{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"los-espila","title":{"source":"Los Espila","translated":"The Espila Family"},"section":"Part Two","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/los-espila","lines":139},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/en-la-caverna","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/dos-almas","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"los-espila-p1-s1","source":"El tren se detuvo en Ramos Mejía.","translation":"The train stopped at Ramos Mejía.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se detuvo","title":"Pronominal «detenerse» in the preterite","body":"«Detenerse» ('to stop, to come to a halt') is a pronominal verb: the reflexive «se» marks the train as undergoing the action itself rather than stopping something else. «Se detuvo» is the third-person preterite — a single, completed event that gets the chapter moving."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of detuvo","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ramos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ramos","lemma":"Ramos","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"Ramos"},{"surface":"Mejía","lemma":"Mejía","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ramos","gloss":"Mejía"}]},{"number":2,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p1-s2","source":"El reloj de la estación marcaba las ocho de la noche.","translation":"The station clock read eight o'clock at night.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p1-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"marcaba","title":"Imperfect for a standing state","body":"«Marcaba» (imperfect of «marcar») describes the clock as it stood — an ongoing condition framing the scene — rather than a one-off action. Spanish reaches for the imperfect to paint such backdrops; the preterite «marcó» would instead report a single moment of marking."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of reloj","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"reloj","lemma":"reloj","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of marcaba","gloss":"clock"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estación","lemma":"estación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies reloj","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"marcaba","lemma":"marcar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ocho","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ocho","lemma":"ocho","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of marcaba","gloss":"eight o'clock"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ocho","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p1-s3","source":"Erdosain bajó.","translation":"Erdosain got off.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p1-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of bajó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"bajó","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got off"}]},{"number":4,"label":"2","id":"los-espila-p2-s1","source":"Una neblina densa pesaba en las calles fangosas del pueblo.","translation":"A dense fog hung heavy over the muddy streets of the town.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fangosas","title":"«fangoso» — muddy","body":"«Fangoso» means 'muddy, miry', from «fango» ('mud, mire'). Arlt's outer-suburb streets are literally unpaved and waterlogged; the word also carries a grimy, sunken connotation that colors the whole scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of pesaba","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"densa","lemma":"denso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies neblina","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"pesaba","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung heavy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calles","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of calles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calles","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of pesaba","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"fangosas","lemma":"fangosa","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies calles","gloss":"muddy"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pueblo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pueblo","lemma":"pueblo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies calles","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":5,"label":"3","id":"los-espila-p3-s1","source":"Cuando se encontró solo en la calle Centenario, bloqueado de frente y a las espaldas por dos murallas de neblina, recordó que al día siguiente lo asesinarán a Barsut.","translation":"When he found himself alone on Centenario street, walled off in front and behind by two ramparts of fog, he remembered that the next day they would murder Barsut.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo asesinarán a Barsut","title":"Redundant object pronoun","body":"River Plate Spanish often doubles a named direct object with a clitic: «lo asesinarán a Barsut» literally has both «lo» and «a Barsut». The «lo» is grammatically redundant but idiomatic — it foregrounds Barsut as the victim before he is even named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontró","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontró","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"encontró","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on recordó","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of encontró","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontró","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"Centenario","lemma":"Centenario","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calle","gloss":"Centenario"},{"surface":"bloqueado","lemma":"bloqueado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of encontró, coordinated with solo","gloss":"walled off"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frente","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bloqueado","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espaldas","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of espaldas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espaldas","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with frente","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking murallas","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies murallas","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"murallas","lemma":"muralla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"agent of bloqueado (por + noun)","gloss":"ramparts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neblina","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies murallas","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"recordó","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he remembered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of asesinarán","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of asesinarán","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"siguiente","lemma":"siguiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of asesinarán","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"asesinarán","lemma":"asesinar","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of recordó","gloss":"would murder"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"(marks object)"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of asesinarán, in apposition to lo","gloss":"Barsut"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p3-s2","source":"Era cierto.","translation":"It was true.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cierto","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":7,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p3-s3","source":"Lo asesinarían.","translation":"They would murder him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p3-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"asesinarían","title":"Conditional as a future-in-the-past","body":"«Asesinarían» is the conditional of «asesinar». After a past frame it expresses a future seen from that past moment — 'they were going to murder him'. The bare two-word sentence lets the certainty land like a verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of asesinarían","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"asesinarían","lemma":"asesinar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would murder"}]},{"number":8,"label":"4","id":"los-espila-p4-s1","source":"Hubiera querido tener un espejo frente a sus ojos para ver su cuerpo asesino, tan inverosímil le parecía ser él (el yo) quien con tal crimen se iba a separar de todos los hombres.","translation":"He would have liked to have a mirror before his eyes to see his murderer's body, so implausible did it seem to him that it was he (the self) who, by such a crime, was going to cut himself off from all men.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hubiera querido","title":"Pluperfect subjunctive as a soft conditional","body":"«Hubiera querido» ('he would have liked') is the pluperfect subjunctive of «querer». Spanish frequently uses the «-ra» subjunctive in place of the conditional «habría querido» to voice an unreal wish — here, a longing that cannot be fulfilled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espejo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"espejo","lemma":"espejo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, part of the compound preposition frente a","role":"head of the compound preposition frente a, marking ojos","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of tener","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of ver","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on tener","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ver","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"asesino","lemma":"asesino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cuerpo","gloss":"murderer's"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inverosímil","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"inverosímil","lemma":"inverosímil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of parecía","gloss":"implausible"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of parecía","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"parecía","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on querido","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"subject clause of parecía (extraposed)","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of yo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular (nominalized)","role":"in apposition to él","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"quien","lemma":"quien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of separar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crimen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of crimen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"crimen","lemma":"crimen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of separar","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of separar","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of separar","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of separar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"separar","lemma":"separar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying él (via quien)","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies hombres","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of separar (object of de; separarse de algo, not a direct object)","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":9,"label":"5","id":"los-espila-p5-s1","source":"Los faroles ardían tristemente vertiendo a través del fangal cataratas de luz algodonosa que goteaban en los mosaicos haciendo invisible el pueblo más allá de dos pasos.","translation":"The streetlamps burned mournfully, pouring through the mire cataracts of cottony light that dripped onto the tiles, making the town invisible beyond two steps.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"algodonosa","title":"«algodonoso» — cottony","body":"«Algodonoso» derives from «algodón» ('cotton'). Applied to «luz» ('light'), it makes the lamplight soft, woolly, and muffling — the fog turned to glowing fleece. Arlt favors such sensory adjectives to thicken his nocturnal atmosphere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of faroles","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"faroles","lemma":"farol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ardían","gloss":"streetlamps"},{"surface":"ardían","lemma":"arder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"tristemente","lemma":"tristemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ardían","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"vertiendo","lemma":"verter","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of ardían","gloss":"pouring"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fangal","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"través","lemma":"través","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fangal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fangal","lemma":"fangal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertiendo","gloss":"mire"},{"surface":"cataratas","lemma":"catarata","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of vertiendo","gloss":"cataracts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luz","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cataratas","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"algodonosa","lemma":"algodonoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies luz","gloss":"cottony"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of goteaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"goteaban","lemma":"gotear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying cataratas","gloss":"dripped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mosaicos","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mosaicos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mosaicos","lemma":"mosaico","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of goteaban","gloss":"tiles"},{"surface":"haciendo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on ardían","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"invisible","lemma":"invisible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"object complement of haciendo (predicate of pueblo)","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pueblo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pueblo","lemma":"pueblo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of haciendo","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies allá","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"allá","lemma":"allá","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haciendo","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pasos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pasos","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"pasos","lemma":"paso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of allá","gloss":"steps"}]},{"number":10,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p5-s2","source":"Un enorme desconsuelo estaba en Erdosain que avanzaba más triste que un leproso.","translation":"An enormous despair lay within Erdosain, who walked on sadder than a leper.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p5-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of desconsuelo","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies desconsuelo","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"desconsuelo","lemma":"desconsuelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of avanzaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"avanzaba","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Erdosain","gloss":"walked on"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies triste","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of avanzaba (describes Erdosain)","gloss":"sadder"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with leproso","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of leproso","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leproso","lemma":"leproso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of triste","gloss":"leper"}]},{"number":11,"label":"6","id":"los-espila-p6-s1","source":"Tenía ahora la sensación de que su alma se había apartado para siempre de todo afecto terrestre.","translation":"He had now the sense that his soul had drawn away forever from every earthly affection.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se había apartado","title":"Pluperfect indicative","body":"«Se había apartado» («haber» in the imperfect + past participle) is the pluperfect — an action completed before another past reference point. It places the soul's withdrawal already in the past relative to the present sensation «tenía»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He had"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Tenía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sensación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sensación","lemma":"sensación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of apartado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of apartado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of apartado","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of apartado","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of apartado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"apartado","lemma":"apartar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying sensación","gloss":"drawn away"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking siempre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies apartado","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afecto","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of afecto","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"afecto","lemma":"afecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apartado (object of de; apartarse de algo, not a direct object)","gloss":"affection"},{"surface":"terrestre","lemma":"terrestre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies afecto","gloss":"earthly"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p6-s2","source":"Y su angustia era la de un hombre que lleva en su conciencia un siniestro jaulón, donde entre huesos de pecados, bostezan teñidos de sangre, elásticos tigres, afirmando el ojo en una proyección de salto.","translation":"And his anguish was that of a man who carries in his conscience a sinister cage, where, among the bones of sins, blood-stained, supple tigers yawn, fixing the eye on the arc of a leap.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p6-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"jaulón","title":"«jaulón» — a great cage","body":"«Jaulón» is the augmentative of «jaula» ('cage'); the «-ón» suffix enlarges it to a big, brutal cage. The augmentative lets Arlt scale his inner menagerie up to nightmare size."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies la","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of angustia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"angustia","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of la","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to la","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies la","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lleva","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"lleva","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking conciencia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of conciencia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"conciencia","lemma":"conciencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lleva","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jaulón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"siniestro","lemma":"siniestro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jaulón","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"jaulón","lemma":"jaulón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of lleva","gloss":"cage","note":"Augmentative of jaula ('cage'); the -ón suffix suggests something large and menacing."},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of bostezan","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huesos","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"huesos","lemma":"hueso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of bostezan","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecados","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pecados","lemma":"pecado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies huesos","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"bostezan","lemma":"bostezar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying jaulón","gloss":"yawn"},{"surface":"teñidos","lemma":"teñido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tigres","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sangre","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sangre","lemma":"sangre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies teñidos","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"elásticos","lemma":"elástico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tigres","gloss":"supple"},{"surface":"tigres","lemma":"tigre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of bostezan","gloss":"tigers"},{"surface":"afirmando","lemma":"afirmar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on bostezan","gloss":"fixing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ojo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojo","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of afirmando","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proyección","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of proyección","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"proyección","lemma":"proyección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of afirmando","gloss":"arc"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salto","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"salto","lemma":"salto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies proyección","gloss":"leap"}]},{"number":13,"label":"7","id":"los-espila-p7-s1","source":"Y Erdosain, a medida que avanzaba, pensaba en su vida como si fuera la de otro, tratando de comprender esas fuerzas oscuras que le subían desde las raíces de las uñas hasta agolparse silbando en sus rejas como el simún.","translation":"And Erdosain, as he walked on, thought about his life as if it were someone else's, trying to understand those dark forces that rose in him from the roots of his nails until they crowded, hissing, against his bars like the simoom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si fuera","title":"«como si» + past subjunctive","body":"«Como si» ('as if') always triggers the imperfect subjunctive: «como si fuera» = 'as if it were'. It frames a hypothetical, counter-to-fact comparison — his own life held at arm's length, as though it belonged to a stranger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies pensaba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of pensaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of avanzaba","gloss":"as","note":"Fixed phrase 'a medida que' = 'as/while' (progressively), spread across these three words."},{"surface":"medida","lemma":"medida","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"avanzaba","lemma":"avanzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on pensaba","gloss":"walked on"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of pensaba","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of la","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of la","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to la","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on pensaba","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies la","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"tratando","lemma":"tratar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on pensaba","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of comprender","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"comprender","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tratando","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fuerzas","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"fuerzas","lemma":"fuerza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of comprender","gloss":"forces"},{"surface":"oscuras","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fuerzas","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of subían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of subían","gloss":"in him"},{"surface":"subían","lemma":"subir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying fuerzas","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking raíces","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of raíces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"raíces","lemma":"raíz","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of subían","gloss":"roots"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uñas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of uñas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uñas","lemma":"uña","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies raíces","gloss":"nails"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of agolparse","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"agolparse","lemma":"agolpar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on subían","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"silbando","lemma":"silbar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of agolparse","gloss":"hissing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rejas","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rejas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rejas","lemma":"reja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of agolparse","gloss":"bars"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of simún","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of simún","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"simún","lemma":"simún","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of agolparse","gloss":"simoom"}]},{"number":14,"label":"8","id":"los-espila-p8-s1","source":"Envuelto en la neblina que llevaba hasta la última celdilla de su pulmón una gota de humedad pesada, Erdosain llegó a la calle Gaona, donde se detuvo para enjugarse la frente cubierta de sudor.","translation":"Wrapped in the fog that carried into the last little cell of his lung a drop of heavy damp, Erdosain reached Gaona street, where he stopped to wipe his sweat-covered brow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"enjugarse","title":"Reflexive «enjugarse»","body":"«Enjugarse» ('to wipe / dry oneself') is the reflexive of «enjugar» ('to wipe dry'). The clitic «se» turns the action back on the subject's own body — he wipes his own brow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Envuelto","lemma":"envuelto","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"Wrapped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neblina","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Envuelto","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of llevaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"llevaba","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying neblina","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking celdilla","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of celdilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"última","lemma":"último","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies celdilla","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"celdilla","lemma":"celdilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevaba","gloss":"little cell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pulmón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pulmón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pulmón","lemma":"pulmón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies celdilla","gloss":"lung"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gota","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gota","lemma":"gota","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of llevaba","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humedad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humedad","lemma":"humedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gota","gloss":"damp"},{"surface":"pesada","lemma":"pesado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies humedad","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of llegó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llegó","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"Gaona","lemma":"Gaona","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calle","gloss":"Gaona"},{"surface":"donde","lemma":"donde","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying calle","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of enjugarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"enjugarse","lemma":"enjugar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on detuvo","gloss":"wipe"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of enjugarse","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"cubierta","lemma":"cubierto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sudor","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sudor","lemma":"sudor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"sweat"}]},{"number":15,"label":"9","id":"los-espila-p9-s1","source":"Golpeó a una puerta de tablas, la única entrada de un enorme frente de fábrica a cuyo costado estaba suspendida una lámpara de querosene... De pronto una mano abrió el portón y el joven farfullando malas palabras siguió los costados de un murallón por un sendero de ladrillos que se doblaban en el fango bajo sus pisadas.","translation":"He knocked at a plank door, the only way into the huge front of a factory, beside which hung a kerosene lamp... Suddenly a hand opened the gate and the young man, muttering foul words, followed the sides of a great wall along a path of bricks that buckled in the mud under his steps.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"farfullando","title":"«farfullar» — to mutter, jabber","body":"«Farfullar» means to speak fast and indistinctly, to mumble or gabble. The gerund «farfullando» ('muttering') captures Erdosain swearing under his breath as he stumbles along the muddy path."}],"words":[{"surface":"Golpeó","lemma":"golpear","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Golpeó","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tablas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tablas","lemma":"tabla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies puerta","gloss":"planks"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of entrada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"única","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies entrada","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"entrada","lemma":"entrada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to puerta","gloss":"way in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of frente","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies entrada","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fábrica","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fábrica","lemma":"fábrica","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies frente","gloss":"factory"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking costado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies costado","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"costado","lemma":"costado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of suspendida","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to suspendida","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"suspendida","lemma":"suspendido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying frente","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of suspendida","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking querosene","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"querosene","lemma":"querosene","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lámpara","gloss":"kerosene"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies abrió","gloss":"Suddenly","note":"'De pronto' is a fixed idiom meaning 'suddenly.'"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase de","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mano","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mano","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of abrió","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"abrió","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of portón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"portón","lemma":"portón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abrió","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of joven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"joven","lemma":"joven","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of siguió","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"farfullando","lemma":"farfullar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on siguió","gloss":"muttering"},{"surface":"malas","lemma":"mala","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of farfullando","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"siguió","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with abrió","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of costados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"costados","lemma":"costado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of siguió","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking murallón","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of murallón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"murallón","lemma":"murallón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies costados","gloss":"great wall"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sendero","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sendero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sendero","lemma":"sendero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of siguió","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ladrillos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ladrillos","lemma":"ladrillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sendero","gloss":"bricks"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doblaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of doblaban","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"doblaban","lemma":"doblar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying ladrillos","gloss":"buckled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fango","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fango","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fango","lemma":"fango","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of doblaban","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pisadas","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pisadas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pisadas","lemma":"pisada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of doblaban","gloss":"steps"}]},{"number":16,"label":"10","id":"los-espila-p10-s1","source":"Se detuvo frente a los vidrios de una puerta iluminada, golpeó las manos y una voz ronca le gritó:","translation":"He stopped before the glass of a lit door, clapped his hands, and a hoarse voice shouted to him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of detuvo","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"detuvo","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking vidrios","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of vidrios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vidrios","lemma":"vidrio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of detuvo","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vidrios","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"iluminada","lemma":"iluminado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies puerta","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"golpeó","lemma":"golpear","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with detuvo","gloss":"clapped"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of golpeó","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of gritó","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ronca","lemma":"ronco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"hoarse"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gritó","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"gritó","lemma":"gritar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with golpeó","gloss":"shouted"}]},{"number":17,"label":"11","id":"los-espila-p11-s1","source":"–Adelante.","translation":"\"Come in.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adelante","lemma":"adelante","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Come in"}]},{"number":18,"label":"12","id":"los-espila-p12-s1","source":"Erdosain entró.","translation":"Erdosain entered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of entró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"entró","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"}]},{"number":19,"label":"13","id":"los-espila-p13-s1","source":"Una lámpara de acetileno iluminaba, con fulginosa llama, las cinco cabezas de la familia Espila, que hacía un instante estaban inclinadas sobre los platos.","translation":"An acetylene lamp lit, with a sooty flame, the five heads of the Espila family, which a moment before had been bent over their plates.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hacía un instante","title":"«hacer» for elapsed time","body":"Impersonal «hacía» («hacer» in the imperfect) plus a time expression means 'ago' in the past: «hacía un instante» = 'a moment before'. Spanish uses «hacer», not a verb of having, to measure how much time has passed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of iluminaba","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acetileno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"acetileno","lemma":"acetileno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lámpara","gloss":"acetylene"},{"surface":"iluminaba","lemma":"iluminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking llama","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fulginosa","lemma":"fulginoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies llama","gloss":"sooty"},{"surface":"llama","lemma":"llama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of iluminaba","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cinco","lemma":"cinco","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies cabezas","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of iluminaba","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of familia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familia","lemma":"familia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabezas","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to familia","gloss":"Espila"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of inclinadas","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on inclinadas","gloss":"before","note":"Impersonal 'hacía + [time]' means '[time] ago/before,' like 'hace un año' = 'a year ago.'"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of instante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"instante","lemma":"instante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"estaban","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to inclinadas","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"inclinadas","lemma":"inclinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"clause modifying cabezas","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking platos","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of platos","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"platos","lemma":"plato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of inclinadas","gloss":"plates"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p13-s2","source":"Todos le saludaron sonriendo con alegres voces, mientras que Emilio Espila, un muchachón alto, flaco y cabelludo, corrió hacia él para estrecharle las manos.","translation":"They all greeted him, smiling with cheerful voices, while Emilio Espila, a tall, gaunt, shaggy-haired big lad, ran toward him to shake his hands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"muchachón","title":"«muchachón» — a big lad","body":"«Muchachón» is the augmentative of «muchacho» ('boy, young man'); the «-ón» suffix makes him a large, overgrown youth. Paired with «alto, flaco y cabelludo» it sketches Emilio as a lanky, hairy beanpole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of saludaron","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of saludaron","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: 'le' stands in for the expected direct object 'lo,' common with verbs like saludar."},{"surface":"saludaron","lemma":"saludar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"sonriendo","lemma":"sonreir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of saludaron","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voces","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"alegres","lemma":"alegre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies voces","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"voces","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sonriendo","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of corrió","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Emilio","lemma":"Emilio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of corrió","gloss":"Emilio"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Emilio","gloss":"Espila"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of muchachón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muchachón","lemma":"muchachón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Emilio","gloss":"big lad"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies muchachón","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"flaco","lemma":"flaco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with alto","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cabelludo","lemma":"cabelludo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with alto","gloss":"shaggy-haired"},{"surface":"corrió","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on saludaron","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of corrió","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estrecharle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estrecharle","lemma":"estrechar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on corrió","gloss":"shake"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of estrecharle","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":21,"label":"14","id":"los-espila-p14-s1","source":"Erdosain saludó por orden, primero a la anciana Espila encorvada por el tiempo y cubierta de ropas negras; luego a las dos hermanas mozas, Luciana y Elena; luego al sordo Eustaquio, un gigantón encanecido y delgado como si estuviera tuberculoso, que, según su costumbre, comía con la nariz en el plato, mientras sus ojos grises vigilaban el jeroglífico de una revista, interpretándolo al tiempo que masticaba.","translation":"Erdosain greeted them in turn, first the old Espila woman, stooped by the years and dressed in black; then the two young sisters, Luciana and Elena; then deaf Eustaquio, a greying giant, thin as if he were tubercular, who, as was his habit, ate with his nose in his plate while his grey eyes watched over the puzzle in a magazine, working it out as he chewed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si estuviera","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"Again «como si» ('as if') governs the imperfect subjunctive: «como si estuviera tuberculoso» = 'as if he were tubercular'. The construction marks an unreal comparison — he merely looks consumptive, he is not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of saludó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"saludó","lemma":"saludar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the fixed idiom por orden, modifies saludó","gloss":"in","note":"'Por orden' is a fixed idiom meaning 'in turn, in order'."},{"surface":"orden","lemma":"orden","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition por, forming the idiom por orden","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"primero","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies saludó","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking anciana, direct object of saludó","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of anciana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anciana","lemma":"anciana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of saludó","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to anciana","gloss":"Espila"},{"surface":"encorvada","lemma":"encorvado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies anciana","gloss":"stooped"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encorvada","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cubierta","lemma":"cubierto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with encorvada","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ropas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ropas","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of cubierta","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"negras","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ropas","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies saludó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking hermanas, direct object of saludó","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of hermanas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies hermanas","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"hermanas","lemma":"hermana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of saludó","gloss":"sisters"},{"surface":"mozas","lemma":"mozo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies hermanas","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to hermanas","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Luciana","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies saludó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a + article marking Eustaquio as direct object of saludó","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Eustaquio","gloss":"deaf"},{"surface":"Eustaquio","lemma":"Eustaquio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of saludó","gloss":"Eustaquio"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gigantón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gigantón","lemma":"gigantón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Eustaquio","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"encanecido","lemma":"encanecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gigantón","gloss":"greying"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"delgado","lemma":"delgado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with encanecido","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tuberculoso","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tuberculoso","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"estuviera","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tuberculoso","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"tuberculoso","lemma":"tuberculoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estuviera","gloss":"tubercular"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of comía, referring to Eustaquio","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"según","lemma":"según","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking costumbre","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of costumbre","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"costumbre","lemma":"costumbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of comía","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"comía","lemma":"comer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying gigantón","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nariz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nariz","gloss":"his","note":"Spanish uses the definite article with body parts and personal items where English uses a possessive."},{"surface":"nariz","lemma":"nariz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of comía","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plato","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of plato","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plato","lemma":"plato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of comía","gloss":"plate"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vigilaban","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of vigilaban","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"grises","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"vigilaban","lemma":"vigilar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on comía","gloss":"watched over"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jeroglífico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeroglífico","lemma":"jeroglífico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vigilaban","gloss":"puzzle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking revista","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of revista","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"revista","lemma":"revista","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies jeroglífico","gloss":"magazine"},{"surface":"interpretándolo","lemma":"interpretar","morphology":"verb, gerund, with enclitic direct-object pronoun lo","role":"adverbial clause on vigilaban","gloss":"working it out","note":"The enclitic 'lo' ('it') attaches to the gerund interpretando, referring back to jeroglífico (the puzzle)."},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the fixed idiom al tiempo que, marking interpretándolo","gloss":"as","note":"'Al tiempo que' is a fixed idiom meaning 'while, as'."},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition al, forming the idiom al tiempo que","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause masticaba, complement of al tiempo que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"masticaba","lemma":"masticar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying tiempo","gloss":"chewed"}]},{"number":22,"label":"15","id":"los-espila-p15-s1","source":"Erdosain se sintió un poco reanimado por la sonrisa cordial de Luciana y Elena.","translation":"Erdosain felt himself a little revived by the warm smile of Luciana and Elena.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sintió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sintió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sintió","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reanimado","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"reanimado","lemma":"reanimado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of Erdosain (secondary predicate agreeing with the subject via reflexive se sintió), not a direct object","gloss":"revived"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonrisa","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sonrisa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reanimado","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"cordial","lemma":"cordial","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Luciana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Luciana","gloss":"Elena"}]},{"number":23,"label":"16","id":"los-espila-p16-s1","source":"Luciana era carilarga y rubia, con la nariz respingada y la boca de largos y finos labios sinuosos teñidos de rosa.","translation":"Luciana was long-faced and blonde, with a turned-up nose and a mouth of long, thin, sinuous lips tinged with pink.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"carilarga","title":"«carilargo» — long-faced","body":"«Carilargo» is a compound of «cara» ('face') and «largo» ('long'). Spanish builds such body-description compounds freely — compare «respingada» ('turned-up') applied to the nose in the same sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of era","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to carilarga","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"carilarga","lemma":"carilargo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"long-faced"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rubia","lemma":"rubio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with carilarga","gloss":"blonde"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nariz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nariz","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nariz","lemma":"nariz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con, describing Luciana","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"respingada","lemma":"respingado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nariz","gloss":"turned-up"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boca","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boca","lemma":"boca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with nariz","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking largos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"largos","lemma":"largo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"finos","lemma":"fino","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies boca","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"sinuosos","lemma":"sinuoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"sinuous"},{"surface":"teñidos","lemma":"teñido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies labios","gloss":"tinged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rosa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies teñidos","gloss":"pink"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p16-s2","source":"Elena tenía aspecto monjil, con su semblante ovalado y color de cera y las polleras largas, y las manos gordezuelas y pálidas.","translation":"Elena had a nun-like look, with her oval, wax-colored face and long skirts, and plump, pale hands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p16-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"polleras","title":"«pollera» — skirt (River Plate)","body":"In Argentina and Uruguay «pollera» is the everyday word for 'skirt'; in much of the rest of the Spanish-speaking world that would be «falda». It is one of many regionalisms that root the novel in Buenos Aires."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aspecto","lemma":"aspecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"monjil","lemma":"monjil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies aspecto","gloss":"nun-like"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking semblante","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of con","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ovalado","lemma":"ovalado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"oval"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"color","lemma":"color","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with semblante","gloss":"color"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cera","lemma":"cera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies color","gloss":"wax"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of polleras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"polleras","lemma":"pollera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with semblante","gloss":"skirts"},{"surface":"largas","lemma":"larga","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies polleras","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of manos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with semblante","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"gordezuelas","lemma":"gordezuela","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies manos","gloss":"plump"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pálidas","lemma":"pálido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with gordezuelas","gloss":"pale"}]},{"number":25,"label":"17","id":"los-espila-p17-s1","source":"–¿Querés cenar? –dijo la anciana.","translation":"\"Do you want supper?\" said the old woman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Querés","title":"«voseo»: «querés» for «quieres»","body":"«Querés» is the «voseo» form — the River Plate informal 'you' uses «vos» with verbs stressed on the final syllable and no stem change: «vos querés» instead of «tú quieres». You will hear it throughout this family's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"do you want","note":"'Querés' is the voseo form of 'quieres' ('you want'), used for the informal 'you' in Argentine Spanish."},{"surface":"cenar","lemma":"cenar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Querés","gloss":"have supper"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of anciana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anciana","lemma":"anciana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"old woman"}]},{"number":26,"label":"18","id":"los-espila-p18-s1","source":"Erdosain, al observar cuán enjuta estaba la fuente, respondió que ya lo había hecho.","translation":"Erdosain, noticing how meager the serving dish was, answered that he already had.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al observar","title":"«al» + infinitive","body":"«Al» plus an infinitive means 'on / upon (doing something)': «al observar» = 'on noticing'. It packs a clause of time into two words — here, the instant he sees how little food there is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of respondió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking observar","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"observar","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on respondió","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"cuán","lemma":"cuán","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enjuta, introduces the degree clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"enjuta","lemma":"enjuta","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba","gloss":"meager"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enjuta","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fuente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuente","lemma":"fuente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"serving dish"},{"surface":"respondió","lemma":"responder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hecho","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hecho","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of respondió","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":27,"label":"19","id":"los-espila-p19-s1","source":"–¿De veras que cenaste?","translation":"\"Did you really have supper?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cenaste","title":"Preterite «cenaste»","body":"«Cenaste» ('you had supper / you dined') is the second-person singular preterite of «cenar» — a single completed act of eating. Note that the «voseo» preterite here keeps the same «-aste» ending as standard «tú»."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the fixed idiom de veras, modifies cenaste","gloss":"really","note":"'De veras' is a fixed idiom meaning 'really, truly'."},{"surface":"veras","lemma":"veras","morphology":"noun","role":"object of preposition De, forming the idiom de veras","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause cenaste, complement of de veras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cenaste","lemma":"cenar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had supper"}]},{"number":28,"label":"20","id":"los-espila-p20-s1","source":"–Sí... voy a tomar un poco de té.","translation":"\"Yes... I'll have a little tea.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, stands alone as the answer","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tomar","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tomar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tomar","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poco","lemma":"poco","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tomar","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking té","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"té","lemma":"té","morphology":"noun","role":"object of de, modifies poco","gloss":"tea"}]},{"number":29,"label":"21","id":"los-espila-p21-s1","source":"Le hicieron sitio junto a la mesa, y Erdosain tomó asiento entre el sordo Eustaquio que continuaba vigilando su jeroglífico y Elena, que distribuía el resto del guisote entre Emilio y la anciana.","translation":"They made room for him at the table, and Erdosain took a seat between deaf Eustaquio, who went on watching over his puzzle, and Elena, who was dividing the rest of the stew between Emilio and the old woman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"guisote","title":"«guisote» — a poor stew","body":"«Guisote» is a pejorative form of «guiso» ('stew'); the «-ote» suffix makes it a coarse, unappetizing one. The word quietly underscores the family's poverty — there is barely any of this sorry stew to go around."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hicieron","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"hicieron","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"sitio","lemma":"sitio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hicieron","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase junto a, modifying sitio","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms junto a with junto, marking mesa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mesa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mesa","lemma":"mesa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of junto a, modifying sitio","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tomó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"tomó","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hicieron","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"asiento","lemma":"asiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tomó","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Eustaquio","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Eustaquio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Eustaquio","gloss":"deaf"},{"surface":"Eustaquio","lemma":"Eustaquio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of tomó","gloss":"Eustaquio"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of continuaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"continuaba","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Eustaquio","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"vigilando","lemma":"vigilar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"complement of continuaba","gloss":"watching over"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of jeroglífico","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jeroglífico","lemma":"jeroglífico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vigilando","gloss":"puzzle"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Eustaquio, oblique complement of tomó","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of distribuía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"distribuía","lemma":"distribuir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Elena","gloss":"was dividing"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of resto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resto","lemma":"resto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of distribuía","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking guisote","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"guisote","lemma":"guisote","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies resto","gloss":"stew"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Emilio","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"Emilio","lemma":"Emilio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of distribuía","gloss":"Emilio"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of anciana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anciana","lemma":"anciana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Emilio","gloss":"old woman"}]},{"number":30,"label":"22","id":"los-espila-p22-s1","source":"Erdosain los observó compadecido.","translation":"Erdosain watched them with pity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of observó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of observó","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"observó","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"compadecido","lemma":"compadecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of Erdosain (secondary predicate describing the subject's state), not a direct object of observó — los is the direct object","gloss":"with pity"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p22-s2","source":"Hacía muchos años que conocía a los Espila.","translation":"He had known the Espilas for many years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p22-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hacía muchos años que conocía","title":"«hacía... que» + imperfect","body":"«Hacía X que» plus an imperfect means an action had been going on for that long: «hacía muchos años que conocía» = 'he had known them for many years'. The imperfect «conocía» keeps the acquaintance ongoing up to the moment described."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it had been","note":"'Hacía + time + que' is an idiom meaning 'it had been [time] since...' or '...for [time]'."},{"surface":"muchos","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of años","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Hacía","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause conocía","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"conocía","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause (implicit subject: Erdosain)","gloss":"had known"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking Espila, direct object of conocía","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Espila","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of conocía","gloss":"Espilas"}]},{"number":32,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p22-s3","source":"En otro tiempo la familia ocupaba una posición relativamente desahogada, luego una sucesión de desastres los había arrojado en plena miseria, y Erdosain, que encontró casualmente un día en la calle a Emilio, los visitó.","translation":"In an earlier time the family had occupied a relatively comfortable position; then a string of disasters had thrown them into utter destitution, and Erdosain, who one day happened to meet Emilio in the street, paid them a visit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p22-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desahogada","title":"«desahogado» — comfortably off","body":"Of an economic «posición», «desahogado» means 'comfortable, free of strain' — literally 'un-suffocated', from «ahogar» ('to drown, choke'). The whole sentence pivots from that ease to «plena miseria» ('utter destitution')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of En, sets the time frame","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of familia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familia","lemma":"familia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ocupaba","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"ocupaba","lemma":"ocupar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of posición","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"posición","lemma":"posición","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ocupaba","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"relativamente","lemma":"relativamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desahogada","gloss":"relatively"},{"surface":"desahogada","lemma":"desahogado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies posición","gloss":"comfortable"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies había arrojado, introduces the next clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sucesión","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sucesión","lemma":"sucesión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of había arrojado","gloss":"string"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desastres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"desastres","lemma":"desastre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sucesión","gloss":"disasters"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of arrojado","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of arrojado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"arrojado","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ocupaba","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miseria","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"plena","lemma":"pleno","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies miseria","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojado","gloss":"destitution"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of visitó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of encontró","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"encontró","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Erdosain","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"casualmente","lemma":"casualmente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies encontró","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying encontró","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontró","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking Emilio, direct object of encontró","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"Emilio","lemma":"Emilio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of encontró","gloss":"Emilio"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of visitó","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"visitó","lemma":"visitar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with arrojado","gloss":"visited"}]},{"number":33,"label":"23","id":"los-espila-p23-s1","source":"Hacía siete años que no los veía y se asombró de reencontrarlos a todos viviendo en un cuchitril, ellos, que en otra época tenían criada, sala y antesala.","translation":"It had been seven years since he had seen them, and he was astonished to find them all again living in a hovel — they, who in another day had had a maid, a parlor, and an antechamber.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cuchitril","title":"«cuchitril» — a hovel","body":"«Cuchitril» means a cramped, squalid little room or pigsty of a dwelling. The contrast with «criada, sala y antesala» ('maid, parlor, antechamber') measures exactly how far the Espilas have fallen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it had been"},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies años","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Hacía","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veía","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veía","gloss":"not","note":"'Hacía años que no + verb' idiomatically means 'hadn't done something for years' — here rendered as 'since he had seen them'."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of veía","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause (subject: Erdosain)","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asombró","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"asombró","lemma":"asombrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Hacía (main clause)","gloss":"was astonished"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reencontrarlos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reencontrarlos","lemma":"reencontrar","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with enclitic direct-object pronoun los","role":"object of de (asombrarse de), complement of asombró","gloss":"find them again","note":"The enclitic 'los' ('them') attaches to the infinitive reencontrar ('to find again')."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking todos, in apposition to los","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to los, subject of viviendo","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"viviendo","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying reencontrarlos","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuchitril","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuchitril","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuchitril","lemma":"cuchitril","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of viviendo","gloss":"hovel"},{"surface":"ellos","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to todos, resumes the topic","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tenían","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking época","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of época","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"época","lemma":"época","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tenían","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"tenían","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying ellos","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"criada","lemma":"criada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenían","gloss":"maid"},{"surface":"sala","lemma":"sala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with criada","gloss":"parlor"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"antesala","lemma":"antesala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with criada","gloss":"antechamber"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p23-s2","source":"Las tres mujeres dormían en la habitación atestada de muebles viejos y que hacia en las horas de cenar o almorzar, las veces de comedor, mientras que Emilio y el sordo se guarecían en una cocinita de chapas de zinc.","translation":"The three women slept in the room crammed with old furniture, which at supper or lunch hours served as the dining room, while Emilio and the deaf man took shelter in a little kitchen of zinc sheets.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p23-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hacía las veces de","title":"Idiom: «hacer las veces de»","body":"«Hacer las veces de» means 'to serve as, to stand in for' something. Here the cramped bedroom «hacía las veces de comedor» — it doubled as the dining room. (The source spells «hacía» as «hacia», a period typo retained verbatim.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of mujeres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies mujeres","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"mujeres","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of dormían","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"dormían","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking habitación","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of habitación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"habitación","lemma":"habitación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dormían","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"atestada","lemma":"atestado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies habitación","gloss":"crammed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muebles","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"muebles","lemma":"mueble","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, complement of atestada","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"viejos","lemma":"viejo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies muebles","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links atestada with the que-clause (hacía las veces...)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the que-clause (governs veces)","gloss":"served","note":"Printed without its accent, but this is hacía (imperfect of hacer), not the preposition hacia ('toward'). Begins the idiom hacer las veces de ('to serve as'), completed at veces below."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horas","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of horas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hacía","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of cenar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cenar","lemma":"cenar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying horas","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"almorzar","lemma":"almorzar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with cenar","gloss":"lunch"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veces","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"role","note":"hacer las veces de X is idiomatic for 'to serve as / take the place of X', split here by the intervening hours phrase."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comedor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"comedor","lemma":"comedor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies veces","gloss":"dining room"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of guarecían","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase mientras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Emilio","lemma":"Emilio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of guarecían","gloss":"Emilio"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sordo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Emilio","gloss":"deaf man"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of guarecían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"guarecían","lemma":"guarecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"parallel clause to mientras","gloss":"took shelter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cocinita","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cocinita","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cocinita","lemma":"cocinita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of guarecían","gloss":"little kitchen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chapas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"chapas","lemma":"chapa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cocinita","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zinc","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zinc","lemma":"zinc","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chapas","gloss":"zinc"}]},{"number":35,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p23-s3","source":"Para subvenir a los gastos de la casa, efectuaban los trabajos más extraordinarios: vendían guías sociales, aparatos caseros para fabricar helados, y las dos hermanas hacían costura.","translation":"To meet the household's expenses, they took on the most extraordinary jobs: they sold social directories, homemade machines for making ice cream, and the two sisters did sewing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p23-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"subvenir a","title":"«subvenir a» — to provide for","body":"«Subvenir a (los gastos)» is a formal verb meaning 'to meet, to provide for (expenses)'. Its bookish register sits with deliberate irony against the makeshift jobs the family actually scrapes by on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of subvenir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"subvenir","lemma":"subvenir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on efectuaban","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gastos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of gastos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gastos","lemma":"gasto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of subvenir","gloss":"expenses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gastos","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"efectuaban","lemma":"efectuar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of trabajos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trabajos","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of efectuaban","gloss":"jobs"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies extraordinarios","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"extraordinarios","lemma":"extraordinario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies trabajos","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"vendían","lemma":"vender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with efectuaban","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"guías","lemma":"guía","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of vendían","gloss":"directories"},{"surface":"sociales","lemma":"social","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies guías","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"aparatos","lemma":"aparato","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with guías","gloss":"machines"},{"surface":"caseros","lemma":"casero","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies aparatos","gloss":"homemade"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of fabricar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"fabricar","lemma":"fabricar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying aparatos","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"helados","lemma":"helado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of fabricar","gloss":"ice cream"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of hermanas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies hermanas","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"hermanas","lemma":"hermana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of hacían","gloss":"sisters"},{"surface":"hacían","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with vendían","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"costura","lemma":"costura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hacían","gloss":"sewing"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p23-s4","source":"Un invierno, era tanta la pobreza, que robaron un poste de telégrafos y lo aserraron en la noche.","translation":"One winter, the poverty was so great that they stole a telegraph pole and sawed it up in the night.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p23-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tanta... que","title":"«tanto... que» — so much that","body":"The correlative «tanto/tanta... que» expresses cause and result: «era tanta la pobreza, que...» = 'the poverty was so great that...'. «Tanta» agrees in gender with the feminine «pobreza»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of invierno","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"invierno","lemma":"invierno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial phrase modifying era","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tanta","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tanta","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pobreza","gloss":"so great","note":"Fixed construction tan(to)... que = 'so (much/great) ... that'; tanta agrees with pobreza, fronted before the copula era for emphasis."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pobreza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pobreza","lemma":"pobreza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of robaron","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"robaron","lemma":"robar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the result clause introduced by que","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poste","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poste","lemma":"poste","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of robaron","gloss":"pole"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking telégrafos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"telégrafos","lemma":"telégrafo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies poste","gloss":"telegraph"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aserraron","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aserraron","lemma":"aserrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with robaron","gloss":"sawed up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of noche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noche","lemma":"noche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of aserraron","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":37,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p23-s5","source":"Otra vez se llevaron todos los pilares de un alambrado, y las aventuras que corrían para muñirse de dinero lo divertían y compadecían a un tiempo a Erdosain.","translation":"Another time they carried off all the posts of a wire fence, and the escapades they ran to scrape together money at once amused and saddened Erdosain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p23-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"muñirse de","title":"«muñirse de» — to get hold of","body":"«Muñirse de (dinero)» is a River Plate colloquialism for 'to provide oneself with, to scrounge up' something. The reflexive marks the family acting on their own behalf as they hustle for cash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevaron","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of llevaron","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"llevaron","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies pilares","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pilares","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pilares","lemma":"pilar","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of llevaron","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alambrado","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alambrado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alambrado","lemma":"alambrado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pilares","gloss":"wire fence"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of aventuras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aventuras","lemma":"aventura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of divertían","gloss":"escapades"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of corrían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"corrían","lemma":"correr","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying aventuras","gloss":"ran","note":"correr aventuras is idiomatic for 'to go through escapades / have adventures', literally 'to run adventures'."},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of muñirse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"muñirse","lemma":"muñirse","morphology":"verb, infinitive, pronominal","role":"adverbial clause on corrían","gloss":"scrape together","note":"muñirse de = to scrape together / procure for oneself (an uncommon, somewhat archaic verb)."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dinero","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, complement of muñirse","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of divertían (doubles a Erdosain)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"divertían","lemma":"divertir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with llevaron","gloss":"amused"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"compadecían","lemma":"compadecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with divertían","gloss":"saddened","note":"compadecer literally means 'to pity / feel compassion for'; rendered as 'saddened' here for natural English."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo (idiom a un tiempo)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a (idiom: a un tiempo)","gloss":"time","note":"a un tiempo is idiomatic for 'at once / simultaneously', not literally 'to a time'."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain (personal a)","gloss":"object marker","note":"This is the 'personal a', required before a direct object referring to people; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of compadecían (doubled by lo as object of divertían)","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":38,"label":"24","id":"los-espila-p24-s1","source":"La impresión que recibió la primera vez que lo visitó, fue enorme.","translation":"The impression he received the first time he visited was enormous.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of impresión","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"impresión","lemma":"impresión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fue","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of recibió","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recibió","lemma":"recibir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying impresión","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vez","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial phrase modifying recibió","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying vez","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of visitó","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"visitó","lemma":"visitar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying vez","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"fue","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enorme","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enormous"}]},{"number":39,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p24-s2","source":"Vivían los Espila en un caserón cerca de Chacarita, un cuartel de tres pisos y divisorias de chapas de hierro.","translation":"The Espilas lived in a big run-down house near Chacarita, a three-story barracks with partitions of iron sheeting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p24-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"caserón","title":"«caserón» — a great rambling house","body":"«Caserón» is the augmentative of «casa» ('house'): a big, old, often run-down building. Here it names the overcrowded tenement near Chacarita, the Buenos Aires district known for its vast cemetery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vivían","lemma":"vivir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Espila","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of Vivían","gloss":"Espilas"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caserón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of caserón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"caserón","lemma":"caserón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Vivían","gloss":"big house","note":"-ón is an augmentative suffix; caserón = a big, run-down house, larger and shabbier than casa."},{"surface":"cerca","lemma":"cerca","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies caserón","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Chacarita","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Chacarita","lemma":"Chacarita","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of cerca","gloss":"Chacarita"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuartel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cuartel","lemma":"cuartel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to caserón","gloss":"barracks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pisos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tres","lemma":"tres","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pisos","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"pisos","lemma":"piso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cuartel","gloss":"stories"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"divisorias","lemma":"divisoria","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural (substantivized adjective)","role":"coordinated with pisos","gloss":"partitions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chapas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"chapas","lemma":"chapa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies divisorias","gloss":"sheeting"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hierro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hierro","lemma":"hierro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chapas","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p24-s3","source":"El edificio tenía el aspecto de un transatlántico, y los chiquillos brotaban de allí como si el conventillo fuera un falansterio.","translation":"The building had the look of an ocean liner, and the children sprang from it as if the tenement were a phalanstery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p24-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of edificio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"edificio","lemma":"edificio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aspecto","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aspecto","lemma":"aspecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking transatlántico","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of transatlántico","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"transatlántico","lemma":"transatlántico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies aspecto","gloss":"ocean liner"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of chiquillos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chiquillos","lemma":"chiquillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of brotaban","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"brotaban","lemma":"brotar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with tenía","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allí","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brotaban","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of falansterio","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of falansterio","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of conventillo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"conventillo","lemma":"conventillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fuera","gloss":"tenement","note":"Conventillo: Argentine Spanish for a crowded lower-class tenement/rooming house, typical of early-20th-century Buenos Aires immigrant neighborhoods."},{"surface":"fuera","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to falansterio","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of falansterio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"falansterio","lemma":"falansterio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun complement of fuera","gloss":"phalanstery","note":"Falansterio = 'phalanstery', a self-contained utopian commune from Charles Fourier's socialist theory — the narrator's ironic image for the tenement swarming with children."}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p24-s4","source":"Durante algunos días Erdosain recorrió las calles pensando en los sufrimientos que debieron sobrellevar los Espila, para resignarse a esa catástrofe, y más tarde, cuando inventó la rosa de cobre, se dijo que para levantar el espíritu de esa gente era necesario injertarles una esperanza, y con parte del dinero robado en la Azucarera compró un acumulador usado, un amperímetro y los diversos elementos para instalar un primitivo taller de galvanoplastia.","translation":"For several days Erdosain wandered the streets thinking of the sufferings the Espilas must have endured to resign themselves to that catastrophe, and later, when he invented the copper rose, he told himself that to lift these people's spirits he had to graft a hope onto them, and with part of the money stolen from the Sugar Company he bought a used storage battery, an ammeter, and the various items to set up a primitive electroplating workshop.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p24-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"debieron sobrellevar","title":"«deber» of probability","body":"«Deber» + infinitive expresses supposition: «debieron sobrellevar» = 'they must have endured'. (When «deber de» appears the inference is even clearer, but plain «deber» is widely used the same way.) Erdosain is inferring their past suffering, not stating an obligation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking días","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"algunos","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of días","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"días","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of recorrió","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recorrió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recorrió","lemma":"recorrer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wandered"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of calles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calles","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of recorrió","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on recorrió","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimientos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sufrimientos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of en, complement of pensando","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of sobrellevar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"debieron","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of sobrellevar","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"sobrellevar","lemma":"sobrellevar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying sufrimientos","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Espila","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sobrellevar","gloss":"Espilas"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of resignarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"resignarse","lemma":"resignarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive, pronominal","role":"adverbial clause on sobrellevar","gloss":"resign themselves"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking catástrofe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of catástrofe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"catástrofe","lemma":"catástrofe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of resignarse","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverbial phrase modifying dijo","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inventó","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"inventó","lemma":"inventar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying dijo","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of inventó","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dijo","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with recorrió","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of necesario","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of levantar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"levantar","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on necesario","gloss":"lift"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espíritu","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espíritu","lemma":"espíritu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of levantar","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gente","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies espíritu","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to necesario","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"necesario","lemma":"necesario","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of era","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"injertarles","lemma":"injertar","morphology":"verb, infinitive + dative clitic","role":"infinitive clause, subject of era","gloss":"graft onto them","note":"injertarles = injertar ('to graft') + les ('onto them', referring to esa gente). The parser mistagged this as a noun — it is an infinitive verb with an attached clitic."},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esperanza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"esperanza","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of injertarles","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"parte","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of con","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of parte","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"robado","lemma":"robado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dinero","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Azucarera","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Azucarera","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Azucarera","lemma":"Azucarera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of robado","gloss":"Sugar Company"},{"surface":"compró","lemma":"comprar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dijo","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of acumulador","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"acumulador","lemma":"acumulador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of compró","gloss":"battery"},{"surface":"usado","lemma":"usado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies acumulador","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amperímetro","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"amperímetro","lemma":"amperímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with acumulador","gloss":"ammeter"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of elementos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diversos","lemma":"diverso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies elementos","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"elementos","lemma":"elemento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with acumulador","gloss":"items"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of instalar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"instalar","lemma":"instalar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying elementos","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of taller","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"primitivo","lemma":"primitivo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies taller","gloss":"primitive"},{"surface":"taller","lemma":"taller","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of instalar","gloss":"workshop"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galvanoplastia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"galvanoplastia","lemma":"galvanoplastia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies taller","gloss":"electroplating","note":"Galvanoplastia = electroplating, the process of coating metal with another metal (here copper) — central to Erdosain's inventions and schemes throughout the novel."}]},{"number":42,"label":"25","id":"los-espila-p25-s1","source":"Y convenció a los Espila que debían dedicarse a ese trabajo en horas perdidas, pues de tener éxito todos se enriquecerían.","translation":"And he convinced the Espilas that they should devote themselves to that work in their spare hours, since if it succeeded they would all grow rich.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p25-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de tener éxito","title":"«de» + infinitive as a condition","body":"«De» plus an infinitive can replace a whole «si» clause: «de tener éxito» = 'if it were to succeed'. It is a compact, slightly literary way of stating a hypothetical condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies convenció","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"convenció","lemma":"convencer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Espila (personal a)","gloss":"object marker","note":"This is the 'personal a', required before a direct object referring to people; it has no separate English translation."},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Espila","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of convenció","gloss":"Espilas"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of debían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"debían","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of dedicarse","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"dedicarse","lemma":"dedicarse","morphology":"verb, infinitive, pronominal","role":"clause modifying Espila","gloss":"devote themselves"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of a, complement of dedicarse","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of dedicarse","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"perdidas","lemma":"perdido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies horas","gloss":"spare","note":"horas perdidas literally means 'lost hours' — an idiom for spare/free time."},{"surface":"pues","lemma":"pues","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of enriquecerían","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tener","gloss":"if","note":"de + infinitive here works as a conditional ('if'), equivalent to si tuvieran éxito — a literary construction."},{"surface":"tener","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on enriquecerían","gloss":"succeed"},{"surface":"éxito","lemma":"éxito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tener","gloss":"success"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of enriquecerían","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of enriquecerían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"enriquecerían","lemma":"enriquecer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by pues","gloss":"would grow rich"}]},{"number":43,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p25-s2","source":"Y él, cuya vida carecía por completo de consuelo y esperanza, él, que se sentía perdido hacía mucho tiempo, llegó a sugestionarlos con esperanzas tan intensas que los Espila se avinieron a iniciar los experimentos, y Elena se dedicó muy en serio a estudiar galvanoplastia, mientras que el sordo preparaba los baños y se ponía práctico en ese trabajo de unir en serie o tensión los cables del amperímetro y en manejar la resistencia.","translation":"And he, whose life utterly lacked comfort and hope, he, who had felt himself lost for a long time, went so far as to fill their minds with hopes so intense that the Espilas agreed to begin the experiments, and Elena threw herself in earnest into studying electroplating, while the deaf man prepared the baths and grew handy at the job of wiring the ammeter's cables in series or in parallel and at working the resistor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p25-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se avinieron a","title":"«avenirse a» — to agree to","body":"«Avenirse a» means 'to agree, to consent, to bring oneself to' do something. «Se avinieron a iniciar» = 'they agreed to begin'. The irregular preterite «avinieron» comes from «avenir», built on «venir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the sentence, leads into llegó","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llegó (in apposition with the second él)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"cuya","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"relative possessive determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of carecía","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"carecía","lemma":"carecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying él (via cuya vida)","gloss":"lacked"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase por completo, modifies carecía","gloss":"utterly","note":"\"por completo\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"completely/utterly.\""},{"surface":"completo","lemma":"completo","morphology":"adjective used as noun, masculine, singular, in the fixed phrase por completo","role":"part of the fixed phrase por completo","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking consuelo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"consuelo","lemma":"consuelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of carecía","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esperanza","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with consuelo","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llegó (in apposition with the first él)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of sentía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sentía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying él (second él)","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"perdido","lemma":"perdido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of sentía","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"temporal expression modifying sentía","gloss":"for","note":"\"hacía + [time]\" is an idiom expressing duration, like English \"for a long time.\""},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tiempo","gloss":"a long"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hacía","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went so far as"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sugestionarlos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sugestionarlos","lemma":"sugestionar","morphology":"verb, infinitive + pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural (clitic \"los\")","role":"complement of llegó","gloss":"fill their minds","note":"\"sugestionarlos\" = \"sugestionar\" (to psychologically sway/influence) + the clitic \"los\" (them, the Espilas)."},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esperanzas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"esperanzas","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of sugestionarlos","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies intensas","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"intensas","lemma":"intenso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies esperanzas","gloss":"intense"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of avinieron (tan...que)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Espila","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Espila","lemma":"Espila","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of avinieron","gloss":"Espilas"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of avinieron","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"avinieron","lemma":"avenir","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"result clause modifying intensas (tan...que)","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of iniciar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"iniciar","lemma":"iniciar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of avinieron","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of experimentos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"experimentos","lemma":"experimento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of iniciar","gloss":"experiments"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dedicó","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of dedicó","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"dedicó","lemma":"dedicar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with llegó","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"muy","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies serio (intensifies en serio)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase en serio, modifies dedicó","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"serio","lemma":"serio","morphology":"adjective used as noun, masculine, singular, in the fixed phrase en serio","role":"part of the fixed phrase en serio","gloss":"earnest","note":"\"en serio\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"seriously/in earnest.\""},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estudiar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estudiar","lemma":"estudiar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dedicó","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"galvanoplastia","lemma":"galvanoplastia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of estudiar","gloss":"electroplating"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase mientras que","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase mientras que","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sordo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of preparaba","gloss":"deaf man"},{"surface":"preparaba","lemma":"preparar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"parallel clause to mientras que","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of baños","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baños","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of preparaba","gloss":"baths"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ponía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"ponía","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with preparaba","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"práctico","lemma":"práctico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ponía","gloss":"handy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ese","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of práctico","gloss":"job"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of unir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"unir","lemma":"unir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying trabajo","gloss":"wiring"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking serie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"serie","lemma":"serie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of unir","gloss":"series"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tensión","lemma":"tensión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with serie","gloss":"parallel"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cables","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cables","lemma":"cable","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of unir","gloss":"cables"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"contraction (de + el)","role":"preposition marking amperímetro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"amperímetro","lemma":"amperímetro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cables","gloss":"ammeter"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of manejar","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"manejar","lemma":"manejar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with unir","gloss":"working"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of resistencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resistencia","lemma":"resistencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of manejar","gloss":"resistor"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p25-s3","source":"Hasta la anciana participó en los experimentos y nadie dudó, cuando consiguieron cobrear una chapa de estaño, que en breve tiempo se enriquecerían si la rosa de cobre no fracasaba.","translation":"Even the old woman took part in the experiments, and no one doubted, once they managed to copper-plate a sheet of tin, that in a short time they would grow rich if the copper rose did not fail.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p25-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cobrear","title":"«cobrear» — to copper-plate","body":"«Cobrear» is a verb coined from «cobre» ('copper'): to coat something with copper by electroplating. Arlt drops in this technical jargon to make Erdosain's harebrained scheme sound almost plausible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus particle modifying anciana","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of anciana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anciana","lemma":"anciana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of participó","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"participó","lemma":"participar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took part"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking experimentos","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of experimentos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"experimentos","lemma":"experimento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of participó","gloss":"experiments"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dudó","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"dudó","lemma":"dudar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with participó","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of consiguieron","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"consiguieron","lemma":"conseguir","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause inserted before dudó's complement","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"cobrear","lemma":"cobrear","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of consiguieron","gloss":"copper-plate"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chapa","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chapa","lemma":"chapa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of cobrear","gloss":"sheet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estaño","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"estaño","lemma":"estaño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chapa","gloss":"tin"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of enriquecerían, complement of dudó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"breve","lemma":"breve","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies tiempo","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of enriquecerían","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of enriquecerían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"enriquecerían","lemma":"enriquecer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of dudó (introduced by que)","gloss":"would grow rich"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of fracasaba","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fracasaba","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fracasaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fracasaba","lemma":"fracasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on enriquecerían","gloss":"failed"}]},{"number":45,"label":"26","id":"los-espila-p26-s1","source":"Erdosain les habló además de confeccionar puntillas de oro, visillos de plata, gasas de cobre, y hasta esbozó un proyecto de corbata metálica que los asombró a todos.","translation":"Erdosain also talked to them about making gold lace, silver curtains, copper gauzes, and even sketched out a plan for a metal necktie that amazed them all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p26-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of habló","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of habló","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"habló","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"además","lemma":"además","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies habló","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of confeccionar","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"confeccionar","lemma":"confeccionar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of habló","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"puntillas","lemma":"puntilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of confeccionar","gloss":"lace"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oro","lemma":"oro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies puntillas","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"visillos","lemma":"visillo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with puntillas","gloss":"curtains"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plata","lemma":"plata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies visillos","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"gasas","lemma":"gasa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with puntillas","gloss":"gauzes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gasas","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies esbozó","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"esbozó","lemma":"esbozar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with habló","gloss":"sketched"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of proyecto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"proyecto","lemma":"proyecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of esbozó","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corbata","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"corbata","lemma":"corbata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies proyecto","gloss":"necktie"},{"surface":"metálica","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies corbata","gloss":"metal"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of asombró","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of asombró","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"asombró","lemma":"asombrar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying corbata","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a reinforcing los, marking todos","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to los, direct object of asombró","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p26-s2","source":"Su plan en esencia era sencillo.","translation":"His plan was, in essence, simple.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p26-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of plan","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en esencia, modifies era","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esencia","lemma":"esencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en esencia (parenthetical)","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sencillo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"sencillo","lemma":"sencillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era, describes plan","gloss":"simple"}]},{"number":47,"label":"27","id":"los-espila-p27-s1","source":"Se fabricarían camisas de pecheras, puño y cuellos metálicos, tomando género, bañándolo en una solución salina y sometiéndolo a un baño galvanoplastia) de cobre o níquel.","translation":"They would manufacture shirts with metal fronts, cuffs, and collars, by taking cloth, dipping it in a saline solution, and subjecting it to an electroplating bath of copper or nickel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p27-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se fabricarían","title":"Impersonal «se» + conditional","body":"«Se fabricarían» pairs the impersonal/passive «se» with the conditional: 'shirts would be manufactured', with no stated agent. Spanish leans on this «se» construction to describe a process without naming who does it. (The source's stray «)» after «galvanoplastia» is a period typo, kept verbatim.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, passive/impersonal marker","role":"passive marker of fabricarían","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"fabricarían","lemma":"fabricar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would manufacture"},{"surface":"camisas","lemma":"camisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of fabricarían","gloss":"shirts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecheras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"pecheras","lemma":"pechera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies camisas","gloss":"fronts"},{"surface":"puño","lemma":"puño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with pecheras","gloss":"cuffs"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cuellos","lemma":"cuello","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with pecheras","gloss":"collars"},{"surface":"metálicos","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cuellos","gloss":"metal"},{"surface":"tomando","lemma":"tomar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on fabricarían","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"género","lemma":"género","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tomando","gloss":"cloth"},{"surface":"bañándolo","lemma":"bañar","morphology":"verb, gerund + pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular (clitic \"lo\")","role":"coordinated with tomando","gloss":"dipping it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking solución","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of solución","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"solución","lemma":"solución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bañándolo","gloss":"solution"},{"surface":"salina","lemma":"salino","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies solución","gloss":"saline"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sometiéndolo","lemma":"someter","morphology":"verb, gerund + pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular (clitic \"lo\")","role":"coordinated with tomando","gloss":"subjecting it"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baño","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sometiéndolo","gloss":"bath"},{"surface":"galvanoplastia","lemma":"galvanoplastia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to baño","gloss":"electroplating","note":"The source has a stray parenthesis here (likely an OCR artifact); \"baño galvanoplastia\" reads as \"electroplating bath.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies baño","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"níquel","lemma":"níquel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with cobre","gloss":"nickel"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p27-s2","source":"Gath y Chaves, Harrods o San Juan podrían comprarle la patente, y Erdosain, que no creía sino a medias en esas aplicaciones, llegó a pensar un día que se había extralimitado en hacer soñar a esa gente, porque ahora, a pesar de que no pagaban a nadie y se morían casi de hambre, lo menos que soñaban era adquirir un Rolls– Royce y un chalet, que de no estar en la Avenida Alvear no les interesaba como propiedad.","translation":"Gath y Chaves, Harrods, or San Juan could buy the patent from him, and Erdosain, who only half believed in these applications, came to think one day that he had gone too far in setting these people dreaming, because now, despite the fact that they paid no one and were nearly starving, the least they dreamed of was acquiring a Rolls-Royce and a chalet, which, if it were not on Avenida Alvear, did not interest them as a property.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p27-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Gath","lemma":"Gath","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of comprarle","gloss":"Gath"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Chaves","lemma":"Chaves","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Gath","gloss":"Chaves"},{"surface":"Harrods","lemma":"Harrods","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Gath","gloss":"Harrods"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"San","lemma":"San","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Gath","gloss":"San"},{"surface":"Juan","lemma":"Juan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name San Juan","gloss":"Juan"},{"surface":"podrían","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of comprarle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"comprarle","lemma":"comprar","morphology":"verb, infinitive + pronoun, dative, singular (clitic \"le\")","role":"complement of podrían, main verb of the clause","gloss":"buy from him","note":"\"comprarle\" = \"comprar\" + the clitic \"le\" (dative, referring to Erdosain, from whom they'd buy the patent)."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of patente","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patente","lemma":"patente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of comprarle","gloss":"patent"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of llegó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of creía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"creía","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying Erdosain","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase no...sino a medias, modifies creía","gloss":"but only"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase a medias","gloss":"halfway"},{"surface":"medias","lemma":"medias","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural, in the fixed phrase a medias","role":"part of the fixed phrase a medias","gloss":"halfway","note":"\"a medias\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"halfway, only partly.\""},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aplicaciones","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of aplicaciones","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"aplicaciones","lemma":"aplicación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of creía","gloss":"applications"},{"surface":"llegó","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with podrían (comprarle)","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pensar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"pensar","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of llegó","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of día","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of llegó a pensar","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of extralimitado, complement of pensar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of extralimitado","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of extralimitado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"extralimitado","lemma":"extralimitar","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of pensar (introduced by que)","gloss":"gone too far"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of extralimitado","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"soñar","lemma":"soñar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacer (causative hacer soñar)","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking gente","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hacer soñar","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause, modifies era","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pagaban","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase a pesar de que","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"pesar","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"noun, in the fixed phrase a pesar de que","role":"part of the fixed phrase a pesar de que","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase a pesar de que","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase a pesar de que, introduces the clause of pagaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pagaban","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pagaban","lemma":"pagar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"concessive clause (a pesar de que), part of the porque-clause explaining era","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"personal a marking nadie","gloss":"(object marker)"},{"surface":"nadie","lemma":"nadie","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of pagaban","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of morían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"morían","lemma":"morir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with pagaban","gloss":"were dying"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies morían","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hambre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hambre","lemma":"hambre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of morían","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"neuter article","role":"determiner of menos (neuter nominalization lo menos)","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menos","lemma":"menos","morphology":"adverb used as noun, in the phrase lo menos","role":"head of the phrase lo menos, subject of era","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of soñaban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"soñaban","lemma":"soñar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause modifying menos","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula linking lo menos to adquirir","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"adquirir","lemma":"adquirir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"acquiring"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Rolls","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Rolls","lemma":"Rolls","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of adquirir","gloss":"Rolls"},{"surface":"Royce","lemma":"Royce","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Rolls-Royce","gloss":"Royce"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chalet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chalet","lemma":"chalet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Rolls-Royce, direct object of adquirir","gloss":"chalet"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of interesaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the conditional clause of estar (de + infinitive = \"if\")","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on interesaba","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Avenida","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Avenida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Avenida","lemma":"avenida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estar","gloss":"Avenue"},{"surface":"Alvear","lemma":"Alvear","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Avenida Alvear","gloss":"Alvear"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of interesaba","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"interesaba","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause (subject: que)","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase of propiedad","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"propiedad","lemma":"propiedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of interesaba (via como)","gloss":"property"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p27-s3","source":"Erdosain se inclinó sobre la taza de té, y entonces Luciana, que estaba ligeramente sonrosada, correspondió a la sonrisa petulante de Emilio con una señal, pero éste, que a causa de estar extraordinariamente desdentado no podía hablar sino ceceando mucho, dijo:","translation":"Erdosain leaned over the cup of tea, and then Luciana, who was slightly flushed, answered Emilio's cocky smile with a sign, but he, who because he was extraordinarily toothless could not speak except with a heavy lisp, said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p27-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ceceando","title":"«cecear» — to lisp","body":"«Cecear» is to pronounce «s» as a «th»-like sound, i.e. to lisp. Toothless Emilio's lisp is then written into his dialogue («Zabez» for «Sabés», «roza» for «rosa»), so his lines look spelled-out wrong on purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of inclinó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of inclinó","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"inclinó","lemma":"inclinar","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taza","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of taza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"taza","lemma":"taza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of inclinó","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking té","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"té","lemma":"té","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies taza","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies correspondió","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of correspondió","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sonrosada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ligeramente","lemma":"ligeramente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonrosada","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"sonrosada","lemma":"sonrosado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estaba, describes Luciana","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"correspondió","lemma":"corresponder","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with inclinó","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sonrisa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sonrisa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sonrisa","lemma":"sonrisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of correspondió","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"petulante","lemma":"petulante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"cocky"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Emilio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Emilio","lemma":"Emilio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies sonrisa","gloss":"Emilio"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking señal","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of señal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"señal","lemma":"señal","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of correspondió","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dijo","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of podía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase a causa de, introduces clause on podía","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"causa","lemma":"causa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, in the fixed phrase a causa de","role":"part of the fixed phrase a causa de","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase a causa de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to desdentado","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"extraordinariamente","lemma":"extraordinariamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desdentado","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"desdentado","lemma":"desdentado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estar","gloss":"toothless"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hablar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of podía, part of the relative clause modifying éste","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies hablar (no...sino = except)","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"ceceando","lemma":"cecear","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"manner adverbial modifying hablar","gloss":"lisping"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ceceando","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, preterite, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with inclinó","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":50,"label":"28","id":"los-espila-p28-s1","source":"–Zabez... la roza ez un hecho...","translation":"\"Y'know... the rothe ith a thure thing...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p28-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zabez / un hecho","title":"Lisped «Sabés»; idiom «ser un hecho»","body":"«Zabez» spells out a lisped «Sabés» — the «voseo» form of «saber» ('you know'). «Ser un hecho» ('to be a fact / a done thing') is an idiom for 'it's settled, it's a sure thing'. The misspellings render Emilio's toothless lisp."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zabez","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"parenthetical interjection (\"you know\", voseo)","gloss":"y'know","note":"\"Zabez\" represents \"Sabés\" (voseo \"you know\"), spelled to reflect Emilio's lisp (s sounds rendered as z, like English \"th\")."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of roza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"roza","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular (lisped spelling of \"rosa\")","role":"subject of ez","gloss":"rose","note":"\"roza\" is the lisped spelling of \"rosa\" (the copper rose from the electroplating experiments)."},{"surface":"ez","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular (lisped spelling of \"es\")","role":"copula linking roza to hecho","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hecho","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ez","gloss":"sure thing"}]},{"number":51,"label":"29","id":"los-espila-p29-s1","source":"–Sí, gracias a Dios la hemos conseguido sacar.","translation":"\"Yes, thank God we've managed to get it out.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p29-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la hemos conseguido sacar","title":"Clitic before «conseguir + infinitive»","body":"With a verb plus infinitive, the object pronoun may climb to the front of the whole phrase: «la hemos conseguido sacar» instead of «hemos conseguido sacarla». Both are correct; «conseguir» + infinitive means 'to manage to' do something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone as affirmative reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"gracias","lemma":"gracias","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural, in the fixed phrase gracias a Dios","role":"head of the idiom gracias a Dios","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase gracias a Dios","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of a in the idiom gracias a Dios (parenthetical)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sacar (clitic climbing)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hemos","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of conseguido","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"conseguido","lemma":"conseguir","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"sacar","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of conseguido","gloss":"get out"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p29-s2","source":"–Pero Luciana saltó impaciente, abrió un cajón de lavatorio y Erdosain sonrió entusiasmado.","translation":"But Luciana sprang up impatiently, opened a washstand drawer, and Erdosain smiled, delighted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p29-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction introducing the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of saltó","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"saltó","lemma":"saltar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"impaciente","lemma":"impaciente","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Luciana","gloss":"impatiently"},{"surface":"abrió","lemma":"abrir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with saltó","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cajón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cajón","lemma":"cajón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abrió","gloss":"drawer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lavatorio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lavatorio","lemma":"lavatorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cajón","gloss":"washstand"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sonrió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sonrió","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with abrió","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"entusiasmado","lemma":"entusiasmado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"delighted"}]},{"number":53,"label":"30","id":"los-espila-p30-s1","source":"Entre los dedos de la rubia doncella se erguía la rosa de cobre.","translation":"Between the fingers of the blonde maiden the copper rose stood upright.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p30-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se erguía","title":"Reflexive «erguirse» (imperfect)","body":"«Erguirse» ('to rise, to stand erect') is pronominal: the rose holds itself upright. The imperfect «se erguía» freezes the image as an ongoing tableau, and the verb «erguir» is notably irregular (e.g. present «se yergue»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dedos","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dedos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dedos","lemma":"dedo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of erguía","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doncella","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of doncella","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rubia","lemma":"rubio","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies doncella","gloss":"blonde"},{"surface":"doncella","lemma":"doncella","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dedos","gloss":"maiden"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of erguía","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"erguía","lemma":"erguir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood upright"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of erguía","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"copper"}]},{"number":54,"label":"31","id":"los-espila-p31-s1","source":"En el miserable cuchitril la maravillosa flor metálica esfoleaba sus pétalos bermejos.","translation":"In the wretched hovel the marvelous metal flower unfurled its vermilion petals.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p31-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bermejos","title":"«bermejo» — bright red","body":"«Bermejo» is a literary word for a reddish, vermilion or auburn color — warmer and older-sounding than plain «rojo». It lends the copper petals a jewel-like glow against the squalor of the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuchitril","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cuchitril","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miserable","lemma":"miserable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cuchitril","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"cuchitril","lemma":"cuchitril","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of esfoleaba","gloss":"hovel"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maravillosa","lemma":"maravilloso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies flor","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"flor","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of esfoleaba","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"metálica","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies flor","gloss":"metal"},{"surface":"esfoleaba","lemma":"esfolear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unfurled"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pétalos","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"pétalos","lemma":"pétalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of esfoleaba","gloss":"petals"},{"surface":"bermejos","lemma":"bermejo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pétalos","gloss":"vermilion"}]},{"number":55,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p31-s2","source":"El temblor de la llama de la lámpara de acetileno hacía jugar una transparencia roja, como si la flor se animara de una botánica vida, que ya estaba quemada por los ácidos y que constituía su alma.","translation":"The trembling of the acetylene lamp's flame set a red transparency playing, as if the flower were stirred by a botanical life that was already burned away by the acids and that made up its soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p31-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"como si... se animara","title":"«como si» + imperfect subjunctive","body":"Once more «como si» ('as if') takes the imperfect subjunctive: «como si... se animara» = 'as if it were stirred to life'. The unreal mood is exactly right — the rose only seems alive; its 'life' has been burned out by acid."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of temblor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"temblor","lemma":"temblor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of hacía","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking llama","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of llama","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"llama","lemma":"llama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies temblor","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lámpara","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies llama","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acetileno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"acetileno","lemma":"acetileno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lámpara","gloss":"acetylene"},{"surface":"hacía","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"jugar","lemma":"jugar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacía","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of transparencia","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"transparencia","lemma":"transparencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of jugar","gloss":"transparency"},{"surface":"roja","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies transparencia","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase como si","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of animara","gloss":"if","note":"como si + subjunctive = 'as if', a fixed construction that always takes the subjunctive."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flor","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of animara","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of animara","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"animara","lemma":"animar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on hacía","gloss":"were stirred"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"botánica","lemma":"botánico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vida","gloss":"botanical"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of animara","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of quemada","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quemada","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to quemada","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"quemada","lemma":"quemado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ácidos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ácidos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ácidos","lemma":"ácido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of quemada","gloss":"acids"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of constituía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"constituía","lemma":"constituir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quemada","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of alma","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"alma","lemma":"alma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of constituía","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":56,"label":"32","id":"los-espila-p32-s1","source":"El sordo levantó la nariz del plato de escarola, y con voz tenante, exclamó, después de examinar el jeroglífico y la rosa:","translation":"The deaf man lifted his nose from his plate of escarole, and in a booming voice exclaimed, after examining the puzzle and the rose:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p32-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sordo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of levantó","gloss":"deaf man"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nariz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nariz","lemma":"nariz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of levantó","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plato","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"plato","lemma":"plato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of levantó","gloss":"plate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escarola","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"escarola","lemma":"escarola","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plato","gloss":"escarole"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of exclamó","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"tenante","lemma":"tonante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"booming","note":"Likely the word 'tonante' (thundering/booming); gloss follows the translation's 'booming voice'."},{"surface":"exclamó","lemma":"exclamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with levantó","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies exclamó","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase después, introducing examinar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"examinar","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on después","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jeroglífico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeroglífico","lemma":"jeroglífico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinar","gloss":"puzzle"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with jeroglífico","gloss":"rose"}]},{"number":57,"label":"33","id":"los-espila-p33-s1","source":"–No hay vuelta, che... Erdosain... sos un genio...","translation":"\"No two ways about it, man... Erdosain... you're a genius...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p33-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"che / sos","title":"«che» and «voseo» «sos»","body":"«Che» is the quintessential River Plate interjection for getting someone's attention — 'hey, man, buddy'. «Sos» is the «voseo» present of «ser» («vos sos» = 'you are'), replacing «tú eres». Both stamp the dialogue as unmistakably porteño."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hay","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"vuelta","lemma":"vuelta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hay","gloss":"way around","note":"'No hay vuelta' is a set phrase meaning 'there's no way around it / no two ways about it.'"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection addressing the listener","gloss":"man","note":"Che is a classic Rioplatense interjection for addressing someone informally ('hey', 'man', 'pal')."},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Erdosain","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"sos","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"copula linking to genio","gloss":"you are","note":"Sos is the voseo present-tense form of ser ('you are'), standard in place of eres in Argentina."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of genio","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"genio","lemma":"genio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"genius"}]},{"number":58,"label":"34","id":"los-espila-p34-s1","source":"–Zi de ezta hecha noz hazemos ricoz...","translation":"\"If thith time we make ourthelveth rich...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p34-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de esta hecha","title":"Idiom: «de esta hecha»","body":"Under the lisp, «Zi de ezta hecha noz hazemos ricoz» is «Si de esta hecha nos hacemos ricos». «De esta hecha» is an idiom meaning 'this time around, on this occasion'. Emilio is daydreaming: 'if this time we strike it rich...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zi","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hazemos","gloss":"if","note":"This character speaks with a lisp (z for s/c), rendered phonetically throughout: Zi=si, ezta=esta, noz=nos, hazemos=hacemos, ricoz=ricos."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ezta","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ezta","lemma":"esta","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hecha","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hecha","lemma":"hecha","morphology":"noun (substantivized participle), feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"time","note":"'De esta hecha' is a colloquial idiom meaning 'this time / on this occasion.'"},{"surface":"noz","lemma":"nos","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive, first-person, plural","role":"reflexive particle of hazemos","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"hazemos","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we make"},{"surface":"ricoz","lemma":"rico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective complement of hazemos","gloss":"rich"}]},{"number":59,"label":"35","id":"los-espila-p35-s1","source":"–Dios te oiga –murmuró la anciana.","translation":"\"May God hear you,\" murmured the old woman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p35-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dios te oiga","title":"Subjunctive of wish","body":"«Oiga» is the present subjunctive of «oír». A bare subjunctive can voice a wish or blessing: «Dios te oiga» = 'may God hear you'. The old woman's hope is wistful — she half doubts the prayer will be answered."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dios","lemma":"Dios","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of oiga","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of oiga","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"oiga","lemma":"oír","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear","note":"'Dios te oiga' is a set wish/blessing expression using the subjunctive: 'may God hear you.'"},{"surface":"murmuró","lemma":"murmurar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of anciana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anciana","lemma":"anciana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of murmuró","gloss":"old woman"}]},{"number":60,"label":"36","id":"los-espila-p36-s1","source":"–Pero mamá... no zea tan ezéptica...","translation":"\"But Mama... don't be tho thkeptical...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p36-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no zea (no sea)","title":"Negative command with subjunctive","body":"Behind the lisp, «no zea» is «no sea» — the negative «usted» command of «ser», 'don't be'. Negative commands always use the subjunctive. Emilio addresses his mother with formal «usted» even while teasing her: «no sea tan escéptica», 'don't be so skeptical'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction introducing the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"mamá","lemma":"mamá","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing mamá","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zea","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zea","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be","note":"Lisped spelling of 'seas' (z for s), continuing this character's speech impediment."},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ezéptica","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ezéptica","lemma":"escéptico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of zea","gloss":"skeptical"}]},{"number":61,"label":"37","id":"los-espila-p37-s1","source":"–¿Te costó mucho trabajo?","translation":"\"Did it take you a lot of work?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p37-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Te costó","title":"«costar» like «gustar»","body":"«Costar» works like «gustar»: the thing (the work) is the subject and the person is an indirect object — «te costó mucho trabajo» literally 'much work cost to you', i.e. 'did it cost you a lot of effort?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of costó","gloss":"you","note":"Costar works like gustar: the person affected (te) is an indirect object, and the thing that costs (trabajo) is the grammatical subject."},{"surface":"costó","lemma":"costar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did it cost"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of costó","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":62,"label":"38","id":"los-espila-p38-s1","source":"Elena, con una gravedad sonriente y talante científico, se explicó.","translation":"Elena, with a smiling gravity and a scientific air, explained herself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p38-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"talante","title":"«talante» — disposition, air","body":"«Talante» means one's mood, manner, or disposition; «talante científico» is 'a scientific air / frame of mind'. Elena adopts the bearing of a real chemist as she walks Erdosain through the procedure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of explicó","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gravedad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gravedad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gravedad","lemma":"gravedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of explicó","gloss":"gravity"},{"surface":"sonriente","lemma":"sonriente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies gravedad","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"talante","lemma":"talante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with gravedad","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"científico","lemma":"científico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies talante","gloss":"scientific"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of explicó","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"explicó","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"}]},{"number":63,"label":"39","id":"los-espila-p39-s1","source":"–Fijate, Remo, que como a la primera rosa éste le largaba exceso de amperaje, se quemaba...","translation":"\"Look, Remo, since on the first rose this one here was giving it too much amperage, it kept burning...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p39-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Fijate","title":"«voseo» command «fijate»","body":"«Fijate» is the affirmative «vos» command of «fijarse» ('to notice, pay attention') — 'look, take note'. The «voseo» imperative drops the «-r» of the infinitive and adds the pronoun, with no accent shift: «fijá» + «te» → «fijate»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fijate","lemma":"fijarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look","note":"Fijate is the voseo imperative of fijarse ('to notice/take note'), common in Rioplatense Spanish."},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Remo","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of largaba, complement of Fijate","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies largaba, introduces the phrase a la primera rosa","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rosa","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primera","lemma":"primero","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of largaba","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"éste","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of largaba","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of largaba","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"largaba","lemma":"largar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que","gloss":"was giving"},{"surface":"exceso","lemma":"exceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of largaba","gloss":"excess"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amperaje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amperaje","lemma":"amperaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies exceso","gloss":"amperage"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of quemaba","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"quemaba","lemma":"quemar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with largaba, second clause on que","gloss":"was burning"}]},{"number":64,"label":"40","id":"los-espila-p40-s1","source":"–¿Y el baño no se precipitó?","translation":"\"And the bath didn't precipitate out?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p40-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se precipitó","title":"«precipitarse» — to precipitate (chemistry)","body":"Beyond its everyday sense 'to rush, to fall headlong', «precipitarse» is the chemistry term 'to precipitate', i.e. to drop out of solution as a solid. Erdosain asks, in the jargon of the workshop, whether the plating bath went cloudy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of precipitó","gloss":"bath"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies precipitó","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of precipitó","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"precipitó","lemma":"precipitar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"precipitate"}]},{"number":65,"label":"41","id":"los-espila-p41-s1","source":"–No... eso sí, lo entibiamos un poquito...","translation":"\"No... that said, we warmed it up a little bit...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p41-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"un poquito","title":"Diminutive «-ito»","body":"«Poquito» is the diminutive of «poco» ('a little'); the «-ito» suffix softens it to 'a tiny bit'. Spanish diminutives carry warmth and understatement as much as size, which suits the family's cozy shop talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands alone as a negative reply","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the idiom eso sí","gloss":"that","note":"'Eso sí' is a fixed phrase meaning 'that said / mind you', introducing a qualifying contrast."},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the idiom eso sí","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entibiamos","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"entibiamos","lemma":"entibiar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we warmed"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poquito","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poquito","lemma":"poquito","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of entibiamos","gloss":"little bit"}]},{"number":66,"label":"42","id":"los-espila-p42-s1","source":"–Para darle el baño a ésta; la encolamos...","translation":"\"To give this one its bath, we glued it...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p42-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"encolamos","title":"«encolar» — to glue","body":"«Encolar» ('to glue, to size') is formed from «cola», which in this sense means 'glue' (not 'tail' or 'queue'). They coat the natural rose in glue so the metal will take to it in the plating bath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of darle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"darle","lemma":"dar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on encolamos","gloss":"give it"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of darle","gloss":"bath"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ésta","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ésta","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of darle","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of encolamos","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"encolamos","lemma":"encolar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we glued"}]},{"number":67,"label":"43","id":"los-espila-p43-s1","source":"–Zabez... un baño de cola fina... zuave...","translation":"\"Y'know... a coat of fine glue... thmooth...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p43-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zabez","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"stands alone as a discourse marker","gloss":"you know","note":"Lisped spelling of 'sabés/sabes' (you know), continuing this character's speech impediment (z for s, as in ezta, zea, hazemos)."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baño","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cola","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cola","lemma":"cola","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies baño","gloss":"glue"},{"surface":"fina","lemma":"fino","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cola","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"zuave","lemma":"suave","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies baño","gloss":"smooth","note":"Lisped spelling of 'suave' (smooth)."}]},{"number":68,"label":"44","id":"los-espila-p44-s1","source":"Remo examinó nuevamente la rosa de cobre, admirando su perfección.","translation":"Remo examined the copper rose once more, admiring its perfection.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p44-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of examinó","gloss":"Remo"},{"surface":"examinó","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"nuevamente","lemma":"nuevamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies examinó","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of examinó","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rosa","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"admirando","lemma":"admirar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on examinó","gloss":"admiring"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of perfección","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"perfección","lemma":"perfección","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of admirando","gloss":"perfection"}]},{"number":69,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p44-s2","source":"Cada pétalo rojo era casi transparente, y bajo la película metálica se distinguía apenas la forma nervada del pétalo natural, que había ennegrecido la cola.","translation":"Each red petal was almost transparent, and under the metallic film one could barely make out the veined shape of the natural petal, which the glue had blackened.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p44-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se distinguía","title":"Impersonal «se» — 'one could'","body":"«Se distinguía» uses the impersonal «se» with no stated subject: 'one could make out', 'you could tell'. Spanish often replaces an English passive or generic 'one' with this «se» plus a third-person verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pétalo","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"pétalo","lemma":"pétalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"petal"},{"surface":"rojo","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pétalo","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to transparente","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies transparente","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"transparente","lemma":"transparente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"transparent"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking película","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of película","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"película","lemma":"película","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of distinguía","gloss":"film"},{"surface":"metálica","lemma":"metálico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies película","gloss":"metallic"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"impersonal/passive marker of distinguía","gloss":"passive marker","note":"Impersonal/passive se: 'se distinguía' = 'could be made out', not a true reflexive."},{"surface":"distinguía","lemma":"distinguir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with era, second main clause","gloss":"was made out"},{"surface":"apenas","lemma":"apenas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies distinguía","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of distinguía","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"nervada","lemma":"nervado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies forma","gloss":"veined"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pétalo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pétalo","lemma":"pétalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies forma","gloss":"petal"},{"surface":"natural","lemma":"natural","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pétalo","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ennegrecido","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ennegrecido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ennegrecido","lemma":"ennegrecer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying pétalo natural","gloss":"blackened"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cola","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cola","lemma":"cola","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ennegrecido","gloss":"glue"}]},{"number":70,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p44-s3","source":"El peso de la flor era leve, y Erdosain agregó:","translation":"The weight of the flower was slight, and Erdosain added:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p44-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of peso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peso","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flor","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies peso","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to leve","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"leve","lemma":"leve","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of agregó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"agregó","lemma":"agregar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with era, second main clause","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":71,"label":"45","id":"los-espila-p45-s1","source":"–¡Qué liviana!... Pesa menos que una moneda de cinco centavos...","translation":"\"How light it is!... It weighs less than a five-centavo coin...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p45-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¡Qué liviana!","title":"Exclamatory «¡Qué + adjective!»","body":"«¡Qué liviana!» = 'How light (it is)!'. «¡Qué!» plus an adjective or noun forms an exclamation; «liviana» ('light in weight') agrees with the feminine «flor»/«rosa»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liviana","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"liviana","lemma":"liviano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"Pesa","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weighs"},{"surface":"menos","lemma":"menos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Pesa","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase menos","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of moneda","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moneda","lemma":"moneda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Pesa","gloss":"coin"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centavos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cinco","lemma":"cinco","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies centavos","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"centavos","lemma":"centavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies moneda","gloss":"centavos"}]},{"number":72,"label":"46","id":"los-espila-p46-s1","source":"Luego observando una sombra amarilla que cubría los pistilos de la flor, estriándose al retrepar a los pétalos, agregó:","translation":"Then, noticing a yellow shadow that covered the flower's pistils, streaking as it climbed back up to the petals, he added:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p46-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies observando","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"observando","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on agregó","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of observando","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"amarilla","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sombra","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of cubría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cubría","lemma":"cubrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying sombra","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pistilos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pistilos","lemma":"pistilo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cubría","gloss":"pistils"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flor","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies pistilos","gloss":"flower"},{"surface":"estriándose","lemma":"estriar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clause modifying sombra, coordinated with cubría (describes the shadow streaking as it climbs, not the act of observing)","gloss":"streaking"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking retrepar","gloss":"as","note":"'al + infinitive' means 'upon/as [doing]' — 'al retrepar' = 'as it climbs back up.'"},{"surface":"retrepar","lemma":"retrepar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on estriándose","gloss":"climb back up"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pétalos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pétalos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pétalos","lemma":"pétalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of retrepar","gloss":"petals"},{"surface":"agregó","lemma":"agregar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":73,"label":"47","id":"los-espila-p47-s1","source":"–Sin embargo, cuando saquen las flores del baño tienen que lavarlas con mucha agua.","translation":"\"All the same, when you take the flowers out of the bath you have to wash them with plenty of water.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p47-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuando saquen","title":"Subjunctive after «cuando» (future)","body":"When «cuando» points at an as-yet-unrealized future action, the verb goes in the subjunctive: «cuando saquen las flores» = 'when(ever) you take the flowers out'. The deed hasn't happened yet, so Spanish uses «saquen», not the indicative «sacan»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase sin embargo, introduces the sentence","gloss":"however","note":"'Sin embargo' is a fixed transitional phrase meaning 'however/nevertheless' — the words aren't separately meaningful."},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Sin","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of saquen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"saquen","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the clause introduced by cuando","gloss":"take out"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of flores","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flores","lemma":"flor","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of saquen","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baño","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of saquen","gloss":"bath"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase tienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lavarlas","lemma":"lavar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tienen","gloss":"wash them"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agua","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mucha","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of agua","gloss":"plenty of"},{"surface":"agua","lemma":"agua","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lavarlas","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":74,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p47-s2","source":"¿Ven estas estrías amarillas?","translation":"\"Do you see these yellow streaks?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p47-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ven","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural (used for ustedes = you all)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see","note":"'Ven' here is the ustedes ('you all') form of ver, not third-person singular."},{"surface":"estas","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of estrías","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"estrías","lemma":"estría","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Ven","gloss":"streaks"},{"surface":"amarillas","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies estrías","gloss":"yellow"}]},{"number":75,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p47-s3","source":"Es el cianuro del baño que ataca al cobre.","translation":"\"It's the cyanide in the bath attacking the copper.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p47-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to cianuro","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cianuro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cianuro","lemma":"cianuro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cyanide"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baño","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cianuro","gloss":"bath"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ataca","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ataca","lemma":"atacar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cianuro","gloss":"attacks"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ataca","gloss":"copper"}]},{"number":76,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p47-s4","source":"–Todas las cabezas formaban círculo en torno de él, y le escuchaban con religioso silencio.","translation":"All the heads formed a circle around him and listened to him in religious silence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p47-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of formaban","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"formaban","lemma":"formar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"círculo","lemma":"círculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of formaban","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking torno","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"torno","lemma":"torno","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"around","note":"'En torno de' is a fixed prepositional phrase meaning 'around.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of formaban","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of escuchaban (leísmo)","gloss":"him","note":"Leísmo: 'le' used as the direct object for a male person instead of 'lo', common in Spain and heard in Argentine prose too."},{"surface":"escuchaban","lemma":"escuchar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with formaban","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silencio","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"religioso","lemma":"religioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies silencio","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"silencio","lemma":"silencio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of escuchaban","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":77,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p47-s5","source":"Continuó:","translation":"He went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p47-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":78,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p47-s6","source":"–Se forma cianato de cobre, que hay que evitarlo, porque si no no ataca el baño de níquel.","translation":"\"Copper cyanate forms, which you have to avoid, because otherwise the nickel bath won't take.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p47-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hay que evitarlo","title":"«hay que» + infinitive — impersonal obligation","body":"«Hay que» plus an infinitive states a general necessity with no particular subject: «hay que evitarlo» = 'one must avoid it', 'it has to be avoided'. Contrast «tener que» («tienen que lavarlas»), which pins the obligation on a specific person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"passive/impersonal marker, depends on forma","gloss":"(passive)"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"formar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forms"},{"surface":"cianato","lemma":"cianato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of forma","gloss":"cyanate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cobre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cianato","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative pronoun introducing the clause modifying cianato de cobre, resumed by lo in evitarlo (hay que is impersonal and has no subject)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hay","lemma":"haber","morphology":"impersonal verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on cianato (hay que = must)","gloss":"must","note":"\"Hay que\" is an impersonal expression meaning 'one must / it's necessary to.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed expression hay que","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"evitarlo","lemma":"evitar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hay que","gloss":"avoid it"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ataca","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase si no (otherwise)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase si no (otherwise)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ataca","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ataca","lemma":"atacar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by porque","gloss":"takes","note":"In this metalworking context \"atacar\" is jargon for the plating solution 'taking/biting' onto the metal, not literally 'attacking.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baño","lemma":"baño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ataca","gloss":"bath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking níquel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"níquel","lemma":"níquel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies baño","gloss":"nickel"}]},{"number":79,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p47-s7","source":"¿Cuánto duró?","translation":"\"How long did it take?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p47-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cuánto","lemma":"cuánto","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of duró","gloss":"how long"},{"surface":"duró","lemma":"durar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":80,"label":"48","id":"los-espila-p48-s1","source":"–Una hora.","translation":"\"An hour.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p48-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hora","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hour"}]},{"number":81,"label":"49","id":"los-espila-p49-s1","source":"Al levantar los ojos de la rosa su mirada se encontró con la de Luciana.","translation":"On lifting his eyes from the rose, his gaze met Luciana's.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p49-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al levantar","title":"«al» + infinitive (time)","body":"«Al levantar los ojos» = 'on raising his eyes', 'as he looked up'. The «al» + infinitive again compresses a whole clause of time into the moment one action coincides with another — here, the chance meeting of glances."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking levantar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"levantar","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on encontró","gloss":"lifting"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of levantar","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rosa","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of encontró","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontró (encontrarse con = to meet)","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"encontró","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking la","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular (elliptical for mirada)","role":"object of con, refers to mirada (Luciana's gaze)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Luciana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of de, modifies la (Luciana's)","gloss":"Luciana"}]},{"number":82,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p49-s2","source":"Los ojos de la doncella parecían aterciopelados de una calidez misteriosa y sus labios sonreían dejando entrever los dientes brillantes.","translation":"The maiden's eyes seemed velveted with a mysterious warmth, and her lips smiled, letting the bright teeth show through.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p49-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aterciopelados","title":"«aterciopelado» — velvety","body":"«Aterciopelado» ('velvety, velveted') comes from «terciopelo» ('velvet'). Used of Luciana's eyes it makes her gaze soft and plush — the first hint of the tenderness she is about to confess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of parecían","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doncella","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of doncella","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doncella","lemma":"doncella","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"maiden"},{"surface":"parecían","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"aterciopelados","lemma":"aterciopelado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective complement of parecían","gloss":"velveted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calidez","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calidez","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"calidez","lemma":"calidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aterciopelados","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"misteriosa","lemma":"misterioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies calidez","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sonreían","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"sonreían","lemma":"sonreír","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause coordinated with parecían","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"dejando","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial gerund clause on sonreían","gloss":"letting"},{"surface":"entrever","lemma":"entrever","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of dejando","gloss":"show through"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of dientes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of entrever","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"brillantes","lemma":"brillante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies dientes","gloss":"bright"}]},{"number":83,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p49-s3","source":"Erdosain la miró extrañado.","translation":"Erdosain looked at her, taken aback.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p49-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"extrañado","lemma":"extrañado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing Erdosain","gloss":"taken aback"}]},{"number":84,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p49-s4","source":"El sordo examinaba la rosa y todas las cabezas estrechadas contra él seguían con atención las rayas amarillas del cianuro.","translation":"The deaf man was examining the rose, and all the heads pressed close against him followed attentively the yellow lines of the cyanide.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p49-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sordo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of examinaba","gloss":"deaf man"},{"surface":"examinaba","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was examining"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rosa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rosa","lemma":"rosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of examinaba","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cabezas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabezas","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of seguían","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"estrechadas","lemma":"estrechado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cabezas","gloss":"pressed close"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of contra","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"seguían","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with examinaba","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atención","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"atención","lemma":"atención","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of seguían","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of rayas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rayas","lemma":"raya","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of seguían","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"amarillas","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies rayas","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cianuro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cianuro","lemma":"cianuro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rayas","gloss":"cyanide"}]},{"number":85,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p49-s5","source":"Luciana no bajó los párpados.","translation":"Luciana did not lower her eyelids.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p49-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of bajó","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bajó","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bajó","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lowered"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of párpados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"párpados","lemma":"párpado","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of bajó","gloss":"eyelids"}]},{"number":86,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p49-s6","source":"De pronto Erdosain recordó que al día siguiente intervendría en el asesinato de Barsut, y una tristeza enorme le hizo bajar los ojos: luego, súbitamente hostil para esa gente ilusionada y que no tenía una idea de sus sufrimientos y de las angustias que hacia meses estaba soportando, se levantó y dijo:","translation":"Suddenly Erdosain remembered that the next day he would take part in the murder of Barsut, and an enormous sadness made him lower his eyes; then, suddenly hostile toward these deluded people, who had no notion of his sufferings or of the anguish he had been bearing for months, he stood up and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p49-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"intervendría","title":"Conditional as future-in-the-past","body":"«Intervendría» (irregular conditional of «intervenir») reports a future event seen from a past vantage point — 'he would take part'. The murder is still to come for Erdosain, but the narration looks at it from within the remembered evening."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase de pronto (suddenly), modifies recordó","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase De","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recordó","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recordó","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of intervendría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking día","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"día","lemma":"día","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of intervendría","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"siguiente","lemma":"siguiente","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies día","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"intervendría","lemma":"intervenir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of recordó","gloss":"would take part"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking asesinato","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asesinato","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asesinato","lemma":"asesinato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of intervendría","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies asesinato","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tristeza","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"tristeza","lemma":"tristeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of hizo","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies tristeza","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of hizo","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hizo","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of clause coordinated with recordó","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"bajar","lemma":"bajar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hizo","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of bajar","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies levantó","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"súbitamente","lemma":"súbitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hostil","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"hostil","lemma":"hostil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing Erdosain (subject of levantó)","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gente","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hostil","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"ilusionada","lemma":"ilusionado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gente","gloss":"deluded"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative pronoun referring to gente, subject of tenía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying gente, coordinated with ilusionada","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of idea","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"idea","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimientos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sufrimientos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sufrimientos","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies idea","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and","note":"Translated as 'or' here because English negation ('no notion of X or Y') reads more naturally, though y literally means 'and.'"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angustias","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of angustias","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angustias","lemma":"angustia","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with sufrimientos","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative pronoun referring to angustias, direct object of soportando","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular (impersonal duration expression)","role":"impersonal time expression modifying soportando (hacía meses = for months)","gloss":"for","note":"\"Hacia\" here is 'hacía' (imperfect of hacer marking elapsed time, 'for months') printed without its accent — not the preposition 'hacia' (toward)."},{"surface":"meses","lemma":"mes","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of hacía, marks duration of soportando","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of soportando","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"soportando","lemma":"soportar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"main verb of relative clause on angustias, with auxiliary estaba","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of levantó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"levantó","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, subject Erdosain (elided), coordinated with recordó","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with levantó","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":87,"label":"50","id":"los-espila-p50-s1","source":"–Bueno, hasta luego.","translation":"\"All right, see you later.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p50-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bueno","lemma":"bueno","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the idiomatic phrase hasta luego, coordinated with Bueno","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase hasta","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":88,"label":"51","id":"los-espila-p51-s1","source":"Hasta el sordo lo miró desencajado.","translation":"Even the deaf man looked at him, dumbfounded.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p51-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"desencajado","title":"«desencajado» — with a stunned, contorted face","body":"«Desencajado» literally means 'out of joint, dislocated'; of a face it describes features twisted or frozen by shock. The deaf man's expression comes apart at Erdosain's abrupt change of mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic adverb modifying sordo (even the deaf man)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sordo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"deaf man"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"desencajado","lemma":"desencajado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing sordo","gloss":"dumbfounded"}]},{"number":89,"label":"52","id":"los-espila-p52-s1","source":"Elena dejó la silla y la anciana quedóse con el brazo inmóvil sosteniendo un plato que iba a colocar frente a Eustaquio.","translation":"Elena left her chair, and the old woman froze with her arm still, holding a plate she was about to set in front of Eustaquio.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p52-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"quedóse","title":"Enclitic pronoun: «quedóse»","body":"«Quedóse» attaches the reflexive pronoun to the end of the verb — «se quedó» written as one word. This enclitic placement is a literary, slightly old-fashioned style; in everyday speech you would say «se quedó»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of dejó","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"dejó","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of silla","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"silla","lemma":"silla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dejó","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of anciana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anciana","lemma":"anciana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of quedóse","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"quedóse","lemma":"quedar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular, reflexive (enclitic se)","role":"coordinated with dejó","gloss":"froze","note":"\"Quedóse\" attaches the reflexive pronoun after the verb (quedó + se), an older/literary word order equivalent to modern 'se quedó.'"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazo","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of quedóse","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"inmóvil","lemma":"inmóvil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies brazo","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"sosteniendo","lemma":"sostener","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on quedóse","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of plato","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plato","lemma":"plato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sosteniendo","gloss":"plate"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative pronoun referring to plato, direct object of colocar","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"iba","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of colocar","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of colocar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"colocar","lemma":"colocar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of relative clause modifying plato, with auxiliary iba a","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase frente a (in front of), modifies colocar","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Eustaquio","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Eustaquio","lemma":"Eustaquio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of the preposition a (frente a Eustaquio)","gloss":"Eustaquio"}]},{"number":90,"label":"53","id":"los-espila-p53-s1","source":"–¿Qué te pasa, Remo?","translation":"\"What's the matter, Remo?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p53-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Qué te pasa?","title":"«pasar» with an indirect object","body":"«¿Qué te pasa?» — literally 'what happens to you?' — is the everyday way to ask 'what's wrong?'. «Pasar» here takes an indirect-object pronoun («te») for the person affected, much like «gustar» or «doler»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pasa","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pasa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pasa","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is the matter"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Remo","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":91,"label":"54","id":"los-espila-p54-s1","source":"–Pero, che, Erdosain...","translation":"\"But come on, man, Erdosain...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p54-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction (used as discourse marker)","role":"discourse marker introducing the utterance","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"che","lemma":"che","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection, addressing Erdosain","gloss":"man","note":"\"Che\" is a Rioplatense interjection used to address someone informally, like 'hey' or 'man.'"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, being addressed","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":92,"label":"55","id":"los-espila-p55-s1","source":"Elena lo observó seriamente:","translation":"Elena watched him gravely:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p55-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of observó","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of observó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"observó","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"seriamente","lemma":"seriamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies observó","gloss":"gravely"}]},{"number":93,"label":"56","id":"los-espila-p56-s1","source":"–¿Te pasa algo, Remo?","translation":"\"Is something wrong, Remo?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p56-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pasa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pasa","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"algo","lemma":"algo","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pasa","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"Remo","lemma":"Remo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Remo","gloss":"Remo"}]},{"number":94,"label":"57","id":"los-espila-p57-s1","source":"–Nada, Elena... créame...","translation":"\"Nothing, Elena... believe me...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p57-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"créame","title":"Formal command «créame»","body":"«Créame» is the affirmative «usted» command of «creer» with the pronoun attached — 'believe me (formal)'. Note the switch: Erdosain addresses Elena with formal «usted» here, even though elsewhere the family uses «vos» with each other."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Elena","lemma":"Elena","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressing Elena","gloss":"Elena"},{"surface":"créame","lemma":"creer yo","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person formal (usted), with enclitic pronoun me","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"believe me"}]},{"number":95,"label":"58","id":"los-espila-p58-s1","source":"–¿Estás enojado? –preguntó Luciana llenos los ojos de su calidez misteriosa y triste.","translation":"\"Are you angry?\" asked Luciana, her eyes brimming with that mysterious, sad warmth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p58-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"enojado","title":"«enojarse» — to get angry","body":"In River Plate (and broader Latin American) Spanish «enojarse» / «estar enojado» is the standard way to say 'to get / be angry'. In Spain «enfadarse» is more usual. «¿Estás enojado?» = 'Are you angry / upset?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enojado","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"enojado","lemma":"enojado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with Estás (quoted question)","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"preguntó","lemma":"preguntar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of preguntó","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"llenos","lemma":"lleno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ojos (absolute construction: eyes full of warmth)","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of ojos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ojos","lemma":"ojo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the absolute construction llenos, describes Luciana","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calidez","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of calidez","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"calidez","lemma":"calidez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ojos","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"misteriosa","lemma":"misterioso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies calidez","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with misteriosa","gloss":"sad"}]},{"number":96,"label":"59","id":"los-espila-p59-s1","source":"–No, nada... sentía unas enormes ganas de verlos... Ahora tengo que irme...","translation":"\"No, nothing... I had a huge urge to see you all... Now I have to go...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p59-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ganas de verlos","title":"Idiom: «tener ganas de»","body":"«Tener ganas de» plus an infinitive means 'to feel like / have an urge to' do something: «ganas de verlos» = 'a longing to see you all'. The object pronoun «los» on «ver» refers to the whole family."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"completes the phrase No (No, nada = No, nothing)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"sentía","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"unas","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ganas","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"enormes","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ganas","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"ganas","lemma":"gana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sentía","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of verlos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlos","lemma":"ver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying ganas","gloss":"see them"},{"surface":"Ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tengo","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the periphrasis tener que (have to)","gloss":"to","note":"\"Tener que\" + infinitive means 'have to.'"},{"surface":"irme","lemma":"ir yo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tengo que","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":97,"label":"60","id":"los-espila-p60-s1","source":"–¿De veras que no estás enojado?","translation":"\"You're really not angry?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p60-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de veras (really), modifies estás enojado","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"veras","lemma":"veras","morphology":"noun","role":"part of the phrase De","gloss":"truly","note":"\"De veras\" is a fixed phrase meaning 'really/truly.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause no estás enojado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enojado","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enojado","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"enojado","lemma":"enojado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of estás","gloss":"angry"}]},{"number":98,"label":"61","id":"los-espila-p61-s1","source":"–No, señora.","translation":"\"No, ma'am.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p61-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"señora","lemma":"señora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the woman","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":99,"label":"62","id":"los-espila-p62-s1","source":"–Zon las preocupacionez... me explico...","translation":"\"It'th the worrieth... I underthtand...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p62-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me explico","title":"«explicarse» — to understand","body":"Reflexive «explicarse» means 'to understand, to make sense of' something: «me explico» = 'I see, that explains it'. Under the lisp («Zon... preocupacionez») Emilio is saying «Son las preocupaciones... me explico» — 'It's the worries... that makes sense to me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zon","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural (lisped: son → zon)","role":"main verb of the sentence (copula)","gloss":"are","note":"The character has a lisp reflected in the spelling (z for s): \"Zon\" = \"Son\" (are), \"preocupacionez\" = \"preocupaciones\" (worries)."},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of preocupacionez","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"preocupacionez","lemma":"preocupación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural (lisped spelling of preocupaciones)","role":"predicate complement of Zon","gloss":"worries"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of explico","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"explico","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explain","note":"\"Me explico\" literally means 'I explain myself'; here it is used idiomatically like 'you know/you understand.'"}]},{"number":100,"label":"63","id":"los-espila-p63-s1","source":"–Callate vos, badulaque...","translation":"\"You be quiet, you fool...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p63-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Callate vos","title":"«voseo» command + emphatic «vos»","body":"«Callate» is the «vos» command of «callarse» ('to be quiet') — 'shut up, hush'. Adding «vos» after it is emphatic: 'you, you be quiet'. «Badulaque» is an old insult meaning 'fool, good-for-nothing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Callate","lemma":"callar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular (voseo), with enclitic pronoun te","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative)","gloss":"be quiet","note":"\"Callate\" is the voseo imperative of callarse ('be quiet'), used with vos instead of tú — typical of Rioplatense Spanish."},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"subject of Callate (emphatic, voseo)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"badulaque","lemma":"badulaque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, term of address (insult)","gloss":"fool","note":"\"Badulaque\" is a colloquial insult meaning 'good-for-nothing' or 'fool.'"}]},{"number":101,"label":"64","id":"los-espila-p64-s1","source":"El sordo se resolvió a abandonar el jeroglífico e insistió en lo que dijera antes.","translation":"The deaf man made up his mind to leave the puzzle and pressed the point he had made before.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p64-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lo que dijera antes","title":"«-ra» subjunctive as a pluperfect","body":"Here «dijera» (imperfect subjunctive of «decir») stands in for the pluperfect «había dicho» — 'what he had said before'. This older literary use of the «-ra» form to mean a remote past is common in early-20th-century prose like Arlt's."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sordo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of resolvió","gloss":"deaf man"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of resolvió","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"resolvió","lemma":"resolver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up his mind"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of abandonar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"abandonar","lemma":"abandonar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of resolvió","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jeroglífico","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeroglífico","lemma":"jeroglífico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of abandonar","gloss":"puzzle"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"insistió","lemma":"insistir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with resolvió","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lo (insistió en lo que...)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"object of en, head of the relative clause lo que dijera (what he had said)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative pronoun (refers to lo), direct object of dijera","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dijera","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying lo (que dijera antes = what he had said before)","gloss":"had said","note":"\"Dijera\" (imperfect subjunctive) is used here with the value of a pluperfect indicative ('had said') — a literary usage, not an actual subjunctive."},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijera","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":102,"label":"65","id":"los-espila-p65-s1","source":"–Te prevengo que esto tenés que tomarlo en serio, porque te vas a hacer rico.","translation":"\"I warn you, you've got to take this seriously, because you're going to get rich.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p65-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tenés que tomarlo","title":"«voseo» «tenés» + «tener que»","body":"«Tenés» is the «voseo» present of «tener» ('you have'), and «tener que» + infinitive means 'to have to': «tenés que tomarlo en serio» = 'you have to take it seriously'. The «lo» on «tomar» refers back to «esto» ('this')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of prevengo","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"prevengo","lemma":"prevenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I warn"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of prevengo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"topicalized object, resumed by lo in tomarlo","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que","gloss":"you have","note":"\"Tenés\" is the voseo present-tense form of tener (tú tienes → vos tenés), standard in Rioplatense Spanish."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the periphrasis tenés que (have to)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tomarlo","lemma":"tomar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tenés que, lo resumes esto","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies tomarlo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"serio","lemma":"serio","morphology":"adjective (used substantively), singular","role":"part of the phrase en (en serio = seriously)","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of hacer (hacerse rico = become rich)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hacer","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the porque clause (hacerse rico = get rich)","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"rico","lemma":"rico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective complement of hacer","gloss":"rich"}]},{"number":103,"label":"66","id":"los-espila-p66-s1","source":"–¿Pero no te pasa nada a vos?","translation":"\"But nothing's wrong with you, is there?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p66-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction (used as discourse marker)","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pasa","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of pasa","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"pasa","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pasa","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular (voseo, emphatic after preposition a)","role":"oblique complement of pasa","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":104,"label":"67","id":"los-espila-p67-s1","source":"Erdosain recogió su sombrero.","translation":"Erdosain picked up his hat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p67-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of recogió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"recogió","lemma":"recoger","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sombrero","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sombrero","lemma":"sombrero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of recogió","gloss":"hat"}]},{"number":105,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p67-s2","source":"Experimentaba una repugnancia enorme al pronunciar palabras inútiles.","translation":"He felt an enormous revulsion at uttering useless words.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p67-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Experimentaba","lemma":"experimentar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he felt"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of repugnancia","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"repugnancia","lemma":"repugnancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Experimentaba","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"enorme","lemma":"enorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies repugnancia","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pronunciar","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"pronunciar","lemma":"pronunciar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on Experimentaba (al + infinitive = upon doing)","gloss":"uttering"},{"surface":"palabras","lemma":"palabra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of pronunciar","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"inútiles","lemma":"inútil","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies palabras","gloss":"useless"}]},{"number":106,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p67-s3","source":"Todo estaba resuelto.","translation":"Everything was settled.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p67-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to resuelto","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"resuelto","lemma":"resuelto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"settled"}]},{"number":107,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p67-s4","source":"¿A qué hablar, entonces?","translation":"Why speak, then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p67-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿A qué hablar?","title":"«¿A qué + infinitive?»","body":"«¿A qué hablar?» = 'what's the point of talking?', 'why speak?'. The pattern «¿a qué + infinitive?» asks rhetorically about the purpose of an action, and the infinitive stands in for a full clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a qué (why), preposition marking qué","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the idiom a qué (why), modifies hablar","gloss":"why","note":"\"A qué\" here is idiomatic for 'why/what for,' not a literal 'to what.'"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablar","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":108,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p67-s5","source":"Sin embargo, se esforzó y dijo:","translation":"Nevertheless, he made an effort and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p67-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiomatic phrase sin embargo (nevertheless), modifies esforzó","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Sin","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"\"Sin embargo\" is a fixed phrase meaning 'nevertheless/however' — not literally 'without embargo.'"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of esforzó","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"esforzó","lemma":"esforzar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made an effort"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with esforzó","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":109,"label":"68","id":"los-espila-p68-s1","source":"–Créanme... los quiero mucho a ustedes... como antes... No estoy enojado... tranquilícense... tengo más ideas... Pondremos una tintorería de perros y venderemos perros teñidos de verde, de azul, de amarillo y de violeta... Ya ven que ideas me sobran... Ustedes van a salir de esta horrible miseria... yo los voy a sacar... ya ven, me sobran ideas.","translation":"\"Believe me... I love you all very much... just like before... I'm not angry... calm down... I have more ideas... We'll open a dog-dyeing shop and sell dogs dyed green, blue, yellow, and violet... You see I have ideas to spare... You're going to get out of this horrible misery... I'm going to get you out... you see, ideas overflow in me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p68-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me sobran ideas","title":"«sobrar» like «gustar»","body":"«Sobrar» ('to be left over, to be in excess') behaves like «gustar»: the thing is the subject and the person takes an indirect object — «me sobran ideas» = 'ideas are left over to me', i.e. 'I have ideas to spare'. The verb agrees with the plural «ideas»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tranquilícense","title":"Plural formal command «tranquilícense»","body":"«Tranquilícense» is the «ustedes» command of «tranquilizarse» ('to calm down') with the reflexive pronoun attached — 'calm yourselves'. The «z→c» spelling before «-en» keeps the soft sound of the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Créanme","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, formal, plural, with enclitic pronoun me","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe me"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"you all"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the direct object ustedes (personal a)","gloss":"to","note":"The personal 'a' marks a human direct object and has no direct English translation."},{"surface":"ustedes","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of quiero (doubled by los)","gloss":"you all"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a comparison, modifying quiero","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of como (comparison)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estoy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estoy","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enojado","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"enojado","lemma":"enojado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estoy","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"tranquilícense","lemma":"tranquilizarse","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, formal, plural, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calm down"},{"surface":"tengo","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ideas","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tengo","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"Pondremos","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll open"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tintorería","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tintorería","lemma":"tintorería","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Pondremos","gloss":"dye shop"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perros","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"perros","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tintorería","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"venderemos","lemma":"vender","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Pondremos","gloss":"we'll sell"},{"surface":"perros","lemma":"perro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of venderemos","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"teñidos","lemma":"teñido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies perros","gloss":"dyed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verde","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, invariable","role":"modifies teñidos","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azul","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"azul","lemma":"azul","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with verde","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amarillo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"amarillo","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with verde","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking violeta","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"violeta","lemma":"violeta","morphology":"adjective, invariable","role":"coordinated with amarillo","gloss":"violet"},{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ven","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ven","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of ven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of sobran","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of sobran","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"sobran","lemma":"sobrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of ven","gloss":"are to spare"},{"surface":"Ustedes","lemma":"usted","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of salir","gloss":"you all"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of salir","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of salir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"salir","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miseria","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of miseria","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies miseria","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"miseria","lemma":"miseria","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salir","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sacar","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of sacar","gloss":"you all"},{"surface":"voy","lemma":"ir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of sacar","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sacar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sacar","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ven","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ven","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of sobran","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"sobran","lemma":"sobrar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause following ven","gloss":"overflow"},{"surface":"ideas","lemma":"idea","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of sobran","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":110,"label":"69","id":"los-espila-p69-s1","source":"Luciana lo miró compadecida y dijo:","translation":"Luciana looked at him with pity and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p69-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"compadecida","lemma":"compadecido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Luciana","gloss":"with pity"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miró","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":111,"label":"70","id":"los-espila-p70-s1","source":"–Yo te acompaño –así salieron juntos hasta la calle.","translation":"\"I'll walk you out,\" and so they went out together as far as the street.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p70-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Yo te acompaño","title":"Present tense for the near future","body":"«Yo te acompaño» — present indicative — is used here for an immediate intention: 'I'll go with you'. Spanish freely uses the present to announce something about to happen, especially in offers like this one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yo","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of acompaño","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of acompaño","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"acompaño","lemma":"acompañar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll accompany"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salieron","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"salieron","lemma":"salir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they went out"},{"surface":"juntos","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"describes the subject of salieron","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salieron","gloss":"street"}]},{"number":112,"label":"71","id":"los-espila-p71-s1","source":"La neblina encajaba en el callejón un cubo en el cual reverberaban tristemente los mecheros de los faroles de petróleo.","translation":"The fog wedged into the alley a cube in which the burners of the oil lamps reverberated mournfully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p71-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"callejón","title":"«callejón» — narrow alley","body":"«Callejón» is the augmentative-shaped but actually narrowing form of «calle» ('street'): a tight lane or alley. The fog packs itself into this slot of a street, a 'cube' of grey lit only by the oil-lamp flames."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of encajaba","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"encajaba","lemma":"encajar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wedged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking callejón","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of callejón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"callejón","lemma":"callejón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encajaba","gloss":"alley"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cubo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cubo","lemma":"cubo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of encajaba","gloss":"cube"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cual","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cual","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cual","lemma":"cual","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of reverberaban","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"reverberaban","lemma":"reverberar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying cubo","gloss":"reverberated"},{"surface":"tristemente","lemma":"tristemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reverberaban","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of mecheros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mecheros","lemma":"mechero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of reverberaban","gloss":"burners"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faroles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of faroles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"faroles","lemma":"farol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mecheros","gloss":"lamps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking petróleo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"petróleo","lemma":"petróleo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies faroles","gloss":"oil"}]},{"number":113,"label":"72","id":"los-espila-p72-s1","source":"De pronto, Luciana tomóse del brazo de Erdosain y le dijo con voz muy suave:","translation":"Suddenly Luciana took Erdosain's arm and said to him in a very soft voice:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p72-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tomóse del brazo","title":"Enclitic + «tomarse de»","body":"«Tomóse» is «se tomó» with the pronoun attached (the literary enclitic style). «Tomarse de(l brazo)» means 'to take hold of (the arm)' — she clutches his arm to her."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the idiom 'de pronto' (with pronto)","gloss":"suddenly","note":"'De pronto' is a fixed idiom meaning 'suddenly' — the two words don't translate individually."},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"noun","role":"forms the idiom 'de pronto' (with de)","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Luciana","lemma":"Luciana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of tomóse (and dijo)","gloss":"Luciana"},{"surface":"tomóse","lemma":"tomarse","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular, reflexive (archaic enclitic -se)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took hold","note":"'Tomóse' is archaic literary syntax: 'tomó' plus the reflexive pronoun 'se' attached after the verb, common in early-20th-century Argentine prose like Arlt's."},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazo","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of tomóse","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies brazo","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voz","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dijo","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"muy","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies suave","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"suave","lemma":"suave","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"soft"}]},{"number":114,"label":"73","id":"los-espila-p73-s1","source":"–¡Te quiero, te quiero mucho!","translation":"\"I love you, I love you so much!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p73-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Te quiero","title":"«querer» — to love","body":"«Querer» means both 'to want' and, of a person, 'to love'. «Te quiero» is the warm, everyday way to say 'I love you' — less solemn than «te amo». Luciana's blurted confession is tender, not theatrical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"mucho","lemma":"mucho","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"so much"}]},{"number":115,"label":"74","id":"los-espila-p74-s1","source":"Erdosain la miró irónicamente, su pena se había transfigurado en crueldad.","translation":"Erdosain looked at her ironically; his grief had transfigured itself into cruelty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p74-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"irónicamente","lemma":"irónicamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miró","gloss":"ironically"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of transfigurado","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of transfigurado","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of transfigurado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"transfigurado","lemma":"transfigurar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"transfigured"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crueldad","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"crueldad","lemma":"crueldad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of transfigurado","gloss":"cruelty"}]},{"number":116,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p74-s2","source":"La miró:","translation":"He looked at her:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p74-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"}]},{"number":117,"label":"75","id":"los-espila-p75-s1","source":"–Ya lo sé.","translation":"\"I already know.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p75-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ya lo sé","title":"«ya» and the neuter «lo»","body":"«Ya» means 'already, now'; the neuter «lo» stands in for a whole idea rather than a noun — «ya lo sé» = 'I already know (that)'. The two tiny words make Erdosain's reply curt and cold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sé","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sé","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sé","lemma":"saber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":118,"label":"76","id":"los-espila-p76-s1","source":"Ella continuó:","translation":"She went on:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p76-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"}]},{"number":119,"label":"77","id":"los-espila-p77-s1","source":"–Te quiero tanto, que para serte agradable me he estudiado cómo es un alto horno y el transformador de Beseemer.","translation":"\"I love you so much that, to please you, I've studied how a blast furnace works and the Bessemer transformer.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p77-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"para serte agradable","title":"Infinitive of purpose + clitic","body":"«Para serte agradable» = 'in order to be pleasing to you'. «Para» + infinitive states purpose, and the dative «te» ('to you') attaches to the infinitive «ser». «Alto horno» is a 'blast furnace'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of quiero","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"quiero","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quiero","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estudiado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of serte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"serte","lemma":"ser","morphology":"verb, infinitive, with enclitic pronoun te","role":"copula linking to agradable, adverbial clause on estudiado","gloss":"to be to you"},{"surface":"agradable","lemma":"agradable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of serte","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of estudiado","gloss":"myself","note":"'Me... he estudiado' uses a colloquial intensifying reflexive (like 'me leí el libro') that emphasizes thorough study, not literal reflexivity."},{"surface":"he","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of estudiado","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"estudiado","lemma":"estudiar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the clausal complement of estudiado","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to horno","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of horno","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies horno","gloss":"blast","note":"'Alto horno' is the standard Spanish term for 'blast furnace' — not literally a 'tall oven.'"},{"surface":"horno","lemma":"horno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"furnace"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of transformador","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"transformador","lemma":"transformador","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with horno","gloss":"transformer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Beseemer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Beseemer","lemma":"Bessemer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies transformador","gloss":"Bessemer","note":"'Beseemer' is the source text's spelling of 'Bessemer,' the steelmaking process."}]},{"number":120,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p77-s2","source":"¿Querés que te diga lo qué son los atalajes y cómo funciona la refrigeración?","translation":"\"Do you want me to tell you what the harness gear is and how the cooling works?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p77-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"¿Querés que te diga?","title":"Subjunctive after a verb of wanting","body":"When the subject of «querer» wants someone else to do something, the second verb goes in the subjunctive: «querés que te diga» = 'do you want me to tell you'. «Diga» is the present subjunctive of «decir»; «querés» is the «voseo» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want","note":"'Querés' is the voseo (vos) present-tense form used in Argentina instead of 'quieres.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of diga","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of diga","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"diga","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Querés","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter","role":"pairs with qué to form 'lo que' (what), object of diga","gloss":"what","note":"'Lo qué' functions like 'lo que' (what/that which) — a single compound relative pronoun even though written as two words."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of son","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to atalajes","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of atalajes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atalajes","lemma":"atalaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of son","gloss":"harness gear"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of funciona","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"funciona","lemma":"funcionar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with diga","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of refrigeración","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"refrigeración","lemma":"refrigeración","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of funciona","gloss":"cooling"}]},{"number":121,"label":"78","id":"los-espila-p78-s1","source":"Erdosain la envolvió en una mirada fría, pensando: «Esta mujer está mal».","translation":"Erdosain wrapped her in a cold look, thinking: \"This woman is unwell.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p78-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"está mal","title":"«estar mal» — to be unwell / not right","body":"«Estar mal» (with «estar», not «ser») means 'to be in a bad way' — physically or mentally unwell, or 'not right'. Erdosain coldly judges Luciana to be disturbed. The «guillemets» «...» mark his interior thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of envolvió","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of envolvió","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"envolvió","lemma":"envolver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirada","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of envolvió","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"fría","lemma":"frío","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirada","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on envolvió","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"Esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mal","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of está","gloss":"unwell"}]},{"number":122,"label":"79","id":"los-espila-p79-s1","source":"Ella continuó: –Siempre pensaba en vos.","translation":"She went on: \"I was always thinking of you.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p79-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"pensaba en vos","title":"«pensar en» + «vos»","body":"«Pensar en» means 'to think about / of'. After a preposition the «voseo» pronoun is «vos»: «en vos» = 'of you' (where «tuteo» would say «en ti»). The imperfect «pensaba» makes the thinking habitual: 'I was always thinking of you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of continuó","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"continuó","lemma":"continuar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pensaba","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"I was thinking"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, second-person, singular","role":"object of preposition en (oblique complement of pensaba)","gloss":"you","note":"'Vos' is the Rioplatense second-person singular pronoun, used instead of 'ti' after a preposition — standard in Argentine Spanish."}]},{"number":123,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p79-s2","source":"¿Querés que te explique el análisis de los aceros y cómo se funde el cobre, mirá, y el lavado del oro y lo qué son las muflas?","translation":"\"Do you want me to explain the analysis of steels and how copper is smelted, look, and the washing of gold and what the muffles are?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p79-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"mirá","title":"«voseo» command «mirá»","body":"«Mirá» is the «vos» imperative of «mirar» ('look'), stressed on the final syllable instead of «mira». Dropped into the middle of her breathless list, it is a filler appeal — 'look, listen' — typical of porteño speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explique","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of explique","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"explique","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Querés","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of análisis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"análisis","lemma":"análisis","morphology":"noun, masculine","role":"direct object of explique","gloss":"analysis"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aceros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of aceros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aceros","lemma":"acero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies análisis","gloss":"steels"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of funde","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"passive/reflexive particle of funde","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"funde","lemma":"fundir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with explique","gloss":"smelted"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cobre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cobre","lemma":"cobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of funde","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"mirá","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"parenthetical (discourse filler)","gloss":"look","note":"'Mirá' here is a voseo imperative used as a conversational filler ('look,' 'you know'), not a literal command."},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lavado","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lavado","lemma":"lavado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with análisis","gloss":"washing"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oro","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"oro","lemma":"oro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lavado","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"pronoun, neuter","role":"pairs with qué to form 'lo que' (what), object of explique","gloss":"what","note":"'Lo qué' functions like 'lo que' (what/that which) — a single compound relative pronoun even though written as two words."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of son","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to muflas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of muflas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muflas","lemma":"mufla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of son","gloss":"muffles"}]},{"number":124,"label":"80","id":"los-espila-p80-s1","source":"Erdosain, apretando obstinadamente los labios, caminaba por el callejón pensando que la existencia de los hombres era un absurdo, y otra vez el rencor injustificado brotaba de él hacia la dulce muchacha que, apretada contra su brazo decía:","translation":"Erdosain, pressing his lips together stubbornly, walked along the alley thinking that the existence of men was an absurdity, and once more an unjustified rancor welled up out of him toward the sweet girl who, pressed against his arm, was saying:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p80-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"brotaba","title":"Imperfect for a recurring surge","body":"«Brotaba» (imperfect of «brotar», 'to sprout, well up') paired with «otra vez» ('again') paints the rancor as something that keeps rising in him, not a single burst. The imperfect is Arlt's tense for these slow, repeating tides of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of caminaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"apretando","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on caminaba","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"obstinadamente","lemma":"obstinadamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies apretando","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of labios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"labios","lemma":"labio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of apretando","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking callejón","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of callejón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"callejón","lemma":"callejón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"alley"},{"surface":"pensando","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on caminaba","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of absurdo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of existencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"existencia","lemma":"existencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of hombres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies existencia","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to absurdo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of absurdo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"absurdo","lemma":"absurdo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era, within the clause complementing pensando","gloss":"absurdity"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of brotaba","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rencor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rencor","lemma":"rencor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of brotaba","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"injustificado","lemma":"injustificado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rencor","gloss":"unjustified"},{"surface":"brotaba","lemma":"brotar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with caminaba","gloss":"welled up"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of brotaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muchacha","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dulce","lemma":"dulce","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies muchacha","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"muchacha","lemma":"muchacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of brotaba","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of decía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"apretada","lemma":"apretado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on decía","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"contra","lemma":"contra","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brazo","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of apretada","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying muchacha","gloss":"was saying"}]},{"number":125,"label":"81","id":"los-espila-p81-s1","source":"–¿Te acordás de aquella vez que hablaste de que tu ideal era ser jefe de un alto horno?","translation":"\"Do you remember that time you talked about how your ideal was to be the head of a blast furnace?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p81-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Te acordás de","title":"«acordarse de» («voseo»)","body":"«Acordarse de» is the pronominal verb 'to remember': «¿te acordás de...?» = 'do you remember...?'. «Acordás» is the «voseo» present (vs. «tú te acuerdas», which also has a stem change «o→ue» that «voseo» drops)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acordás","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"acordás","lemma":"acordarse","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vez","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vez","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vez","lemma":"vez","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acordás","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying vez","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hablaste","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying vez","gloss":"you talked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ideal","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ideal","lemma":"ideal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to jefe","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"jefe","lemma":"jefe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of era","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horno","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of horno","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alto","lemma":"alto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies horno","gloss":"blast"},{"surface":"horno","lemma":"horno","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jefe","gloss":"furnace"}]},{"number":126,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p81-s2","source":"Me has vuelto loca.","translation":"\"You've driven me mad.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p81-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"volver loca","title":"Idiom: «volver loco/a»","body":"«Volver loco/a a alguien» means 'to drive someone crazy/mad'. The participle agrees with the speaker: Luciana says «loca» (feminine). Here it carries both senses — infatuation and the real unbalance Erdosain has just diagnosed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of vuelto","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"has","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vuelto","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"vuelto","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"driven","note":"'Volver + adjective' is a causative idiom meaning 'to turn/drive someone [adjective]' — here 'volver loca' means 'drive mad.'"},{"surface":"loca","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of vuelto","gloss":"mad"}]},{"number":127,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p81-s3","source":"¿Por qué no hablas?","translation":"\"Why don't you speak?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p81-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why","note":"'Por qué' is the fixed interrogative 'why' — its two words don't translate separately."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of por, forms 'por qué' (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablas","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"hablas","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":128,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p81-s4","source":"Entonces me puse a estudiar metalurgia.","translation":"\"So I started studying metallurgy.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p81-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"me puse a estudiar","title":"«ponerse a» — to set about","body":"«Ponerse a» + infinitive means 'to begin / set about' doing something, often spontaneously: «me puse a estudiar» = 'I started studying'. The preterite «me puse» marks the moment she took it up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puse","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of puse","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"puse","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estudiar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estudiar","lemma":"estudiar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of puse","gloss":"studying"},{"surface":"metalurgia","lemma":"metalurgia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of estudiar","gloss":"metallurgy"}]},{"number":129,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p81-s5","source":"¿Querés que te explique la diferencia que existe entre una distribución irregular de carbono y otra molecular perfecta?","translation":"\"Do you want me to explain the difference between an irregular distribution of carbon and a perfectly molecular one?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p81-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Querés","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of explique","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of explique","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"explique","lemma":"explicar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of Querés","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of diferencia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diferencia","lemma":"diferencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of explique","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of existe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"existe","lemma":"existir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying diferencia","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distribución","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of distribución","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"distribución","lemma":"distribución","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of existe","gloss":"distribution"},{"surface":"irregular","lemma":"irregular","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies distribución","gloss":"irregular"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carbono","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"carbono","lemma":"carbono","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies distribución","gloss":"carbon"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with distribución (elliptical determiner)","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"molecular","lemma":"molecular","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with distribución","gloss":"molecular"},{"surface":"perfecta","lemma":"perfecto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies molecular","gloss":"perfect"}]},{"number":130,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p81-s6","source":"¿Por qué no hablas, querido?","translation":"\"Why don't you speak, darling?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p81-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"why","note":"'Por qué' is the fixed interrogative 'why' — the two words don't translate separately."},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of por, forms 'por qué' (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hablas","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"hablas","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"darling"}]},{"number":131,"label":"82","id":"los-espila-p82-s1","source":"Sintióse el fragor sordo del tren que pasó a lo lejos, la lechosidad de la neblina se convertía en oscuridad a poca distancia de los faroles, y Erdosain hubiera querido hablar, explicarle sus desdichas, pero aquel la malignidad sorda y enconada, lo mantenía rígido junto a la doncella, que insistió:","translation":"The muffled roar of the train passing in the distance was heard; the milkiness of the fog turned to darkness a short way from the streetlamps, and Erdosain would have liked to speak, to explain his miseries to her, but that dull, festering malice held him rigid beside the maiden, who insisted:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p82-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sintióse el fragor","title":"Enclitic passive «se»","body":"«Sintióse» is «se sintió» with the pronoun attached, here a passive/impersonal «se»: 'the roar was heard / made itself heard'. The enclitic word order is a literary flourish; the «se» turns the sentence around so the noise, not a hearer, is the focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sintióse","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular, with enclitic reflexive pronoun se (impersonal passive)","role":"main verb of the first clause (impersonal passive: 'fue sentido')","gloss":"was heard","note":"'Sintióse' = 'se sintió' with the reflexive pronoun attached to the end (archaic/literary word order); functions as an impersonal passive."},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fragor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fragor","lemma":"fragor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Sintióse","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"sordo","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fragor","gloss":"muffled"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tren","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fragor","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of pasó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pasó","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying tren","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom a lo lejos, modifies pasó","gloss":"in","note":"idiom: a lo lejos = in the distance, far off."},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"el","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom a lo lejos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lejos","lemma":"lejos","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom a lo lejos","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lechosidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lechosidad","lemma":"lechosidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of convertía","gloss":"milkiness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neblina","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lechosidad","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of convertía","gloss":"(reflexive)","note":"'Convertirse en' is a pronominal verb meaning 'to turn into'; 'se' has no separate translation here."},{"surface":"convertía","lemma":"convertir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oscuridad","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"oscuridad","lemma":"oscuridad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition en (oblique complement of convertía)","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distancia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"poca","lemma":"poco","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies distancia","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"distancia","lemma":"distancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition a (oblique complement of convertía)","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faroles","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of faroles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"faroles","lemma":"farol","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition de (modifies distancia)","gloss":"streetlamps"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of hubiera querido","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of querido (forms 'hubiera querido' = would have liked)","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"querido","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"participle completing hubiera (would have liked), coordinated with convertía","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"hablar","lemma":"hablar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of querido","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"explicarle","lemma":"explicar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with hablar, complement of querido","gloss":"explain to her"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of desdichas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"desdichas","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of explicarle","gloss":"miseries"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (introduces the contrasting clause)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"aquel","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with malignidad (together subject of mantenía)","gloss":"that","note":"'Aquel' does not grammatically agree with the feminine 'malignidad' that follows; read together, they simply mean 'that... malice.'"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of malignidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"malignidad","lemma":"malignidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of mantenía (in apposition with aquel)","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"sorda","lemma":"sordo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies malignidad","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"enconada","lemma":"enconado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with sorda, modifies malignidad","gloss":"festering"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mantenía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mantenía","lemma":"mantener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by pero","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"rígido","lemma":"rígido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of lo (object complement of mantenía)","gloss":"rigid"},{"surface":"junto","lemma":"junto","morphology":"adjective","role":"preposition marking doncella","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase junto","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of doncella","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doncella","lemma":"doncella","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of the compound preposition junto a (oblique complement of mantenía)","gloss":"maiden"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of insistió","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"insistió","lemma":"insistir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying doncella","gloss":"insisted"}]},{"number":132,"label":"83","id":"los-espila-p83-s1","source":"–Pero, ¿qué tenés?","translation":"\"But what's wrong with you?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p83-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, singular","role":"direct object of tenés","gloss":"what","note":"'¿Qué tenés?' idiomatically means 'What's wrong with you?' — literally 'What do you have?' ('tenés' is voseo for 'tienes')."},{"surface":"tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you have"}]},{"number":133,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p83-s2","source":"¿Estás enojado con nosotros?","translation":"\"Are you angry with us?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p83-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estás","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to enojado","gloss":"are you"},{"surface":"enojado","lemma":"enojado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Estás","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nosotros","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"nosotros","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition con (oblique complement of enojado)","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":134,"label":"","id":"los-espila-p83-s3","source":"Sin embargo, a vos te deberemos nuestra fortuna.","translation":"\"And yet, it's to you we'll owe our fortune.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p83-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a vos te deberemos","title":"Doubled indirect object for emphasis","body":"«A vos te deberemos» doubles the indirect object — the full phrase «a vos» and the clitic «te» both point to the same 'you' — to throw stress onto Erdosain: 'it's to YOU we'll owe it'. «Deberemos» is the future of «deber» ('to owe')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed idiom sin embargo (however/nevertheless), modifies deberemos","gloss":"however","note":"'Sin embargo' is a fixed idiom meaning 'however/nevertheless'; the two words carry that combined meaning together — 'sin' alone does not mean 'and.' The given translation renders the idiom contextually as 'And yet.'"},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed idiom sin embargo","gloss":"however","note":"Part of the fixed idiom 'sin embargo' (however/nevertheless); 'embargo' does not mean 'yet' in isolation."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vos","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"vos","morphology":"pronoun, nominative/accusative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"object of preposition a (topicalized, doubled by te)","gloss":"you","note":"'A vos' is fronted for emphasis and doubled by the clitic 'te' — 'a vos te deberemos' means 'it's to you that we'll owe.'"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"tú","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of deberemos (doubles a vos)","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"deberemos","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will owe"},{"surface":"nuestra","lemma":"nuestro","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fortuna","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"fortuna","lemma":"fortuna","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of deberemos","gloss":"fortune"}]},{"number":135,"label":"84","id":"los-espila-p84-s1","source":"Erdosain la miró de pies a cabeza, apretó el brazo de la muchacha y le dijo sordamente:","translation":"Erdosain looked her up and down, gripped the girl's arm, and said to her dully:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p84-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de pies a cabeza","title":"Idiom: «de pies a cabeza»","body":"«De pies a cabeza» — literally 'from feet to head' — is the set phrase for 'from head to toe, up and down, all over'. Erdosain takes her in with one cold, appraising sweep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of miró","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of miró","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"miró","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pies a cabeza, modifies miró","gloss":"from","note":"'De pies a cabeza' literally means 'from feet to head'; rendered idiomatically as 'up and down.'"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom de pies a cabeza","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pies a cabeza","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom de pies a cabeza","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"apretó","lemma":"apretar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miró (second main verb)","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brazo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brazo","lemma":"brazo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of apretó","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muchacha","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muchacha","lemma":"muchacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition de (modifies brazo)","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of dijo","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"dijo","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with miró and apretó (third main verb)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"sordamente","lemma":"sordamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dijo","gloss":"dully"}]},{"number":136,"label":"85","id":"los-espila-p85-s1","source":"–No me interesas.","translation":"\"You don't interest me.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p85-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"No me interesas","title":"«interesar» like «gustar»","body":"«Interesar» follows the «gustar» pattern: «no me interesas» = 'you do not interest me', with «me» the experiencer and «tú/vos» («interesas») the subject. The cruelty lands precisely because the grammar is so flat and ordinary."}],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies interesas","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of interesas","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"interesas","lemma":"interesar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interest"}]},{"number":137,"label":"86","id":"los-espila-p86-s1","source":"Luego le volvió la espalda, y antes de que ella atinara a volverse hacia él, a rápido paso se perdió entre la neblina.","translation":"Then he turned his back on her, and before she could manage to turn toward him, with a quick step he was lost in the fog.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p86-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"antes de que ella atinara","title":"Subjunctive after «antes de que»","body":"«Antes de que» always takes the subjunctive: «antes de que ella atinara a volverse» = 'before she could manage to turn'. «Atinara» is the imperfect subjunctive; «atinar a» means 'to manage / succeed in' doing something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luego","lemma":"luego","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volvió","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of volvió (idiom: volver la espalda a alguien = turn one's back on someone)","gloss":"on her"},{"surface":"volvió","lemma":"volver","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espalda","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"espalda","lemma":"espalda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of volvió","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"antes","lemma":"antes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies perdió","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of atinara","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of atinara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ella","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, feminine, singular","role":"subject of atinara","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"atinara","lemma":"atinar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by antes de que","gloss":"could manage","note":"'Atinar a + infinitive' means 'to manage to/succeed in doing something.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement volverse (atinar a + infinitive)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"volverse","lemma":"volver él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of atinara","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition hacia (oblique complement of volverse)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paso","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rápido","lemma":"rápido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paso","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"paso","lemma":"paso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of perdió","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of perdió (se perdió = was lost)","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"perdió","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with volvió (second main verb of the sentence)","gloss":"was lost"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neblina","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of perdió","gloss":"fog"}]},{"number":138,"label":"87","id":"los-espila-p87-s1","source":"Comprendía que gratuitamente había ultrajado a la muchacha, y esta convicción le proporcionó una alegría tan cruel, que murmuró entre dientes:","translation":"He understood that he had gratuitously insulted the girl, and this conviction afforded him a joy so cruel that he muttered through his teeth:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p87-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ultrajado / entre dientes","title":"«ultrajar»; idiom «entre dientes»","body":"«Ultrajar» means 'to outrage, to insult grievously' — stronger than ordinary «insultar». «Murmurar entre dientes» ('to mutter between one's teeth') is the idiom for muttering under one's breath, half to oneself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comprendía","lemma":"comprender","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ultrajado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gratuitamente","lemma":"gratuitamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ultrajado","gloss":"gratuitously"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, pluperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ultrajado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ultrajado","lemma":"ultrajar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Comprendía","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the direct object muchacha (personal a)","gloss":"(personal a)","note":"The personal 'a' marks a human direct object and has no direct English translation."},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muchacha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muchacha","lemma":"muchacha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ultrajado","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of convicción","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"convicción","lemma":"convicción","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of proporcionó","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of proporcionó","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"proporcionó","lemma":"proporcionar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Comprendía (second main verb)","gloss":"afforded"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of proporcionó","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cruel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"cruel","lemma":"cruel","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies alegría","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (tan...que), modifying murmuró","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"murmuró","lemma":"murmurar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by que","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dientes","gloss":"through","note":"'Entre dientes' is an idiom for muttering under one's breath, through clenched teeth."},{"surface":"dientes","lemma":"diente","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition entre (oblique complement of murmuró)","gloss":"teeth"}]},{"number":139,"label":"88","id":"los-espila-p88-s1","source":"–Ojalá revienten todos y me dejen tranquilo.","translation":"\"I hope they all croak and leave me in peace.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-espila-p88-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ojalá revienten","title":"«ojalá» + subjunctive","body":"«Ojalá» ('I hope, if only') always triggers the subjunctive: «ojalá revienten... y me dejen» = 'I hope they croak... and leave me'. «Reventar» here is crude slang, 'to drop dead, to croak'. The chapter ends on this savage wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ojalá","lemma":"ojalá","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the subjunctive wish clause","gloss":"I hope"},{"surface":"revienten","lemma":"reventar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"croak"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of revienten","gloss":"they all"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"yo","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of dejen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dejen","lemma":"dejar","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with revienten","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"tranquilo","lemma":"tranquilo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of dejen (describes me)","gloss":"in peace"}]}]}