{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"la-sorpresa","title":{"source":"La sorpresa","translated":"The Surprise"},"section":"Part One","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/la-sorpresa","lines":34},"previous":null,"next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/estados-de-conciencia","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"la-sorpresa-p1-s1","source":"Al abrir la puerta de la gerencia, encristalada de vidrios japoneses, Erdosain quiso retroceder; comprendió que estaba perdido, pero ya era tarde.","translation":"On opening the door of the manager's office, glazed with Japanese panes, Erdosain wanted to draw back; he understood he was lost, but it was already too late.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al abrir","title":"«Al» + infinitive","body":"«Al» plus an infinitive means 'on / upon (doing something)': «al abrir la puerta» = 'on opening the door', 'as he opened the door'. It packs a whole clause of time into two words, and is one of the most common ways Spanish marks 'the moment when'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"estaba / era","title":"Imperfect for a state","body":"«estaba» (from «estar») and «era» (from «ser») are imperfect forms. The imperfect paints a continuous past condition — 'he was lost', 'it was late' — already in place, not a single finished action. Contrast «comprendió» ('he understood'), a preterite that names one completed moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abrir","gloss":"On","note":"«Al + infinitive» means 'on/upon doing something.'"},{"surface":"abrir","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on quiso","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of abrir","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gerencia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gerencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gerencia","lemma":"gerencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies puerta","gloss":"manager's office"},{"surface":"encristalada","lemma":"encristalado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to puerta","gloss":"glazed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vidrios","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vidrios","lemma":"vidrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies encristalada","gloss":"panes"},{"surface":"japoneses","lemma":"japonés","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vidrios","gloss":"Japanese"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quiso","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"quiso","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"retroceder","lemma":"retroceder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiso","gloss":"draw back"},{"surface":"comprendió","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quiso","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of perdido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to perdido","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"perdido","lemma":"perdido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of comprendió","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tarde","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"late"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"la-sorpresa-p2-s1","source":"Lo esperaban el director, un hombre de baja estatura, morrudo, con cabeza de jabalí, pelo gris cortado a «lo Humberto I», y una mirada implacable filtrándose por sus pupilas grises como las de un pez: Gualdi, el contador, pequeño, flaco, meloso, de ojos escrutadores, y el subgerente, hijo del hombre de cabeza de jabalí, un guapo mozo de treinta años, con el cabello totalmente blanco, cínico en su aspecto, la voz áspera y mirada dura como la de su progenitor.","translation":"Waiting for him were the director, a short man, thickset, with the head of a wild boar, gray hair cut \"in the style of Umberto I\", and an implacable gaze filtering through his gray pupils like a fish's: Gualdi, the accountant, small, thin, oily, with searching eyes, and the assistant manager, son of the man with the boar's head, a handsome fellow of thirty, his hair gone completely white, cynical in his look, his voice harsh and his stare hard like his father's.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lo esperaban","title":"Fronted verb, postponed subject","body":"The sentence opens with the verb «esperaban» ('they were waiting') and the object pronoun «lo» ('him'), then lists the subjects afterward. Spanish freely puts the subject after the verb, especially to build up a long description; literally 'Awaited him the director, Gualdi, and the assistant manager…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of esperaban","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"esperaban","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were waiting for"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of director","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"director","lemma":"director","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of esperaban","gloss":"director"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to director","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estatura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"baja","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies estatura","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"estatura","lemma":"estatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"morrudo","lemma":"morrudo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"thickset"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabeza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jabalí","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jabalí","lemma":"jabalí","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"boar"},{"surface":"pelo","lemma":"pelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with cabeza","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pelo","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"cortado","lemma":"cortado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pelo","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Humberto","gloss":"in the style of","note":"«a lo + name» is an idiom meaning 'in the style of' or 'à la' someone."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Humberto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Humberto","lemma":"Humberto","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies pelo","gloss":"Umberto"},{"surface":"I","lemma":"I","morphology":"numeral, roman ordinal","role":"part of the name Humberto","gloss":"the First"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with pelo","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"filtrándose","lemma":"filtrarse","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying mirada","gloss":"filtering"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pupilas","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pupilas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pupilas","lemma":"pupila","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of filtrándose","gloss":"pupils"},{"surface":"grises","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pupilas","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of las","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"pronoun referring to pupilas","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pez","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pez","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pez","lemma":"pez","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies las","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"Gualdi","lemma":"Gualdi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with director","gloss":"Gualdi"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of contador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"contador","lemma":"contador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Gualdi","gloss":"accountant"},{"surface":"pequeño","lemma":"pequeño","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies contador","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"flaco","lemma":"flaco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies contador","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"meloso","lemma":"meloso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies contador","gloss":"oily"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies contador","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"escrutadores","lemma":"escrutador","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of subgerente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"subgerente","lemma":"subgerente","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Gualdi","gloss":"assistant manager"},{"surface":"hijo","lemma":"hijo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to subgerente","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hijo","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabeza","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jabalí","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jabalí","lemma":"jabalí","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"boar"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mozo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"guapo","lemma":"guapo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mozo","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"mozo","lemma":"mozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to subgerente","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking años","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"treinta","lemma":"treinta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mozo","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabello","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cabello","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabello","lemma":"cabello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mozo","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"totalmente","lemma":"totalmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blanco","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"blanco","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cabello","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"cínico","lemma":"cínico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mozo","gloss":"cynical"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aspecto","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aspecto","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aspecto","lemma":"aspecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cínico","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with cínico","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"áspera","lemma":"áspero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with voz","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"dura","lemma":"duro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of la","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"pronoun referring to mirada","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking progenitor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of progenitor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"progenitor","lemma":"progenitor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies la","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p2-s2","source":"Estos tres personajes, el director inclinado sobre unas planillas, el subgerente recostado en una poltrona con la pierna balanceándose sobre el respaldar, y el señor Gualdi respetuosamente de pie junto al escritorio, no respondieron al saludo de Erdosain.","translation":"These three figures — the director bent over some ledger sheets, the assistant manager reclining in an armchair with one leg swinging over its back, and Mr. Gualdi standing respectfully beside the desk — did not return Erdosain's greeting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p2-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estos","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of personajes","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies personajes","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"personajes","lemma":"personaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of respondieron","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of director","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"director","lemma":"director","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to personajes","gloss":"director"},{"surface":"inclinado","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies director","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking planillas","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"unas","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of planillas","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"planillas","lemma":"planilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of inclinado","gloss":"ledger sheets"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of subgerente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"subgerente","lemma":"subgerente","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"in apposition to personajes","gloss":"assistant manager"},{"surface":"recostado","lemma":"recostado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies subgerente","gloss":"reclining"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poltrona","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of poltrona","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"poltrona","lemma":"poltrona","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recostado","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pierna","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pierna","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pierna","lemma":"pierna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of balanceándose","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"balanceándose","lemma":"balancearse","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying pierna","gloss":"swinging"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking respaldar","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of respaldar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"respaldar","lemma":"respaldar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of balanceándose","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of señor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to personajes","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Gualdi","lemma":"Gualdi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to señor","gloss":"Gualdi"},{"surface":"respetuosamente","lemma":"respetuosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pie","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies señor","gloss":"foot","note":"«de pie» is an idiom meaning 'standing.'"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies señor","gloss":"next to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escritorio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escritorio","lemma":"escritorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of junto","gloss":"desk"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies respondieron","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"respondieron","lemma":"responder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saludo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"saludo","lemma":"saludo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of respondieron","gloss":"greeting"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies saludo","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":4,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p2-s3","source":"Sólo el subgerente se limitó a levantar la cabeza:","translation":"Only the assistant manager did no more than raise his head:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p2-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se limitó a","title":"«limitarse a» + infinitive","body":"The pronominal verb «limitarse a» means 'to do no more than / to confine oneself to' doing something. «Se limitó a levantar la cabeza» = 'he merely raised his head'; the construction quietly stresses how little he did."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies limitó","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of subgerente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"subgerente","lemma":"subgerente","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"subject of limitó","gloss":"assistant manager"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of limitó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"limitó","lemma":"limitar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"limited","note":"«limitarse a» = 'to do no more than' or 'to confine oneself to,' rendered here as 'went so far as to.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of levantar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"levantar","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of limitó","gloss":"lift"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of levantar","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":5,"label":"3","id":"la-sorpresa-p3-s1","source":"–Tenemos la denuncia de que usted es un estafador, que nos ha robado seiscientos pesos.","translation":"\"We have a report that you are a swindler, that you have robbed us of six hundred pesos.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"estafador","title":"«estafador»","body":"An «estafador» is a swindler or con man — someone who commits «estafa», fraud. The charge frames Erdosain's crime in the blunt commercial language of the office."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenemos","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"We have"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of denuncia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denuncia","lemma":"denuncia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenemos","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estafador","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estafador","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to estafador","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of estafador","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"estafador","lemma":"estafador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying denuncia","gloss":"swindler"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of robado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of robado","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of robado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"robado","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying denuncia","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"seiscientos","lemma":"seiscientos","morphology":"numeral, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"six hundred"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of robado","gloss":"pesos"}]},{"number":6,"label":"4","id":"la-sorpresa-p4-s1","source":"–Con siete centavos –agregó el señor Gualdi, a tiempo que pasaba un secante sobre la firma que en una planilla había rubricado el director.","translation":"\"And seven cents,\" added Mr. Gualdi, as he ran a blotter over the signature the director had just initialed on a sheet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"había rubricado","title":"Pluperfect: «había» + participle","body":"«había rubricado» is the pluperfect ('had signed/initialed'): the imperfect of «haber» plus a past participle. It marks an action finished before another past moment — the signature was already made when Gualdi blotted it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centavos","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies centavos","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"centavos","lemma":"centavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of agregó","gloss":"cents"},{"surface":"agregó","lemma":"agregar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of señor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of agregó","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Gualdi","lemma":"Gualdi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to señor","gloss":"Gualdi"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pasaba","gloss":"as","note":"«a tiempo que» is an idiom meaning 'at the same time as' / 'while.'"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pasaba","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on agregó","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of secante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"secante","lemma":"secante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pasaba","gloss":"blotter"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking firma","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pasaba","gloss":"signature"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of rubricado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking planilla","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of planilla","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"planilla","lemma":"planilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of rubricado","gloss":"sheet"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of rubricado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"rubricado","lemma":"rubricar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying firma","gloss":"initialed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of director","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"director","lemma":"director","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of rubricado","gloss":"director"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p4-s2","source":"Entonces, éste, como haciendo un gran esfuerzo sobre su cuello de toro, alzó la vista.","translation":"Then the latter, as if making a great effort over his bull's neck, raised his eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"éste","title":"«éste» = 'the latter'","body":"The demonstrative «éste» ('this one') points to the most recently mentioned person — here the director, not Gualdi — so it reads as 'the latter'. Spanish uses «éste / aquél» where English says 'the latter / the former'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alzó","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of alzó","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of haciendo","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"haciendo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on alzó","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esfuerzo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies esfuerzo","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"esfuerzo","lemma":"esfuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of haciendo","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuello","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuello","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuello","lemma":"cuello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of haciendo","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toro","lemma":"toro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuello","gloss":"bull"},{"surface":"alzó","lemma":"alzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vista","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vista","lemma":"vista","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of alzó","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p4-s3","source":"Con los dedos trabados entre los ojales del chaleco, el director proyectaba una mirada sagaz, a través de los párpados entrecerrados, al tiempo que sin rencor examinaba el demacrado semblante de Erdosain, que permanecía impasible.","translation":"With his fingers hooked through the buttonholes of his waistcoat, the director cast a shrewd glance through his half-closed eyelids, while without rancor he studied the haggard face of Erdosain, who stood impassive.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p4-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies director","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"trabados","lemma":"trabado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies dedos","gloss":"hooked"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojales","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojales","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojales","lemma":"ojal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of trabados","gloss":"buttonholes"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chaleco","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"chaleco","lemma":"chaleco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ojales","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of director","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"director","lemma":"director","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of proyectaba","gloss":"director"},{"surface":"proyectaba","lemma":"proyectar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of proyectaba","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"sagaz","lemma":"sagaz","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"shrewd"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking párpados","gloss":"through","note":"«a través de» is a fixed phrase meaning 'through.'"},{"surface":"través","lemma":"través","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"entrecerrados","lemma":"entrecerrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies párpados","gloss":"half-closed"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking examinaba","gloss":"while","note":"«al tiempo que» is an idiom meaning 'while' / 'at the same time as.'"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase al","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase al","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rencor","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"rencor","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of examinaba","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"examinaba","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on proyectaba","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"demacrado","lemma":"demacrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"haggard"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinaba","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of permanecía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"permanecía","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Erdosain","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"impasible","lemma":"impasible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of permanecía","gloss":"impassive"}]},{"number":9,"label":"5","id":"la-sorpresa-p5-s1","source":"–¿Por qué anda usted tan mal vestido? –interrogó.","translation":"\"Why do you go about so badly dressed?\" he asked.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"anda usted","title":"«andar» as 'to go around'","body":"Beyond 'to walk', «andar» often means 'to go about / to be (in some state)': «anda mal vestido» = 'he goes around badly dressed'. «usted» is the formal 'you', the cold register the bosses keep with Erdosain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why","note":"«por qué» together means 'why.'"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of anda","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"anda","lemma":"andar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go about"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of anda","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mal","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vestido","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"vestido","lemma":"vestido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"depends on anda","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"interrogó","lemma":"interrogar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":10,"label":"6","id":"la-sorpresa-p6-s1","source":"–No gano nada como cobrador.","translation":"\"I earn nothing as a bill collector.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cobrador","title":"«cobrador»","body":"A «cobrador» is a collector — the man sent door to door to «cobrar», to collect payments owed. It is Erdosain's lowly job, and the money he is accused of stealing passed through his hands in exactly this role."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gano","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gano","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I earn"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of gano","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cobrador","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"cobrador","lemma":"cobrador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gano","gloss":"collector"}]},{"number":11,"label":"7","id":"la-sorpresa-p7-s1","source":"–¿Y el dinero que nos ha robado?","translation":"\"And the money you have stolen from us?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of robado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of robado","gloss":"from us"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of robado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"robado","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying dinero","gloss":"stolen"}]},{"number":12,"label":"8","id":"la-sorpresa-p8-s1","source":"–Yo no he robado nada.","translation":"\"I have stolen nothing.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Yo no he robado","title":"Emphatic subject «yo»","body":"Spanish normally drops subject pronouns, so spelling out «yo» ('I') adds stress: 'I, for my part, have stolen nothing.' The double negative «no… nada» is standard and correct, not a grammar slip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of robado","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies robado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of robado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"robado","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of robado","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p8-s2","source":"Son mentiras.","translation":"They are lies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to mentiras","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"mentiras","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":14,"label":"9","id":"la-sorpresa-p9-s1","source":"–Entonces, ¿está en condiciones de rendir cuentas, usted?","translation":"\"Then are you in a position to render an account, you?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rendir cuentas","title":"«rendir cuentas»","body":"«rendir cuentas» is the set phrase 'to render an account / to account for oneself' — literally and figuratively to show the books. Here it is both the bookkeeping demand and a veiled threat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies está","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to condiciones","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking condiciones","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"condiciones","lemma":"condición","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a position"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of rendir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rendir","lemma":"rendir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying condiciones","gloss":"render"},{"surface":"cuentas","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of rendir","gloss":"account","note":"«rendir cuentas» is an idiom meaning 'to be accountable' / 'to account for oneself.'"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":15,"label":"10","id":"la-sorpresa-p10-s1","source":"–Si quieren, hoy mismo a mediodía.","translation":"\"If you like, this very midday.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoy mismo","title":"«mismo» for emphasis","body":"Tacked onto a time or place word, «mismo» means 'this very / right': «hoy mismo» = 'this very day', «aquí mismo» = 'right here'. It sharpens Erdosain's offer into 'today, no later'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quieren","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"quieren","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"hoy","lemma":"hoy","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase hoy","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mediodía","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"mediodía","lemma":"mediodía","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hoy","gloss":"midday"}]},{"number":16,"label":"11","id":"la-sorpresa-p11-s1","source":"La contestación lo salvó transitoriamente.","translation":"The answer saved him for the moment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of contestación","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"contestación","lemma":"contestación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of salvó","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of salvó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"salvó","lemma":"salvar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"transitoriamente","lemma":"transitoriamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salvó","gloss":"for the moment"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p11-s2","source":"Los tres hombres se consultaron con la mirada, y, por último, el subgerente, encogiéndose de hombros, dijo bajo la aquiescencia del padre:","translation":"The three men consulted one another with a look, and at last the assistant manager, shrugging his shoulders, said, with his father's assent:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p11-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se consultaron","title":"Reciprocal «se»","body":"The pronoun «se» here is reciprocal: «se consultaron con la mirada» = 'they consulted one another with a glance', each looking to the others. The same «se» form can be reflexive ('themselves') or reciprocal ('each other'); context decides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies hombres","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of consultaron","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reciprocal","role":"reciprocal particle of consultaron","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"consultaron","lemma":"consultar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consulted"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of consultaron","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase por último, modifies dijo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"último","lemma":"último","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase por","gloss":"last","note":"por último is a fixed phrase meaning 'finally, at last.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of subgerente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"subgerente","lemma":"subgerente","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"assistant manager"},{"surface":"encogiéndose","lemma":"encoger él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"shrugging"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombros","lemma":"hombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encogiéndose","gloss":"shoulders","note":"encogerse de hombros is the idiom 'to shrug one's shoulders.'"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with consultaron","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aquiescencia","gloss":"with","note":"bajo literally means 'under'; rendered idiomatically here as 'with ... assent.'"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aquiescencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aquiescencia","lemma":"aquiescencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"assent"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking padre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"padre","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies aquiescencia","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":18,"label":"12","id":"la-sorpresa-p12-s1","source":"–No... tiene tiempo hasta mañana a las tres.","translation":"\"No... you have until three o'clock tomorrow.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have","note":"Formal 'usted' address — 'tiene' (a 3rd-person form) here means 'you have.'"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mañana","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tres","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of tiene","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p12-s2","source":"Tráigase las planillas y los recibos... Puede irse.","translation":"Bring the ledger sheets and the receipts... You may go.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p12-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tráigase","title":"Formal command «tráigase»","body":"«Tráigase» is a formal (usted) imperative of «traer», 'bring', with the pronoun «se» attached to it. Affirmative commands take pronouns on the end and add a written accent to keep the stress: «traiga» + «se» → «tráigase»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tráigase","lemma":"traer él","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Bring","note":"Tráigase is a form of the imperative traiga (from traer) + impersonal/formal se; the lemma must be the infinitive traer, not the inflected imperative traiga — every other clitic-attached verb in this batch (encoger él, entregar él, volver él, sentir él, ir él, etc.) uses the infinitive."},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of planillas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"planillas","lemma":"planilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Tráigase","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of recibos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recibos","lemma":"recibo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with planillas","gloss":"receipts"},{"surface":"Puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of irse","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"irse","lemma":"ir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":20,"label":"13","id":"la-sorpresa-p13-s1","source":"Lo sorprendió tanto esa resolución que permaneció allí tristemente, de pie, mirándolos a los tres.","translation":"That decision surprised him so much that he stayed there sadly, on his feet, looking at the three of them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tanto... que","title":"«tan / tanto... que»","body":"«tanto... que» sets up 'so much... that': «lo sorprendió tanto... que permaneció allí» = 'it surprised him so much that he stayed there'. With an adjective the form is «tan» («tan triste que…»); with a verb it is «tanto»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sorprendió","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"sorprendió","lemma":"sorprender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sorprendió","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of resolución","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"resolución","lemma":"resolución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sorprendió","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (tanto...que)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"permaneció","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause (result of tanto)","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies permaneció","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tristemente","lemma":"tristemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies permaneció","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase de pie, modifies permaneció","gloss":"on","note":"de pie is the fixed phrase 'standing, on one's feet.'"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"mirándolos","lemma":"mirar ellos","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on permaneció","gloss":"looking at them","note":"los in mirándolos is the plural accusative clitic 'them' (referring to los tres hombres), so the lemma placeholder must be ellos, not él — matches this batch's own convention for other plural clitics (decirles -> decir ellos, clasificarlos -> clasificar ellos)."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tres","gloss":"at","note":"This is the 'personal a,' required before a human direct object; it has no independent translation."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"direct object of mirándolos","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p13-s2","source":"Sí, a los tres.","translation":"Yes, the three of them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tres","gloss":"at","note":"Elliptical continuation of 'mirándolos a los tres' — 'a' marks the implied object of mirar."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"elliptical direct object of the implied verb mirar","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p13-s3","source":"Al señor Gualdi, que tanto lo había humillado a pesar de ser un socialista; al subgerente, que con insolencia había detenido los ojos en su corbata deshilachada: al director, cuya tiesa cabeza de jabalí rapado se volvía a él, filtrando una mirada cínica y obscena a través de la raya gris de los párpados entrecerrados.","translation":"Mr. Gualdi, who had humiliated him so, for all his being a socialist; the assistant manager, who had insolently fixed his eyes on his frayed necktie; the director, whose stiff, close-shaven boar's head turned toward him, filtering a cynical, obscene look through the gray slit of his half-closed eyelids.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a pesar de ser","title":"«a pesar de» + infinitive","body":"«a pesar de» means 'in spite of / despite', and it takes an infinitive when the subject is the same: «a pesar de ser un socialista» = 'despite being a socialist'. The jab is that Gualdi's politics did not soften his cruelty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuya","title":"«cuyo / cuya» = 'whose'","body":"«cuya» is the relative 'whose', and it agrees with the thing possessed, not the owner: «el director, cuya cabeza…» = 'the director, whose head…', feminine because «cabeza» is feminine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"elliptical object of the implied mirar (first of three)","gloss":"to the","note":"Al señor Gualdi; al subgerente; al director list the three men Erdosain was looking at (mirándolos a los tres) from the previous sentence."},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Gualdi","lemma":"Gualdi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to señor","gloss":"Gualdi"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of humillado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies humillado","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of humillado","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of humillado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"humillado","lemma":"humillar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying señor","gloss":"humiliated"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase a pesar de, modifies humillado","gloss":"in","note":"a pesar de is the fixed phrase 'in spite of, despite.'"},{"surface":"pesar","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to socialista","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of socialista","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"socialista","lemma":"socialista","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"socialist"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking subgerente","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"subgerente","lemma":"subgerente","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"elliptical object of the implied mirar (second of three)","gloss":"assistant manager"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of detenido","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking insolencia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"insolencia","lemma":"insolencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detenido","gloss":"insolence"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of detenido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"detenido","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying subgerente","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of detenido","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corbata","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corbata","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corbata","lemma":"corbata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detenido","gloss":"necktie"},{"surface":"deshilachada","lemma":"deshilachado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies corbata","gloss":"frayed"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking director","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"director","lemma":"director","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical object of the implied mirar (third of three)","gloss":"director"},{"surface":"cuya","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, relative, possessive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of cabeza","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"tiesa","lemma":"tieso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of volvía","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jabalí","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jabalí","lemma":"jabalí","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"boar","note":"cabeza de jabalí rapado = 'close-shaven boar's head' — de jabalí modifies cabeza; rapado (masculine) agrees with jabalí, not cabeza."},{"surface":"rapado","lemma":"rapado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jabalí","gloss":"shaven"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvía","gloss":"(itself)"},{"surface":"volvía","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying director","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volvía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"filtrando","lemma":"filtrar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on volvía","gloss":"filtering"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of filtrando","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"cínica","lemma":"cínico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"cynical"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"obscena","lemma":"obsceno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with cínica","gloss":"obscene"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking raya","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"través","lemma":"través","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"through","note":"a través de is the fixed phrase 'through.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of raya","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"raya","lemma":"raya","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of filtrando","gloss":"slit"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies raya","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking párpados","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies raya","gloss":"eyelids"},{"surface":"entrecerrados","lemma":"entrecerrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies párpados","gloss":"half-closed"}]},{"number":23,"label":"14","id":"la-sorpresa-p14-s1","source":"Sin embargo, Erdosain no se movía de allí...","translation":"Even so, Erdosain did not move from where he stood...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Sin embargo","title":"«sin embargo»","body":"«sin embargo» is the fixed connector 'however / nevertheless'. It opens the long, anguished sentence in which Erdosain lingers, unable to leave or to speak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase sin embargo, modifies movía","gloss":"Even","note":"sin embargo is the idiom 'however, nevertheless'; rendered here as 'Even so.'"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Sin","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies movía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movía","gloss":"(himself)"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allí","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies movía","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p14-s2","source":"Quería decirles algo, no sabía cómo, pero algo que les diera a comprender a ellos toda la desdicha inmensa que pesaba sobre su vida; y permanecía así, de pie, triste, con el cubo negro de la caja de hierro ante los ojos, sintiendo que a medida que pasaban los minutos su espalda se arqueaba más, mientras que nerviosamente retorcía el ala de su sombrero negro, y la mirada se le hacía más huida y triste.","translation":"He wanted to tell them something — he did not know how — but something that would make them grasp the whole immense misery weighing on his life; and he stood like that, on his feet, sad, with the black cube of the iron safe before his eyes, feeling his back arch a little more as the minutes passed, while he nervously twisted the brim of his black hat, and his gaze grew more furtive and more sorrowful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p14-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que les diera a comprender","title":"Imperfect subjunctive","body":"«diera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «dar». It follows «algo que…» ('something that…') because the thing is wished-for, not real — he wants to find something that *would* make them understand. The idiom «dar a comprender» is 'to give to understand', to make someone realize."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"a medida que","title":"«a medida que»","body":"«a medida que» means 'as / in proportion as' two things change together: «a medida que pasaban los minutos su espalda se arqueaba más» = 'as the minutes passed, his back arched more'. Both verbs are imperfect, painting the slow, simultaneous unfolding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"decirles","lemma":"decir ellos","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Quería","gloss":"tell them"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of decirles","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated clause (parenthetical)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"complement of sabía (indirect question)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"in apposition to algo, direct object of decirles","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of diera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of diera","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"diera","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying algo","gloss":"made","note":"dar a comprender is the idiom 'to make (someone) understand/grasp.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of comprender","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"comprender","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of diera","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"emphatic doubling of les (indirect object of diera)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies desdicha","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of desdicha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desdicha","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of comprender","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"inmensa","lemma":"inmenso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies desdicha","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of pesaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pesaba","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying desdicha","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pesaba","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"permanecía","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the y-coordinated clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies permanecía","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase de pie, modifies permanecía","gloss":"on","note":"de pie = 'standing, on one's feet.'"},{"surface":"pie","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing the subject of permanecía","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cubo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of permanecía","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caja","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caja","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caja","lemma":"caja","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"safe"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hierro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hierro","lemma":"hierro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies caja","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cubo","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"sintiendo","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on permanecía","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of sintiendo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase a medida que, adverbial on arqueaba","gloss":"as","note":"a medida que is the fixed phrase 'as, in proportion as.'"},{"surface":"medida","lemma":"medida","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"pasaban","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on arqueaba","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of minutos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minutos","lemma":"minuto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of pasaban","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espalda","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espalda","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of arqueaba","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of arqueaba","gloss":"(itself)"},{"surface":"arqueaba","lemma":"arquear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sintiendo","gloss":"arched"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arqueaba","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the adverbial clause of retorcía (simultaneous with sintiendo)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"nerviosamente","lemma":"nerviosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies retorcía","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"retorcía","lemma":"retorcir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by mientras que","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ala","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ala","lemma":"ala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of retorcía","gloss":"brim"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombrero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sombrero","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sombrero","lemma":"sombrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ala","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sombrero","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hacía","gloss":"(itself)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative (ethical) referring to Erdosain, indirect object of hacía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with retorcía","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies huida","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"huida","lemma":"huido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of hacía (hacerse + adj = to become)","gloss":"furtive"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with huida","gloss":"sorrowful"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p14-s3","source":"Luego, bruscamente, preguntó.","translation":"Then, abruptly, he asked.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p14-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies preguntó","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"bruscamente","lemma":"bruscamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies preguntó","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":26,"label":"15","id":"la-sorpresa-p15-s1","source":"–¿Entonces, puedo irme?","translation":"\"So, may I go?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puedo","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"puedo","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of irme","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"irme","lemma":"ir yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":27,"label":"16","id":"la-sorpresa-p16-s1","source":"–Sí...","translation":"\"Yes...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":28,"label":"17","id":"la-sorpresa-p17-s1","source":"–No... Entréguele los recibos a Suárez y mañana a las tres esté aquí, sin falta, con todo.","translation":"\"No... Hand the receipts over to Suárez and be here tomorrow at three, without fail, with everything.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Entréguele / esté","title":"Formal commands stacked up","body":"Both «entréguele» ('hand over to him') and «esté» ('be') are usted imperatives — the bosses never drop the formal address even while threatening. «Entréguele» carries the indirect object «le» attached, with an accent added to hold the stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Entréguele","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"Entréguele","lemma":"entregar él","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"Hand over","note":"Entréguele = entregue (formal 'usted' command 'hand over') + le ('to him'), doubled by a Suárez; the tagger mistook this for a proper noun."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of recibos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recibos","lemma":"recibo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Entréguele","gloss":"receipts"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Suárez","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Suárez","lemma":"Suárez","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of Entréguele (recipient)","gloss":"Suárez"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies esté","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tres","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of esté (time)","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"esté","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with Entréguele","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies esté","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies esté","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"falta","lemma":"falta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sin","gloss":"fail"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of esté","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":29,"label":"18","id":"la-sorpresa-p18-s1","source":"–Sí... todo... –y volviéndose, salió sin saludar.","translation":"\"Yes... everything...\" and turning, he went out without a word of farewell.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"volviéndose","title":"Pronominal «volverse»","body":"«volverse» (with «se») here means 'to turn round', not 'to return'. The gerund «volviéndose» = 'turning around'; «salió sin saludar» = 'he left without saying goodbye', a small final humiliation he inflicts on no one but himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Sí","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"volviéndose","lemma":"volver él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on salió","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"salió","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of saludar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"saludar","lemma":"saludar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on salió","gloss":"saying goodbye"}]},{"number":30,"label":"19","id":"la-sorpresa-p19-s1","source":"Por la calle Chile bajó hasta Paseo Colón.","translation":"Down Calle Chile he went as far as Paseo Colón.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"Down"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bajó","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"Chile","lemma":"Chile","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calle","gloss":"Chile"},{"surface":"bajó","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Paseo","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"Paseo","lemma":"Paseo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of bajó","gloss":"Paseo"},{"surface":"Colón","lemma":"Colón","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Paseo","gloss":"Colón"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p19-s2","source":"Sentíase invisiblemente acorralado.","translation":"He felt himself invisibly cornered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p19-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sentíase","title":"Pronoun on the end: «sentíase»","body":"«Sentíase» is «se sentía» ('he felt himself') with the pronoun attached to the end of the verb — an older, literary placement common in Arlt's prose. The plain modern order would be «se sentía acorralado»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sentíase","lemma":"sentir él","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt himself","note":"Literary enclitic order: Sentíase = Se sentía ('he felt himself'), with the reflexive pronoun attached after the verb — common in older written Spanish; the tagger mistook this for a proper noun."},{"surface":"invisiblemente","lemma":"invisiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acorralado","gloss":"invisibly"},{"surface":"acorralado","lemma":"acorralado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Sentíase","gloss":"cornered"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p19-s3","source":"El sol descubría los asquerosos interiores de la calle en declive.","translation":"The sun laid bare the loathsome insides of the sloping street.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p19-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of descubría","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"descubría","lemma":"descubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid bare"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of interiores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asquerosos","lemma":"asqueroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies interiores","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"interiores","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of descubría","gloss":"insides"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies interiores","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking declive","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"declive","lemma":"declive","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies calle","gloss":"a slope","note":"en declive is a postpositive PP attached to calle ('the sloping street'), not an oblique complement of descubría — confirmed by the given translation 'the loathsome insides of the sloping street,' where 'sloping' modifies 'street,' not the verb."}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"la-sorpresa-p19-s4","source":"Distintos pensamientos bullían en él, tan desemejantes, que el trabajo de clasificarlos le hubiera ocupado muchas horas.","translation":"Different thoughts seethed in him, so unlike one another that the work of sorting them would have taken him many hours.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p19-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hubiera ocupado","title":"Conditional perfect with subjunctive","body":"«le hubiera ocupado muchas horas» = 'it would have taken him many hours'. The «-ra» pluperfect subjunctive «hubiera ocupado» commonly stands in for the conditional perfect in unreal, never-attempted situations — he never actually tries to sort the thoughts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Distintos","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pensamientos","gloss":"Different"},{"surface":"pensamientos","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of bullían","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"bullían","lemma":"bullir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seethed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bullían","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desemejantes","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"desemejantes","lemma":"desemejante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pensamientos","gloss":"unlike one another"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ocupado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ocupado","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of clasificarlos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"clasificarlos","lemma":"clasificar ellos","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying trabajo","gloss":"sorting them"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ocupado (dative)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocupado","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"ocupado","lemma":"ocupar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the que-clause (result)","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"muchas","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of horas","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ocupado","gloss":"hours"}]},{"number":34,"label":"20","id":"la-sorpresa-p20-s1","source":"Más tarde recordó que ni por un instante se le había ocurrido preguntarse quién podría haberlo denunciado.","translation":"Later he recalled that not for an instant had it occurred to him to wonder who could have denounced him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/la-sorpresa-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se le había ocurrido","title":"«ocurrírsele a alguien»","body":"The idiom «ocurrírsele algo a alguien» means 'for something to occur to someone'. The «se» is the inherent pronominal particle that converts «ocurrir» into «ocurrírsele», a verb of involuntary mental occurrence (not reflexive, and not impersonal). The grammatical subject of the clause is the infinitive phrase; the «le» marks the dative experiencer — the person to whom the thought occurs without volition or intent: «no se le había ocurrido» = 'it had not occurred to him', as if the thought, not the man, were the actor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordó","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"recordó","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ocurrido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"reinforces the negation (not even)","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instante","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ocurrido","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ocurrido (impersonal construction)","gloss":"(impersonal)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ocurrido","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocurrido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ocurrido","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of recordó","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"preguntarse","lemma":"preguntar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ocurrido","gloss":"to wonder"},{"surface":"quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of denunciado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"podría","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of denunciado","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"haberlo","lemma":"haber él","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of denunciado","gloss":"have him"},{"surface":"denunciado","lemma":"denunciar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of preguntarse","gloss":"denounced"}]}]}