{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico","title":{"source":"Las opiniones del rufián melancólico","translated":"The Opinions of the Melancholy Ruffian"},"section":"Part One","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico","lines":245},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-astrologo","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-humillado","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p1-s1","source":"Y cuando ya doblaron en la esquina de la quinta, Erdosain dijo:","translation":"And when they had already turned the corner by the country house, Erdosain said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doblaron","title":"Preterite for a completed turn","body":"«doblaron» ('they turned') is a preterite — a single finished action that pins down the moment. Paired with «ya» ('already'), it marks the precise point at which they round the corner, opening the conversation that fills the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doblaron","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doblaron","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"doblaron","lemma":"doblar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esquina","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esquina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esquina","lemma":"esquina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of doblaron","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quinta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of quinta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quinta","lemma":"quinta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies esquina","gloss":"country house"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p2-s1","source":"–¿Sabe que no tengo cómo agradecerle este enorme favor que me ha hecho?","translation":"\"Do you know I have no way to thank you for this enormous favor you've done me?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sabe / agradecerle","title":"The formal «usted» and its pronouns","body":"Erdosain addresses Haffner with formal «usted»: the verb is the third-person «sabe» ('do you know'), and «agradecerle» carries the indirect-object pronoun «-le» ('to you'). Throughout the chapter the two men keep this polite distance even as the talk turns brutal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tengo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tengo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabe","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of agradecerle","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"agradecerle","lemma":"agradecer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on tengo","gloss":"to thank you"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of favor","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies favor","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"favor","lemma":"favor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of agradecerle","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hecho","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying favor","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p2-s2","source":"¿Por qué me regaló usted este dinero?","translation":"Why did you make me a gift of this money?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p2-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me regaló","title":"«regalar» with the indirect object","body":"«regalar» means 'to give as a gift'. «Me regaló este dinero» = 'he gifted me this money'; the pronoun «me» marks the recipient. Spanish prefers this verb where English might just say 'gave', stressing that nothing was owed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of regaló","gloss":"what","note":"\"Por qué\" together means \"why.\""},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of regaló","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"regaló","lemma":"regalar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of regaló","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of regaló","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":4,"label":"3","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p3-s1","source":"El otro, que caminaba moviendo ligeramente los hombros, se volvió displicente y dijo:","translation":"The other man, who walked with a slight roll of the shoulders, turned with an air of indifference and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se volvió","title":"Pronominal «volverse»","body":"«volverse» (with the reflexive «se») means 'to turn (round)' — to turn one's body or face toward someone. It differs from plain «volver», 'to return'. Here Haffner turns to face Erdosain as he answers."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of volvió","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of caminaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying otro","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"moviendo","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of caminaba","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"ligeramente","lemma":"ligeramente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moviendo","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombros","lemma":"hombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of moviendo","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"displicente","lemma":"displicente","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of volvió","gloss":"indifferent"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with volvió","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":5,"label":"4","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s1","source":"–No sé.","translation":"\"I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s2","source":"Me encontró en buen momento.","translation":"You caught me at a good moment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of encontró","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"encontró","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momento","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"buen","lemma":"buen","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies momento","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontró","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s3","source":"Si eso uno tuviera que hacerlo todos los días...pero así...","translation":"If one had to do that every day... but like this...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tuviera","title":"Imperfect subjunctive in an «if» clause","body":"«tuviera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «tener». After «si» ('if') it frames a hypothetical, contrary-to-fact situation: «si uno tuviera que hacerlo» = 'if one had to do it'. The mood signals that he does not, in fact, have to do it every day."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hacerlo","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hacerlo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tuviera","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tuviera","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hacerlo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacerlo","lemma":"hacer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tuviera","gloss":"do it"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of los","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hacerlo","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like this"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s4","source":"Además que, imagínese, en una semana lo recupero...","translation":"Besides, just imagine, in a week I make it back...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p4-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"imagínese","title":"Formal command with attached pronoun","body":"«imagínese» is a formal («usted») imperative of «imaginarse», with the reflexive pronoun «-se» tacked onto the end: 'just imagine'. Attaching the pronoun to an affirmative command is standard, and forces the written accent onto «imagí-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies imagínese","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Además","gloss":"that","note":"Colloquial filler; \"además que\" simply means \"besides,\" with \"que\" adding no independent meaning."},{"surface":"imagínese","lemma":"imaginar él","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semana","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of semana","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"semana","lemma":"semana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of recupero","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of recupero","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"recupero","lemma":"recupero","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with imagínese","gloss":"make back"}]},{"number":9,"label":"5","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p5-s1","source":"La pregunta se le escapó a Erdosain.","translation":"The question slipped out of Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se le escapó","title":"The unplanned-event «se»","body":"Spanish uses «se» + an indirect-object pronoun to present something as accidental, beyond the person's control: «se le escapó la pregunta» = 'the question escaped from him', i.e. he blurted it without meaning to. The grammar itself shifts the blame off Erdosain."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pregunta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pregunta","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of escapó","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of escapó","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of escapó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"escapó","lemma":"escapar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slipped out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of escapó","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":10,"label":"6","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p6-s1","source":"–¿Y cómo es que teniendo usted una fortuna sigue en la «vida»?","translation":"\"And how is it that, having a fortune, you stay in the \"life\"?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies cómo","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of sigue","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cómo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase cómo es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"teniendo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on sigue","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of teniendo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fortuna","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fortuna","lemma":"fortuna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sigue","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"sigue","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sigue","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":11,"label":"7","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p7-s1","source":"Haffner se volvió, agresivo, luego:","translation":"Haffner turned, aggressive, then:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of volvió","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"agresivo","lemma":"agresivo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of volvió","gloss":"aggressive"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volvió","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":12,"label":"8","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s1","source":"–Vea, amigo, la «vida» no es para todos los hombres.","translation":"\"Look, my friend, the \"life\" is not for every man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vea","title":"«Vea» as a discourse opener","body":"«Vea» is the formal imperative of «ver» ('to see'), but here it works as a filler that grabs attention — like English 'Look,' or 'See here,'. Haffner peppers his speech with these openers as he warms to his argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vea","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies es","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to hombres","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of los","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of para","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s2","source":"¿Sabe?","translation":"You know?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":14,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s3","source":"¿Por qué yo voy a dejar tres mujeres que rinden dos mil pesos mensuales sin ningún trabajo?","translation":"Why would I give up three women who bring in two thousand pesos a month with no work at all?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rinden","title":"«rendir» — to yield","body":"«rendir» here means 'to yield' or 'bring in' (a return). «Mujeres que rinden dos mil pesos» = 'women who yield two thousand pesos'. The verb belongs to the language of investment and profit — exactly how Haffner thinks about the women."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"with Por, forms the interrogative 'why'; modifies voy","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of dejar","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dejar","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dejar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dejar","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mujeres","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dejar","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rinden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"rinden","lemma":"rendir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying mujeres","gloss":"bring in"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with dos","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rinden","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"mensuales","lemma":"mensual","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pesos","gloss":"monthly"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ningún","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sin, modifying rinden","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s4","source":"¿Las dejaría usted?","translation":"Would you give them up?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dejaría","title":"The conditional for a hypothetical","body":"«dejaría» is the conditional of «dejar» ('to leave / give up'): 'would you leave them?'. The conditional poses a 'what would you do' question, turning the argument back on Erdosain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dejaría","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"dejaría","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would give up"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dejaría","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":16,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s5","source":"No.","translation":"No.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"}]},{"number":17,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s6","source":"¿Entonces?","translation":"Well then?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p8-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Well then"}]},{"number":18,"label":"9","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p9-s1","source":"–¿Y usted no las quiere?","translation":"\"And you don't love them?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"quiere","title":"«querer» — to love or to want","body":"«querer» means both 'to want' and 'to love (a person)'. With «las» ('them') referring to the women, «no las quiere» = 'you don't love them'. Context, not the verb, tells you which sense is meant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous line, introducing quiere","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of quiere","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiere","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of quiere","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p9-s2","source":"¿Ninguna de ellas lo atrae especialmente?","translation":"None of them attracts you especially?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p9-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ninguna","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of atrae","gloss":"None"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ellas","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifying Ninguna","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of atrae","gloss":"you","note":"'lo' is the formal-address object pronoun for 'usted' here, not 'him/it.'"},{"surface":"atrae","lemma":"atraer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attracts"},{"surface":"especialmente","lemma":"especialmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies atrae","gloss":"especially"}]},{"number":20,"label":"10","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p10-s1","source":"Recién después de lanzada esta pregunta Erdosain comprendió que acababa de decir una tontería.","translation":"Only after the question was out did Erdosain realize he had just said something foolish.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"acababa de decir","title":"«acabar de» + infinitive","body":"«acabar de» plus an infinitive means 'to have just (done something)': «acababa de decir» = 'he had just said'. In the imperfect it sets the action immediately before the moment of realization."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Recién","title":"«recién» in the River Plate","body":"In Argentine and Uruguayan Spanish «recién» commonly means 'only / not until' before a clause: «recién después de... comprendió» = 'only after... did he realize'. Elsewhere «recién» mostly means 'just/recently'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Recién","lemma":"recién","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies después","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comprendió","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of lanzada","gloss":"(marks clause)"},{"surface":"lanzada","lemma":"lanzar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on después","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pregunta","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pregunta","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of lanzada","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of comprendió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"comprendió","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of acababa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"acababa","lemma":"acabar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of comprendió","gloss":"had just"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decir","gloss":"(marks infinitive)"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of acababa","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tontería","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tontería","lemma":"tontería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of decir","gloss":"something foolish"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p10-s2","source":"El macró lo miró un segundo, y repuso:","translation":"The pimp looked at him for a second and replied:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p10-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"El macró","title":"«macró» — pimp","body":"«macró» (also «macro») is Buenos Aires slang for a pimp, from French «maquereau». Arlt cycles through synonyms for the trade — «cafishio», «macró», «rufián», «fioca», «marlú» — each from a different corner of the city's immigrant slang."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of macró","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"macró","lemma":"macró","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"pimp"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of segundo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"segundo","lemma":"segundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of miró","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"repuso","lemma":"reponer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miró","gloss":"replied"}]},{"number":22,"label":"11","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p11-s1","source":"–Escúcheme bien.","translation":"\"Listen to me carefully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Escúcheme","lemma":"escuchar yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, second-person, singular, with attached direct object pronoun (me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen to me"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Escúcheme","gloss":"carefully"}]},{"number":23,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p11-s2","source":"Si mañana me viniera a ver un médico y me dijera: la Vasca se muere dentro de una semana la saque o no del prostíbulo, yo a la Vasca, que me ha dado treinta mil pesos en cuatro años, la dejo que trabaje los seis días y que reviente el séptimo.","translation":"If tomorrow a doctor came to see me and told me: 'the Basque woman will die within a week whether you take her out of the brothel or not,' I would let the Basque woman, who has given me thirty thousand pesos in four years, work the six days and drop dead on the seventh.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p11-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"viniera / dijera / saque","title":"Subjunctive chain in a hypothesis","body":"The «si» clause stacks imperfect subjunctives — «viniera» ('came'), «dijera» ('told') — for a hypothetical situation. «La saque o no» ('whether I take her out or not') uses the present subjunctive «saque» to mark a concession: the outcome is the same either way."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"que reviente","title":"«reventar» — to burst / drop dead","body":"«reventar» literally means 'to burst'; colloquially 'to drop dead' or 'kick the bucket'. «Que reviente el séptimo» = 'let her drop dead on the seventh (day)'. The brutality is the point: she is an asset to be used up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viniera","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viniera","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"viniera","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ver","gloss":"(marks infinitive)"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of viniera","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of médico","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"médico","lemma":"médico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of viniera","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijera","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijera","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with viniera","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Vasca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vasca","lemma":"Vasca","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of muere","gloss":"Basque woman"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of muere","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"muere","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dijera","gloss":"will die"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies muere","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of semana","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"semana","lemma":"semana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of saque","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"saque","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"concessive clause modifying muere (whether ... or not)","gloss":"take out"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with saque","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of saque","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of dejo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Vasca (personal a)","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Vasca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vasca","lemma":"Vasca","morphology":"proper noun","role":"fronted direct object of dejo (resumed by la)","gloss":"Basque woman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dado","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dado","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause modifying Vasca","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"treinta","lemma":"treinta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with treinta","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of dado","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking años","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cuatro","lemma":"cuatro","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dado","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dejo","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trabaje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"trabaje","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dejo","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"seis","lemma":"seis","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies días","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of trabaje","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of reviente","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"reviente","lemma":"reventar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with trabaje","gloss":"drop dead","note":"'reventar' literally means 'to burst'; here it's Rioplatense slang for 'to drop dead.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of séptimo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"séptimo","lemma":"séptimo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of reviente (elliptical for 'el séptimo día')","gloss":"seventh"}]},{"number":24,"label":"12","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p12-s1","source":"La voz del macró había enronquecido.","translation":"The pimp's voice had gone hoarse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"había enronquecido","title":"Pluperfect for a prior change","body":"«había enronquecido» is the pluperfect (past perfect) of «enronquecer» ('to grow hoarse'): 'his voice had gone hoarse'. The pluperfect reports a change that had already taken hold before the narrative's present moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of enronquecido","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macró","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"macró","lemma":"macró","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"pimp"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of enronquecido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"enronquecido","lemma":"enronquecer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone hoarse"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p12-s2","source":"Había un no sé qué de amargura rabiosa en sus palabras, esa amargura que más tarde Erdosain reconocería en la voz de todos esos poltrones taciturnos y canallas aburridos.","translation":"There was an indefinable rabid bitterness in his words, that bitterness Erdosain would later recognize in the voice of all those sullen idlers and bored scoundrels.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p12-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un no sé qué","title":"«un no sé qué» — a certain something","body":"«un no sé qué» literally 'an I-don't-know-what' is a fixed phrase for an indefinable quality — English 'a certain something', French 'je ne sais quoi'. Here it names a bitterness Arlt can sense but not pin down."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"reconocería","title":"Conditional as a 'future in the past'","body":"«reconocería» is the conditional of «reconocer». Anchored in past narration, it points forward from that past: 'would later recognize'. Spanish uses the conditional this way to express a future seen from a moment already in the past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential 'there was')","gloss":"There was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of qué (part of the idiom 'un no sé qué')","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé (part of the idiom 'no sé qué')","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'no sé qué'; existential complement of Había","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of sé; head of the idiom 'no sé qué'","gloss":"what","note":"'un no sé qué' is an idiom meaning 'a certain indefinable something.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amargura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amargura","lemma":"amargura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies qué","gloss":"bitterness"},{"surface":"rabiosa","lemma":"rabioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies amargura","gloss":"rabid"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Había","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of amargura","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"amargura","lemma":"amargura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"appositive, restating 'amargura rabiosa'","gloss":"bitterness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of reconocería","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reconocería","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of reconocería","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"reconocería","lemma":"reconocer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying amargura","gloss":"would recognize"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reconocería","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poltrones","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies poltrones","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of poltrones","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"poltrones","lemma":"poltrón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies voz","gloss":"idlers"},{"surface":"taciturnos","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies poltrones","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"canallas","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with poltrones","gloss":"scoundrels"},{"surface":"aburridos","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies canallas","gloss":"bored"}]},{"number":26,"label":"13","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s1","source":"–¿Lástima?","translation":"\"Pity?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lástima","lemma":"lástima","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Pity"}]},{"number":27,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s2","source":"–continuó el otro–.","translation":"—the other went on—.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s3","source":"Amigo, a la mujer de la vida no hay que tenerle lástima.","translation":"My friend, you mustn't feel pity for the woman of the life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no hay que","title":"«hay que» for impersonal obligation","body":"«hay que» + infinitive expresses a general, subjectless obligation: 'one must / you must'. Negated, «no hay que tenerle lástima» = 'one must not pity her'. It states a rule of the trade rather than a personal command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, vocative","role":"vocative address (not syntactically connected to the clause)","gloss":"My friend"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer (personal a)","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"fronted object of tenerle (resumed by le)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"life","note":"'de la vida' was a period euphemism for 'a woman of easy virtue/a prostitute.'"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenerle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive tenerle (hay que + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tenerle","lemma":"tener él","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with attached indirect object pronoun (le)","role":"infinitive complement of hay que","gloss":"feel","note":"'tenerle lástima a alguien' = 'to feel pity for someone'; the 'le' here anticipates 'a la mujer.'"},{"surface":"lástima","lemma":"lástima","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenerle","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s4","source":"No hay mujer más perra, más dura, más amarga que la mujer de la vida.","translation":"There is no woman more vicious, harder, more bitter than the woman of the life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perra","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"perra","lemma":"perro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"vicious","note":"'perra' literally means 'bitch/female dog'; used here as a slang adjective for 'vicious, cruel.'"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dura","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dura","lemma":"duro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies amarga","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"amarga","lemma":"amargo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative particle (than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the comparison (que)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"life","note":"'de la vida' was a period euphemism for 'a woman of easy virtue/a prostitute.'"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s5","source":"No se asombre, yo las conozco.","translation":"Don't be shocked, I know them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies asombre","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asombre","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"asombre","lemma":"asombrar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular (used as negative formal imperative)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be shocked"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of conozco","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of conozco","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"conozco","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s6","source":"Sólo a palos se las puede manejar.","translation":"Only by beating can you manage them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a palos","title":"«a palos» — by beating","body":"«a palos» literally 'with sticks/blows' means 'by force of beating'. The construction «a + plural noun» often names the means: «a palos» = 'by thrashing'. «Se las puede manejar» uses impersonal «se», 'one can manage them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase 'a palos'","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palos, modifying manejar","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"palos","lemma":"palo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of a, modifying manejar","gloss":"beatings"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive/passive marker","role":"passive/impersonal marker with manejar","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of manejar","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of manejar","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"manejar","lemma":"manejar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"manage"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s7","source":"Usted cree como el noventa por ciento que el cafishio es el explotador y la prostituta la víctima.","translation":"Like ninety percent of people, you believe the pimp is the exploiter and the prostitute the victim.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cafishio","title":"«cafishio» — pimp (lunfardo)","body":"«cafishio» (also «cafiolo») is the classic lunfardo word for a pimp, from Genoese dialect. It is the term tango and the Buenos Aires underworld used; Arlt treats it as the plain, technical name for Haffner's profession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noventa (comparison: like)","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of noventa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noventa","lemma":"noventa","morphology":"numeral","role":"object of como (comparison)","gloss":"ninety"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciento","gloss":"per"},{"surface":"ciento","lemma":"ciento","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with noventa","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explotador","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cafishio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cafishio","lemma":"cafishio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of explotador","gloss":"pimp"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to explotador","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of explotador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"explotador","lemma":"explotador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of cree","gloss":"exploiter"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prostituta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostituta","lemma":"prostituta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical es (coordinated with cafishio)","gloss":"prostitute"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of víctima","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"víctima","lemma":"víctima","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical es (parallel to explotador)","gloss":"victim"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s8","source":"Pero dígame: ¿para qué precisa una mujer todo el dinero que ella gana?","translation":"But tell me: what does a woman need all the money she earns for?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"precisa","title":"«precisar» — to need","body":"«precisar» is a common River Plate alternative to «necesitar», 'to need'. «¿Para qué precisa una mujer...?» = 'what does a woman need... for?'. The rhetorical question is the hinge of Haffner's whole self-justification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies dígame","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dígame","lemma":"decir yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, second-person singular, with attached indirect object pronoun (me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of para (interrogative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"precisa","lemma":"precisar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dígame","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of precisa","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies dinero","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of precisa","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gana","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of gana","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"gana","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying dinero","gloss":"earns"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s9","source":"Lo que no han dicho los novelistas es que la mujer de la vida que no tiene hombre anda desesperada buscando uno que la engañe, que le rompa el alma de cuando en cuando y que le saque toda la plata que gana, porque es así de bestia.","translation":"What the novelists haven't said is that the woman of the life who has no man goes about desperate, looking for one to deceive her, to break her soul now and then and take all the money she earns, because that's how brutish she is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que la engañe / le rompa / le saque","title":"Subjunctive after an indefinite antecedent","body":"She seeks «uno que la engañe» — 'a man who would deceive her'. Because the man is not a specific, known person but any man fitting the description, the relative clauses take the subjunctive: «engañe», «rompa», «saque». Spanish marks the difference between a real, known referent (indicative) and a merely desired one (subjunctive)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"forms the relative phrase 'lo que' (antecedent) with que","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dicho","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dicho","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause 'lo que...han dicho' (subject of es)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of novelistas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"novelistas","lemma":"novelista","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of dicho","gloss":"novelists"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of anda","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of anda","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"life","note":"'de la vida' was a period euphemism for 'a woman of easy virtue/a prostitute.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mujer","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"anda","lemma":"andar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"goes about"},{"surface":"desesperada","lemma":"desesperado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with anda (describes mujer)","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"buscando","lemma":"buscar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on anda","gloss":"looking for"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of buscando","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of engañe","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of engañe","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"engañe","lemma":"engañar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying uno (first of three coordinated relative clauses)","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rompa","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of rompa","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"rompa","lemma":"romper","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying uno (second of three coordinated relative clauses)","gloss":"break"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rompa","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'de cuando en cuando,' modifying rompa","gloss":"from","note":"'de cuando en cuando' is a fixed idiom meaning 'from time to time, now and then.'"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom 'de cuando en cuando,' modifying rompa","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'de cuando en cuando'","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom 'de cuando en cuando'","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of saque","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of saque (dative of separation: 'from her')","gloss":"from her"},{"surface":"saque","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying uno (third of three coordinated relative clauses)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies plata","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of plata","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of saque","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gana","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gana","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying plata","gloss":"earns"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of así","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of es ('así de bestia' = 'so brutish')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the intensifier 'así de,' marking bestia","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"bestia","lemma":"bestia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies así","gloss":"brutish","note":"'bestia' (literally 'beast') is used colloquially here as an adjective meaning 'brutish, stupid.'"}]},{"number":35,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s10","source":"Se ha dicho que la mujer es igual al hombre.","translation":"It has been said that woman is equal to man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/impersonal marker with dicho","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of igual","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of igual","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to igual","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"igual","lemma":"igual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"clausal complement of dicho","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies igual","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s11","source":"Mentiras.","translation":"Lies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mentiras","lemma":"mentira","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lies"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s12","source":"La mujer es inferior al hombre.","translation":"Woman is inferior to man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of inferior","gloss":"Woman"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to inferior","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inferior","lemma":"inferior","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"inferior"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies inferior","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":38,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s13","source":"Fíjese en las tribus salvajes.","translation":"Look at the savage tribes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Fíjese","title":"«fijarse en» — to pay attention to","body":"«fijarse en» is a pronominal verb meaning 'to notice / pay attention to'. The formal command «fíjese en» = 'take note of, look at'. Don't confuse it with «fijar», 'to fix/fasten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fíjese","lemma":"fijar él","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, second-person, singular (reflexive)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tribus","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tribus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tribus","lemma":"tribu","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Fíjese (object of en)","gloss":"tribes"},{"surface":"salvajes","lemma":"salvaje","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies tribus","gloss":"savage"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s14","source":"Ella es la que cocina, trabaja, hace todo, mientras que el macho va de caza o a guerrear.","translation":"She is the one who cooks, works, does everything, while the male goes hunting or off to war.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ella es la que","title":"Cleft sentence «es la que»","body":"«Ella es la que cocina» = 'She is the one who cooks'. This cleft structure («ser» + «el/la que») isolates and stresses the subject, as English does with 'It is she who...'. Haffner uses it to drive his point home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to la","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es, antecedent of que","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cocina","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"cocina","lemma":"cocinar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying la","gloss":"cooks"},{"surface":"trabaja","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with cocina","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with cocina","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with va","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of macho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macho","lemma":"macho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of va","gloss":"male"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by mientras","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caza","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"caza","lemma":"caza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of va","gloss":"hunting"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of guerrear","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"guerrear","lemma":"guerrear","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with va","gloss":"wage war"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s15","source":"Lo mismo pasa en la vida moderna.","translation":"The same thing happens in modern life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of mismo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pasa","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"pasa","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pasa","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"moderna","lemma":"moderno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"modern"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s16","source":"El hombre, salvo ganar dinero, no hace nada.","translation":"The man, except for earning money, does nothing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hace","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"salvo","lemma":"salvo","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ganar","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"ganar","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of salvo","gloss":"earning"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ganar","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hace","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s17","source":"Y créame, mujer de la vida a la que no se le saca el dinero, lo desprecia.","translation":"And believe me, a woman of the life whose money isn't taken from her despises the man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a la que no se le saca","title":"Impersonal «se» in a relative clause","body":"«mujer... a la que no se le saca el dinero» = 'a woman from whom the money is not taken'. The impersonal «se» hides any agent ('one / they don't take her money'), and «le» marks her as the one it's taken from. Spanish builds such agentless relative clauses easily."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"créame","lemma":"creer yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe me"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desprecia","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"life","note":"'mujer de la vida' is an idiom for a prostitute/woman of the streets, rendered literally here as 'woman of the life.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"refers to mujer, object of a","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies saca","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, passive","role":"passive particle of saca","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of saca","gloss":"from her"},{"surface":"saca","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mujer","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of saca","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of desprecia","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"desprecia","lemma":"despreciar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despises"}]},{"number":43,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s18","source":"Sí, señor, en cuanto le empieza a tomar cariño, lo primero que desea es que le pidan...","translation":"Yes, sir, the moment she starts to grow fond of him, the first thing she wants is to be asked...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en cuanto","title":"«en cuanto» — as soon as","body":"«en cuanto» means 'as soon as / the moment that'. With a present-tense verb here it states a habitual truth: 'as soon as she grows fond of him...'. (When the clause points to a future event it would take the subjunctive.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of empieza","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"cuanto","lemma":"cuanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tomar","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"empieza","lemma":"empezar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by en cuanto","gloss":"starts"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tomar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tomar","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of empieza","gloss":"grow"},{"surface":"cariño","lemma":"cariño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tomar","gloss":"fond"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of primero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primero","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of desea","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"desea","lemma":"desear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying primero","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pidan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pidan","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"pidan","lemma":"pedir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"ask"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s19","source":"Y qué alegría la de ella el día que usted le dice: «Ma chérie», ¿podes prestarme cien pesos?","translation":"And what joy is hers the day you tell her: \"Ma chérie\", can you lend me a hundred pesos?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"podes","title":"«vos» — River Plate second person","body":"«podes» (standard «puedes») is the «voseo» form of «poder». Buenos Aires uses «vos» instead of «tú», with its own verb endings. Haffner slips from formal «usted» into intimate «vos» as he ventriloquizes the woman's lover wheedling for money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to alegría, modified by de ella","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies alegría","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the clause modifying día","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dice","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying día","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Ma","lemma":"ma","morphology":"determiner, French, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chérie","gloss":"My","note":"\"Ma chérie\" is French for \"my darling,\" left untranslated; part of the affected French mannerisms Arlt gives some characters."},{"surface":"chérie","lemma":"chérie","morphology":"noun, French, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dice","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"podes","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of prestarme","gloss":"can","note":"'podés' is the voseo present-tense form of poder (vos + -és), standard Rioplatense second-person singular, written here without the accent."},{"surface":"prestarme","lemma":"prestar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lend me"},{"surface":"cien","lemma":"cien","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of prestarme","gloss":"pesos"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s20","source":"Entonces esa mujer se desata, está contenta.","translation":"Then that woman lets herself go, she's happy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p13-s20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desata","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desata","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desata","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"desata","lemma":"desatar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause, coordinated with está","gloss":"lets go"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to contenta","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"contenta","lemma":"contento","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":46,"label":"14","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s1","source":"Al fin la sucia plata que gana le sirve para algo, para hacer feliz a su hombre.","translation":"At last the dirty money she earns is good for something, for making her man happy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"plata","title":"«plata» — money","body":"«plata» literally 'silver' is the everyday River Plate word for money, where Spain says «dinero». «La sucia plata que gana» = 'the dirty money she earns'. Arlt's dialogue is steeped in this porteño vocabulary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase al fin, modifies sirve","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase Al","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of plata","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sucia","lemma":"sucio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plata","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sirve","gloss":"money","note":"'plata' is colloquial Rioplatense Spanish for \"money\" (literally \"silver\")."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gana","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gana","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying plata","gloss":"earns"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of sirve","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sirve","lemma":"servir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is good"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of preposition para","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on sirve","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"feliz","lemma":"feliz","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"object complement describing hombre","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":47,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s2","source":"Claro, los novelistas no han escrito esto.","translation":"Of course, the novelists haven't written this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies escrito","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of novelistas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"novelistas","lemma":"novelista","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of escrito","gloss":"novelists"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies escrito","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of escrito","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"escrito","lemma":"escribir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of escrito","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s3","source":"Y la gente nos cree unos monstruos, o unos animales exóticos, como nos han pintado los saineteros.","translation":"And people take us for monsters, or exotic animals, the way the \"sainete\" writers have painted us.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of cree","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"considers"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of monstruos","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"monstruos","lemma":"monstruo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object complement describing nos","gloss":"monsters"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of animales","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"animales","lemma":"animal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with monstruos","gloss":"animals"},{"surface":"exóticos","lemma":"exótico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies animales","gloss":"exotic"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pintado","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of pintado","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"han","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of pintado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"pintado","lemma":"pintar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on cree","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of saineteros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"saineteros","lemma":"sainetero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of pintado","gloss":"sainete writers","note":"'saineteros' were writers of 'sainetes,' popular comic plays that caricatured Buenos Aires's lower classes; Arlt is pushing back against that stereotype."}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s4","source":"Pero venga a vivir a nuestro ambiente, conózcalo, y se va a dar cuenta de que es igual al de la burguesía y al de nuestra aristocracia.","translation":"But come live in our world, get to know it, and you'll realize it's the same as the bourgeoisie's and our aristocracy's.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el ambiente","title":"«el ambiente» — the milieu","body":"«el ambiente» ('the environment / atmosphere') is used here to mean the underworld milieu of pimps and prostitutes — 'our scene', 'our world'. «Mujer del ambiente» elsewhere = a woman of that world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies venga","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"venga","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vivir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of venga","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambiente","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"nuestro","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ambiente","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ambiente","lemma":"ambiente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vivir","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"conózcalo","lemma":"conocer él","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, singular","role":"coordinated with venga","gloss":"know it"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dar","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dar","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dar","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of va","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with dar","gloss":"account","note":"'dar(se) cuenta (de que)' is an idiom meaning \"to realize,\" literally \"to give oneself account.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to igual","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"igual","lemma":"igual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking burguesía","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking burguesía","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of burguesía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"burguesía","lemma":"burguesía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"bourgeoisie"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aristocracia","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aristocracia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aristocracia","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"aristocracia","lemma":"aristocracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with burguesía","gloss":"aristocracy"}]},{"number":50,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s5","source":"La mantenida desprecia a la mujer de cabaret, la mujer de cabaret desprecia a la yiranta, la yiranta desprecia a la mujer de prostíbulo, y, cosa curiosa, así como la mujer que está en un prostíbulo elige casi siempre como hombre a un sujeto de avería, la de cabaret carga con un niño bien o un doctor atorrante para que la explote.","translation":"The kept woman despises the cabaret woman, the cabaret woman despises the \"yiranta\", the \"yiranta\" despises the brothel woman, and, a curious thing, just as the woman in a brothel almost always picks a shady type for her man, the cabaret woman takes up with a rich kid or a deadbeat lawyer to exploit her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"yiranta","title":"«yiranta» — streetwalker","body":"«yiranta» is lunfardo for a streetwalker, from «yirar» ('to wander/walk the streets', from Italian «girare»). Haffner ranks the women in a strict hierarchy of contempt: kept woman, cabaret woman, «yiranta», brothel woman."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"atorrante","title":"«atorrante» — bum, deadbeat","body":"«atorrante» is a classic porteño word for a layabout or good-for-nothing. «Un doctor atorrante» = 'a deadbeat lawyer'. «Un niño bien» means a rich young man, a 'kid from a good family' — both, in Haffner's telling, live off the women."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mantenida","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"mantenida","lemma":"mantenido","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), feminine, singular","role":"subject of desprecia","gloss":"kept woman"},{"surface":"desprecia","lemma":"despreciar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desprecia","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabaret","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cabaret","lemma":"cabaret","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"cabaret"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desprecia","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabaret","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cabaret","lemma":"cabaret","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"cabaret"},{"surface":"desprecia","lemma":"despreciar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with the first desprecia","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yiranta","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of yiranta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yiranta","lemma":"yiranta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desprecia","gloss":"yiranta","note":"'yiranta' is Lunfardo (Buenos Aires slang) for a low-tier prostitute, ranked below the cabaret woman in this hierarchy."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of yiranta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yiranta","lemma":"yiranta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desprecia","gloss":"yiranta"},{"surface":"desprecia","lemma":"despreciar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with the first desprecia","gloss":"despises"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of desprecia","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cosa","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical remark on the sentence","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"curiosa","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cosa","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase así como, introduces the comparison","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase así","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elige","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of está","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mujer","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of está","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"elige","lemma":"elegir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the así como clause","gloss":"picks"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies siempre","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elige","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hombre as a predicate role","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object complement of elige, describing sujeto","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sujeto","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sujeto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sujeto","lemma":"sujeto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elige","gloss":"type"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking avería","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"avería","lemma":"avería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sujeto","gloss":"shady","note":"'sujeto de avería' is an idiom for an unreliable, disreputable character; literally \"a subject of damage/wreckage.\""},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of carga","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabaret","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cabaret","lemma":"cabaret","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies la","gloss":"cabaret"},{"surface":"carga","lemma":"cargar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes up"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niño","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of niño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"niño","lemma":"niño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition con","gloss":"kid"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niño","gloss":"rich","note":"'niño bien' is colloquial for a young man from a wealthy family; 'bien' used adjectivally here means \"posh/well-off.\""},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of doctor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"doctor","lemma":"doctor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with niño, object of con","gloss":"lawyer"},{"surface":"atorrante","lemma":"atorrante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies doctor","gloss":"deadbeat","note":"'atorrante' is Lunfardo slang for a shiftless bum or deadbeat, a common porteño insult of the era."},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of explote","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explote","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of explote","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"explote","lemma":"explotar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"purpose clause on carga","gloss":"exploits"}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s6","source":"¿La psicología de la mujer de la vida?","translation":"The psychology of the woman of the life?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of psicología","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"psicología","lemma":"psicología","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"psychology"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies psicología","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s7","source":"Está encerrada en estas palabras, que me decía llorando una mujercita a quien largó un amigo mío:","translation":"It's contained in these words, which a little woman, dropped by a friend of mine, said to me in tears:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p14-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"largó","title":"«largar» — to dump","body":"«largar» literally 'to let go / release'; colloquially 'to dump, ditch' a partner. «A quien largó un amigo mío» = 'whom a friend of mine had dumped'. Note the verb-before-subject order, normal in Spanish relative clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to encerrada","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"encerrada","lemma":"encerrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palabras","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encerrada","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of decía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of decía","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying palabras","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"llorando","lemma":"llorar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujercita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujercita","lemma":"mujercita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"little woman"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of largó","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"largó","lemma":"largar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mujercita","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amigo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of largó","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"mío","lemma":"mío","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on amigo","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":53,"label":"15","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p15-s1","source":"«Encoré avec mon cul je peu soutenir un homme».","translation":"\"Even with my ass I can still keep a man\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Encoré","lemma":"encore","morphology":"adverb, French","role":"modifies soutenir","gloss":"Even","note":"This line is quoted in broken/phonetic French (\"peu\" for \"peux,\" \"Encoré\" for \"Encore\"), imitating a francophone woman's accented speech."},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition, French","role":"preposition marking cul","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, French, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cul","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cul","lemma":"cul","morphology":"noun, French, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition avec","gloss":"ass"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, French, first-person, singular","role":"subject of peu","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"peu","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, French, present, indicative, first-person, singular (representing \"peux\")","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"soutenir","lemma":"soutenir","morphology":"verb, French, infinitive","role":"complement of peu","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, French, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, French, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of soutenir","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p15-s2","source":"Eso no lo sabe la gente ni los novelistas.","translation":"That's something neither the public nor the novelists know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eso no lo sabe","title":"Fronted object with resumptive «lo»","body":"The object «Eso» is moved to the front for emphasis, then echoed by the pronoun «lo» before the verb: «Eso no lo sabe la gente» = literally 'That, the people don't know it'. Doubling the object with a pronoun is required once it's fronted this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of sabe (topicalized, resumed by lo)","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sabe (resumes Eso)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of novelistas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"novelistas","lemma":"novelista","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with gente","gloss":"novelists"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p15-s3","source":"Un proverbio francés ya lo dice: «Gueuse seule ne peut pas mener son cul».","translation":"A French proverb already says it: \"A whore alone can't manage her own ass\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p15-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of proverbio","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"proverbio","lemma":"proverbio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"proverb"},{"surface":"francés","lemma":"francés","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies proverbio","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dice","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dice","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Gueuse","lemma":"gueuse","morphology":"noun, French, feminine, singular","role":"subject of peut","gloss":"whore","note":"'Gueuse' is archaic/vulgar French for a low-class woman or prostitute, translated here as \"whore\"; this whole line is the French proverb the narrator quotes."},{"surface":"seule","lemma":"seul","morphology":"adjective, French, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Gueuse","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, French, negation","role":"negates peut, with pas","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"peut","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, French, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb, French, negation","role":"negates peut, with ne","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"mener","lemma":"mener","morphology":"verb, French, infinitive","role":"complement of peut","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, French, possessive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cul","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cul","lemma":"cul","morphology":"noun, French, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mener","gloss":"ass"}]},{"number":56,"label":"16","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p16-s1","source":"Erdosain lo contemplaba estupefacto.","translation":"Erdosain watched him, stupefied.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of contemplaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contemplaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"contemplaba","lemma":"contemplar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"estupefacto","lemma":"estupefacto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Erdosain","gloss":"stupefied"}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p16-s2","source":"Haffner continuó:","translation":"Haffner went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p16-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":58,"label":"17","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s1","source":"–¿Quién la cuida como el cafishio?","translation":"\"Who looks after her like the pimp does?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of cuida","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cuida","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cuida","lemma":"cuidar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks after"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cafishio","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cafishio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cafishio","lemma":"cafishio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb (cuida), introduced by como","gloss":"pimp","note":"'cafishio' is Lunfardo (from Genoese Italian) for a pimp who lives off a prostitute's earnings."}]},{"number":59,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s2","source":"¿Quién la cuida cuando está enferma, cuando cae presa?","translation":"Who cares for her when she's sick, when she's thrown in jail?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cae presa","title":"«caer preso/presa» — to be arrested","body":"«caer preso» (feminine «presa») is a set phrase, 'to be taken prisoner / arrested'. «Cuando cae presa» = 'when she gets locked up'. The verb «caer» ('to fall') is idiomatic here, not literal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of cuida","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cuida","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cuida","lemma":"cuidar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cares for"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of está","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enferma, in the clause introduced by cuando","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"enferma","lemma":"enfermo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cae","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"cae","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by cuando","gloss":"falls","note":"'caer presa' is an idiom, literally \"to fall prisoner,\" meaning to get arrested or thrown in jail."},{"surface":"presa","lemma":"preso","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of cae","gloss":"prisoner"}]},{"number":60,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s3","source":"¿Qué sabe la gente?","translation":"What do people know?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of sabe","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s4","source":"Si un sábado a la mañana la oyera usted a una mujer decirle a su «marlu»: «Mon chérí, hice cincuenta latas más que la semana pasada», usted se haría cafishio, ¿sabe?","translation":"If one Saturday morning you heard a woman say to her \"marlu\": \"Mon chéri, I turned fifty more \"latas\" than last week\", you'd turn pimp yourself, you know?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"marlu / latas","title":"«marlú» and «latas»","body":"«marlú» (from French «marlou») is yet another slang word for pimp. «Latas» ('tins') were the metal tokens a brothel handed out per client, used to tally a woman's work — «hice cincuenta latas» = 'I did fifty tricks'. The line is the trade's own accounting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of oyera","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sábado","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"sábado","lemma":"sábado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of oyera","gloss":"Saturday"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mañana","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mañana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sábado","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of oyera (doubles a una mujer)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"oyera","lemma":"oír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the si-clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of oyera","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"marks object","note":"Personal 'a': marks a human direct object; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of decirle","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"decirle","lemma":"decir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of oyera","gloss":"say to him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marlu","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of marlu","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"marlu","lemma":"marlu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of decirle (doubling le)","gloss":"marlu","note":"Lunfardo slang for a prostitute's lover or pimp."},{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner (French), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to marlu","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"chérí","lemma":"chéri","morphology":"noun (French), masculine, singular","role":"compound with Mon","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"hice","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of decirle","gloss":"I turned"},{"surface":"cincuenta","lemma":"cincuenta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies latas","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"latas","lemma":"lata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of hice","gloss":"latas","note":"Lunfardo slang, literally \"cans\"; a prostitute's slang unit for a trick or her earnings."},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies latas","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of más","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of semana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"semana","lemma":"semana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the comparison introduced by que","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"pasada","lemma":"pasado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies semana","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of haría","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of haría","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"haría","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would turn"},{"surface":"cafishio","lemma":"cafishio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of haría","gloss":"pimp","note":"Lunfardo slang for \"pimp.\""},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parenthetical tag question","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s5","source":"Porque esa mujer le dice «hice cincuenta latas» con el mismo tono que una mujer honrada le diría a su marido: «Querido, este mes, por no comprarme un traje y lavarme la ropa, he economizado treinta pesos».","translation":"Because that woman says \"I turned fifty latas\" in the same tone an honest woman would use telling her husband: \"Darling, this month, by not buying myself a dress and washing my own clothes, I've saved thirty pesos\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p17-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le diría","title":"Conditional in a comparison","body":"«le diría» is the conditional of «decir»: 'would say'. It sets up a hypothetical parallel — the way an honest wife 'would tell' her husband — letting Haffner equate the prostitute's pride with a housewife's thrift."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dice","gloss":"Because"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dice","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"hice","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dice","gloss":"I turned"},{"surface":"cincuenta","lemma":"cincuenta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies latas","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"latas","lemma":"lata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of hice","gloss":"latas"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tono","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tono","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tono","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"tono","lemma":"tono","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dice","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of diría","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of diría","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"honrada","lemma":"honrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of diría","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"diría","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying tono","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marido","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of marido","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"marido","lemma":"marido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of diría (doubling le)","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"Querido","lemma":"querido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address opening the quoted speech","gloss":"Darling"},{"surface":"este","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mes","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mes","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of economizado","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of comprarme","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comprarme","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"comprarme","lemma":"comprar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on economizado","gloss":"buying myself"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of traje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"traje","lemma":"traje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of comprarme","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lavarme","lemma":"lavar yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with comprarme","gloss":"washing"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ropa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ropa","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of lavarme","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of economizado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"economizado","lemma":"economizar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"treinta","lemma":"treinta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of economizado","gloss":"pesos"}]},{"number":63,"label":"18","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s1","source":"Créame, amigo, la mujer, sea o no honrada, es un animal que tiende al sacrificio.","translation":"Believe me, my friend, woman, honest or not, is an animal that tends toward sacrifice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sea o no honrada","title":"Subjunctive «sea» for concession","body":"«sea o no honrada» = 'whether she's honest or not'. The present subjunctive «sea» (from «ser») in this paired construction expresses concession — it doesn't matter which is true. Compare «la saque o no» earlier in the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Créame","lemma":"creer yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Believe me"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my friend"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to honrada","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies honrada","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"honrada","lemma":"honrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sea","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to animal","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of animal","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"animal","lemma":"animal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tiende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tiende","lemma":"tender","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying animal","gloss":"tends"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sacrificio","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"sacrificio","lemma":"sacrificio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tiende","gloss":"sacrifice"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s2","source":"Ha sido construida así.","translation":"She's been built that way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of construida","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sido","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"auxiliary of construida","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"construida","lemma":"construir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies construida","gloss":"that way"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s3","source":"¿Por qué cree usted que los padres de la Iglesia despreciaban tanto a la mujer?","translation":"Why do you suppose the Church Fathers despised woman so?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"despreciaban","title":"Imperfect for a lasting attitude","body":"«despreciaban» is the imperfect of «despreciar» ('to despise'). The imperfect fits an ongoing, characteristic attitude across time — 'they used to despise / they despised', as a standing disposition rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of despreciaban","gloss":"what","note":"\"Por qué\" together means \"why.\""},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of despreciaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of padres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"padres","lemma":"padre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of despreciaban","gloss":"Fathers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Iglesia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Iglesia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Iglesia","lemma":"Iglesia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies padres","gloss":"Church"},{"surface":"despreciaban","lemma":"despreciar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of cree","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies despreciaban","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"marks object","note":"Personal 'a': marks a human direct object; not translated separately."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of despreciaban","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":66,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s4","source":"La mayoría de ellos habían vivido como grandes bacanes y sabían qué animalita es.","translation":"Most of them had lived as great swells and knew what kind of little animal she is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bacanes","title":"«bacán» — a swell, a high-liver","body":"«bacán» is lunfardo for a wealthy man who lives well, a 'swell' or 'big shot' (a «bacana» is his kept woman). «Grandes bacanes» = 'great high-livers'. Haffner imagines the Church Fathers as former playboys who learned women the hard way."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mayoría","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"mayoría","lemma":"mayoría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vivido","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mayoría","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"habían","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of vivido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vivido","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bacanes","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies bacanes","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"bacanes","lemma":"bacán","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of vivido","gloss":"swells","note":"Lunfardo slang for wealthy, high-living men."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sabían","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with vivido","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"determiner of animalita","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"animalita","lemma":"animalita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"little animal"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to animalita","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":67,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s5","source":"Y la de la vida es peor aún.","translation":"And the woman of the life is worse still.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of de","gloss":"life","note":"«La vida» (\"the life\") is lunfardo slang for prostitution."},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to peor","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"peor","lemma":"peor","morphology":"adjective, singular, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies peor","gloss":"still"}]},{"number":68,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s6","source":"Es como una criatura: hay que enseñarle de todo.","translation":"She's like a child: you have to teach her everything.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"criatura","title":"«criatura» — a small child","body":"«criatura» literally 'creature' is the everyday word for a baby or small child. «Es como una criatura» = 'she's like a little child'. The comparison is part of Haffner's relentless infantilizing of the women."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to criatura","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of criatura","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of criatura","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"criatura","lemma":"criatura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"enseñarle","lemma":"enseñar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with hay","gloss":"teach her"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of enseñarle","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s7","source":"«Por aquí caminarás, frente a esta esquina no debes pasar, a tal 'fioca' no hay que saludarlo.","translation":"\"You'll walk this way, you mustn't pass in front of this corner, you don't greet such-and-such 'fioca'.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fioca","title":"«fioca» — pimp (yet again)","body":"«fioca» is one more lunfardo word for a pimp. The pile-up of synonyms — «cafishio», «macró», «marlú», «fioca» — is itself a portrait of how central, and how named, the trade was in Arlt's Buenos Aires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"caminarás","title":"Future as command","body":"«caminarás» is the simple future of «caminar», but here it functions as an order: 'you will walk this way' = 'you are to walk this way'. Spanish (like the biblical 'thou shalt') can use the future to lay down rules."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aquí","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caminarás","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"caminarás","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll walk"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun","role":"preposition marking esquina","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esquina","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"esquina","lemma":"esquina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pasar","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"debes","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pasar","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"pasar","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fioca","gloss":"marks object","note":"Personal 'a': marks a human direct object; not translated separately."},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fioca","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"fioca","lemma":"fioca","morphology":"noun","role":"direct object of saludarlo (fronted)","gloss":"fioca","note":"Lunfardo slang for a police informant or plainclothes detective."},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies saludarlo","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"saludarlo","lemma":"saludar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with hay","gloss":"greet him"}]},{"number":70,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s8","source":"No armes bronca con esa mujer».","translation":"Don't pick a fight with that woman\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"armar bronca","title":"«armar bronca» — to kick up a row","body":"«bronca» is anger or a quarrel; «armar bronca» = 'to start a fight / make a scene'. «No armes bronca» is a negative «vos»/«tú» command, 'don't pick a fight'. Pure porteño street idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies armes","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"armes","lemma":"armar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pick"},{"surface":"bronca","lemma":"bronca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of armes","gloss":"a fight"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of con","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":71,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s9","source":"Todo hay que enseñárselo.","translation":"Everything has to be taught to her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p18-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"enseñárselo","title":"Two object pronouns on an infinitive","body":"«enseñárselo» stacks two pronouns on the infinitive «enseñar»: «se» (to her) + «lo» (it). When indirect «le» meets direct «lo», «le» becomes «se». So «hay que enseñárselo» = 'one must teach it to her'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of enseñárselo (fronted)","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"enseñárselo","lemma":"enseñar él él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with hay","gloss":"teach it to her"}]},{"number":72,"label":"19","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p19-s1","source":"Caminaban junto a los bardales, y en el dulce atardecer las palabras del macró abrían un paréntesis de estrañeza en Erdosain.","translation":"They were walking along the brush hedges, and in the sweet dusk the pimp's words opened a parenthesis of strangeness in Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Caminaban / abrían","title":"Imperfect for the scene's backdrop","body":"«caminaban» and «abrían» are imperfects setting the continuous scene — an ongoing walk, words steadily working on Erdosain. Arlt drops out of the rapid dialogue into this imperfect to paint the evening mood around it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Caminaban","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were walking"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking bardales","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bardales","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bardales","lemma":"bardal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Caminaban","gloss":"brush hedges"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atardecer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of atardecer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dulce","lemma":"dulce","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies atardecer","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"atardecer","lemma":"atardecer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of abrían","gloss":"dusk"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of palabras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of abrían","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macró","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"macró","lemma":"macró","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"pimp's","note":"Lunfardo slang for \"pimp,\" a synonym of cafishio."},{"surface":"abrían","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Caminaban","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of paréntesis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paréntesis","lemma":"paréntesis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abrían","gloss":"parenthesis"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estrañeza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"estrañeza","lemma":"extrañeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies paréntesis","gloss":"strangeness","note":"Older/dialectal spelling of \"extrañeza\" (strangeness)."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of abrían","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":73,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p19-s2","source":"Comprendía que se encontraba junto a una vida substancialmente distinta a la suya.","translation":"He understood that he was beside a life substantially different from his own.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p19-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comprendía","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontraba","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Comprendía","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontraba","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"substancialmente","lemma":"sustancialmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies distinta","gloss":"substantially"},{"surface":"distinta","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking la","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of suya","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suya","lemma":"suyo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"complement of a","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":74,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p19-s3","source":"Entonces, le preguntó:","translation":"Then he asked him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p19-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies preguntó","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of preguntó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":75,"label":"20","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p20-s1","source":"–¿Y cómo se inició usted en la «vida»?","translation":"\"And how did you get your start in the \"life\"?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se inició","title":"Pronominal «iniciarse en»","body":"«iniciarse en» (with «se») means 'to get one's start in / be initiated into' an activity. «¿Cómo se inició usted en la vida?» = 'how did you enter the life?'. The reflexive marks the subject as the one starting out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of inició","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of inició","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"inició","lemma":"iniciar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get started"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of inició","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of inició","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":76,"label":"21","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s1","source":"–En ese tiempo era joven.","translation":"\"At that time I was young.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of era","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to joven","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"joven","lemma":"joven","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"young"}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s2","source":"Tenía veintitrés años y una cátedra de matemáticas.","translation":"I was twenty-three and held a chair in mathematics.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cátedra","title":"«cátedra» — a teaching post","body":"«cátedra» is a professorial chair or teaching post. «Una cátedra de matemáticas» = 'a chair / position teaching mathematics'. The detail is deliberately jarring: the pimp was, and still calls himself, a mathematics professor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"veintitrés","lemma":"veintitrés","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"twenty-three"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cátedra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cátedra","lemma":"cátedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía (coordinated with años)","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matemáticas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"matemáticas","lemma":"matemática","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cátedra","gloss":"mathematics"}]},{"number":78,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s3","source":"Porque yo soy profesor –añadió orgullosamente Haffner–, profesor de matemáticas.","translation":"Because I am a teacher —Haffner added proudly—, a teacher of mathematics.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of soy","gloss":"Because"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of soy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"soy","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to profesor","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"profesor","lemma":"profesor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a teacher"},{"surface":"añadió","lemma":"añadir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the interjected clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"orgullosamente","lemma":"orgullosamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies añadió","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of añadió","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"profesor","lemma":"profesor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to profesor","gloss":"a teacher"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matemáticas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"matemáticas","lemma":"matemática","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies profesor","gloss":"mathematics"}]},{"number":79,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s4","source":"Con mi cátedra iba viviendo, cuando en un prostíbulo de la calle Rincón encontré una noche a una francesita que me gustó.","translation":"I was getting by on my teaching post when one night, in a brothel on Rincón street, I came upon a little Frenchwoman who pleased me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iba viviendo","title":"«ir» + gerund for gradual action","body":"«iba viviendo» joins «ir» ('to go') with a gerund to express a slow, continuing process: 'I was going along living', i.e. 'I was getting by'. The imperfect «iba» sets the ongoing backdrop, interrupted by the preterite «encontré» ('I came upon')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cátedra","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cátedra","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cátedra","lemma":"cátedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of viviendo","gloss":"teaching post"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of viviendo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"viviendo","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"getting by"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontré","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontré","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies prostíbulo","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"Rincón","lemma":"Rincón","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calle","gloss":"Rincón"},{"surface":"encontré","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying viviendo","gloss":"I came upon"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontré","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking francesita","gloss":"marks object","note":"Personal 'a': marks a human direct object; not translated separately."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of francesita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"francesita","lemma":"francesita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of encontré","gloss":"little Frenchwoman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gustó","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gustó","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gustó","lemma":"gustar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying francesita","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":80,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s5","source":"Hace de esto diez años.","translation":"This was ten years ago.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hace... años","title":"«hace» for 'ago'","body":"«hace» + a span of time means 'ago': «hace diez años» = 'ten years ago'. «Hace de esto diez años» = 'this happened ten years back'. The verb «hacer» is impersonal here, third person only."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It's been"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"complement of de","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"diez","lemma":"diez","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Hace","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":81,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s6","source":"Precisamente en esos días había recibido una herencia de cinco mil pesos de un pariente.","translation":"Just in those days I had received an inheritance of five thousand pesos from a relative.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Precisamente","lemma":"precisamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recibido","gloss":"Just"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking días","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of recibido","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of recibido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"recibido","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of herencia","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"herencia","lemma":"herencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recibido","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pesos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cinco","lemma":"cinco","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with cinco","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies herencia","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pariente","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pariente","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pariente","lemma":"pariente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies herencia","gloss":"relative"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s7","source":"Lucienne me agradó, y le ofrecí que viniera a vivir conmigo.","translation":"Lucienne appealed to me, and I offered to have her come live with me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que viniera","title":"Subjunctive after an offer","body":"«le ofrecí que viniera» = 'I offered that she come'. A verb of wanting or proposing (here «ofrecer») governing a different subject triggers the subjunctive; «viniera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «venir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lucienne","lemma":"Lucienne","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of agradó","gloss":"Lucienne"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of agradó","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"agradó","lemma":"agradar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appealed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ofrecí","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ofrecí","lemma":"ofrecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with agradó","gloss":"I offered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viniera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"viniera","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of ofrecí","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of viniera","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of viniera","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"conmigo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"oblique complement of vivir","gloss":"with me"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s8","source":"Tenía un cafishio, el Marsellés, un gigante brutal, a quien veía de vez en cuando...","translation":"She had a pimp, the Marseillais, a brutal giant, whom she saw from time to time...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cafishio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cafishio","lemma":"cafishio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"pimp"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Marsellés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Marsellés","lemma":"Marsellés","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to cafishio","gloss":"Marseillais"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gigante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gigante","lemma":"gigante","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"in apposition to cafishio","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"brutal","lemma":"brutal","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies gigante","gloss":"brutal"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien","gloss":"marks object","note":"Personal 'a': marks a human direct object; not translated separately."},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of veía","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying gigante","gloss":"she saw"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"when","note":"\"De vez en cuando\" is an idiom meaning \"from time to time\"; cuando literally means \"when,\" not \"time.\""}]},{"number":84,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s9","source":"No sé si por la labia, o porque era lindo, el caso es que la mujer se enamoró, y una noche de tormenta la saqué de la casa.","translation":"I don't know whether it was the gift of gab, or because I was good-looking, but the fact is the woman fell in love, and one stormy night I took her out of the house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"labia","title":"«labia» — the gift of gab","body":"«labia» is fluent, persuasive, smooth talk — 'a silver tongue', 'the gift of gab'. «Por la labia» = 'thanks to his glib talk'. Haffner credits his patter as much as his looks for the seduction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"se enamoró","title":"Pronominal «enamorarse»","body":"«enamorarse (de)» means 'to fall in love (with)'. The «se» is essential — plain «enamorar» means 'to make someone fall in love'. «La mujer se enamoró» = 'the woman fell in love'."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect-question complement of sé","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking labia","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of labia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"labia","lemma":"labia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sé (within the si-clause)","gloss":"gift of gab"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause era lindo","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lindo","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"lindo","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"good-looking"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"caso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking caso to the que-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the que-clause complement of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of enamoró","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of enamoró","gloss":"herself","note":"enamorarse is a pronominal verb ('to fall in love'); se marks the pronominal form rather than a literal reflexive action."},{"surface":"enamoró","lemma":"enamorar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause, coordinated with saqué, complement of es","gloss":"fell in love"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of saqué","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tormenta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tormenta","lemma":"tormenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies noche","gloss":"storm"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of saqué, referring to mujer","gloss":"her","note":"This la is the clitic direct-object pronoun ('her'), not the article 'the' — it stands for la mujer."},{"surface":"saqué","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause, coordinated with enamoró, complement of es","gloss":"I took"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies saqué","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":85,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s10","source":"Fue eso una novela.","translation":"It was quite a romance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking eso to novela","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Fue","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of novela","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"novela","lemma":"novela","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Fue","gloss":"romance","note":"novela here is used loosely for a dramatic, story-like affair, not literally 'novel' — hence 'quite a romance.'"}]},{"number":86,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s11","source":"Nos fuimos a las sierras de Córdoba, después a Mar del Plata, y cuando los cinco mil pesos se terminaron, le dije:","translation":"We went off to the hills of Córdoba, then to Mar del Plata, and when the five thousand pesos ran out, I told her:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p21-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se terminaron","title":"Pronominal «terminarse»","body":"«terminarse» presents the money as running out on its own: «los cinco mil pesos se terminaron» = 'the five thousand pesos ran out'. The «se» removes any agent — the money simply finished — a common pattern with things that deplete or break."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of fuimos","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"fuimos","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sierras","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of sierras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sierras","lemma":"sierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of fuimos","gloss":"hills"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Córdoba","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Córdoba","lemma":"Córdoba","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies sierras","gloss":"Córdoba"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fuimos","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Mar","lemma":"Mar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of fuimos (elided repetition after después)","gloss":"Mar","note":"Mar del Plata is a real Argentine seaside city; Mar here is part of the place name, not the common noun 'sea.'"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Plata","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Plata","lemma":"Plata","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Mar","gloss":"Plata"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terminaron","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cinco","lemma":"cinco","morphology":"numeral","role":"part of the numeral cinco mil, quantifying pesos","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"part of the numeral cinco mil, quantifying pesos","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of terminaron","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of terminaron","gloss":"themselves","note":"terminarse is a pronominal/anticausative verb here ('to run out, come to an end'); se marks the pronominal form rather than the pesos literally acting on themselves — compare the same treatment given to enamorarse's se at p21-s9-w17."},{"surface":"terminaron","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the cuando-clause, modifying dije","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dije","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dije","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with fuimos","gloss":"I told"}]},{"number":87,"label":"22","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p22-s1","source":"«Bueno, adiós idilio.","translation":"\"Well, farewell to the idyll.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker opening the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"adiós","lemma":"adiós","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation, bidding farewell to idilio","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"idilio","lemma":"idilio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of adiós","gloss":"idyll"}]},{"number":88,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p22-s2","source":"Se terminó».","translation":"It's over\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p22-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of terminó","gloss":"itself","note":"terminarse is a pronominal verb here ('to end, be over'), with the unstated subject being the idilio/romance just mentioned; se marks the pronominal form rather than a literal reflexive action ('it ended itself')."},{"surface":"terminó","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is over"}]},{"number":89,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p22-s3","source":"Entonces ella me dijo: «No, mi querido, nosotros no nos separaremos más».","translation":"Then she said to me: \"No, my dear, we'll never part again\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p22-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no nos separaremos más","title":"«no… más» — 'not anymore / no longer'","body":"«no... más» means 'no longer / never again': «no nos separaremos más» = 'we will never separate again'. This is a single negation («no») plus the temporal adverb «más» (any more / any longer) — NOT a double negative. True double negation requires inherently negative words (nada, nunca, nadie, etc.)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"stand-alone negation opening the quoted reply","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of querido","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase mi querido","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of separaremos","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies separaremos","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural, reflexive","role":"reciprocal particle of separaremos","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"separaremos","lemma":"separar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence, complement of dijo","gloss":"we will part"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies separaremos","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":90,"label":"23","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p23-s1","source":"Ahora iban bajo las bóvedas de verdura, ramas entrelazadas y ábsides de tallos.","translation":"Now they walked beneath vaults of greenery, interlaced branches and apses of stalks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bóvedas / ábsides","title":"Church architecture for the trees","body":"«bóvedas» are vaults and «ábsides» the apses of a church. Arlt drapes cathedral architecture over the suburban foliage, casting an unexpectedly sacred hush over the pimp's confession as they walk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iban","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"iban","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bóvedas","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of bóvedas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bóvedas","lemma":"bóveda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of iban","gloss":"vaults"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdura","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verdura","lemma":"verdura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bóvedas","gloss":"greenery"},{"surface":"ramas","lemma":"rama","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to bóvedas","gloss":"branches"},{"surface":"entrelazadas","lemma":"entrelazado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ramas","gloss":"interlaced"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ábsides","lemma":"ábside","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ramas, in apposition to bóvedas","gloss":"apses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tallos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tallos","lemma":"tallo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ábsides","gloss":"stalks"}]},{"number":91,"label":"24","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p24-s1","source":"–Yo estaba celoso.","translation":"\"I was jealous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to celoso","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"celoso","lemma":"celoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"jealous"}]},{"number":92,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p24-s2","source":"¿Sabe usted lo que es estar celoso de una mujer que se acuesta con todos?","translation":"Do you know what it is to be jealous of a woman who sleeps with everyone?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p24-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se acuesta","title":"Pronominal «acostarse»","body":"«acostarse» (with «se») means 'to go to bed / lie down', and «acostarse con» = 'to sleep with' someone. «Que se acuesta con todos» = 'who sleeps with everyone'. Plain «acostar» means 'to put (someone) to bed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of Sabe","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"forms 'lo que' ('what') with que, direct object of Sabe","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to estar (predicate: estar celoso...)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to celoso","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"celoso","lemma":"celoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estar","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies celoso","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of acuesta","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuesta","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"acuesta","lemma":"acostar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mujer","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acuesta","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":93,"label":"25","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s1","source":"¿Y sabe usted la emoción del primer almuerzo que paga ella con plata del «mishé»?","translation":"And do you know the thrill of the first lunch she pays for with the \"mishé\"'s money?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mishé","title":"«mishé» — the john","body":"«mishé» (also «misho») is lunfardo for a prostitute's paying client, the 'john' — and the money that comes from him. «Plata del mishé» = 'the client's money'. The word is French in origin («michet»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the previous one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of emoción","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"emoción","lemma":"emoción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sabe","gloss":"thrill"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking almuerzo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"primer","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies almuerzo","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"almuerzo","lemma":"almuerzo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies emoción","gloss":"lunch"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of paga","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"paga","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying almuerzo","gloss":"pays"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of paga","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of paga","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mishé","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mishé","lemma":"mishé","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of del","gloss":"mishé","note":"Lunfardo (porteño slang) for a prostitute's wealthy client or keeper — a 'sugar daddy'; from French argot 'miché.'"}]},{"number":94,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s2","source":"¿Se imagina la felicidad de comer con los tenedores cruzados, mientras el mozo los mira a usted y a ella sabiendo quienes son?","translation":"Can you imagine the happiness of eating with forks crossed, while the waiter looks at you and at her, knowing who the two of you are?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imagina","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"imagina","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of imagina","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of comer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"comer","lemma":"comer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying felicidad","gloss":"eating"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tenedores","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tenedores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tenedores","lemma":"tenedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of comer","gloss":"forks"},{"surface":"cruzados","lemma":"cruzado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tenedores","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mira","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mozo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mozo","lemma":"mozo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of mira","gloss":"waiter"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of mira, anticipates a usted y a ella","gloss":"them","note":"Clitic doubling: 'los' anticipates the coordinated objects 'a usted y a ella' — common in colloquial Rioplatense speech."},{"surface":"mira","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on imagina","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"direct object of mira (personal a; doubled by los)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of mira, coordinated with usted","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sabiendo","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on mira","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"quienes","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"predicate complement of son (embedded question, complement of sabiendo)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the embedded clause quienes son, complement of sabiendo","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":95,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s3","source":"¿Y el placer de salir a la calle con ella prendida de un brazo mientras los «tiras» lo relojean?","translation":"And the pleasure of stepping into the street with her clinging to your arm while the \"tiras\" size you up?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tiras / relojean","title":"«tiras» and «relojear»","body":"«tiras» is lunfardo for plainclothes police detectives. «Relojear» (from «reloj», 'watch') means 'to eye, watch closely, size up'. «Los tiras lo relojean» = 'the cops are sizing you up'. The street watches the pimp parade his woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the previous one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of placer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"placer","lemma":"placer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of an elided verb (echoes sabe usted / se imagina from the preceding questions)","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of salir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying placer","gloss":"stepping out"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salir","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salir","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"prendida","lemma":"prendido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ella","gloss":"clinging"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, part of the phrase modifying ella","gloss":"arm","note":"'Prendida de un brazo' is literally 'clinging by an arm'; the translation makes the possessor explicit as 'your arm.'"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of relojean","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiras","lemma":"tira","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of relojean","gloss":"tiras","note":"Lunfardo slang for police detectives/plainclothes cops."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of relojean","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"relojean","lemma":"relojear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the mientras-clause (main finite verb of this segment)","gloss":"size up","note":"Relojear is lunfardo for to eye or watch someone closely, to size them up — from reloj, 'clock/watch.'"}]},{"number":96,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s4","source":"¿Y ver que ella, que se acuesta con tantos hombres, lo prefiere a usted, únicamente a usted?","translation":"And to see that she, who sleeps with so many men, prefers you, only you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p25-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the previous one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive head of the phrase (continues sabe usted from the preceding questions)","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of prefiere","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of prefiere","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of acuesta","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuesta","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"acuesta","lemma":"acostar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on ella","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tantos","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acuesta","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of prefiere","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"prefiere","lemma":"preferir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of ver","gloss":"prefers"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted (personal a)","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"direct object of prefiere","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"únicamente","lemma":"únicamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies prefiere","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted (personal a), emphatic apposition to a usted above","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"emphatic apposition to the direct object a usted, governed by únicamente","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":97,"label":"26","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s1","source":"Eso es muy lindo, amigo, cuando se hace la carrera.","translation":"That's very fine, my friend, when you're working the trade.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hacer la carrera","title":"«hacer la carrera» — to work the streets","body":"«hacer la carrera» (literally 'to make the run') is an idiom for plying the trade of prostitution or pimping. The impersonal «se» — «cuando se hace la carrera» — generalizes it: 'when one works the life'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lindo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"muy","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lindo","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"lindo","lemma":"lindo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hace","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, impersonal","role":"impersonal particle of hace","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on es","gloss":"work","note":"'Hacer la carrera' is a Rioplatense idiom for working as a prostitute or pimp — 'to work the trade.'"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of carrera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"carrera","lemma":"carrera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"trade"}]},{"number":98,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s2","source":"Y ella es la que se preocupa de que usted se consiga otra mujer para que la explote, ella es la que la trae a su casa diciendo: «vamos a ser cuñadas», ella es la que la varea a la primeriza para que levante únicamente «viajes» para usted, y cuanto más tímido y vergonzoso es usted, más goza ella en destruir sus escrúpulos, en hundirlo en su basura, y de pronto... cuando menos se acuerda se encuentra enterrado hasta los pelos en el barro... y entonces hay que bailar.","translation":"And she's the one who sees to it that you get yourself another woman to exploit, she's the one who brings her home saying: \"we're going to be sisters-in-law\", she's the one who breaks in the newcomer so she takes \"trips\" only for you, and the more timid and bashful you are, the more she delights in destroying your scruples, in sinking you into her filth, and suddenly... when you least expect it you find yourself buried to the hair in the mud... and then there's nothing to do but dance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"varea / primeriza","title":"«varear» a «primeriza»","body":"«varear» literally means to exercise a racehorse; here, figuratively, to break in and train the «primeriza», the 'first-timer' or novice prostitute. «Levantar viajes» means to pick up clients ('trips'). Haffner describes the senior woman drilling the new one for his profit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuanto más... más...","title":"«cuanto más... más...» — the more... the more","body":"«cuanto más tímido es usted, más goza ella» = 'the more timid you are, the more she enjoys it'. This correlative pair sets two things rising together, exactly like English 'the more... the more...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies es","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"forms 'la que' ('the one who') with que, predicate complement of es","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of preocupa","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of preocupa","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"preocupa","lemma":"preocupar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on la (la que se preocupa)","gloss":"frets"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of consiga","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of consiga","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of consiga","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of consiga","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"consiga","lemma":"conseguir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of preocupa","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of consiga","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of explote","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explote","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of explote","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"explote","lemma":"explotar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause of purpose on consiga (elided subject: usted, continuing the subject of the immediately preceding clause 'usted se consiga')","gloss":"exploits","note":"The elided subject of 'explote' is most naturally 'usted' (matching 'usted se consiga' just before it and the sentence-initial subject-control reading of the translation's own 'you get yourself another woman to exploit'), not 'ella' — the passage's logic has usted profiting from the new woman, echoed later by 'levante viajes... para usted.'"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of this clause (parallel to 'ella es la que' above)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"forms 'la que' ('the one who') with que, predicate complement of es","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of trae","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of trae","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"trae","lemma":"traer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on la (la que la trae)","gloss":"brings"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trae","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"diciendo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on trae (introduces the quoted speech)","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"vamos","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of ser (vamos a ser = 'going to be')","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"infinitive marker, part of vamos a ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula infinitive linking to cuñadas, complement of vamos a","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"cuñadas","lemma":"cuñada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of ser","gloss":"sisters-in-law","note":"Cuñadas literally means 'sisters-in-law'; here it's underworld slang used ironically for two women who work for the same pimp."},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of this clause (parallel to 'ella es la que' above)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"forms 'la que' ('the one who') with que, predicate complement of es","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of varea","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of varea (doubled by a la primeriza)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"varea","lemma":"varear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on la (la que la varea)","gloss":"breaks in","note":"Varear literally means to walk/exercise a horse to condition it (cf. vareador, an exercise rider); here it's pimp slang for breaking in / training a new prostitute."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking primeriza (personal a)","gloss":"object marker"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of primeriza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primeriza","lemma":"primerizo","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), feminine, singular","role":"object of a, doubled by the la clitic","gloss":"newcomer"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of levante","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of levante","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"levante","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause of purpose modifying varea (elided subject: primeriza)","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"únicamente","lemma":"únicamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viajes","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"viajes","lemma":"viaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of levante","gloss":"trips","note":"Lunfardo: 'viaje' (lit. 'trip') is slang for a paid encounter with a client; 'levantar viajes' = to solicit clients."},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"oblique complement of levante (para usted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuanto","lemma":"cuanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tímido","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tímido","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tímido","lemma":"tímido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of es, coordinated with vergonzoso (cuanto-clause, modifies goza)","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vergonzoso","lemma":"vergonzoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with tímido","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tímido","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goza","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"goza","lemma":"gozar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (correlative: cuanto más..., más goza)","gloss":"delights"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of goza","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of destruir","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"destruir","lemma":"destruir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on goza","gloss":"destroying"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of escrúpulos","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"escrúpulos","lemma":"escrúpulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of destruir","gloss":"scruples"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hundirlo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hundirlo","lemma":"hundir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on goza","gloss":"sinking you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking basura","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of basura","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"basura","lemma":"basura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hundirlo","gloss":"filth"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto ('suddenly'), modifies acuerda","gloss":"suddenly","note":"'De pronto' is a fixed idiom meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifies acuerda","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of acuerda","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"menos","lemma":"menos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acuerda","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuerda","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"acuerda","lemma":"acordar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on encuentra","gloss":"remembers","note":"'Cuando menos se acuerda' literally means 'when he least remembers/notices [it]'; rendered idiomatically as 'when you least expect it.'"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encuentra","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"encuentra","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"enterrado","lemma":"enterrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of encuentra","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pelos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pelos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pelos","lemma":"pelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of enterrado","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking barro","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of barro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barro","lemma":"barro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of enterrado","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (hay que + infinitive = 'must')","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase hay que","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bailar","lemma":"bailar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hay","gloss":"dance"}]},{"number":99,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s3","source":"Y mientras la mujer está metida hay que aprovechar, porque un día le da una viaraza, enloquece por otro, y con la misma inconsciencia con que lo siguió a usted se sacrifica de nuevo.","translation":"And while the woman is caught up in it you have to make the most of it, because one day a fit takes her, she goes mad for another man, and with the same recklessness with which she followed you she sacrifices herself all over again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"viaraza","title":"«viaraza» — a sudden fit","body":"«viaraza» is River Plate slang for a sudden whim, fit, or burst of madness. «Le da una viaraza» = 'a fit comes over her'. The verb «dar» plus an indirect object is the usual way to say a state 'comes over' someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the previous one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of está","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to metida","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"metida","lemma":"metido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of está","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase hay","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aprovechar","lemma":"aprovechar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hay","gloss":"make the most"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of da","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of da","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of da","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the porque clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of viaraza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"viaraza","lemma":"viaraza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of da","gloss":"fit","note":"Lunfardo (porteño slang) for a sudden whim or fit of irrationality."},{"surface":"enloquece","lemma":"enloquecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with da","gloss":"goes mad"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of enloquece","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inconsciencia","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of inconsciencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misma","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies inconsciencia","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"inconsciencia","lemma":"inconsciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sacrifica","gloss":"recklessness"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of siguió","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of siguió","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"siguió","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on inconsciencia","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted (personal a)","gloss":"(marks object)","note":"Personal 'a' marks 'usted' as the object here, doubling the clitic 'lo' — common in colloquial speech for emphasis."},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"direct object of siguió (doubled by lo)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sacrifica","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"sacrifica","lemma":"sacrificar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with da","gloss":"sacrifices"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuevo","gloss":"again","note":"Part of the fixed phrase 'de nuevo' (again); 'de' carries no independent meaning — it does not mean 'over.'"},{"surface":"nuevo","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":100,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s4","source":"Me dirá usted: ¿para qué necesita una mujer un hombre?","translation":"You'll say to me: what does a woman need a man for?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dirá","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"dirá","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dirá","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of necesita","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"necesita","lemma":"necesitar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of necesita","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of necesita","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":101,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s5","source":"Mas, desde ya, le diré: Ningún dueño de prostíbulo va a tratar con una mujer.","translation":"But I'll tell you right now: no brothel owner is going to deal with a woman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desde ya","title":"«desde ya» — right now, straight off","body":"«desde ya» is a River Plate set phrase meaning 'right away / straight off / from the outset'. «Desde ya, le diré» = 'I'll tell you straight off'. Note also «Mas» (without accent) = 'but', distinct from «más», 'more'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mas","lemma":"mas","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies diré","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ya","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies diré","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of diré","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"diré","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"Ningún","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dueño","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"dueño","lemma":"dueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tratar","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dueño","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tratar","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tratar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tratar","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of va","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tratar","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":102,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s6","source":"Con quien trata es con su «marlu».","translation":"The one he deals with is her \"marlu\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quien","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of trata","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"trata","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"subject clause of es","gloss":"deals"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to marlu","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marlu","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of marlu","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"marlu","lemma":"marlu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of es","gloss":"marlu","note":"Lunfardo slang for a prostitute's lover or pimp."}]},{"number":103,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s7","source":"El cafishio le da a Una mujer tranquilidad para ejercer su vida.","translation":"The pimp gives a woman peace of mind to carry on her life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cafishio","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"cafishio","lemma":"cafishio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of da","gloss":"pimp","note":"Lunfardo (Buenos Aires slang) for a pimp who lives off a prostitute's earnings."},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of da","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of da","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"tranquilidad","lemma":"tranquilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of da","gloss":"peace of mind"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ejercer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ejercer","lemma":"ejercer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause on da","gloss":"carry on"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ejercer","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":104,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s8","source":"Los «tiras» no la molestan.","translation":"The \"tiras\" don't bother her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p26-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tiras","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tiras","lemma":"tira","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of molestan","gloss":"tiras","note":"Lunfardo slang for police detectives/plainclothes cops."},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies molestan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of molestan","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"molestan","lemma":"molestar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bother"}]},{"number":105,"label":"27","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s1","source":"Si que presa, él la saca; si está enferma, él la lleva a un sanatorio y la hace cuidar, y le evita líos y mil cosas fantásticas.","translation":"If she's jailed, he gets her out; if she's sick, he takes her to a clinic and has her looked after, and he spares her troubles and a thousand fantastic things.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la hace cuidar","title":"Causative «hacer» + infinitive","body":"«hacer» + infinitive forms a causative: «la hace cuidar» = 'he has her looked after / sees that she's cared for'. The subject doesn't do the action himself but causes someone else to do it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of presa","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Si","gloss":"if","note":"Colloquial doubling of 'si' — 'si que' functions here as an emphatic 'if.'"},{"surface":"presa","lemma":"preso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on saca","gloss":"jailed"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of saca","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of saca","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"saca","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parallel clause to lleva","gloss":"gets out"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of enferma","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enferma","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"enferma","lemma":"enfermo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on lleva","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of lleva","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of lleva","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"lleva","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sanatorio","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sanatorio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sanatorio","lemma":"sanatorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lleva","gloss":"clinic"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hace","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hace","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with lleva","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"cuidar","lemma":"cuidar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hace","gloss":"looked after"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of evita","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"evita","lemma":"evitar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with lleva","gloss":"spares"},{"surface":"líos","lemma":"lío","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of evita","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies cosas","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with líos","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"fantásticas","lemma":"fantástico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cosas","gloss":"fantastic"}]},{"number":106,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s2","source":"Vea, mujer que en el ambiente trabaja por su cuenta termina siendo siempre víctima de un asalto, una estafa o un atropello bárbaro.","translation":"Look, a woman who works on her own in this world always ends up the victim of a robbery, a swindle, or some brutal outrage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"termina siendo","title":"«terminar» + gerund — to end up","body":"«terminar» plus a gerund means 'to end up (doing/being)': «termina siendo víctima» = 'she ends up a victim'. The gerund «siendo» (from «ser») states the resulting condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vea","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of termina","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of trabaja","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambiente","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ambiente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambiente","lemma":"ambiente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trabaja","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"trabaja","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mujer","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuenta","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuenta","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of trabaja","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"termina","lemma":"terminar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ends up"},{"surface":"siendo","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, gerund","role":"copula linking to víctima","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies siendo","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"víctima","lemma":"víctima","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of siendo","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asalto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asalto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"asalto","lemma":"asalto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of víctima","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estafa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"estafa","lemma":"estafa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with asalto","gloss":"swindle"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of atropello","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"atropello","lemma":"atropello","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with asalto","gloss":"outrage"},{"surface":"bárbaro","lemma":"bárbaro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies atropello","gloss":"brutal"}]},{"number":107,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s3","source":"En cambio, mujer que tiene un hombre trabaja tranquila, sosegada, nadie se mete con ella y todos la respetan.","translation":"By contrast, a woman who has a man works calm, untroubled, no one meddles with her and everyone respects her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"meterse con","title":"«meterse con» — to mess with","body":"«meterse con (alguien)» means 'to bother, provoke, or pick on someone'. «Nadie se mete con ella» = 'no one messes with her'. The pronominal «meterse» changes plain «meter» ('to put in') into this confrontational sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cambio","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"cambio","lemma":"cambio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase En","gloss":"contrast"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of trabaja","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mujer","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"trabaja","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"tranquila","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies trabaja","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"sosegada","lemma":"sosegado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies trabaja","gloss":"untroubled"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of mete","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of mete","gloss":"(reflexive)","note":"'Meterse con' is an inherently reflexive verb meaning 'to meddle with' — 'se' has no separate meaning."},{"surface":"mete","lemma":"meter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with trabaja","gloss":"meddles"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ella","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mete","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of respetan","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of respetan","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"respetan","lemma":"respetar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with mete","gloss":"respect"}]},{"number":108,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s4","source":"Y ya que ella, por un motivo o por otro, eligió su vida, es lógico que por su dinero pueda darse la felicidad que necesita.","translation":"And since she, for one reason or another, chose her life, it's only logical that with her money she can give herself the happiness she needs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p27-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"es lógico que pueda","title":"Subjunctive after an impersonal judgment","body":"Impersonal evaluations like «es lógico que» ('it's logical that') take the subjunctive in the following clause: «es lógico que pueda» = 'it's logical that she can'. «Pueda» is the present subjunctive of «poder»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies lógico","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause modifying lógico","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ya","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of eligió","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking motivo","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of motivo","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"motivo","lemma":"motivo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of eligió","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with motivo","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"eligió","lemma":"elegir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause modifying lógico","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of eligió","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lógico","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lógico","lemma":"lógico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"logical"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of darse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dinero","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of darse","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"pueda","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of darse","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"darse","lemma":"dar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pueda","gloss":"give herself"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of felicidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"felicidad","lemma":"felicidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of darse","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of necesita","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"necesita","lemma":"necesitar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying felicidad","gloss":"needs"}]},{"number":109,"label":"28","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s1","source":"«Claro, para usted todo esto es nuevo, pero ya se va ir haciendo.","translation":"\"Of course, all this is new to you, but you'll get used to it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se va ir haciendo","title":"«irse haciendo» — to gradually become","body":"«irse haciendo» combines «ir» + gerund with the reflexive to mean 'to gradually grow into / get used to' something. «Ya se va [a] ir haciendo» = 'you'll gradually come round to it'. (The «a» of «va a ir» is dropped in this colloquial speech.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Claro","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"oblique complement of nuevo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esto","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to nuevo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nuevo","lemma":"nuevo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haciendo","gloss":"eventually"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of haciendo","gloss":"(reflexive)","note":"'Hacerse a algo' means 'to get used to' something; 'se' has no independent meaning here."},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of haciendo","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of haciendo","gloss":"to","note":"Colloquial redundancy: 'va ir haciendo' stacks 'ir a' with 'ir + gerund' for an informal, gradual sense — roughly 'will gradually get used to it.'"},{"surface":"haciendo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get used to it"}]},{"number":110,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s2","source":"Y si no, dígame: ¿cómo se explica que haya 'fioca' que tenga hasta siete mujeres?","translation":"And if not, tell me: how do you explain that there are \"fiocas\" with up to seven women?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que haya... que tenga","title":"Double subjunctive for the unspecified","body":"«haya» (subjunctive of «hay») and «tenga» (subjunctive of «tener») both appear because the «fioca» is hypothetical and unspecified. «Que haya fioca que tenga siete mujeres» = 'that there should be a pimp who has seven women'. The number seven may echo the novel's title «Los siete locos» as a thematic coincidence, but this is not the chapter's title-phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies dígame","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of no","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase si","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dígame","lemma":"decir yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, second-person singular, with attached indirect object pronoun (me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of explica","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive particle of explica","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"explica","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of dígame","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of haya","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haya","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on explica","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"fioca","lemma":"fioca","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of haya","gloss":"fioca","note":"Lunfardo slang for a pimp — synonym of 'cafishio,' 'macró,' and 'marlú,' not a police term. (Confirmed by this same passage's list of pimp-by-nationality: taño, gallego, francés, each 'having' several women; and by the studio's own authored note on p18-s7 identifying 'fioca' as one more lunfardo word for a pimp.)"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tenga","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fioca","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mujeres","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":111,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s3","source":"El taño Repollo llegó en sus buenos tiempos a tener once mujeres.","translation":"The Italian Repollo, in his heyday, got up to eleven women.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"taño","title":"«taño» — Italian (lunfardo)","body":"«taño» (from «napolitano») is porteño slang for an Italian immigrant. «El taño Repollo» = 'the Italian, Repollo' (Repollo, 'Cabbage', being his nickname). «Llegar a + infinitive» = 'to get to the point of', here 'got up to eleven women'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of taño","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"taño","lemma":"taño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llegó","gloss":"Italian","note":"Lunfardo/colloquial term for an Italian immigrant (clipped from 'napolitano')."},{"surface":"Repollo","lemma":"Repollo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to taño","gloss":"Repollo"},{"surface":"llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tiempos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"buenos","lemma":"buen","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tiempos","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"tiempos","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of llegó","gloss":"times","note":"'En sus buenos tiempos' idiomatically means 'in his heyday.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tener","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of llegó","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"once","lemma":"once","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mujeres","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":112,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s4","source":"El gallego Julio, ocho.","translation":"The Spaniard Julio, eight.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gallego","title":"«gallego» — Spaniard (lunfardo)","body":"In Buenos Aires «gallego» (strictly 'Galician') was used loosely for any Spanish immigrant. «El gallego Julio» = 'the Spaniard Julio'. Paired with «taño» for Italians, it sketches the immigrant makeup of the underworld."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gallego","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"gallego","lemma":"gallego","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Spaniard","note":"Colloquial Argentine term for a Spaniard (literally 'Galician')."},{"surface":"Julio","lemma":"Julio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to gallego","gloss":"Julio"},{"surface":"ocho","lemma":"ocho","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies the implied mujeres (ellipsis)","gloss":"eight"}]},{"number":113,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s5","source":"No hay francés casi que no tenga tres mujeres.","translation":"There's hardly a Frenchman who doesn't have three women.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"francés","lemma":"francés","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"Frenchman"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenga","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenga","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenga","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on hay","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mujeres","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":114,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s6","source":"Y ellas se conocen, y no sólo se conocen, sino que saben vivir juntas y rivalizan en quien le da más, porque es un orgullo ser la preferida de un hombre que los sosiega a los pesquisas más prepotentes de una sola mirada.","translation":"And they know one another, and not only know one another but know how to live together and compete over who gives him more, because it's a point of pride to be the favorite of a man who quiets the most overbearing detectives with a single look.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pesquisas","title":"«pesquisas» — detectives","body":"«pesquisa» (from «pesquisar», 'to investigate') is old porteño slang for a police detective — much like «tiras». «Los pesquisas más prepotentes» = 'the most overbearing detectives'. The pimp's swagger cows even them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies conocen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ellas","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, plural","role":"subject of conocen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reciprocal particle of conocen","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"conocen","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conocen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies conocen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reciprocal particle of conocen","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"conocen","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with conocen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of saben","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"saben","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the clause introduced by sino","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of saben","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"juntas","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies vivir","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rivalizan","lemma":"rivalizar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with saben","gloss":"compete"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of da","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of da","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of da","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by en","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies da","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of orgullo","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to orgullo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of orgullo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"orgullo","lemma":"orgullo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to preferida","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of preferida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"preferida","lemma":"preferida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"favorite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies preferida","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sosiega","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of sosiega (doubled by a los pesquisas)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"sosiega","lemma":"sosegar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"quiets"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pesquisas (personal a)","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pesquisas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pesquisas","lemma":"pesquisa","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of sosiega","gloss":"detectives","note":"'Pesquisa' literally means 'inquiry/investigation'; here used as slang for a detective, like 'tira.' ('Fioca' is a different lunfardo word — for a pimp, not a detective — so it does not belong in this comparison.)"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies prepotentes","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"prepotentes","lemma":"prepotente","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pesquisas","gloss":"overbearing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sola","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sosiega","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":115,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s7","source":"Y pobrecitas, son tan locas, que uno no sabe si compadecerlas o romperles la cabeza de un palo».","translation":"And the poor things, they're so crazy that one doesn't know whether to pity them or split their heads open with a club\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p28-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si compadecerlas o romperles","title":"«si» + infinitives for a dilemma","body":"«no sabe si compadecerlas o romperles la cabeza» = 'doesn't know whether to pity them or break their heads'. Spanish uses «si» ('whether') plus bare infinitives to pose a choice between two actions. Note «romperles la cabeza» — the head 'belongs to them', marked by «les»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"pobrecitas","lemma":"pobrecito","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of son","gloss":"poor things"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to locas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies locas","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"locas","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"crazy"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sabe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the result clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of compadecerlas","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"compadecerlas","lemma":"compadecer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"pity them"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"romperles","lemma":"romper él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with compadecerlas","gloss":"split open"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"their","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive: 'romperles... la cabeza' = 'break their head(s).'"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of romperles","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of palo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"palo","lemma":"palo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of romperles","gloss":"club"}]},{"number":116,"label":"29","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p29-s1","source":"Erdosain se sentía anonadado por el desprecio formidable que ese hombre revelaba hacia las mujeres.","translation":"Erdosain felt overwhelmed by the formidable contempt this man revealed toward women.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"anonadado","title":"«anonadado» — overwhelmed, stunned","body":"«anonadado» means crushed, stunned, reduced to nothing — from «anonadar», 'to annihilate, overwhelm'. «Se sentía anonadado» = 'he felt overwhelmed / floored'. It marks how completely Haffner's contempt unsettles Erdosain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sentía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"anonadado","lemma":"anonadado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Erdosain","gloss":"overwhelmed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desprecio","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desprecio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desprecio","lemma":"desprecio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of anonadado","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"formidable","lemma":"formidable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies desprecio","gloss":"formidable"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of revelaba, referring to desprecio","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of revelaba","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"revelaba","lemma":"revelar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying desprecio","gloss":"revealed"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of revelaba","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":117,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p29-s2","source":"Y recordaba que en otra oportunidad el Astrólogo le había dicho: «El Rufián Melancólico es un tipo que al ver una mujer lo primero que piensa es esto: Esta en la calle rendiría cinco, diez o veinte pesos.","translation":"And he recalled that on another occasion the Astrologer had told him: \"The Melancholy Ruffian is the sort of fellow who, on seeing a woman, thinks first of all this: out on the street she'd bring in five, ten, or twenty pesos.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p29-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"rendiría","title":"Conditional «rendiría» — would bring in","body":"«rendiría» is the conditional of «rendir»: 'she would yield / bring in'. It states a hypothetical valuation — what the woman would earn if put on the street — reducing her, chillingly, to a sum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dicho","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oportunidad","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of oportunidad","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"oportunidad","lemma":"oportunidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dicho","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dicho","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dicho","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dicho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dicho","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of recordaba","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of es","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"Melancólico","lemma":"Melancólico","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Rufián","gloss":"Melancholy"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tipo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tipo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tipo","lemma":"tipo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the clause describing tipo","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ver","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on piensa","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of primero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primero","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of piensa, referring to primero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying primero","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to esto","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of rendiría","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of rendiría","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"rendiría","lemma":"rendir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (content of dicho)","gloss":"would fetch"},{"surface":"cinco","lemma":"cinco","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"diez","lemma":"diez","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"coordinated with cinco","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"veinte","lemma":"veinte","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"coordinated with cinco","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rendiría","gloss":"pesos"}]},{"number":118,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p29-s3","source":"Nada más».","translation":"Nothing more\".","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p29-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Nada","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":119,"label":"30","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p30-s1","source":"Y ahora sintió Erdosain que el hombre le repugnaba.","translation":"And now Erdosain felt that the man repelled him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p30-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le repugnaba","title":"«repugnar» like «gustar»","body":"«repugnar» ('to disgust') works like «gustar»: the thing causing the feeling is the subject, the person feeling it the indirect object. «El hombre le repugnaba» = literally 'the man was repugnant to him' = 'the man disgusted him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies sintió","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sintió","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"sintió","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sintió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of repugnaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of repugnaba","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of repugnaba (experiencer)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"repugnaba","lemma":"repugnar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sintió","gloss":"repelled"}]},{"number":120,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p30-s2","source":"Para cambiar de conversación, dijo:","translation":"To change the subject, he said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p30-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of cambiar","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"cambiar","lemma":"cambiar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on dijo","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conversación","gloss":"of","note":"'Cambiar de' + noun means 'to change (something)' — 'de' has no separate translation here."},{"surface":"conversación","lemma":"conversación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cambiar","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":121,"label":"31","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p31-s1","source":"–Dígame... ¿Usted cree en el éxito de la empresa del Astrólogo?","translation":"\"Tell me... Do you believe in the success of the Astrologer's enterprise?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dígame","lemma":"decir yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal, second-person singular, with attached indirect object pronoun (me)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Tell me","note":"«Dígame» = formal imperative diga + enclitic me, 'tell me.'"},{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the following question","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éxito","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of éxito","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"éxito","lemma":"éxito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition en, complement of cree","gloss":"success"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking empresa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of empresa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"empresa","lemma":"empresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies éxito","gloss":"enterprise"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies empresa","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":122,"label":"32","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p32-s1","source":"–No.","translation":"\"No.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p32-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"}]},{"number":123,"label":"33","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p33-s1","source":"–¿Y él sabe que usted no cree?","translation":"\"And does he know you don't believe?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p33-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of cree","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cree","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":124,"label":"34","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p34-s1","source":"–Sí.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p34-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"}]},{"number":125,"label":"35","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p35-s1","source":"–¿Y por qué usted lo acompaña?","translation":"\"And why do you go along with him?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p35-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why","note":"'Por qué' together means 'why.'"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of acompaña","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of acompaña","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of acompaña","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"acompaña","lemma":"acompañar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go along with"}]},{"number":126,"label":"36","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p36-s1","source":"–Yo lo acompaño relativamente, y de aburrido que estoy.","translation":"\"I go along with him up to a point, and out of how bored I am.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p36-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de aburrido que estoy","title":"«de... que» for cause","body":"«de aburrido que estoy» = 'from how bored I am' / 'out of sheer boredom'. The structure «de + adjective + que + verb» gives the cause and stresses its degree. Boredom, for Haffner, is reason enough for anything."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of acompaño","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of acompaño","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"acompaño","lemma":"acompañar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go along with"},{"surface":"relativamente","lemma":"relativamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies acompaño","gloss":"up to a point"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the causal clause of estoy (de + adjective + que construction)","gloss":"out of","note":"'De + adjective + que + verb' is an intensifying/causal construction: 'de aburrido que estoy' = 'because I'm so bored.'"},{"surface":"aburrido","lemma":"aburrido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase de, predicate adjective describing yo (implied subject of estoy)","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase de, introduces the clause of estoy","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying acompaño","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":127,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p36-s2","source":"Ya que la vida no tiene ningún sentido, es igual seguir cualquier corriente.","translation":"Since life has no meaning at all, it's all the same to follow any current.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p36-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ya que","title":"«ya que» — since, given that","body":"«ya que» introduces a known reason: 'since / given that'. «Ya que la vida no tiene sentido» = 'since life has no meaning'. Unlike «porque», it presents the cause as already established between the speakers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom ya que ('since'), introduces the causal clause of tiene","gloss":"since","note":"'Ya que' is an idiom meaning 'since/because.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom ya que, introduces the causal clause of tiene","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ningún","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sentido","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to igual","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"igual","lemma":"igual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"seguir","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of igual","gloss":"to follow"},{"surface":"cualquier","lemma":"cualquiera","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corriente","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"corriente","lemma":"corriente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of seguir","gloss":"current"}]},{"number":128,"label":"37","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p37-s1","source":"–¿Para usted la vida no tiene sentido?","translation":"\"For you life has no meaning?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p37-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"oblique complement of tiene","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"meaning"}]},{"number":129,"label":"38","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p38-s1","source":"–Absolutamente ninguno.","translation":"\"Absolutely none.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p38-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Absolutamente","lemma":"absolutamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ninguno","gloss":"Absolutely"},{"surface":"ninguno","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"none"}]},{"number":130,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p38-s2","source":"Nacemos, vivimos, morimos, sin que por eso dejen las estrellas de moverse y las hormigas de trabajar.","translation":"We are born, we live, we die, without the stars ceasing to move or the ants to work because of it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p38-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sin que... dejen","title":"Subjunctive after «sin que»","body":"«sin que» ('without') always takes the subjunctive: «sin que dejen las estrellas de moverse» = 'without the stars ceasing to move'. «Dejar de» + infinitive means 'to stop / cease doing'. The cosmic indifference is Haffner's whole creed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nacemos","lemma":"nacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are born"},{"surface":"vivimos","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Nacemos","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"morimos","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Nacemos","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dejen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sin que, introduces dejen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"because of","note":"'Por eso' means 'because of it/that.'"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of dejen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dejen","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by sin que","gloss":"cease"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of estrellas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estrellas","lemma":"estrella","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of dejen","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of moverse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moverse","lemma":"mover él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying estrellas","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of hormigas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hormigas","lemma":"hormiga","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with estrellas (subject of dejen)","gloss":"ants"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of trabajar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"trabajar","lemma":"trabajar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying hormigas","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":131,"label":"39","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p39-s1","source":"–¿Y se aburre mucho usted?","translation":"\"And do you get very bored?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p39-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aburre","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"aburre","lemma":"aburrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get bored"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aburre","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of aburre","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":132,"label":"40","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s1","source":"–Regular.","translation":"\"So-so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Regular","title":"«regular» — so-so","body":"As a one-word answer, «regular» means 'so-so / middling / not great, not bad'. It's the standard noncommittal reply to '¿cómo estás?' or, as here, '¿se aburre mucho?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Regular","lemma":"regular","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"So-so"}]},{"number":133,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s2","source":"He organizado mi vida como la de un industrial.","translation":"I've organized my life like an industrialist's.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"He","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of organizado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"organizado","lemma":"organizar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"organized"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of organizado","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of la","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"object of como, referring to vida","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking industrial","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of industrial","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"industrial","lemma":"industrial","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies la","gloss":"industrialist"}]},{"number":134,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s3","source":"Todos los días me acuesto a las doce y me levanto a las nueve de la mañana.","translation":"Every day I go to bed at twelve and get up at nine in the morning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me acuesto / me levanto","title":"Reflexive verbs of daily routine","body":"Daily-routine verbs are reflexive: «acostarse» ('to go to bed'), «levantarse» ('to get up'), «bañarse» ('to bathe'). The «me» means the subject does the action to himself. Haffner lists his day as a string of these — a parody of bourgeois order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of los","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of acuesto","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acuesto","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"acuesto","lemma":"acostar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go to bed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doce","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of doce","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doce","lemma":"doce","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of acuesto","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of levanto","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"levanto","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with acuesto","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nueve","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of nueve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nueve","lemma":"nueve","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of levanto","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mañana","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mañana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mañana","lemma":"mañana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nueve","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":135,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s4","source":"Hago una hora de ejercicio, me baño, leo los diarios, almuerzo, duermo una siesta, a las seis tomo el vermouth y voy a lo del peluquero, a las ocho ceno, después salgo al café, y dentro de dos años, cuando tenga doscientos mil pesos, me retiraré del oficio para vivir definitivamente de mis rentas.","translation":"I do an hour of exercise, I bathe, I read the papers, I lunch, I take a siesta, at six I have my vermouth and go to the barber's, at eight I dine, then I go out to the café, and in two years, when I have two hundred thousand pesos, I'll retire from the trade to live for good off my income.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p40-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuando tenga","title":"Subjunctive after «cuando» for the future","body":"When «cuando» points to a future event, the verb goes subjunctive: «cuando tenga doscientos mil pesos» = 'when I have two hundred thousand pesos'. «Tenga» (subjunctive of «tener») marks the saving as not-yet-real, paired with the future «me retiraré»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vivir de mis rentas","title":"«vivir de las rentas»","body":"«rentas» are unearned income — returns from property or investments. «Vivir de mis rentas» = 'to live off my income / off my means', the rentier's dream. The pimp aspires to the most respectable bourgeois retirement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hago","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hora","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Hago","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ejercicio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ejercicio","lemma":"ejercicio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hora","gloss":"exercise"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of baño","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"bañar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"bathe"},{"surface":"leo","lemma":"leer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of diarios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diarios","lemma":"diario","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of leo","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"almuerzo","lemma":"almorzar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"lunch"},{"surface":"duermo","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of siesta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"siesta","lemma":"siesta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of duermo","gloss":"siesta"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking seis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of seis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"seis","lemma":"seis","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of tomo","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"tomo","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vermouth","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermouth","lemma":"vermouth","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tomo","gloss":"vermouth"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'a lo de'","gloss":"to","note":"'A lo de' is a Rioplatense idiom meaning 'to [someone]'s place.'"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"neuter article, part of the idiom 'a lo de'","role":"object of a","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'a lo de', marking peluquero","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"peluquero","lemma":"peluquero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of del","gloss":"barber"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ocho","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ocho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ocho","lemma":"ocho","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"oblique complement of ceno","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"ceno","lemma":"cenar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"dine"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salgo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"salgo","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"go out"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking café","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"café","lemma":"café","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salgo","gloss":"café"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies retiraré","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking años","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tenga","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tenga","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on retiraré","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"doscientos","lemma":"doscientos","morphology":"numeral, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"compound with doscientos","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenga","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of retiraré","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"retiraré","lemma":"retirar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hago","gloss":"retire"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oficio","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"oficio","lemma":"oficio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of retiraré","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vivir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vivir","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on retiraré","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"definitivamente","lemma":"definitivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vivir","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rentas","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"mis","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rentas","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"rentas","lemma":"renta","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of vivir","gloss":"income"}]},{"number":136,"label":"41","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p41-s1","source":"Y en realidad, ¿cuál va a ser su intervención en la sociedad del Astrólogo?","translation":"And really, what is your role going to be in the Astrologer's society?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p41-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'en realidad' ('really'), modifies va","gloss":"in","note":"'En realidad' is a fixed phrase meaning 'really/actually.'"},{"surface":"realidad","lemma":"realidad","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"cuál","lemma":"cuál","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser (interrogative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula linking cuál and intervención","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of intervención","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"intervención","lemma":"intervención","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"role"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies intervención","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":137,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p41-s2","source":"Si el Astrólogo consigue dinero, guiarlo en la junta de mujeres y en la instalación del prostíbulo.","translation":"If the Astrologer raises money, to guide him in gathering the women and setting up the brothel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p41-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la junta de mujeres","title":"«junta» — the gathering","body":"«junta» here is the act of assembling or recruiting — «la junta de mujeres» = 'the recruiting / gathering of the women'. Haffner's expertise, his offered 'role', is procurement: rounding up women to staff the planned brothel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of consigue","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of consigue","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"consigue","lemma":"conseguir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on guiarlo","gloss":"raises"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of consigue","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"guiarlo","lemma":"guiar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guide him"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking junta","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of junta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"junta","lemma":"junta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of guiarlo","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies junta","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking instalación","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of instalación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"instalación","lemma":"instalación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with junta","gloss":"setting up"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies instalación","gloss":"brothel"}]},{"number":138,"label":"42","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p42-s1","source":"–Pero usted, en su interior, ¿qué piensa del Astrólogo?","translation":"\"But you, deep down, what do you think of the Astrologer?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p42-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of piensa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interior","gloss":"in","note":"'En su interior' is an idiom meaning 'deep down, inside.'"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of interior","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of piensa","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of piensa","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of the preposition de, complement of piensa","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":139,"label":"43","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p43-s1","source":"–Que es un maniático que puede tener o no éxito.","translation":"\"That he's a crank who may or may not succeed.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p43-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"maniático","title":"«maniático» — crank, obsessive","body":"«maniático» means a person ruled by a «manía» — an obsession or fixed idea; a crank, a monomaniac. It's the right word for the Astrologer, the visionary at the center of «Los siete locos», whose whole scheme is an obsession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of es (elliptical continuation of piensa)","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to maniático","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of maniático","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maniático","lemma":"maniático","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of es","gloss":"crank"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of puede","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tener","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying maniático","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éxito","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"éxito","lemma":"éxito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"success"}]},{"number":140,"label":"44","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p44-s1","source":"–Pero sus ideas...","translation":"\"But his ideas...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p44-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ideas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":141,"label":"45","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p45-s1","source":"–Algunas son embrolladas, otras claras, y, francamente yo no sé hasta dónde quiere apuntar ese hombre.","translation":"\"Some are muddled, others clear, and frankly I don't know where that man is aiming.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p45-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"embrolladas","title":"«embrollado» — tangled, muddled","body":"«embrollado» means tangled, confused, muddled, from «embrollar» ('to muddle, embroil'). «Ideas embrolladas» = 'muddled ideas'. «Apuntar» here = 'to aim' (a weapon or a purpose): 'where he's aiming'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Algunas","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of son","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to embrolladas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"embrolladas","lemma":"embrollar","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of son","gloss":"muddled"},{"surface":"otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of son (elliptical), coordinated with Algunas","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"claras","lemma":"claro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of son (elliptical), describing otras","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"francamente","lemma":"francamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of quiere","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dónde","lemma":"dónde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of quiere","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on sé","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"apuntar","lemma":"apuntar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiere","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of quiere","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":142,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p45-s2","source":"Unas veces usted cree estar oyendo a un reaccionario, otras a un rojo, y, a decir la verdad, me parece que ni él mismo sabe lo que quiere.","translation":"Sometimes you think you're hearing a reactionary, other times a red, and, to tell the truth, it seems to me that not even he himself knows what he wants.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p45-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ni él mismo","title":"«ni... mismo» — not even himself","body":"«ni él mismo sabe» = 'not even he himself knows'. «Ni» intensifies the negation ('not even'), and «él mismo» ('he himself') drives the point home. The Astrologer's politics — reactionary or 'red' — are deliberately unreadable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Unas","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"temporal-adjunct determiner (unas veces = 'sometimes')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"temporal adjunct modifying cree","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of cree","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cree","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"forms progressive with oyendo; complement of cree","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"oyendo","lemma":"oir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of cree","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reaccionario","gloss":"to","note":"Personal a: marks a human direct object (reaccionario); not translated as a separate word."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of reaccionario","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reaccionario","lemma":"reaccionario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of oyendo","gloss":"reactionary"},{"surface":"otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with veces (ellipsis: 'other times [you think you hear]')","gloss":"other times"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rojo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rojo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rojo","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with reaccionario (object of oyendo, ellipsis)","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of decir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on parece","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of verdad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdad","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of decir","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parece","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"parece","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with cree","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sabe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies él mismo (not even)","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies él","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of parece","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"forms relative 'lo que' with que; direct object of quiere (clause is object of sabe)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of quiere","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabe","gloss":"wants"}]},{"number":143,"label":"46","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p46-s1","source":"–¿Y si tuviera éxito?...","translation":"\"And if he were to succeed?...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p46-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Y si tuviera","title":"«si» + imperfect subjunctive alone","body":"A bare «¿Y si tuviera éxito?» = 'And what if he succeeded?'. The imperfect subjunctive «tuviera» after «si» floats a hypothesis without stating the result, leaving the consequence ominously open."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tuviera","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"tuviera","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had","note":"tener éxito = 'to succeed', literally 'to have success'."},{"surface":"éxito","lemma":"éxito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tuviera","gloss":"success"}]},{"number":144,"label":"47","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p47-s1","source":"–Entonces ni Dios sabe lo que puede ocurrir.","translation":"\"Then not even God knows what might happen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p47-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sabe","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Dios (not even)","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sabe","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"forms relative 'lo que' with que; direct object of sabe","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ocurrir","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocurrir","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ocurrir","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause (with que...puede, object of sabe)","gloss":"happen"}]},{"number":145,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p47-s2","source":"¡Ah!, a propósito, ¿usted le habló de cultivos de bacilos del cólera asiático?","translation":"Ah! by the way, did you speak to him about cultures of Asiatic cholera bacilli?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p47-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a propósito","title":"«a propósito» — by the way","body":"«a propósito» as a connector means 'by the way / incidentally' (as an adjective phrase it can also mean 'on purpose'). Here it abruptly swings the talk to Erdosain's plan to breed cholera — one of the novel's many apocalyptic schemes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"with propósito, forms idiom 'a propósito' ('by the way'); modifies habló","gloss":"by","note":"Fixed phrase a propósito = 'by the way'."},{"surface":"propósito","lemma":"propósito","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the idiom 'a propósito' ('by the way')","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of habló","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of habló","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"habló","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cultivos","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"cultivos","lemma":"cultivo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of habló (object of de)","gloss":"cultures"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bacilos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bacilos","lemma":"bacilo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cultivos","gloss":"bacilli"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cólera","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cólera","lemma":"cólera","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bacilos","gloss":"cholera"},{"surface":"asiático","lemma":"asiático","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cólera","gloss":"Asiatic"}]},{"number":146,"label":"48","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p48-s1","source":"–Sí...sería un magnífico medio de combate contra el ejército.","translation":"\"Yes... it would be a magnificent means of warfare against the army.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p48-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sería","title":"Conditional for speculation","body":"«sería» is the conditional of «ser»: 'it would be'. Here it speculates about a hypothetical weapon — the cholera cultures — that doesn't exist yet, the conditional softening the monstrous idea into a daydream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirmative interjection, independent of the clause","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"sería","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to medio","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of medio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"magnífico","lemma":"magnífico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies medio","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"medio","lemma":"medio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of sería","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking combate","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"combate","lemma":"combate","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies medio","gloss":"warfare"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ejército","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ejército","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ejército","lemma":"ejército","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of contra, modifies combate","gloss":"army"}]},{"number":147,"label":"49","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p49-s1","source":"Desparramar un cultivo en cada cuartel.","translation":"Scatter a culture in every barracks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p49-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Desparramar","title":"«desparramar» — to scatter, spread","body":"«desparramar» means to scatter, strew, or spread something around. As a bare infinitive it works like an instruction or plan: 'scatter a culture in each barracks'. «Cuartel» = a military barracks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Desparramar","lemma":"desparramar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Scatter"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cultivo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cultivo","lemma":"cultivo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Desparramar","gloss":"culture"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuartel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuartel","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"cuartel","lemma":"cuartel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Desparramar","gloss":"barracks"}]},{"number":148,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p49-s2","source":"¿Se da cuenta?","translation":"Do you realize?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p49-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"darse cuenta","title":"«darse cuenta (de)» — to realize","body":"«darse cuenta (de)» is the fixed pronominal phrase for 'to realize / notice'. «¿Se da cuenta?» = 'do you realize? / can you see?'. It recurs through the chapter as Haffner and Erdosain press their points."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of da (darse cuenta = 'to realize')","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize","note":"darse cuenta = 'to realize', literally 'to give oneself account'."},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":149,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p49-s3","source":"Simultáneamente, treinta o cuarenta hombres pueden destruir el ejército y dejar que las masas proletarias hagan la revolución...","translation":"Simultaneously, thirty or forty men could destroy the army and let the proletarian masses make the revolution...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p49-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dejar que... hagan","title":"«dejar que» + subjunctive","body":"«dejar que» ('to let / allow that') governs the subjunctive when the subject changes: «dejar que las masas hagan la revolución» = 'let the masses make the revolution'. «Hagan» is the present subjunctive of «hacer»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Simultáneamente","lemma":"simultáneamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies destruir","gloss":"Simultaneously"},{"surface":"treinta","lemma":"treinta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"coordinated with cuarenta (quantifies hombres)","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"cuarenta","lemma":"cuarenta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies hombres","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of destruir","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"pueden","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of destruir","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"destruir","lemma":"destruir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ejército","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ejército","lemma":"ejército","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of destruir","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dejar","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with destruir","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hagan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of masas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"masas","lemma":"masa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of hagan","gloss":"masses"},{"surface":"proletarias","lemma":"proletaria","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies masas","gloss":"proletarian"},{"surface":"hagan","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of dejar","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of revolución","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"revolución","lemma":"revolución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hagan","gloss":"revolution"}]},{"number":150,"label":"50","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p50-s1","source":"–El Astrólogo lo admira mucho a usted.","translation":"\"The Astrologer admires you a great deal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p50-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo admira... a usted","title":"Redundant object pronoun","body":"«lo admira mucho a usted» doubles the object: the pronoun «lo» plus the full «a usted». This redundancy is normal in Spanish and adds emphasis — 'it's you he admires'. The «a» before a person is the personal «a»."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of admira","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of admira","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"admira","lemma":"admirar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admires"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies admira","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"clitic-doubling of lo, clarifies usted","gloss":"to","note":"'a usted' restates the clitic 'lo' for clarity/emphasis with formal usted; not a separate translated word."},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"in apposition to lo (clarifies the object)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":151,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p50-s2","source":"Siempre me ha hablado de usted como de un individuo que tiene grandes posibilidades de éxito.","translation":"He's always spoken to me of you as a man with great prospects of success.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p50-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablado","gloss":"Always"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hablado","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hablado","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hablado","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"oblique complement of hablado (object of de)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase (as), modifies hablado","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking individuo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of individuo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"individuo","lemma":"individuo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hablado","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause (modifies individuo)","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies posibilidades","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"posibilidades","lemma":"posibilidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"prospects"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éxito","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"éxito","lemma":"éxito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies posibilidades","gloss":"success"}]},{"number":152,"label":"51","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p51-s1","source":"Erdosain sonrió halagado.","translation":"Erdosain smiled, flattered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p51-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sonrió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sonrió","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"halagado","lemma":"halagado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjective, modifies Erdosain (describes his state)","gloss":"flattered"}]},{"number":153,"label":"52","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p52-s1","source":"–Sí, algo estudia uno para destruir esta sociedad.","translation":"\"Yes, one does study a bit toward destroying this society.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p52-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"uno","title":"«uno» as an impersonal 'one'","body":"«uno» ('one') is an impersonal subject that often veils a modest 'I': «algo estudia uno» = 'one does study a little' really means 'I do study'. Spanish uses «uno» to make a personal claim sound general and self-deprecating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirmative interjection, independent of the clause","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of estudia (fronted for emphasis)","gloss":"a bit"},{"surface":"estudia","lemma":"estudiar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"studies"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estudia","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of destruir","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"destruir","lemma":"destruir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive, modifies estudia","gloss":"destroying"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of destruir","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":154,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p52-s2","source":"Pero volviendo a lo de antes: lo que yo no concibo es su posición respecto a nosotros...","translation":"But going back to what we were on before: what I can't conceive is your position with regard to us...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p52-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo de antes / lo que","title":"Neuter «lo» for the abstract","body":"Neuter «lo» nominalizes the abstract: «lo de antes» = 'the earlier matter / what we said before', and «lo que yo no concibo» = 'the thing that I can't conceive'. Spanish uses «lo» where there's no specific noun, just an idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"volviendo","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial gerund phrase ('returning to...'), modifies the sentence","gloss":"going back"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of a (forms 'lo de antes' = 'that from before')","gloss":"that","note":"lo de antes = 'that from before', idiom for 'what we discussed earlier'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antes (modifies lo)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of de, modifies lo (de antes = 'from before')","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"forms relative 'lo que' with que; subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of concibo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of concibo","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies concibo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"concibo","lemma":"concebir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of relative clause 'lo que...concibo' (subject of es)","gloss":"conceive"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to posición","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of posición","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"posición","lemma":"posición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of es","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"respecto","lemma":"respecto","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the idiom 'respecto a' ('with regard to'), modifies posición","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase respecto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"nosotros","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"object of respecto a, modifies posición","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":155,"label":"53","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p53-s1","source":"Haffner se volvió rápidamente, midió de una mirada a Erdosain como extrañado de los términos de éste, y luego, sonriendo burlonamente, agregó:","translation":"Haffner turned quickly, sized up Erdosain with a single glance as if puzzled by his wording, and then, smiling mockingly, added:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p53-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"midió de una mirada","title":"«medir de una mirada» — to size up","body":"«medir» literally 'to measure'; «medir de una mirada» = 'to take someone's measure with one look', to size them up. «De éste» refers back to Erdosain — «éste» ('this one / the latter') stands in for the most recently named person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of volvió","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvió","gloss":"himself","note":"volverse = 'to turn around' (reflexive verb)."},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"rápidamente","lemma":"rápidamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volvió","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"midió","lemma":"medir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with volvió (second main verb)","gloss":"sized up"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of midió","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of midió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of extrañado","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"extrañado","lemma":"extrañado","morphology":"adjective (past participle), masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjective (elliptical clause with como), describes Haffner","gloss":"puzzled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking términos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of términos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"términos","lemma":"término","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, complement of extrañado","gloss":"wording"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éste","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, possessor modifying términos","gloss":"his","note":"éste ('this one') refers to Erdosain; rendered as 'his' in translation."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on agregó","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"burlonamente","lemma":"burlonamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"agregó","lemma":"agregar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with volvió","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":156,"label":"54","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s1","source":"–Yo no estoy en ninguna posición.","translation":"\"I'm not in any position.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of estoy","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estoy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to posición","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking posición","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ninguna","lemma":"ninguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of posición","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"posición","lemma":"posición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en, predicate complement of estoy","gloss":"position"}]},{"number":157,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s2","source":"Entiéndame bien.","translation":"Understand me well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Entiéndame","lemma":"entender","morphology":"verb, imperative, formal (usted) + attached direct-object pronoun me","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative)","gloss":"Understand me","note":"A formal command (entienda) with the object pronoun me fused onto it: 'Understand me.'"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Entiéndame","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":158,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s3","source":"A mí no me perjudica ayudar al Astrólogo.","translation":"It does me no harm to help the Astrologer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"A mí no me perjudica","title":"Emphatic «a mí» plus «me»","body":"«A mí no me perjudica» doubles the pronoun for emphasis: the stressed «a mí» ('me') plus the obligatory «me». «Perjudicar» ('to harm') works like «gustar», with the harmful thing as subject: 'helping the Astrologer doesn't harm me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"emphatic doubling of me (indirect object of perjudica)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perjudica","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of perjudica","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"perjudica","lemma":"perjudicar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"harms"},{"surface":"ayudar","lemma":"ayudar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause, subject of perjudica","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of ayudar","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":159,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s4","source":"Lo demás, sus teorías, las tomo a cuenta de conversación.","translation":"The rest, his theories, I take as so much conversation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a cuenta de conversación","title":"«a cuenta de conversación»","body":"«tomar algo a cuenta de conversación» means to treat something as mere talk, not to be taken seriously — 'I take it as just so much chatter'. Haffner shrugs off the Astrologer's grand theories as idle conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of demás","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"demás","lemma":"demás","morphology":"pronoun, invariable","role":"fronted topic, in apposition with teorías (resumed by las)","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of teorías","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"teorías","lemma":"teoría","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"fronted topic, resumed by las (object of tomo)","gloss":"theories"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tomo (refers to teorías)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"tomo","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'a cuenta de' ('as/for'), modifies tomo","gloss":"as","note":"tomar algo a cuenta de = 'to take something as/for' (idiom)."},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun","role":"part of idiom 'a cuenta de'","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'a cuenta de', preposition marking conversación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"conversación","lemma":"conversación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de (a cuenta de conversación), modifies tomo","gloss":"conversation"}]},{"number":160,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s5","source":"El es para mí un amigo que piensa instalar un negocio, previsto y tolerado por nuestras leyes.","translation":"He is for me a friend who means to set up a business, one foreseen and tolerated by our laws.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"piensa instalar","title":"«pensar» + infinitive — to intend","body":"«pensar» plus an infinitive means 'to intend / plan to': «piensa instalar un negocio» = 'he means to set up a business'. (Followed by «en» plus a noun, «pensar» instead means 'to think about'.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"He","note":"Printed without the accent in the source; this is 'él' (he), not the article 'el' (the)."},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula, links subject to amigo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of es","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amigo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of es","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of piensa","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause, modifies amigo","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"instalar","lemma":"instalar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of piensa","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of negocio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"negocio","lemma":"negocio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of instalar","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"previsto","lemma":"previsto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies negocio","gloss":"foreseen"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tolerado","lemma":"tolerado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with previsto","gloss":"tolerated"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leyes","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"nuestras","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of leyes","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"leyes","lemma":"ley","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"agent of tolerado (object of por)","gloss":"laws"}]},{"number":161,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s6","source":"Eso es todo.","translation":"That's all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to todo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, complement of es","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":162,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s7","source":"Ahora, que el dinero que él gane con ese negocio lo invierta en una sociedad secreta o en un convento de monjas, personalmente no me interesa.","translation":"Now, whether he invests the money he earns from that business in a secret society or in a convent of nuns, personally doesn't interest me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p54-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que... gane / lo invierta","title":"Subjunctive for 'whether'","body":"Both «gane» and «invierta» are present subjunctives. «El dinero que él gane» = 'whatever money he earns' (unspecified), and the fronted «que... lo invierta... no me interesa» = 'whether he invests it... doesn't interest me'. The subjunctive marks both as hypothetical and indifferent to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb, modifies interesa","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of invierta","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of invierta","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gane","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of gane","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gane","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying dinero","gloss":"earns"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking negocio","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of negocio","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"negocio","lemma":"negocio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gane","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of invierta","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"invierta","lemma":"invertir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the subject clause 'que...invierta' (subject of interesa)","gloss":"invests"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of invierta","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"secreta","lemma":"secreto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking convenio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of convenio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"convento","lemma":"convento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of invierta (coordinated with sociedad)","gloss":"convent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking monjas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"monjas","lemma":"monja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies convenio","gloss":"nuns"},{"surface":"personalmente","lemma":"personalmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesa","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interesa","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"interesa","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interest"}]},{"number":163,"label":"55","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p55-s1","source":"Ya ve usted entonces que mi actuación en la famosa sociedad no puede ser más inocente.","translation":"So you see, then, that my part in the famous society couldn't be more innocent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p55-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no puede ser más inocente","title":"«no... más» as a superlative","body":"«no puede ser más inocente» = 'it couldn't be more innocent', i.e. it is utterly innocent. The structure «no + verb + más + adjective» is an idiomatic superlative — the opposite of what the literal 'cannot be more' might first suggest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ve","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"ve","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of ve","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ve","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inocente","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mi","lemma":"mi","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of actuación","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"actuación","lemma":"actuación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of puede ser inocente (predicate clause)","gloss":"part","note":"actuación literally means 'actions/conduct'; the translation renders it as 'part'."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"famosa","lemma":"famoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en, modifies actuación","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inocente","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to inocente","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inocente","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"inocente","lemma":"inocente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of ser","gloss":"innocent"}]},{"number":164,"label":"56","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p56-s1","source":"–¿Y a usted le resulta lógico pensar que una sociedad revolucionaria se base en la explotación del vicio de la mujer?","translation":"\"And does it seem logical to you to think that a revolutionary society would be founded on the exploitation of woman's vice?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p56-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le resulta lógico","title":"«resultar» — to come across as","body":"«resultar» here means 'to turn out / come across as' and works like «gustar»: «a usted le resulta lógico» = literally 'to you it comes across as logical' = 'does it seem logical to you'. «Que... se base» takes the subjunctive after this evaluation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse connector (And), links to prior dialogue","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"emphatic doubling of le (indirect object of resulta)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of resulta","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"resulta","lemma":"resultar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"lógico","lemma":"lógico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of resulta","gloss":"logical"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause, subject of resulta","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of base","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of base","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"revolucionaria","lemma":"revolucionario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"revolutionary"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of base","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"base","lemma":"basar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensar","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking explotación","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of explotación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"explotación","lemma":"explotación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of base","gloss":"exploitation"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vicio","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vicio","lemma":"vicio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies explotación","gloss":"vice"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vicio","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":165,"label":"57","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p57-s1","source":"El Rufián frunció los labios.","translation":"The Ruffian pursed his lips.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p57-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of frunció","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"frunció","lemma":"fruncir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pursed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article (not a possessive) with body parts; 'los labios' = 'his lips' here."},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of frunció","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":166,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p57-s2","source":"Luego, mirando de reojo a Erdosain, se explicó:","translation":"Then, eyeing Erdosain sidelong, he explained himself:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p57-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de reojo","title":"«de reojo» — out of the corner of one's eye","body":"«mirar de reojo» means to look sidelong, out of the corner of the eye — often warily or with suspicion. «Mirando de reojo a Erdosain» = 'eyeing Erdosain sidelong'. The look matches Haffner's guarded, mocking manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies explicó","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"mirando","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on explicó","gloss":"eyeing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reojo","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"reojo","lemma":"reojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mirando","gloss":"sidelong","note":"de reojo = 'out of the corner of the eye', idiom for a sidelong/furtive glance."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of mirando","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of explicó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"explicó","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"}]},{"number":167,"label":"58","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s1","source":"–Lo que usted dice no tiene sentido.","translation":"\"What you say makes no sense.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"forms relative 'lo que' with que; subject of tiene","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dice","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of dice","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dice","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of relative clause 'lo que...dice' (subject of tiene)","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"sentido","lemma":"sentido","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"sense"}]},{"number":168,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s2","source":"La sociedad actual se basa en la explotación del hombre, de la mujer y del niño.","translation":"Present-day society is founded on the exploitation of man, woman, and child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"actual","title":"«actual» — present, current (false friend)","body":"«actual» means 'present-day / current', not English 'actual'. «La sociedad actual» = 'present-day society'. A classic false friend: for English 'actual', Spanish would say «real» or «verdadero»."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of basa","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"actual","lemma":"actual","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"present-day","note":"'Actual' is a false friend here — it means 'current/present-day,' not 'actual/real.'"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of basa","gloss":"itself","note":"Passive-reflexive 'se'; 'se basa' = 'is based/founded,' not literally 'bases itself.'"},{"surface":"basa","lemma":"basar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is founded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking explotación","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of explotación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"explotación","lemma":"explotación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of basa","gloss":"exploitation"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies explotación","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with hombre","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking niño","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"niño","lemma":"niño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with mujer","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":169,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s3","source":"Vaya, si quiere tener conciencia de lo que es la explotación capitalista, a las fundiciones de hierro de Avellaneda, a los frigoríficos y a las fábricas de vidrio, manufacturas de fósforos y de trabajo.","translation":"Go, if you want to grasp what capitalist exploitation is, to the ironworks of Avellaneda, to the meatpacking plants and the glassworks, the match factories and the labor mills.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vaya","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quiere","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Vaya","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quiere","gloss":"to grasp","note":"Idiom 'tener conciencia de' = 'to be aware of'; rendered here as 'grasp.'"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"awareness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of es","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"combines with que in the relative pronoun lo que, subject of es","gloss":"what","note":"'Lo que' together is the relative pronoun 'what.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"combines with lo, subject of es","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to explotación","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of explotación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"explotación","lemma":"explotación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"exploitation"},{"surface":"capitalista","lemma":"capitalista","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies explotación","gloss":"capitalist"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fundiciones","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fundiciones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fundiciones","lemma":"fundición","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Vaya","gloss":"foundries"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hierro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hierro","lemma":"hierro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fundiciones","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Avellaneda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Avellaneda","lemma":"Avellaneda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies fundiciones","gloss":"Avellaneda"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frigoríficos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of frigoríficos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frigoríficos","lemma":"frigorífico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with fundiciones","gloss":"meatpacking plants"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fábricas","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fábricas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fábricas","lemma":"fábrica","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with frigoríficos","gloss":"factories"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vidrio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vidrio","lemma":"vidrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fábricas","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"manufacturas","lemma":"manufactura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with fundiciones","gloss":"factories"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fósforos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fósforos","lemma":"fósforo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies manufacturas","gloss":"matches"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with fósforos","gloss":"labor"}]},{"number":170,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s4","source":"–Reía desagradablemente al decir estas cosas–.","translation":"—He laughed unpleasantly as he said these things—.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al decir","title":"«al» + infinitive — as he said","body":"«al decir estas cosas» = 'on saying / as he said these things'. «Al» plus an infinitive compresses a clause of time into two words — the same construction that opens the novel («Al abrir la puerta...»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reía","lemma":"reír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He laughed"},{"surface":"desagradablemente","lemma":"desagradablemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Reía","gloss":"unpleasantly"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking decir","gloss":"as","note":"'Al' + infinitive = 'upon/while doing something.'"},{"surface":"decir","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on Reía","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of decir","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":171,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s5","source":"Nosotros, los hombres del ambiente, tenemos a una, a dos mujeres; ellos, los industriales, a una multitud de seres humanos.","translation":"We, the men of this world, have one woman, two; they, the industrialists, have a multitude of human beings.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of tenemos","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Nosotros","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambiente","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ambiente","lemma":"ambiente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"world","note":"'Ambiente' (lit. 'environment/milieu') is rendered 'this world' — one's social circle, not literal surroundings."},{"surface":"tenemos","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking una","gloss":"marks object","note":"Personal 'a' — marks a human direct object; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenemos","gloss":"one","note":"Elliptical for 'una mujer' — 'one [woman].'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"marks object"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mujeres","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with una","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"subject of an elided tienen (parallel to tenemos)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of industriales","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"industriales","lemma":"industrial","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to ellos","gloss":"industrialists"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking multitud","gloss":"marks object"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multitud","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"multitud","lemma":"multitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided tienen (parallel to tenemos)","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking seres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"seres","lemma":"ser","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"beings"},{"surface":"humanos","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies seres","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":172,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s6","source":"¿Cómo hay que llamarles a esos hombres?","translation":"What are we to call those men?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of llamarles","gloss":"how","note":"Literally 'how'; English idiomatically says 'what' when asking what to call someone."},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must","note":"'Hay que' + infinitive = impersonal 'one must/it is necessary to.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement llamarles (hay que construction)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"llamarles","lemma":"llamar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hay que","gloss":"to call them"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"marks object"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of llamarles","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":173,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s7","source":"¿Y quién es más desalmado, el dueño de un prostíbulo o la sociedad de accionistas de una empresa?","translation":"And who is more heartless, the owner of a brothel or the body of shareholders of a company?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desalmado","title":"«desalmado» — soulless, heartless","body":"«desalmado» literally 'un-souled' (des- + «alma», 'soul') means heartless, cruel, soulless. «¿Quién es más desalmado?» = 'who is more heartless?'. Haffner turns the moral charge back on the respectable shareholder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies es","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"quién","lemma":"quién","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of desalmado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to desalmado","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desalmado","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"desalmado","lemma":"desalmado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heartless"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dueño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dueño","lemma":"dueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to quién","gloss":"owner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostíbulo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dueño","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sociedad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with dueño","gloss":"body","note":"'Sociedad' here means a business association/company ('body of shareholders'), not 'society' — false friend risk."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking accionistas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"accionistas","lemma":"accionista","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"shareholders"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking empresa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of empresa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"empresa","lemma":"empresa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"company"}]},{"number":174,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s8","source":"Y sin ir más lejos, ¿no le exigían a usted que fuera honrado con un sueldo de cien pesos y llevando diez mil en la cartera?","translation":"And without going any further, didn't they demand that you be honest on a salary of a hundred pesos while you carried ten thousand in your bag?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p58-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"exigían que fuera","title":"«exigir que» + subjunctive","body":"Verbs of demanding govern the subjunctive in the dependent clause: «exigían que fuera honrado» = 'they demanded that you be honest'. «Fuera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «ser», matching the past «exigían». The jab lands on Erdosain's own embezzlement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies exigían","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ir","gloss":"without","note":"'Sin ir más lejos' is an idiom, lit. 'without going further,' used to mean 'to give an immediate example'; here rendered literally as 'without going any further.'"},{"surface":"ir","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on exigían","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lejos","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"lejos","lemma":"lejos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ir","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies exigían","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of exigían","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"exigían","lemma":"exigir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"indirect object of exigían","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of honrado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to honrado","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"honrado","lemma":"honrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"honest","note":"'Honrado' means 'honest/upright' as an adjective here, not 'honored' — false friend risk."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies honrado","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sueldo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sueldo","lemma":"sueldo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies honrado","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pesos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cien","lemma":"cien","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sueldo","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"llevando","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"coordinated with honrado","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"diez","lemma":"diez","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mil","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral","role":"direct object of llevando","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cartera","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cartera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cartera","lemma":"cartera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevando","gloss":"bag"}]},{"number":175,"label":"59","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p59-s1","source":"–Tiene razón... pero, entonces, usted ¿por qué me facilitó el dinero?","translation":"\"You're right... but then, why did you lend me the money?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p59-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tener razón","title":"«tener razón» — to be right","body":"«tener razón» literally 'to have reason' is the idiom for 'to be right'. «Tiene razón» = 'you're right'. Note Spanish uses «tener» ('to have') where English uses 'to be' for many states — right, hungry, cold, years old."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You have","note":"Idiom 'tener razón' = 'to be right.'"},{"surface":"razón","lemma":"razón","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tiene","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies facilitó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of facilitó","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of facilitó","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of facilitó","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"facilitó","lemma":"facilitar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Tiene","gloss":"lend"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of facilitó","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":176,"label":"60","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p60-s1","source":"–Eso es harina de otro costal.","translation":"\"That's a horse of a different color.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p60-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"harina de otro costal","title":"«harina de otro costal» — a different matter","body":"«ser harina de otro costal» literally 'to be flour from another sack' is a set idiom for 'that's a completely different matter / another story'. Haffner deflects the awkward question of why he gave Erdosain the money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of harina","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to harina","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"harina","lemma":"harina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"flour","note":"Idiom 'harina de otro costal' (lit. 'flour from another sack') = 'a different matter entirely,' rendered here as 'a horse of a different color.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking costal","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of costal","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"costal","lemma":"costal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies harina","gloss":"sack"}]},{"number":177,"label":"61","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p61-s1","source":"–Pero a mí eso me preocupa.","translation":"\"But that worries me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p61-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies preocupa","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mí","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of preocupa","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of preocupa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of preocupa","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"preocupa","lemma":"preocupar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worries"}]},{"number":178,"label":"62","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p62-s1","source":"–Bueno, hasta la vista.","translation":"\"Well, so long.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p62-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hasta la vista","title":"hasta la vista — so long","body":"«hasta la vista» is the everyday goodbye, literally 'until the seeing': you part expecting to meet again. Haffner drops it and walks off. (Earlier printings of this text carried the line mis-segmented as «has tal a vista» — the same letters, split in the wrong places.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse opener","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the farewell phrase","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"article, definite, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vista","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vista","lemma":"vista","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of hasta","gloss":"sight, seeing"}]},{"number":179,"label":"63","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s1","source":"Y antes de que Erdosain pudiera contestarle, el Rufián tomó por una diagonal arbolada.","translation":"And before Erdosain could answer him, the Ruffian set off down a tree-lined diagonal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"antes de que pudiera","title":"Subjunctive after «antes de que»","body":"«antes de que» ('before') always takes the subjunctive: «antes de que Erdosain pudiera contestarle» = 'before Erdosain could answer him'. «Pudiera» is the imperfect subjunctive of «poder»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies tomó","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tomó","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of contestarle","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of contestarle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of contestarle","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"pudiera","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of contestarle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"contestarle","lemma":"contestar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pudiera","gloss":"answer him"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tomó","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"tomó","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took","note":"'Tomar por' = 'to head down/take (a route).'"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diagonal","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of diagonal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"diagonal","lemma":"diagonal","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tomó","gloss":"diagonal","note":"A 'diagonal' is a diagonal avenue, a common feature of Buenos Aires's street grid."},{"surface":"arbolada","lemma":"arbolado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies diagonal","gloss":"tree-lined"}]},{"number":180,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s2","source":"Andaba apresuradamente.","translation":"He was walking hurriedly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Andaba","lemma":"andar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was walking"},{"surface":"apresuradamente","lemma":"apresuradamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Andaba","gloss":"hurriedly"}]},{"number":181,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s3","source":"Erdosain le miró un instante, luego echó a caminar tras él, y le alcanzó junto a una quinta.","translation":"Erdosain looked at him for an instant, then set off walking after him, and caught up with him beside a country house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"echó a caminar","title":"«echar a» + infinitive — to start","body":"«echar a» plus an infinitive of motion means 'to start / break into (an action)': «echó a caminar» = 'he set off walking', «echar a correr» = 'to break into a run'. It stresses the sudden beginning of the movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: 'le' used for the direct object (standard would be 'lo')."},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies echó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"echó","lemma":"echar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miró","gloss":"set off","note":"'Echar a' + infinitive = 'to start/set off doing something.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of caminar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"caminar","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of echó","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"tras","lemma":"tras","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of echó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of alcanzó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"alcanzó","lemma":"alcanzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with echó","gloss":"caught up with"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"forms the compound preposition junto a","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of quinta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"quinta","lemma":"quinta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of alcanzó","gloss":"country house"}]},{"number":182,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s4","source":"Haffner se volvió irritado, y ya estridente exclamó:","translation":"Haffner turned, irritated, and now shrill he exclaimed:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p63-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of volvió","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"irritado","lemma":"irritado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Haffner","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estridente","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"estridente","lemma":"estridente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject Haffner","gloss":"shrill"},{"surface":"exclamó","lemma":"exclamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with volvió","gloss":"exclaimed"}]},{"number":183,"label":"64","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s1","source":"–¿Se puede saber qué es lo que quiere usted de mí?...–¿Lo que quiero?...","translation":"\"May one know what it is you want from me?...\" \"What I want?...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Se puede saber...?","title":"Impersonal «se puede saber»","body":"«¿Se puede saber...?» literally 'can it be known...?' is an impersonal, often impatient way to demand 'may one know / would you mind telling me'. The impersonal «se» avoids naming who; the irritation is carried by the phrase itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of saber","gloss":"one","note":"Impersonal 'se' — 'se puede saber' = 'can one know/is it possible to know.'"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of saber","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"saber","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of saber","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"combines with que in the relative pronoun lo que","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of quiere","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of quiere","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mí?","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"mí?","lemma":"mí","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of quiere","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"–¿Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying –¿Lo","gloss":"I want"}]},{"number":184,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s2","source":"Quiero decirle esto: Que no le agradezco absolutamente nada el dinero que me ha dado.","translation":"I want to tell you this: that I don't thank you in the least for the money you've given me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no... absolutamente nada","title":"Reinforced negation","body":"«no le agradezco absolutamente nada» = 'I thank you for absolutely nothing'. Spanish piles up the negators — «no» before the verb, «absolutamente nada» after — to intensify, where English would soften to a single negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"decirle","lemma":"decir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Quiero","gloss":"to tell you"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of decirle","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of agradezco","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies agradezco","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of agradezco","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"agradezco","lemma":"agradecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"in apposition to esto","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"absolutamente","lemma":"absolutamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"modifies agradezco","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of agradezco","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dado","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of dado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dado","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying dinero","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":185,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s3","source":"¿Sabe?","translation":"You understand?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You understand"}]},{"number":186,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s4","source":"¿Quiere el cheque?","translation":"Do you want the check?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do you want"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cheque","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cheque","lemma":"cheque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Quiere","gloss":"check"}]},{"number":187,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s5","source":"Aquí lo tiene.","translation":"Here it is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p64-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aquí lo tiene","title":"«aquí lo tiene» — here it is","body":"«aquí lo tiene» literally 'here you have it' is the idiomatic way to hand something over — 'here it is / here you go'. The «lo» refers to «el cheque» ('the check'); Erdosain is thrusting it back at Haffner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aquí","lemma":"aquí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":188,"label":"65","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p65-s1","source":"Y, efectivamente, se lo alcanzaba, pero el Rufián lo examinó esta vez despectivamente:","translation":"And indeed he was holding it out to him, but the Ruffian examined it this time with contempt:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p65-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se lo alcanzaba","title":"«se lo» — to him + it","body":"«se lo alcanzaba» = 'he was holding it out to him'. «Se» stands for the indirect object (to Haffner, where «le» becomes «se» before «lo»), and «lo» for the check. «Alcanzar» here means 'to hand / pass over', not 'to reach'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies alcanzaba","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"efectivamente","lemma":"efectivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alcanzaba","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of alcanzaba","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of alcanzaba","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"alcanzaba","lemma":"alcanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was handing"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of examinó","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"examinó","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with alcanzaba","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of examinó","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"despectivamente","lemma":"despectivamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies examinó","gloss":"with contempt"}]},{"number":189,"label":"66","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p66-s1","source":"–No sea ridículo, ¿quiere?","translation":"\"Don't be ridiculous, will you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p66-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No sea","title":"Negative formal command","body":"«No sea ridículo» is a negative formal («usted») command of «ser»: 'don't be ridiculous'. Negative commands take the subjunctive form («sea»). The tacked-on «¿quiere?» ('will you?') softens the order into an impatient request."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ridículo","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"sea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ridículo","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ridículo","lemma":"ridículo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"quiere","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the tag question ¿quiere?","gloss":"will you"}]},{"number":190,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p66-s2","source":"Vaya y pague.","translation":"Go and pay.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p66-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vaya y pague","title":"Irregular formal commands","body":"«Vaya» (from «ir») and «pague» (from «pagar») are formal imperatives. «Vaya» is irregular; «pague» takes a «u» to keep the hard «g» sound before «e». Together: 'go and pay' — Haffner dismisses Erdosain's gesture and tells him to settle his theft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vaya","lemma":"ir","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pague","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, imperative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Vaya","gloss":"pay"}]},{"number":191,"label":"67","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s1","source":"Los alambrados ondularon ante los ojos de Erdosain.","translation":"The wire fences rippled before Erdosain's eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of alambrados","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"alambrados","lemma":"alambrado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ondularon","gloss":"wire fences"},{"surface":"ondularon","lemma":"ondular","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rippled"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ojos","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ondularon","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":192,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s2","source":"Sufría visiblemente, porque palideció hasta quedar amarillo.","translation":"He was visibly suffering, for he turned pale until he went yellow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sufría / palideció","title":"Imperfect and preterite together","body":"«Sufría» (imperfect) gives the ongoing state — 'he was suffering' — while «palideció» (preterite) marks the single, completed change of going pale. Pairing the two tenses lets Arlt show a lasting condition and the sharp event inside it at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sufría","lemma":"sufrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was suffering"},{"surface":"visiblemente","lemma":"visiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Sufría","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of palideció","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"palideció","lemma":"palidecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Sufría","gloss":"turned pale"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of quedar","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"quedar","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on palideció","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"amarillo","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies quedar","gloss":"yellow"}]},{"number":193,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s3","source":"Se apoyó en un poste, creía que iba a vomitar.","translation":"He leaned against a post, thinking he was going to be sick.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iba a vomitar","title":"«ir a» + infinitive in the past","body":"«ir a» + infinitive is the 'going to' future; in the imperfect («iba a vomitar») it becomes 'was going to be sick' — an action seen as imminent from a point in the past. «Creía» (imperfect) sets the ongoing belief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apoyó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"apoyó","lemma":"apoyar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poste","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poste","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poste","lemma":"poste","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apoyó","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on apoyó","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vomitar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vomitar","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vomitar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vomitar","lemma":"vomitar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of iba","gloss":"be sick"}]},{"number":194,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s4","source":"Haffner, detenido ante él, le preguntó condescendiente:","translation":"Haffner, halted before him, asked him condescendingly:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p67-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntó","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"detenido","lemma":"detenido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Haffner","gloss":"halted"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detenido","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of preguntó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"condescendiente","lemma":"condescendiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject Haffner","gloss":"condescendingly"}]},{"number":195,"label":"68","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p68-s1","source":"–¿Se le pasa el mareo?","translation":"\"Is the dizziness passing?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p68-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se le pasa","title":"«pasársele algo a alguien»","body":"«¿Se le pasa el mareo?» = 'is the dizziness passing (for you)?'. The «se» presents the dizziness as fading on its own, and «le» marks the person it's happening to. «Mareo» = dizziness, queasiness, seasickness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pasa","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pasa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pasa","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mareo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mareo","lemma":"mareo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pasa","gloss":"dizziness"}]},{"number":196,"label":"69","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p69-s1","source":"–Sí... un poco...","translation":"\"Yes... a little...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p69-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Sí","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase un","gloss":"little"}]},{"number":197,"label":"70","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p70-s1","source":"–Usted está mal... tiene que hacerse ver...","translation":"\"You're in a bad way... you have to get yourself looked at...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p70-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hacerse ver","title":"«hacerse ver» — to get checked out","body":"«hacerse ver» (literally 'to make oneself be seen') idiomatically means 'to get oneself examined' by a doctor. The reflexive «se» plus the causative «hacer» casts the subject as both the one arranging it and the one undergoing it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of mal","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mal","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in a bad way"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement hacerse (tiene que idiom)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacerse","lemma":"hacer él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tiene","gloss":"get yourself","note":"'Hacerse ver' = 'to get oneself looked at/examined' (idiom)."},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacerse","gloss":"looked at"}]},{"number":198,"label":"71","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p71-s1","source":"Caminaron unos pasos en silencio.","translation":"They walked a few steps in silence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p71-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Caminaron","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they walked"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pasos","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"pasos","lemma":"paso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Caminaron","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio, modifying Caminaron","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, modifying Caminaron","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":199,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p71-s2","source":"Como el exceso de luz le molestaba a Erdosain, cruzaron la vereda, que estaba en la sombra.","translation":"Since the excess of light bothered Erdosain, they crossed to the sidewalk, which lay in shadow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p71-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vereda","title":"«vereda» — sidewalk (River Plate)","body":"«vereda» is the standard River Plate (and broadly South American) word for the sidewalk or pavement, where Spain says «acera». «Como» at the start of the sentence here means 'since / because', giving the reason for crossing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of molestaba","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of exceso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"exceso","lemma":"exceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of molestaba","gloss":"excess"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies exceso","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative experiencer) of molestaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"molestaba","lemma":"molestar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by Como, modifying cruzaron","gloss":"bothered"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to le, indirect object of molestaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"cruzaron","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they crossed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vereda","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereda","lemma":"vereda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cruzaron","gloss":"sidewalk"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying vereda","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"shadow"}]},{"number":200,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p71-s3","source":"Llegaron así hasta la estación del ferrocarril.","translation":"Thus they reached the railway station.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p71-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Llegaron","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they reached"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Llegaron","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estación","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estación","lemma":"estación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Llegaron","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ferrocarril","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ferrocarril","lemma":"ferrocarril","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies estación","gloss":"railway"}]},{"number":201,"label":"72","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p72-s1","source":"Haffner caminaba lentamente por el andén.","translation":"Haffner walked slowly along the platform.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p72-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of caminaba","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"lentamente","lemma":"lentamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caminaba","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking andén","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of andén","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andén","lemma":"andén","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"platform"}]},{"number":202,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p72-s2","source":"De pronto se volvió a Erdosain:","translation":"Suddenly he turned to Erdosain:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p72-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"De pronto","title":"«de pronto» — suddenly","body":"«de pronto» means 'suddenly, all at once'. It marks an abrupt turn, here Haffner wheeling round to confront Erdosain with his next, ghastly memory. (In some regions «de pronto» can also mean 'maybe', but here it's clearly 'suddenly'.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the idiom De pronto, modifying volvió","gloss":"suddenly","note":"'De pronto' is a fixed idiom meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase De pronto","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of volvió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of volvió","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":203,"label":"73","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p73-s1","source":"–¿Nunca le ha ocurrido a usted tener antojos crueles acerca de las personas?","translation":"\"Has it never happened to you to have cruel cravings about people?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p73-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"antojos","title":"«antojo» — a craving, a whim","body":"«antojo» is a sudden craving, urge, or whim (the kind pregnant women are said to have). «Antojos crueles acerca de las personas» = 'cruel cravings about people'. The word makes Haffner's sadistic impulses sound like an appetite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nunca","lemma":"nunca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ocurrido","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object (dative experiencer) of ocurrido","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ha","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ocurrido","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ocurrido","lemma":"ocurrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"in apposition to le, indirect object of ocurrido","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"subject clause of ocurrido","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"antojos","lemma":"antojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"cravings"},{"surface":"crueles","lemma":"cruel","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies antojos","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"acerca","lemma":"acerca","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition acerca de, modifying antojos","gloss":"about","note":"'Acerca de' is a compound preposition meaning 'about.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase acerca de","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of personas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"personas","lemma":"persona","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of acerca de, modifying antojos","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":204,"label":"74","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p74-s1","source":"–Sí, a veces...","translation":"\"Yes, sometimes...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p74-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase a veces","gloss":"sometimes","note":"'A veces' is an idiom meaning 'sometimes.'"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase a veces","gloss":"sometimes"}]},{"number":205,"label":"75","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p75-s1","source":"–Qué raro... porque ahora estaba recordando la manía que tuve un tiempo de inducir a la prostitución a una muchacha que estaba ciega...","translation":"\"How strange... because just now I was recalling the obsession I had for a time, of driving into prostitution a girl who was blind...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p75-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la manía que tuve","title":"Preterite «tuve» for a bounded span","body":"«la manía que tuve un tiempo» = 'the obsession I had for a time'. The preterite «tuve» (from «tener») bounds the obsession as a closed episode — it had a start and end — unlike the imperfect, which would leave it open-ended."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamative intensifier modifying raro (¡Qué raro! = 'how strange', not a determiner+noun construction since raro is an adjective)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"raro","lemma":"raro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of recordando","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordando","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of recordando (progressive)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"recordando","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"gerund forming the progressive with estaba; main verb of the porque-clause","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of manía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manía","lemma":"manía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of recordando","gloss":"obsession"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of tuve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tuve","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying manía","gloss":"I had"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration with tuve","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of inducir, modifying manía","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"inducir","lemma":"inducir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying manía","gloss":"driving"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostitución","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prostitución","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostitución","lemma":"prostitución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of a (goal of inducir)","gloss":"prostitution"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muchacha (personal a, direct object marker)","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacha","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muchacha","lemma":"muchacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of inducir","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ciega","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ciega","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ciega","lemma":"ciego","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying muchacha","gloss":"blind"}]},{"number":206,"label":"76","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p76-s1","source":"–¿Y todavía vive?...","translation":"\"And does she still live?...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p76-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies vive","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"todavía","lemma":"todavía","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vive","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"vive","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":207,"label":"77","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s1","source":"–Sí, ahora está embarazada.","translation":"\"Yes, now she's pregnant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies embarazada","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to embarazada","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"embarazada","lemma":"embarazado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pregnant"}]},{"number":208,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s2","source":"¿Se da cuenta?","translation":"Do you realize?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of da","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize","note":"'Darse cuenta' is an idiom meaning 'to realize' — literally 'to give oneself account.'"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":209,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s3","source":"Una ciega embarazada.","translation":"A blind woman, pregnant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciega","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciega","lemma":"ciego","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"blind woman"},{"surface":"embarazada","lemma":"embarazado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ciega","gloss":"pregnant"}]},{"number":210,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s4","source":"Un día de estos lo voy a llevar.","translation":"One of these days I'll take you there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo voy a llevar","title":"«ir a» future with pronoun","body":"«lo voy a llevar» = 'I'm going to take you'. The near-future «ir a» + infinitive carries the object pronoun «lo» ('you', formal), which may sit before «voy» or attach to the infinitive («voy a llevarlo») — both are correct."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial phrase modifying llevar","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"estos","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies día","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llevar","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of llevar","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of llevar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"llevar","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"}]},{"number":211,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s5","source":"La va a conocer.","translation":"You'll meet her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"conocer","title":"«conocer» — to meet (first time)","body":"«conocer» means to know a person or to meet them for the first time. «La va a conocer» = 'you're going to meet her'. For knowing facts or how to do things, Spanish uses the other verb, «saber»."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of conocer","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of conocer","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of conocer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"conocer","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meet"}]},{"number":212,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s6","source":"Un espectáculo interesante, le prevengo.","translation":"An interesting spectacle, I warn you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espectáculo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"espectáculo","lemma":"espectáculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of an independent exclamatory phrase","gloss":"spectacle"},{"surface":"interesante","lemma":"interesante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies espectáculo","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of prevengo (leísta le)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"prevengo","lemma":"prevenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warn"}]},{"number":213,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s7","source":"¿Se da cuenta?","translation":"Do you realize?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of da","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize","note":"'Darse cuenta' is an idiom meaning 'to realize' — literally 'to give oneself account.'"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":214,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s8","source":"Ciega y preñada.","translation":"Blind and with child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"preñada","title":"«preñada» vs «embarazada»","body":"«preñada» means pregnant, but it's a blunter, more animal word than «embarazada» — used of beasts and, crudely, of women. Having said «embarazada» before, Haffner now drops to «preñada», coarsening the woman into livestock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ciega","lemma":"ciego","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"preñada","lemma":"preñado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ciega","gloss":"with child"}]},{"number":215,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s9","source":"Es mala, siempre anda con agujas en las manos...","translation":"She's wicked, always going about with needles in her hands...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"anda con","title":"«andar» + complement","body":"«andar» ('to go about') often means 'to be (in a state) / go around (doing)': «siempre anda con agujas en las manos» = 'she's always going around with needles in her hands'. «Andar» suggests a habitual, restless condition more than literal walking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mala","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mala","lemma":"malo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anda","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"anda","lemma":"andar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parallel main clause, coordinated with Es","gloss":"goes about"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agujas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"agujas","lemma":"aguja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of anda","gloss":"needles"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of anda","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":216,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s10","source":"Además es golosa como una cerda.","translation":"Besides, she's as greedy as a sow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"golosa","title":"«goloso» — greedy for sweets","body":"«goloso/a» means having a sweet tooth, greedy for treats and food. «Golosa como una cerda» = 'as greedy as a sow'. The animal comparison continues Haffner's reduction of the blind girl to a creature to be exhibited."}],"words":[{"surface":"Además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies golosa","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to golosa","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"golosa","lemma":"goloso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"greedy"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with cerda, modifying golosa","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cerda","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cerda","lemma":"cerda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of golosa","gloss":"sow"}]},{"number":217,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s11","source":"A usted le va a interesar.","translation":"It's going to interest you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p77-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"fronted for emphasis, in apposition to le, indirect object of interesar","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of interesar","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of interesar","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of interesar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"interesar","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interest"}]},{"number":218,"label":"78","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p78-s1","source":"–Y usted piensa...","translation":"\"And you intend...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p78-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies piensa","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of piensa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"piensa","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"intend"}]},{"number":219,"label":"79","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p79-s1","source":"–Sí, en cuanto el Astrólogo instale el prostíbulo la primera que va a entrar va a ser ella.","translation":"\"Yes, as soon as the Astrologer sets up the brothel, the first to go in is going to be her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p79-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en cuanto instale","title":"«en cuanto» + subjunctive (future)","body":"Pointing to a future event, «en cuanto» takes the subjunctive: «en cuanto el Astrólogo instale el prostíbulo» = 'as soon as the Astrologer sets up the brothel'. «Instale» is the present subjunctive of «instalar», because the setting-up hasn't happened yet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound conjunction en cuanto, introduces the clause of instale","gloss":"as soon as","note":"'En cuanto' is a fixed conjunction meaning 'as soon as.'"},{"surface":"cuanto","lemma":"cuanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase en cuanto","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of instale","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"instale","lemma":"instalar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by en cuanto, modifying the main clause","gloss":"sets up"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prostíbulo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostíbulo","lemma":"prostíbulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of instale","gloss":"brothel"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of primera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the subject phrase, subject of ser","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of entrar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of entrar","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of entrar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"entrar","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying primera","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser (main clause)","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to ella","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":220,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p79-s2","source":"La tendremos escondida: será el plato raro...","translation":"We'll keep her hidden away: she'll be the rare dish...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p79-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"el plato raro","title":"«el plato raro» — the exotic dish","body":"«plato raro» literally 'rare/strange dish' casts the blind, pregnant woman as a curiosity served up to clients — a delicacy on the menu. The grotesque culinary metaphor caps Haffner's monstrous plan."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tendremos","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"tendremos","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll keep"},{"surface":"escondida","lemma":"escondido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"object complement of tendremos, describing La","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"será","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to plato","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of plato","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plato","lemma":"plato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of será","gloss":"dish"},{"surface":"raro","lemma":"raro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies plato","gloss":"rare"}]},{"number":221,"label":"80","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p80-s1","source":"–¿Sabe que usted es más raro que ella?","translation":"\"Do you know you're stranger than she is?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p80-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sabe","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of raro","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of raro","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to raro","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies raro","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"raro","lemma":"raro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Sabe","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ella","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"compared with usted in the que-clause","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":222,"label":"81","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p81-s1","source":"–¿Por?...","translation":"\"Why?...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p81-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"¿Por?","title":"«¿Por?» — clipped 'why'","body":"«¿Por?» is a clipped, colloquial 'why? / how come?', shortened from «¿por qué?». It's casual, even curt — fitting Haffner's flat, unbothered tone here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why","note":"Elliptical for '¿por qué?' ('why?')."}]},{"number":223,"label":"82","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s1","source":"–Porque uno no puede explicárselo a usted.","translation":"\"Because one can't make you out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"explicárselo","title":"Pronouns stacked on the infinitive","body":"«explicárselo» attaches «se» (to you) + «lo» (it) to «explicar»: 'to explain it to you'. With «explicarse» reflexively the sense is 'to make sense of / figure out'. Erdosain means he can't figure Haffner out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explicárselo","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of explicárselo","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies explicárselo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"puede","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of explicárselo","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"explicárselo","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with attached clitics se + lo","role":"complement of puede","gloss":"make out","note":"Explicárselo fuses explicar + se (dative 'to you', from le→se before lo) + lo ('it/him'); a usted repeats the dative for clarity."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"clarifies se, dative complement of explicárselo","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":224,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s2","source":"Mientras que usted me hablaba de la ciega, yo pensaba en lo que me había contado el Astrólogo.","translation":"While you were telling me about the blind girl, I was thinking about what the Astrologer had told me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hablaba / pensaba / había contado","title":"Two imperfects over a pluperfect","body":"«hablaba» and «pensaba» are imperfects running in parallel — two ongoing past actions at once ('while you were telling... I was thinking'). «Había contado» is the pluperfect, an event finished even earlier ('had told'). The tenses layer three moments in time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies pensaba","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Mientras que","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of hablaba","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hablaba","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"hablaba","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parallel clause to Mientras","gloss":"were telling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciega","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciega","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciega","lemma":"ciego","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifying hablaba","gloss":"blind girl"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of pensaba","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of contado","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the relative phrase lo que, object of en","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of contado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of contado","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of contado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"contado","lemma":"contar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause (object of en), modifying lo que","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of contado","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":225,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s3","source":"Que usted tuvo relaciones con una mujer honesta, que el azar llevó a esta mujer honesta a su casa y que usted la respetó.","translation":"That you had a relationship with an honest woman, that chance brought this honest woman to your house, and that you respected her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tuvo / llevó / respetó","title":"A string of preterites for the plot","body":"«tuvo», «llevó», «respetó» are all preterites, narrating completed events that form a little story: you had a relationship with her, chance brought her to your house, you respected her. Note «tuvo» is third-person singular agreeing with «usted» — 'you had', not 'she had'. The preterite is the tense of plot — one finished action after another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tuvo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of tuvo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tuvo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"relaciones","lemma":"relación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tuvo","gloss":"relationship"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con, modifying tuvo relaciones","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"honesta","lemma":"honesto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of llevó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of azar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"azar","lemma":"azar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llevó","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"llevó","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second que-clause, parallel to tuvo","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer (personal a, direct object marker)","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevó","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"honesta","lemma":"honesto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of a (destination), marking llevó","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of respetó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of respetó","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of respetó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"respetó","lemma":"respetar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the third que-clause, coordinated with llevó","gloss":"respected"}]},{"number":226,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s4","source":"Más aún, déjeme hablar: esa mujer lo quería a usted, era virgen, ¿por qué la respetó?","translation":"What's more, let me speak: that woman loved you, she was a virgin — why did you respect her?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p82-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"déjeme hablar","title":"«dejar» + infinitive — to let","body":"«déjeme hablar» = 'let me speak'. «Dejar» plus an infinitive means 'to let / allow (someone) to do'; here the pronoun «me» attaches to the formal command «deje». Note again «quería»/«era» (imperfect, lasting states) against «respetó» (preterite, one decisive act)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aún","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"aún","lemma":"aún","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom más aún, modifies déjeme","gloss":"still","note":"'Más aún' is an idiom meaning 'what's more' / 'furthermore.'"},{"surface":"déjeme","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person formal (usted), with attached clitic me","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of déjeme","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of quería","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of quería","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of an independent clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking usted (personal a, direct object marker)","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"direct object of quería, in apposition to lo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to virgen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"virgen","lemma":"virgen","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era (independent clause)","gloss":"a virgin"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase por qué","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the phrase por qué, modifying respetó","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of respetó","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"respetó","lemma":"respetar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the final question","gloss":"respected"}]},{"number":227,"label":"83","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p83-s1","source":"–Eso no tiene importancia.","translation":"\"That's of no importance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p83-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"importancia","lemma":"importancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"importance"}]},{"number":228,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p83-s2","source":"Un poco de dominio de sí mismo, nada más.","translation":"A bit of self-control, nothing more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p83-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dominio de sí mismo","title":"«sí mismo» — oneself","body":"«sí mismo» is the reflexive 'oneself' after a preposition. «Dominio de sí mismo» = 'control over oneself, self-control'. The «sí» (with accent) is the prepositional reflexive pronoun, distinct from «si» ('if') without accent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dominio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dominio","lemma":"dominio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifying poco","gloss":"control"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sí","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"modifies dominio","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"mismo","lemma":"mismo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sí","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"noun","role":"head of a second phrase, coordinated with Un poco","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":229,"label":"84","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p84-s1","source":"–¿Y el caso del collar?","translation":"\"And the matter of the necklace?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p84-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caso","lemma":"caso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking collar","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies caso","gloss":"necklace"}]},{"number":230,"label":"85","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p85-s1","source":"Erdosain sabía, por el Astrólogo, que el Rufián le había pedido una prueba material de cariño a una bailarina; que ésta, ante otras mujeres, se había desprendido de un magnífico collar que le regalara un amante, un viejo importador de tejidos.","translation":"Erdosain knew, from the Astrologer, that the Ruffian had demanded a material proof of affection from a dancer; that she, before other women, had stripped off a magnificent necklace given to her by a lover, an old textile importer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p85-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que le regalara","title":"«-ara» subjunctive as a past relative","body":"«el collar que le regalara un amante» uses «regalara» (the «-ra» imperfect subjunctive) where modern Spanish would say «había regalado» — 'the necklace a lover had given her'. This literary use of the «-ra» form for a past relative clause was common in early-20th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sabía","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sabía","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of sabía","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pedido, complement of sabía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rufián","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rufián","lemma":"Rufián","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of pedido","gloss":"Ruffian"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pedido (proleptic, referring to bailarina)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of pedido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"pedido","lemma":"pedir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of sabía","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prueba","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prueba","lemma":"prueba","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pedido","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"material","lemma":"material","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies prueba","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cariño","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cariño","lemma":"cariño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies prueba","gloss":"affection"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bailarina","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bailarina","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bailarina","lemma":"bailarina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to le, object of a, indirect object of pedido","gloss":"dancer"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of desprendido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ésta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of desprendido","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"otras","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of desprendido","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of desprendido","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of desprendido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"desprendido","lemma":"desprender","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause, parallel to pedido, complement of sabía","gloss":"stripped off"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking collar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of collar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"magnífico","lemma":"magnífico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies collar","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desprendido","gloss":"necklace"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of regalara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of regalara","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"regalara","lemma":"regalar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying collar","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amante","lemma":"amante","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"subject of regalara","gloss":"a lover"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of importador","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"viejo","lemma":"viejo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies importador","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"importador","lemma":"importador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to amante","gloss":"importer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tejidos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tejidos","lemma":"tejido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies importador","gloss":"textiles"}]},{"number":231,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p85-s2","source":"La escena fue curiosa, porque el viejo se encontraba en las inmediaciones.","translation":"The scene was a curious one, because the old man was in the vicinity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p85-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of escena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escena","lemma":"escena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of curiosa","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to curiosa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"curiosa","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontraba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viejo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viejo","lemma":"viejo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of encontraba","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontraba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on curiosa","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inmediaciones","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of inmediaciones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inmediaciones","lemma":"inmediación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of encontraba","gloss":"vicinity"}]},{"number":232,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p85-s3","source":"Haffner recibió el collar y ante el asombro de todos lo sopesó, examinó el quilate de las piedras, y luego se lo devolvió sonriendo burlonamente.","translation":"Haffner took the necklace and, to everyone's astonishment, weighed it in his hand, examined the carat of the stones, and then handed it back to her with a mocking smile.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p85-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sopesó / quilate","title":"«sopesar» and «quilate»","body":"«sopesar» means to weigh something in the hand, to gauge its heft; «quilate» is a carat, the jeweller's measure of gem weight. Haffner appraises the gift like a pawnbroker — coolly pricing the woman's sacrifice before tossing it back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recibió","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"recibió","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of collar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of recibió","gloss":"necklace"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ante","lemma":"ante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asombro","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asombro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asombro","lemma":"asombro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of sopesó","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking todos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies asombro","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sopesó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sopesó","lemma":"sopesar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recibió","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"examinó","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recibió","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of quilate","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"quilate","lemma":"quilate","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinó","gloss":"carat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of piedras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"piedras","lemma":"piedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies quilate","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies devolvió","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of devolvió","gloss":"to her","note":"se replaces le (dative 'to her') before another third-person clitic lo — not reflexive here; refers to René."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of devolvió","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"devolvió","lemma":"devolver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recibió","gloss":"gave back"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of devolvió","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"burlonamente","lemma":"burlonamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonriendo","gloss":"mockingly"}]},{"number":233,"label":"86","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s1","source":"–Lo del collar es sencillo –repuso Haffner–.","translation":"\"The business of the necklace is simple,\" Haffner replied.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Lo del collar","title":"«lo de» — the matter of","body":"«lo de» + a noun means 'the matter / business of': «lo del collar» = 'the thing about the necklace, the necklace affair'. The neuter «lo» turns a whole episode into a single topic of conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"the matter","note":"lo + de = neuter idiom, 'the thing/matter about X.'"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking collar","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Lo","gloss":"necklace"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sencillo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"sencillo","lemma":"sencillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"repuso","lemma":"reponer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of repuso","gloss":"Haffner"}]},{"number":234,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s2","source":"Yo estaba un poco bebido.","translation":"I was a little drunk.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bebido","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to bebido","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bebido","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"bebido","lemma":"bebido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"}]},{"number":235,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s3","source":"Eso no me impedía saber que el gesto que yo hacía me daría un prestigio enorme entre esa canalla del cabaret, sobre todo en las mujeres, que son un poco fantasiosas.","translation":"That didn't keep me from knowing that the gesture I was making would give me enormous prestige among that cabaret rabble, above all with the women, who are rather given to fantasy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"impedía saber / daría","title":"«impedir» + infinitive; conditional «daría»","body":"«no me impedía saber» = 'didn't stop me from knowing'. «Daría» is the conditional of «dar», a 'future in the past': from that past moment, the gesture 'would give' him prestige. «Canalla» = rabble, scum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of impedía","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies impedía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of impedía","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"impedía","lemma":"impedir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prevented"},{"surface":"saber","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of impedía","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of daría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gesto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesto","lemma":"gesto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of daría","gloss":"gesture"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clause modifying gesto","gloss":"was making"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of daría","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"daría","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of saber","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prestigio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prestigio","lemma":"prestigio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of daría","gloss":"prestige"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies prestigio","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canalla","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of canalla","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of daría","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cabaret","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cabaret","lemma":"cabaret","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies canalla","gloss":"cabaret"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mujeres","gloss":"above","note":"sobre todo is a fixed idiom, 'above all, especially.'"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase sobre","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujeres","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of daría","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fantasiosas","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to fantasiosas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fantasiosas","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"fantasiosas","lemma":"fantasiosa","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"clause modifying mujeres","gloss":"fanciful"}]},{"number":236,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s4","source":"Lo curioso del asunto es que media hora después vino el viejo que le había regalado el collar a René a darme humildemente las gracias por no haber querido yo aceptar el regalo.","translation":"The curious thing about it is that half an hour later the old man who had given René the necklace came to thank me humbly for my not having wanted to accept the gift.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"por no haber querido yo aceptar","title":"Perfect infinitive with its own subject","body":"«por no haber querido yo aceptar el regalo» = 'because I had not wanted to accept the gift'. «Haber querido» is a perfect infinitive ('to have wanted'), and «yo» is slipped in as its own subject — a compact way to pack a whole reason into a phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of curioso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"curioso","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"curious thing"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asunto","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"asunto","lemma":"asunto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies curioso","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vino","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"media","lemma":"medio","morphology":"numeral, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies hora","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies después","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vino","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"vino","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of viejo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viejo","lemma":"viejo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vino","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of regalado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of regalado","gloss":"to her","note":"le doubles the indirect object 'a René' later in the clause — common Spanish clitic doubling."},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of regalado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"regalado","lemma":"regalar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying viejo","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of collar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of regalado","gloss":"necklace"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking René","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"René","lemma":"René","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of regalado","gloss":"René"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of darme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"darme","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on vino","gloss":"give me","note":"-me is the attached indirect-object clitic on the infinitive dar."},{"surface":"humildemente","lemma":"humildemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies darme","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of gracias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gracias","lemma":"gracia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of darme","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of querido","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies querido","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"haber","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on darme","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of querido","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aceptar","lemma":"aceptar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of regalo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regalo","lemma":"regalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aceptar","gloss":"gift"}]},{"number":237,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s5","source":"¿Se da cuenta?","translation":"Do you realize?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of da","gloss":"(reflexive)","note":"darse cuenta (lit. 'to give oneself an account') is idiomatic for 'to realize.'"},{"surface":"da","lemma":"dar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"cuenta","lemma":"cuenta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with da","gloss":"account"}]},{"number":238,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s6","source":"Desde otra mesa había seguido tembloroso la escena, y si no intervino fue por temor a suscitar un escándalo.","translation":"From another table he had followed the scene, trembling, and if he didn't step in it was for fear of stirring up a scandal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si no intervino fue por","title":"«si... fue por» — cause after the fact","body":"«si no intervino fue por temor» = 'if he didn't intervene, it was out of fear'. This «si... (entonces) fue por...» frame, with both verbs in the preterite, explains the real reason behind a completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mesa","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of seguido","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of seguido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"seguido","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"tembloroso","lemma":"tembloroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of seguido","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of escena","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escena","lemma":"escena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of seguido","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of intervino","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies intervino","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"intervino","lemma":"intervenir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fue","gloss":"step in"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to temor","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking temor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"temor","lemma":"temor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of suscitar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"suscitar","lemma":"suscitar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying temor","gloss":"stirring up"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of escándalo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"escándalo","lemma":"escándalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of suscitar","gloss":"scandal"}]},{"number":239,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s7","source":"Pero había temblado por el destino de su collar....","translation":"But he had trembled for the fate of his necklace....","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies temblado","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of temblado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"temblado","lemma":"temblar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking destino","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of destino","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"destino","lemma":"destino","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of temblado","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking collar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of collar","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"collar","lemma":"collar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies destino","gloss":"necklace"}]},{"number":240,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s8","source":"Ya ve usted cuánta suciedad... pero allí viene el tren a La Plata.","translation":"So you see how much filth there is... but here comes the train to La Plata.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ve","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"ve","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"usted","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, singular","role":"subject of ve","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cuánta","lemma":"cuánto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of suciedad","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"suciedad","lemma":"suciedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ve","gloss":"filth"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viene","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"viene","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ve","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of viene","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Plata","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Plata","gloss":"La"},{"surface":"Plata","lemma":"Plata","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of viene","gloss":"Plata"}]},{"number":241,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s9","source":"Querido amigo, hasta pronto...","translation":"Dear friend, until soon...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Querido","lemma":"querido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amigo","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"amigo","lemma":"amigo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pronto","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase hasta","gloss":"soon"}]},{"number":242,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s10","source":"¡Ah!, concurra a la reunión que el miércoles hay en la casa del Astrólogo.","translation":"Ah! do attend the meeting that takes place on Wednesday at the Astrologer's house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"concurra","title":"«concurrir» — to attend","body":"«concurrir (a)» means 'to attend / show up at' an event. «Concurra a la reunión» is its formal command: 'attend the meeting'. The formal imperative of «-ir» verbs ends in «-a» («concurra»), borrowing the subjunctive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"Ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"concurra","lemma":"concurrir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular (formal imperative)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do attend"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reunión","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of reunión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reunión","lemma":"reunión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of concurra","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of miércoles","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"miércoles","lemma":"miércoles","morphology":"noun","role":"oblique complement of hay","gloss":"Wednesday"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying reunión","gloss":"takes place"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hay","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies casa","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":243,"label":"","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s11","source":"Va a encontrar otros más interesantes que yo.","translation":"You'll find others more interesting than I am.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p86-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Va","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of encontrar","gloss":"going to"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of encontrar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"encontrar","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"otros","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of encontrar","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesantes","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"interesantes","lemma":"interesante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies otros","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of yo","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"comparative complement of interesantes","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":244,"label":"87","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p87-s1","source":"Erdosain cruzó pensativo a la plataforma donde salían los trenes para Buenos Aires.","translation":"Erdosain crossed, pensive, to the platform from which the trains for Buenos Aires departed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p87-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"pensativo","title":"Adjective doubling as adverb","body":"«cruzó pensativo» = 'he crossed, pensive / thoughtfully'. Spanish often uses an adjective that agrees with the subject («pensativo», masculine singular) where English would use an adverb, describing the person's state as he acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of cruzó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"cruzó","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"pensativo","lemma":"pensativo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of cruzó","gloss":"pensive"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plataforma","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of plataforma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plataforma","lemma":"plataforma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of cruzó","gloss":"platform"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of salían","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"salían","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying plataforma","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of trenes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trenes","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of salían","gloss":"trains"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buenos","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Buenos","lemma":"Buenos","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of salían","gloss":"Buenos"},{"surface":"Aires","lemma":"Aires","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Buenos","gloss":"Aires"}]},{"number":245,"label":"88","id":"las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p88-s1","source":"Indudablemente, Haffner era un monstruo.","translation":"Undoubtedly, Haffner was a monster.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/las-opiniones-del-rufian-melancolico-p88-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"era un monstruo","title":"Imperfect «era» for the verdict","body":"«era un monstruo» = 'was a monster'. The imperfect of «ser» states a settled, defining characteristic rather than a momentary one. Arlt ends the chapter on this flat, conclusive judgment — Haffner is, in essence, monstrous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Indudablemente","lemma":"indudablemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"Undoubtedly"},{"surface":"Haffner","lemma":"Haffner","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of monstruo","gloss":"Haffner"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to monstruo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of monstruo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"monstruo","lemma":"monstruo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"monster"}]}]}