with the object pronoun «me» attached. The construction names the moment of the action — the very instant of the killing."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cara","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"cara","lemma":"cara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of pondrás","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pondrás","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cara","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"a el","morphology":"contraction of a + el, preposition","role":"preposition marking matarme","gloss":"as","note":"'Al' + infinitive is an idiom meaning 'upon/when doing something' — here al matarme = 'as you kill me.'"},{"surface":"matarme","lemma":"matar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on pondrás","gloss":"kill me"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p27-s6","source":"Decíme, ¿vas a estar serio o te vas a reír?","translation":"Tell me, are you going to be serious or are you going to laugh?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p27-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vas a estar / te vas a reír","title":"«ir a» + infinitive (near future)","body":"«Vas a estar» and «te vas a reír» use «ir a» plus an infinitive for the near future — 'are you going to be... or going to laugh?'. With reflexive verbs the pronoun may sit before the whole phrase, «te vas a reír», or attach to the infinitive, «vas a reírte»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Decíme","lemma":"decir yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo, with attached pronoun me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Tell me"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of estar","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to serio","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"serio","lemma":"serio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estar","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive, singular","role":"reflexive particle of reír","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of reír","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of reír","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reír","lemma":"reír","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vas","gloss":"laugh"}]},{"number":67,"label":"28","id":"la-circular-p28-s1","source":"Las preguntas habían sido hechas con gravedad amistosa.","translation":"The questions had been asked with friendly gravity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"habían sido hechas","title":"Pluperfect passive","body":"«Habían sido hechas» is a passive in the pluperfect: «haber» + «sido» + the participle «hechas» ('had been made/asked'). The participle «hechas» agrees in gender and number with «las preguntas» (feminine plural) — a hallmark of the true passive with «ser»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of preguntas","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"preguntas","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of hechas","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of hechas","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"auxiliary of hechas","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"hechas","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gravedad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gravedad","lemma":"gravedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hechas","gloss":"gravity"},{"surface":"amistosa","lemma":"amistoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gravedad","gloss":"friendly"}]},{"number":68,"label":"29","id":"la-circular-p29-s1","source":"–Posiblemente esté serio.","translation":"—I'll probably be serious.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Posiblemente esté","title":"Subjunctive after «posiblemente»","body":"Adverbs of doubt like «posiblemente» ('possibly') commonly take the subjunctive: «posiblemente esté serio» = 'I'll possibly be serious'. The subjunctive «esté» marks the uncertainty about whether it will be so."}],"words":[{"surface":"Posiblemente","lemma":"posiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies esté","gloss":"Probably"},{"surface":"esté","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to serio","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"serio","lemma":"serio","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"serious"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p29-s2","source":"No sé.","translation":"I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p29-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":70,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p29-s3","source":"Creo que sí.","translation":"I think so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p29-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Creo","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Think"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sí","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"direct object of Creo","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":71,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p29-s4","source":"Vos comprenderás que matarlo a otro no es juguete.","translation":"You'll understand that killing another man is no game.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p29-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"no es juguete","title":"«no es juguete»","body":"«No es juguete» literally 'it is no toy', meaning 'it's no joke / not a trifle'. The doubled object «matarlo a otro» again pairs the pronoun «lo» with the full phrase «a otro» ('another man'), in River Plate style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of comprenderás","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"comprenderás","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"matarlo","lemma":"matar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject of es","gloss":"killing him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro (personal a)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of matarlo","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to juguete","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"juguete","lemma":"juguete","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of es","gloss":"game","note":"Juguete literally means 'toy'; here it's used idiomatically for 'game/joke.'"}]},{"number":72,"label":"30","id":"la-circular-p30-s1","source":"–¿Y no tenés miedo a la cárcel?","translation":"—And aren't you afraid of prison?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p30-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenés","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have","note":"Tenés is the voseo present-tense form of tener ('to have') — equivalent to standard Spanish tienes."},{"surface":"miedo","lemma":"miedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenés","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cárcel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cárcel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cárcel","lemma":"cárcel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies miedo","gloss":"prison"}]},{"number":73,"label":"31","id":"la-circular-p31-s1","source":"–No, ya que si te matara tomaría antes mis precauciones, y tu cadáver lo destruiría con ácido sulfúrico.","translation":"—No, since if I were to kill you I'd take my precautions beforehand, and your corpse I would destroy with sulfuric acid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si te matara... tomaría","title":"Unreal conditional","body":"«Si te matara tomaría» is the contrary-to-fact conditional: «si» + past subjunctive («matara») in the 'if' clause, conditional («tomaría») in the result — 'if I were to kill you, I would take...'. It frames the killing as a hypothesis, not a plan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tu cadáver lo destruiría","title":"Fronted object + resumptive «lo»","body":"«Tu cadáver lo destruiría» moves the object «tu cadáver» to the front and then echoes it with the pronoun «lo» ('it'). When a definite object is fronted for emphasis, Spanish repeats it as a clitic — 'your corpse, I'd destroy it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of tomaría","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ya que","gloss":"since","note":"'Que' has no independent meaning here; together with 'ya' (w2) it forms the single causal conjunction 'ya que' = 'since'. Do not read it as the relativizer 'that'."},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of matara","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of matara","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"matara","lemma":"matar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on tomaría","gloss":"were to kill"},{"surface":"tomaría","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tomaría","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"mis","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of precauciones","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"precauciones","lemma":"precaución","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tomaría","gloss":"precautions"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cadáver","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"cadáver","lemma":"cadáver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of destruiría","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of destruiría","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"destruiría","lemma":"destruir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tomaría","gloss":"would destroy"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ácido","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ácido","lemma":"ácido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of destruiría","gloss":"acid"},{"surface":"sulfúrico","lemma":"sulfúrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ácido","gloss":"sulfuric"}]},{"number":74,"label":"32","id":"la-circular-p32-s1","source":"–Sos un bárbaro...","translation":"—You're a brute...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p32-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Sos un bárbaro","title":"«bárbaro»","body":"«Bárbaro» literally 'barbarian' is used colloquially in Argentina both as 'terrific/great' and, as here, half-admiringly for someone outrageous — 'you're a monster / you're unbelievable'. «Sos» is again the «voseo» of «ser»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"copula linking to bárbaro","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bárbaro","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bárbaro","lemma":"bárbaro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"brute"}]},{"number":75,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p32-s2","source":"A propósito, yo tengo una memoria más floja: ¿pagaste en la Azucarera?","translation":"By the way, I've got a worse memory: did you pay up at the Sugar Company?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p32-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"A propósito","title":"«a propósito»","body":"«A propósito» as a sentence opener means 'by the way / incidentally'. (Elsewhere it can mean 'on purpose'.) «Floja», from «flojo», here means 'weak / poor' — «una memoria floja» is 'a poor memory'."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a propósito","morphology":"preposition (part of the idiom a propósito)","role":"introduces the phrase a propósito","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"propósito","lemma":"a propósito","morphology":"noun (part of the idiom a propósito)","role":"part of the phrase a propósito","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of tengo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of memoria","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"memoria","lemma":"memoria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies floja","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"floja","lemma":"flojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies memoria","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"pagaste","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Azucarera","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Azucarera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Azucarera","lemma":"Azucarera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of pagaste","gloss":"Sugar Company","note":"La Azucarera refers to a sugar company/refinery mentioned in the novel."}]},{"number":76,"label":"33","id":"la-circular-p33-s1","source":"–Sí.","translation":"—Yes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p33-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":77,"label":"34","id":"la-circular-p34-s1","source":"–¿Quién te dio el dinero?","translation":"—Who gave you the money?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p34-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dio","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dio","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dio","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dio","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":78,"label":"35","id":"la-circular-p35-s1","source":"–Un rufián.","translation":"—A pimp.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p35-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rufián","title":"«rufián»","body":"«Rufián» means a 'pimp' or 'procurer' — a man who lives off prostitutes — and by extension a 'villain / knave'. The Buenos Aires underworld of pimps and con men is central to «Los siete locos»; the reply names one matter-of-factly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rufián","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"rufián","lemma":"rufián","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pimp"}]},{"number":79,"label":"36","id":"la-circular-p36-s1","source":"–Tenés pocos amigos, pero buenos...","translation":"—You've got few friends, but good ones...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p36-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Have"},{"surface":"pocos","lemma":"poco","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of amigos","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"amigos","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Tenés","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"buenos","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with amigos","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":80,"label":"","id":"la-circular-p36-s2","source":"Entonces, ¿a qué hora me vas a venir a buscar mañana?","translation":"So, what time are you coming to fetch me tomorrow?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p36-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"venir a buscar","title":"«venir a buscar»","body":"«Venir a buscar» means 'to come to fetch / pick up' someone: «me vas a venir a buscar» = 'you're going to come pick me up'. «Buscar» on its own is 'to look for', but «buscar a (alguien)' often means 'to go/come get someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies venir","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hora","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of venir","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of buscar","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of venir","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of venir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of buscar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"buscar","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of venir","gloss":"fetch"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies venir","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":81,"label":"37","id":"la-circular-p37-s1","source":"–A las ocho va ese hombre al comando... así es que...","translation":"—That man goes to headquarters at eight... so that's how it is...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p37-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"así es que","title":"«así es que»","body":"«Así es que» is a colloquial connector for 'so / that's why / that's the way it is', trailing off here. «Comando» refers to a military command post or headquarters, tying back to the forged Ministry-of-War circular."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ocho","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ocho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ocho","lemma":"ocho","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of va","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of va","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comando","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"comando","lemma":"comando","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of va","gloss":"headquarters"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is","note":"«Así es que...» = «so that's how it is / that's why...» — an idiom built on «es que», which introduces an explanation; the sentence trails off before finishing it."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":82,"label":"38","id":"la-circular-p38-s1","source":"–Mirá, no termino de creer que sea cierto, pero si Elsa está allá le voy a dar tantos sopapos que te prevengo que tendrán que pasar muchos años para que se los olvide.","translation":"—Look, I still can't quite believe it's true, but if Elsa is there I'm going to give her so many slaps that, I warn you, many years will have to pass before she forgets them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p38-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sopapos","title":"Lunfardo: «sopapos»","body":"«Sopapo» is colloquial River Plate for a 'slap' or 'smack' in the face — a blow with the open hand. «No termino de creer» = 'I can't quite bring myself to believe', where «terminar de» + infinitive means 'to finish / fully manage to' do something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"para que se los olvide","title":"«para que» + subjunctive","body":"«Para que se los olvide» again takes the subjunctive after «para que» ('so that'). «Olvidarse» is pronominal, and the clitic cluster «se los» stacks the reflexive «se» before the object «los» (the slaps) — 'so that she forgets them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mirá","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look","note":"Voseo imperative of mirar ('look!') — the vos command form, not tuteo 'mira.'"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies termino","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"termino","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Mirá","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of creer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"creer","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of termino","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cierto","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cierto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of creer","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of allá","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of allá","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to allá","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dar","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dar","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dar","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"tantos","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sopapos","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"sopapos","lemma":"sopapo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dar","gloss":"slaps"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of prevengo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of prevengo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"prevengo","lemma":"prevenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying sopapos","gloss":"I warn"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tendrán","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tendrán","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of prevengo","gloss":"will have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pasar","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with tendrán","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"muchos","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of años","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of pasar","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of olvide","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of olvide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of olvide","gloss":"(reflexive)","note":"Rioplatense colloquial 'olvidarse algo' — a reflexive/transitive blend meaning 'to forget something,' used without 'de.'"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of olvide","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"olvide","lemma":"olvidar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on pasar","gloss":"forgets"}]},{"number":83,"label":"39","id":"la-circular-p39-s1","source":"Cuando Erdosain salió se dirigió a una oficina de correos y le hizo un telegrama al Astrólogo.","translation":"When Erdosain left he made his way to a post office and sent a telegram to the Astrologer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-circular-p39-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se dirigió a","title":"«dirigirse a»","body":"«Dirigirse a» means 'to head / make one's way toward (a place)'. The pronominal «se» distinguishes it from «dirigir» ('to direct/manage'). «Le hizo un telegrama al Astrólogo» pairs the indirect pronoun «le» with the full «al Astrólogo» — the redundant doubling typical of the dialect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of salió","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of salió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"salió","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on dirigió","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dirigió","gloss":"(himself)"},{"surface":"dirigió","lemma":"dirigir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oficina","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oficina","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oficina","lemma":"oficina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dirigió","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking correos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"correos","lemma":"correo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies oficina","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hizo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hizo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dirigió","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of telegrama","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"telegrama","lemma":"telegrama","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hizo","gloss":"telegram"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of hizo","gloss":"Astrologer"}]}]}