{"work":{"slug":"arlt","title":{"source":"Los siete locos","translated":"The Seven Madmen"},"author":"Roberto Arlt","language":"Spanish","languageCode":"es","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"los-suenos-del-inventor","title":{"source":"Los sueños del inventor","translated":"The Inventor's Dreams"},"section":"Part One","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor","lines":65},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-odio","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/arlt/el-astrologo","license":"Source text: public domain (Roberto Arlt, d. 1942). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review. NOTE: this is a minimal seed excerpt to make the app target runnable; full verified content is authored through the content pipeline.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p1-s1","source":"Si alguien le hubiera anticipado a Erdosain, que horas después tramaría el asesinato de Barsut y que asistiría casi impasiblemente a la fuga de su esposa, no lo hubiera creído.","translation":"If someone had told Erdosain in advance that hours later he would be plotting Barsut's murder and would witness his wife's flight almost without flinching, he would not have believed it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p1-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hubiera anticipado / hubiera creído","title":"Unreal past condition","body":"Both verbs are the «-ra» pluperfect subjunctive: «si alguien le hubiera anticipado… no lo hubiera creído» = 'if someone had told him… he would not have believed it'. Arlt uses the subjunctive form in both halves — the protasis («hubiera anticipado») and, in place of the conditional perfect, the apodosis («hubiera creído») — to frame something that never happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of anticipado","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"alguien","lemma":"alguien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of anticipado","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of anticipado","gloss":"him","note":"\"Le\" doubles the indirect object \"a Erdosain.\""},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of anticipado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"anticipado","lemma":"anticipar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on creído","gloss":"told in advance","note":"\"Anticipar\" means to tell someone something ahead of time, not \"to anticipate\" (expect) — a false friend."},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of anticipado","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tramaría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"horas","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies después","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"después","lemma":"después","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tramaría","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"tramaría","lemma":"tramar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clause introduced by que, direct object of anticipado","gloss":"would plot"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of asesinato","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"asesinato","lemma":"asesinato","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tramaría","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies asesinato","gloss":"Barsut's"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of asistiría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"asistiría","lemma":"asistir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tramaría","gloss":"would witness"},{"surface":"casi","lemma":"casi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies impasiblemente","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"impasiblemente","lemma":"impasiblemente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies asistiría","gloss":"without flinching","note":"Literally \"impassively\"; our translation renders the phrase as \"without flinching.\""},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fuga","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fuga","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fuga","lemma":"fuga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of asistiría","gloss":"flight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esposa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esposa","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esposa","lemma":"esposa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fuga","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creído","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of creído","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hubiera","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of creído","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"creído","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p2-s1","source":"Vagabundeó toda la tarde.","translation":"He wandered the whole afternoon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p2-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vagabundeó","title":"Preterite for a bounded action","body":"«Vagabundeó» is the preterite of «vagabundear», 'to wander/roam'. The preterite presents the afternoon's wandering as one completed stretch of time, 'he wandered' — a single closed event rather than an ongoing backdrop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vagabundeó","lemma":"vagabundear","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wandered"},{"surface":"toda","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tarde","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Vagabundeó","gloss":"afternoon"}]},{"number":3,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p2-s2","source":"Tenía necesidad de estar solo, de olvidarse de las voces humanas y de sentirse tan desligado de lo que lo rodeaba como un forastero en una ciudad en cuya estación perdió el tren.","translation":"He had a need to be alone, to forget human voices, and to feel as detached from everything around him as a stranger in a city where he had missed his train at the station.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p2-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"olvidarse / sentirse","title":"Pronominal infinitives","body":"«olvidarse de» ('to forget about') and «sentirse» ('to feel oneself / to feel a certain way') are pronominal verbs; the «-se» stays attached to the infinitive. The chain «de estar… de olvidarse… de sentirse» lists three things he needs, each governed by «necesidad de»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"forastero","title":"«forastero»","body":"A «forastero» is an outsider or stranger — someone from elsewhere, not a local. The image of the foreigner who has missed his train in an unknown city captures Erdosain's wish to be cut loose from everything familiar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"necesidad","lemma":"necesidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenía","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of estar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to solo","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of estar","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of olvidarse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"olvidarse","lemma":"olvidar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause complement of necesidad, coordinated with estar","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voces","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of voces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voces","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of olvidarse","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"humanas","lemma":"humano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies voces","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of sentirse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sentirse","lemma":"sentir él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause complement of necesidad, coordinated with olvidarse","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies desligado","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"desligado","lemma":"desligado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of sentirse","gloss":"detached"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of rodeaba","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"forms \"lo que\" (\"what\") with que","gloss":"what","note":"\"Lo que\" together is a neuter relative pronoun meaning \"that which/what.\""},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rodeaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of rodeaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"rodeaba","lemma":"rodear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of desligado","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of forastero","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of forastero","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"forastero","lemma":"forastero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of desligado","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies forastero","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estación","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"cuya","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies estación","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"estación","lemma":"estación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of perdió","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"perdió","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying ciudad","gloss":"missed"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tren","lemma":"tren","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of perdió","gloss":"train"}]},{"number":4,"label":"3","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p3-s1","source":"Anduvo por las solitarias ochavas de las calles Arenales y Talcahuano, por las esquinas de Charcas y Rodríguez Peña, en los cruces de Montevideo y Avenida Quintana, apeteciendo el espectáculo de esas calles magníficas en arquitectura, y negadas para siempre a los desdichados.","translation":"He walked along the lonely chamfered corners of Arenales and Talcahuano streets, by the corners of Charcas and Rodríguez Peña, at the crossings of Montevideo and Avenida Quintana, craving the spectacle of those streets, magnificent in their architecture and forever denied to the wretched.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ochavas","title":"«ochava»","body":"An «ochava» is the cut, angled corner where two streets meet — the chamfered corner typical of Buenos Aires city blocks. The word is everyday Argentine usage and roots the scene firmly in that city's geometry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Anduvo","lemma":"andar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he walked"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ochavas","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ochavas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"solitarias","lemma":"solitario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ochavas","gloss":"lonely"},{"surface":"ochavas","lemma":"ochava","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Anduvo","gloss":"chamfered corners"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of calles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calles","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ochavas","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"Arenales","lemma":"Arenales","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to calles","gloss":"Arenales"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Talcahuano","lemma":"Talcahuano","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Arenales","gloss":"Talcahuano"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esquinas","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of esquinas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esquinas","lemma":"esquina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Anduvo","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Charcas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Charcas","lemma":"Charcas","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies esquinas","gloss":"Charcas"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Rodríguez","lemma":"Rodríguez","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Charcas","gloss":"Rodríguez"},{"surface":"Peña","lemma":"Peña","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Rodríguez","gloss":"Peña"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cruces","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cruces","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cruces","lemma":"cruce","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Anduvo","gloss":"crossings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Montevideo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Montevideo","lemma":"Montevideo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies cruces","gloss":"Montevideo"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Avenida","lemma":"Avenida","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Montevideo","gloss":"Avenida"},{"surface":"Quintana","lemma":"Quintana","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Avenida","gloss":"Quintana"},{"surface":"apeteciendo","lemma":"apetecer","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on Anduvo","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espectáculo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espectáculo","lemma":"espectáculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of apeteciendo","gloss":"spectacle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esas","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of calles","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"calles","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies espectáculo","gloss":"streets"},{"surface":"magníficas","lemma":"magnífico","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies calles","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arquitectura","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"arquitectura","lemma":"arquitectura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of magníficas","gloss":"architecture"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"negadas","lemma":"negado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with magníficas","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking siempre","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies negadas","gloss":"ever","note":"Together, \"para siempre\" means \"forever.\""},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desdichados","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of desdichados","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"desdichados","lemma":"desdichado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of negadas","gloss":"wretched"}]},{"number":5,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p3-s2","source":"Sus pies, en las veredas blancas, hacían crujir las hojas caídas de los plátanos, y fijaba la mirada en los óvalos cristales de las grandes ventanas, azogados por la blancura de las cortinas interiores.","translation":"His feet, on the white pavements, made the fallen leaves of the plane trees crackle, and he fixed his gaze on the oval panes of the great windows, silvered by the whiteness of the curtains within.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"veredas","title":"«vereda» = sidewalk","body":"In Argentina (and much of South America) «vereda» is the ordinary word for 'sidewalk/pavement' — where Spain would say «acera». It is one of the regional markers that flavor Arlt's Buenos Aires Spanish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pies","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pies","lemma":"pie","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of hacían","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veredas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of veredas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veredas","lemma":"vereda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hacían","gloss":"pavements"},{"surface":"blancas","lemma":"blanco","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies veredas","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"hacían","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"crujir","lemma":"crujir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hacían","gloss":"crackle"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of hojas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hojas","lemma":"hoja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of hacían","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"caídas","lemma":"caído","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies hojas","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plátanos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of plátanos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plátanos","lemma":"plátano","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hojas","gloss":"plane trees"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fijaba","lemma":"fijar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hacían","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirada","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirada","lemma":"mirada","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of fijaba","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking óvalos","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of óvalos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"óvalos","lemma":"óvalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of fijaba","gloss":"ovals"},{"surface":"cristales","lemma":"cristal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to óvalos","gloss":"panes","note":"\"Óvalos cristales\" = \"oval panes,\" i.e. the oval windowpanes."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventanas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ventanas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ventanas","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ventanas","lemma":"ventana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies óvalos","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"azogados","lemma":"azogado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cristales","gloss":"silvered"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blancura","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of blancura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blancura","lemma":"blancura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of azogados","gloss":"whiteness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cortinas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cortinas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cortinas","lemma":"cortina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies blancura","gloss":"curtains"},{"surface":"interiores","lemma":"interior","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies cortinas","gloss":"interior"}]},{"number":6,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p3-s3","source":"Aquél era otro mundo dentro de la ciudad canalla que él conocía, otro mundo para el que ahora su corazón latía con palpitaciones lentas y pesadas.","translation":"That was another world within the squalid city he knew, another world for which his heart now beat with slow, heavy throbs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p3-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"era / latía","title":"Imperfect for setting the scene","body":"«era» ('was') and «latía» ('beat') are imperfect. The imperfect paints durative, framing states — the place simply was another world, the heart was beating in a continuous way — rather than naming a single finished act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aquél","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mundo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of era","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"dentro","lemma":"dentro","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mundo","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciudad","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ciudad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciudad","lemma":"ciudad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dentro","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"canalla","lemma":"canalla","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ciudad","gloss":"squalid"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of conocía","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of conocía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"conocía","lemma":"conocer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying ciudad","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first mundo","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound relative el que","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the compound relative el que, object of para, referring to mundo","gloss":"which","note":"\"El que\" here is a compound relative pronoun meaning \"which,\" referring back to \"mundo.\""},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies latía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of latía","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"latía","lemma":"latir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mundo","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palpitaciones","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"palpitaciones","lemma":"palpitación","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of latía","gloss":"throbs"},{"surface":"lentas","lemma":"lento","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies palpitaciones","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pesadas","lemma":"pesado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with lentas","gloss":"heavy"}]},{"number":7,"label":"4","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p4-s1","source":"Deteniéndose, observaba los garajes lujosos como patenas, y los verdes penachos de los cipreses en los jardines, defendidos por murallas de cornisas dentadas, o verjas gruesas capaces de detener el ímpetu de un león.","translation":"Stopping now and then, he observed the garages, luxurious as polished patens, and the green plumes of the cypresses in the gardens, defended by walls of jagged cornices, or by thick iron railings capable of halting the charge of a lion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p4-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Deteniéndose","title":"Gerund of a pronominal verb","body":"«Deteniéndose» is the gerund of «detenerse» ('to stop oneself'), with the pronoun attached and an accent added to keep the stress: 'stopping / pausing'. The gerund sets the manner of the main verb «observaba» — he watched while pausing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deteniéndose","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, gerund, reflexive","role":"adverbial clause on observaba","gloss":"stopping"},{"surface":"observaba","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of garajes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"garajes","lemma":"garaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of observaba","gloss":"garages"},{"surface":"lujosos","lemma":"lujoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies garajes","gloss":"luxurious"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of patenas","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"patenas","lemma":"patena","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies garajes","gloss":"patens"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of penachos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies penachos","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"penachos","lemma":"penacho","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with garajes","gloss":"plumes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cipreses","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cipreses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cipreses","lemma":"ciprés","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies penachos","gloss":"cypresses"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jardines","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of jardines","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jardines","lemma":"jardín","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cipreses","gloss":"gardens"},{"surface":"defendidos","lemma":"defendido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies penachos","gloss":"defended"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking murallas","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"murallas","lemma":"muralla","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of defendidos","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cornisas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cornisas","lemma":"cornisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies murallas","gloss":"cornices"},{"surface":"dentadas","lemma":"dentado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cornisas","gloss":"jagged"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"verjas","lemma":"verja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with murallas","gloss":"railings"},{"surface":"gruesas","lemma":"grueso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies verjas","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"capaces","lemma":"capaz","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies verjas","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of detener","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"detener","lemma":"detener","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying capaces","gloss":"halting"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ímpetu","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ímpetu","lemma":"ímpetu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of detener","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking león","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of león","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"león","lemma":"león","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ímpetu","gloss":"lion"}]},{"number":8,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p4-s2","source":"La granza roja serpenteaba entre los óvalos de los canteros verdes.","translation":"The red gravel wound between the ovals of the green flower beds.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p4-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of granza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"granza","lemma":"granza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of serpenteaba","gloss":"gravel"},{"surface":"roja","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies granza","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"serpenteaba","lemma":"serpentear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking óvalos","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of óvalos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"óvalos","lemma":"óvalo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of serpenteaba","gloss":"ovals"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canteros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of canteros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canteros","lemma":"cantero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies óvalos","gloss":"flower beds"},{"surface":"verdes","lemma":"verde","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies canteros","gloss":"green"}]},{"number":9,"label":"5","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p5-s1","source":"Alguna aya con toca gris paseaba por los caminos.","translation":"Here and there a nursemaid in a gray bonnet strolled along the paths.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aya","title":"«aya» = nursemaid/governess","body":"An «aya» is a governess or nursemaid, a woman who cares for and educates the children of a wealthy household. Her presence quietly signals the class of the homes Erdosain is passing — servants for other people's children."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alguna","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aya","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"aya","lemma":"aya","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of paseaba","gloss":"nursemaid"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toca","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"toca","lemma":"toca","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aya","gloss":"bonnet"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies toca","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"paseaba","lemma":"pasear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strolled"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caminos","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of caminos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caminos","lemma":"camino","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of paseaba","gloss":"paths"}]},{"number":10,"label":"6","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p6-s1","source":"¡Y él debía seiscientos pesos con siete centavos!","translation":"And he owed six hundred pesos and seven cents!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p6-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"debía","title":"«deber» = to owe","body":"«debía» is the imperfect of «deber», which on its own means 'to owe (money)': «él debía seiscientos pesos» = 'he owed six hundred pesos'. The exact sum — the same six hundred pesos and seven cents from the opening — becomes a refrain that hammers through the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of debía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"seiscientos","lemma":"seiscientos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"six hundred"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of debía","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centavos","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies centavos","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"centavos","lemma":"centavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of debía","gloss":"cents"}]},{"number":11,"label":"7","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p7-s1","source":"Miraba largamente los pasamanos que en los balcones negros fulguraban redondeces de barras de oro, las ventanas pintadas de color gris perla o leche teñida con unas gotas de café, los cristales cuyo espesor debía tornar aguanosa las imágenes de los transeúntes.","translation":"He gazed at length at the handrails that on the black balconies gleamed with the roundness of gold bars, at the windows painted pearl gray or the color of milk stained with a few drops of coffee, at the panes whose thickness must have made the images of passersby look watery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p7-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"debía tornar","title":"«deber» = must / probably","body":"Unlike the plain «deber» ('to owe') two lines above, «deber» followed by an infinitive expresses likelihood: «debía tornar aguanosa» = 'must have made watery / probably turned watery'. Same verb, two very different jobs, told apart by whether an infinitive follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"largamente","lemma":"largamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Miraba","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pasamanos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pasamanos","lemma":"pasamano","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Miraba","gloss":"handrails"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fulguraban","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking balcones","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of balcones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"balcones","lemma":"balcón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of fulguraban","gloss":"balconies"},{"surface":"negros","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies balcones","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"fulguraban","lemma":"fulgurar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying pasamanos","gloss":"gleamed"},{"surface":"redondeces","lemma":"redondez","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of fulguraban","gloss":"roundness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking barras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"barras","lemma":"barra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies redondeces","gloss":"bars"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oro","lemma":"oro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies barras","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ventanas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ventanas","lemma":"ventana","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Miraba, coordinated with pasamanos","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"pintadas","lemma":"pintado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ventanas","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking color","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"color","lemma":"color","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pintadas","gloss":"color"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies color","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"perla","lemma":"perla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gris","gloss":"pearl"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"leche","lemma":"leche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with color","gloss":"milk"},{"surface":"teñida","lemma":"teñido","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies leche","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gotas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"unas","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of gotas","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"gotas","lemma":"gota","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of teñida","gloss":"drops"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking café","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"café","lemma":"café","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gotas","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cristales","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cristales","lemma":"cristal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Miraba, coordinated with ventanas","gloss":"panes"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"possessive relative linking espesor to cristales","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"espesor","lemma":"espesor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tornar","gloss":"thickness"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tornar","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"tornar","lemma":"tornar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying cristales","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"aguanosa","lemma":"aguanoso","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing imágenes","gloss":"watery"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of imágenes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"imágenes","lemma":"imagen","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of tornar","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking transeúntes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of transeúntes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"transeúntes","lemma":"transeúnte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies imágenes","gloss":"passersby"}]},{"number":12,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p7-s2","source":"Las cortinas de gasas, tan livianas que sus nombres debían ser bonitos como la geografía de los países distantes.","translation":"The gauze curtains, so light that their names must have been as pretty as the geography of distant countries.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p7-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cortinas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cortinas","lemma":"cortina","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"curtains"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gasas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gasas","lemma":"gasa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cortinas","gloss":"gauze"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies livianas","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"livianas","lemma":"liviano","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cortinas","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bonitos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nombres","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"nombres","lemma":"nombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"debían","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to bonitos","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"bonitos","lemma":"bonito","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geografía","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of geografía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geografía","lemma":"geografía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of como, compared to bonitos","gloss":"geography"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking países","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of países","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"países","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies geografía","gloss":"countries"},{"surface":"distantes","lemma":"distante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies países","gloss":"distant"}]},{"number":13,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p7-s3","source":"¡Qué distinto debía ser el amor a la sombra de esos tules que ensombrecen la luz y atemperan los sonidos!...","translation":"How different love must have been in the shade of those tulles that dim the light and soften the sounds!...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p7-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qué distinto","title":"«qué» + adjective in exclamations","body":"«¡Qué + adjective…!» builds an exclamation of degree: «¡Qué distinto debía ser…!» = 'How different it must have been…!'. The construction lets Erdosain marvel at a life he imagines but will never live."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"adverb, exclamative","role":"modifies distinto","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"distinto","lemma":"distinto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of amor (via ser)","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of ser","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to amor","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amor","lemma":"amor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ser","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sombra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sombra","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies amor","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tules","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of tules","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"tules","lemma":"tul","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sombra","gloss":"tulles"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ensombrecen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ensombrecen","lemma":"ensombrecer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying tules","gloss":"dim"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ensombrecen","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"atemperan","lemma":"atemperar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with ensombrecen","gloss":"soften"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of sonidos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sonidos","lemma":"sonido","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of atemperan","gloss":"sounds"}]},{"number":14,"label":"8","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p8-s1","source":"Sin embargo, él debía seiscientos pesos con siete centavos.","translation":"And yet he owed six hundred pesos and seven cents.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Sin embargo","title":"«sin embargo»","body":"«sin embargo» is the fixed connector 'nevertheless / and yet'. It yanks Erdosain out of his reverie about other people's tender lives and back to the debt — the chapter's recurring gut-punch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom sin embargo, modifies debía","gloss":"however","note":"\"Sin embargo\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"however, nevertheless.\""},{"surface":"embargo","lemma":"embargo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom sin embargo","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of debía","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"seiscientos","lemma":"seiscientos","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"six hundred"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of debía","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centavos","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies centavos","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"centavos","lemma":"centavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of debía","gloss":"cents"}]},{"number":15,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p8-s2","source":"Y la voz del farmacéutico repetía ahora en sus orejas:","translation":"And the pharmacist's voice now repeated in his ears:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p8-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voz","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voz","lemma":"voz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of repetía","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking farmacéutico","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"farmacéutico","lemma":"farmacéutico","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies voz","gloss":"pharmacist"},{"surface":"repetía","lemma":"repetir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies repetía","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orejas","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of orejas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"orejas","lemma":"oreja","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of repetía","gloss":"ears"}]},{"number":16,"label":"9","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p9-s1","source":"–Tenés razón... el mundo está lleno de turros... de infelices... pero cómo remediar esto?... ¿De qué forma presentarle las verdades sagradas a esa gente que no tiene fe?...","translation":"\"You're right... the world is full of scoundrels... of wretches... but how to fix this?... In what way are the sacred truths to be set before people who have no faith?...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p9-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tenés","title":"«tenés» — Argentine «voseo»","body":"«Tenés razón» ('you're right') uses «vos», not «tú», for the informal 'you'. This «voseo» — «vos tenés» where Spain says «tú tienes» — is the everyday spoken form of the River Plate, and Arlt writes his Buenos Aires characters speaking it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"turros","title":"«turro» — Buenos Aires slang","body":"«Turro» is «lunfardo», Buenos Aires street slang, for a scoundrel, a low or treacherous person. It is exactly the kind of porteño word Arlt mixes into ordinary speech to make his dialogue sound like the real city."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tenés","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular (voseo)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have","note":"\"Tenés\" is the voseo (Rioplatense \"vos\") form of \"tienes.\" \"Tenés razón\" = \"you're right.\""},{"surface":"razón","lemma":"razón","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Tenés","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mundo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mundo","lemma":"mundo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of está","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"está","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lleno","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lleno","lemma":"lleno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of está","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking turros","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"turros","lemma":"turro","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies lleno","gloss":"scoundrels","note":"\"Turro\" is Rioplatense slang for a scoundrel or lowlife."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infelices","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"infelices","lemma":"infeliz","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies lleno","gloss":"wretches"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies remediar","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"remediar","lemma":"remediar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"fix"},{"surface":"esto","lemma":"este","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of remediar","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner, interrogative","role":"determiner of forma","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"forma","lemma":"forma","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of presentarle","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"presentarle","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"present","note":"The clitic \"-le\" (\"to them\") is attached to the infinitive, anticipating \"esa gente.\""},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of verdades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdades","lemma":"verdad","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of presentarle","gloss":"truths"},{"surface":"sagradas","lemma":"sagrado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies verdades","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gente","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gente","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"gente","lemma":"gente","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of presentarle","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tiene","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tiene","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tiene","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying gente","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"fe","lemma":"fe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tiene","gloss":"faith"}]},{"number":17,"label":"10","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p10-s1","source":"La pena, como uno de esos arbustos cuyo desarrollo se acelera con la electricidad, crecía en las honduras de su pecho retrepándole hasta la garganta.","translation":"The sorrow, like one of those shrubs whose growth is hastened by electricity, swelled in the depths of his chest, climbing all the way up to his throat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p10-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuyo","title":"«cuyo» = 'whose'","body":"«cuyo» is the relative 'whose'; it agrees with the thing possessed, not the owner: «esos arbustos cuyo desarrollo…» = 'those shrubs whose growth…', masculine because «desarrollo» is masculine."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pena","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"pena","lemma":"pena","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of crecía","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"compares pena to uno","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"uno","lemma":"uno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of como","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbustos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of arbustos","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"arbustos","lemma":"arbusto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies uno","gloss":"shrubs"},{"surface":"cuyo","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies desarrollo","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"desarrollo","lemma":"desarrollo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of acelera","gloss":"growth"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of acelera","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"acelera","lemma":"acelerar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying arbustos","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking electricidad","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of electricidad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"electricidad","lemma":"electricidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acelera","gloss":"electricity"},{"surface":"crecía","lemma":"crecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swelled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honduras","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of honduras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"honduras","lemma":"hondura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of crecía","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pecho","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pecho","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pecho","lemma":"pecho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies honduras","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"retrepándole","lemma":"retrepar él","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on crecía","gloss":"climbing","note":"Retrepar is a rare, vivid verb for climbing or scaling with effort; the enclitic -le ('to/for him') attaches the climbing motion to the sorrow's path toward his throat."},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking garganta","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of garganta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"garganta","lemma":"garganta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of retrepándole","gloss":"throat"}]},{"number":18,"label":"11","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s1","source":"Detenido pensaba que cada pesar era un búho que saltaba de una rama a otra de su desdicha.","translation":"Standing still, he thought that each grief was an owl hopping from one branch to another of his misery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Detenido","lemma":"detenido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial participle modifying pensaba","gloss":"Standing still"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cada","lemma":"cada","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pesar","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"pesar","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to búho","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of búho","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"búho","lemma":"búho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"owl"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of saltaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"saltaba","lemma":"saltar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying búho","gloss":"was hopping"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rama","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rama","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"rama","lemma":"rama","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of saltaba","gloss":"branch"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otra","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"otra","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of saltaba","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desdicha","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of desdicha","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"desdicha","lemma":"desdicha","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies otra","gloss":"misery"}]},{"number":19,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s2","source":"El debía seiscientos pesos con siete centavos y aunque quería olvidarse de ello poniendo sus esperanzas en Barsut o en el Astrólogo, su pensamiento se bifurcaba hacia una calle oscura.","translation":"He owed six hundred pesos and seven cents, and although he wanted to forget it by pinning his hopes on Barsut or on the Astrologer, his thoughts forked off toward a dark street.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aunque quería","title":"«aunque» with the indicative","body":"«aunque» ('although / even though') takes the indicative «quería» here because the wanting is a real fact, not a hypothesis: 'although he wanted to forget it'. (With a merely possible concession, «aunque» would take the subjunctive instead.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of debía","gloss":"He","note":"Written without its accent, El functions here as the subject pronoun Él ('he'), not the article 'the'."},{"surface":"debía","lemma":"deber","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"seiscientos","lemma":"seiscientos","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies pesos","gloss":"six hundred"},{"surface":"pesos","lemma":"peso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of debía","gloss":"pesos"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centavos","gloss":"and","note":"Con here joins whole pesos to fractional centavos, working like English 'and' in an amount of money."},{"surface":"siete","lemma":"siete","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies centavos","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"centavos","lemma":"centavo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pesos","gloss":"cents"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of quería","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on bifurcaba","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"olvidarse","lemma":"olvidar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ello","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ello","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of olvidarse","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"poniendo","lemma":"poner","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on olvidarse","gloss":"pinning"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of esperanzas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"esperanzas","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of poniendo","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Barsut","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of poniendo","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Astrólogo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Barsut","gloss":"Astrologer"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pensamiento","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pensamiento","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of bifurcaba","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of bifurcaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"bifurcaba","lemma":"bifurcar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forked off"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of bifurcaba","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"oscura","lemma":"oscuro","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies calle","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":20,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s3","source":"Hileras de luces parecían apoyarse en las cornisas.","translation":"Rows of lights seemed to rest on the cornices.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hileras","lemma":"hilera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of parecían","gloss":"Rows"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luces","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"luces","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Hileras","gloss":"lights"},{"surface":"parecían","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"apoyarse","lemma":"apoyar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of parecían","gloss":"to rest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cornisas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cornisas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cornisas","lemma":"cornisa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of apoyarse","gloss":"cornices"}]},{"number":21,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s4","source":"Abajo llenaba el cajón de la calle una neblina de polvo.","translation":"Below, a mist of dust filled the trough of the street.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"llenaba… una neblina","title":"Verb before its subject","body":"The subject «una neblina de polvo» comes after the verb «llenaba»: literally 'filled the trough of the street a mist of dust'. Spanish freely puts the subject last, especially to let a vivid image land at the end of the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Abajo","lemma":"abajo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies llenaba","gloss":"Below"},{"surface":"llenaba","lemma":"llenar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cajón","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cajón","lemma":"cajón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llenaba","gloss":"trough","note":"Cajón usually means 'box' or 'drawer'; here it names the trough or gutter running along the street."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cajón","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neblina","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"neblina","lemma":"neblina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of llenaba","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking polvo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"polvo","lemma":"polvo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies neblina","gloss":"dust"}]},{"number":22,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s5","source":"Pero él caminaba hacia el país de la alegría, olvidado de la Limited Azucarer Company.","translation":"But he was walking toward the country of joy, forgetful of the Limited Sugar Company.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p11-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies caminaba","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of caminaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"caminaba","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was walking"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking país","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of país","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"país","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of caminaba","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alegría","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alegría","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alegría","lemma":"alegría","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies país","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"olvidado","lemma":"olvidado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies él","gloss":"forgetful"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Limited","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Limited","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Limited","lemma":"Limited","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of olvidado","gloss":"Limited"},{"surface":"Azucarer","lemma":"Azucarera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Limited","gloss":"Sugar","note":"Likely a shortened form of azucarera ('sugar-'), part of the mock English-style company name."},{"surface":"Company","lemma":"Company","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Limited","gloss":"Company"}]},{"number":23,"label":"12","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s1","source":"¿Qué había hecho de su vida?","translation":"What had he done with his life?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"había hecho","title":"Pluperfect: «había» + participle","body":"«había hecho» is the pluperfect ('had done/made'): the imperfect of «haber» plus a past participle. It looks back from his present anguish over everything already done with — or wasted from — his life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of hecho","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of hecho","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hecho","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":24,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s2","source":"¿Era ésa o no hora de preguntárselo?","translation":"Was that, or was it not, the moment to ask himself?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"preguntárselo","title":"Two pronouns on the infinitive","body":"«preguntárselo» = «preguntar» + «se» (himself) + «lo» (it): 'to ask it of himself'. Both pronouns attach to the end of the infinitive, and an accent is added to keep the original stress on «-tar-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ésa","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"ésa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hora","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hora","lemma":"hora","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ésa","gloss":"moment","note":"The line elliptically means 'was that the moment, or was it not', with hora coordinated with ésa after the copula era."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive complement of hora","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"preguntárselo","lemma":"preguntar él lo","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying hora","gloss":"ask himself"}]},{"number":25,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s3","source":"¿Y cómo podía caminar si su cuerpo pesaba setenta kilos?","translation":"And how could he walk if his body weighed seventy kilos?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies caminar","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"cómo","lemma":"cómo","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies caminar","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of caminar","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"caminar","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pesaba","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cuerpo","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cuerpo","lemma":"cuerpo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pesaba","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"pesaba","lemma":"pesar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on caminar","gloss":"weighed"},{"surface":"setenta","lemma":"setenta","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies kilos","gloss":"seventy"},{"surface":"kilos","lemma":"kilo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of pesaba","gloss":"kilos"}]},{"number":26,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s4","source":"¿O era un fantasma, un fantasma que recordaba sucesos de la tierra?","translation":"Or was he a ghost, a ghost remembering events of the earth?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p12-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies era","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to fantasma","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fantasma","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fantasma","lemma":"fantasma","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ghost"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fantasma","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fantasma","lemma":"fantasma","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"in apposition to fantasma","gloss":"ghost"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of recordaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"recordaba","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying fantasma","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"sucesos","lemma":"suceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of recordaba","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tierra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sucesos","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":27,"label":"13","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s1","source":"¡Cuántas cosas se movían en su corazón!","translation":"How many things stirred in his heart!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Cuántas","title":"«cuánto» in exclamations","body":"In an exclamation «¡cuánto/-a/-os/-as…!» means 'how much / how many': «¡Cuántas cosas se movían…!» = 'How many things were stirring…!'. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it counts, here feminine plural «cosas»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cuántas","lemma":"cuántos","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cosas","gloss":"How many"},{"surface":"cosas","lemma":"cosa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of movían","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movían","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"movían","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corazón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corazón","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"corazón","lemma":"corazón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movían","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":28,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s2","source":"¿Y el otro que se había casado con una prostituta?","translation":"And the other one, who had married a prostitute?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se había casado","title":"«casarse con»","body":"«casarse con» is 'to marry / get married to' — pronominal, and it takes «con» for the spouse, not a direct object: «se había casado con una prostituta» = 'he had married a prostitute'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"other one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of casado","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of casado","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of casado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"casado","lemma":"casar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying otro","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostituta","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prostituta","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prostituta","lemma":"prostituta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of casado","gloss":"prostitute"}]},{"number":29,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s3","source":"¿Y Barsut con su preocupación del pez tuerto y la primogénita de la espiritista?","translation":"And Barsut, with his obsession over the one-eyed fish and the eldest daughter of the spiritualist woman?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"primogénita","title":"«primogénito/-a»","body":"«primogénito/-a» means 'firstborn / eldest child'. The feminine «primogénita» marks her as the eldest daughter — one of the strange fixations Arlt drops in to suggest the whole tangle of lives crowding Erdosain's mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Barsut","lemma":"Barsut","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Barsut"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking preocupación","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of preocupación","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"preocupación","lemma":"preocupación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Barsut","gloss":"obsession"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"de el","morphology":"contraction of preposition de + determiner el, masculine singular","role":"preposition and determiner of pez","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pez","lemma":"pez","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies preocupación","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"tuerto","lemma":"tuerto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pez","gloss":"one-eyed"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of primogénita","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"primogénita","lemma":"primogénita","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with pez","gloss":"eldest daughter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espiritista","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of espiritista","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espiritista","lemma":"espiritista","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies primogénita","gloss":"spiritualist"}]},{"number":30,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s4","source":"¿Y Elsa que no entregándosele lo arrojaba a la calle?","translation":"And Elsa, who by not giving herself to him was throwing him out into the street?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"entregándosele","title":"Gerund with stacked pronouns","body":"«entregándosele» is the gerund of pronominal «entregarse» ('to give oneself') plus «le» ('to him'): 'by giving herself to him', here negated — 'by not giving herself to him'. Two pronouns ride on the end of the gerund, with an accent holding the stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies arrojaba","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of arrojaba","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of arrojaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entregándosele","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"entregándosele","lemma":"entregar él le","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on arrojaba","gloss":"giving herself to him","note":"A gerund fused with two clitics: se ('herself') and le ('to him') — entregándosele means 'giving herself to him.'"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of arrojaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"arrojaba","lemma":"arrojar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was throwing"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of arrojaba","gloss":"street"}]},{"number":31,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s5","source":"¿Estaba loco o no?","translation":"Was he mad or not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p13-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to loco","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"loco","lemma":"loco","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with loco","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":32,"label":"14","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p14-s1","source":"Hacíase esta pregunta porque por momentos le extrañaba una esperanza que había surgido en él.","translation":"He asked himself this question because at times a hope that had risen in him struck him as strange.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p14-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hacíase","title":"Pronoun on the end: «hacíase»","body":"«Hacíase» is «se hacía» ('he asked himself / he posed himself') with the pronoun attached to the front-positioned verb — an older, literary placement Arlt favors. The plain modern order would be «se hacía esta pregunta»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hacíase","lemma":"hacer él","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked himself","note":"Literary word order attaching the reflexive pronoun after the verb: Hacíase = Se hacía ('he asked himself')."},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pregunta","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pregunta","lemma":"pregunta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Hacíase","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of extrañaba","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking momentos","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"momentos","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of extrañaba","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of extrañaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"extrañaba","lemma":"extrañar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Hacíase","gloss":"struck as strange"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esperanza","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"esperanza","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of extrañaba","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of surgido","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of surgido","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"surgido","lemma":"surgir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying esperanza","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking él","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of surgido","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":33,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p14-s2","source":"Se imaginaba que desde la mirilla de la persiana de algunos de esos palacios lo estaba examinando con gemelos de teatro cierto millonario «melancólico y taciturno».","translation":"He imagined that from the peephole of the shutter of one of those mansions a certain \"melancholy and taciturn\" millionaire was examining him through opera glasses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p14-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gemelos de teatro","title":"«gemelos» = opera glasses","body":"Besides 'twins', «gemelos» means a pair of small binoculars; «gemelos de teatro» are opera glasses. The detail makes the imagined millionaire a spectator, watching Erdosain as if he were a figure on a stage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of imaginaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"imaginaba","lemma":"imaginar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He imagined"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of examinando","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"desde","lemma":"desde","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mirilla","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mirilla","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mirilla","lemma":"mirilla","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of examinando","gloss":"peephole"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persiana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of persiana","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"persiana","lemma":"persiana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mirilla","gloss":"shutter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algunos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"algunos","lemma":"alguno","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies persiana","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palacios","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of palacios","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"palacios","lemma":"palacio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies algunos","gloss":"mansions"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of examinando","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of examinando","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"examinando","lemma":"examinar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"clausal complement of imaginaba","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemelos","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"gemelos","lemma":"gemelo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of examinando","gloss":"glasses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking teatro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"teatro","lemma":"teatro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gemelos","gloss":"opera","note":"Gemelos de teatro is an idiom for opera glasses; teatro alone means 'theater'."},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of millonario","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of examinando","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with melancólico","gloss":"taciturn"}]},{"number":34,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p14-s3","source":"(Uso estrictamente los términos de Erdosain.)","translation":"(I use Erdosain's exact words.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p14-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Uso","lemma":"usar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I use"},{"surface":"estrictamente","lemma":"estrictamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Uso","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of términos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"términos","lemma":"término","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Uso","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erdosain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies términos","gloss":"Erdosain"}]},{"number":35,"label":"15","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p15-s1","source":"Y lo curioso es que cuando él pensaba que el «millonario melancólico y taciturno» podía observarlo, componía un semblante compungido y meditativo, y no le miraba el trasero a las criadas que pasaban, fingiendo estar inmovilizado por la atención que prestaba a un gran trabajo interior.","translation":"And the curious thing is that whenever he thought the \"melancholy and taciturn millionaire\" might be observing him, he composed a contrite, meditative expression, and did not look at the backsides of the maids who passed, pretending to be transfixed by the attention he was giving to some great inner labor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p15-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no le miraba el trasero a las criadas","title":"Redundant indirect object","body":"Spanish doubles the indirect object: the pronoun «le» (here standing for the plural sense) anticipates the full phrase «a las criadas». Literally 'he did not look at them the backside, to the maids' — a normal pattern with body parts and possessors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies es","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"lo","morphology":"article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of curioso","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"curioso","lemma":"curioso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of es","gloss":"curious thing"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of componía","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pensaba","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, acc,nom, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pensaba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"pensaba","lemma":"pensar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on componía","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of observarlo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of millonario","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of observarlo","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with melancólico","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of observarlo","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"observarlo","lemma":"observar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pensaba","gloss":"observing him"},{"surface":"componía","lemma":"componer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of es","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of componía","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"compungido","lemma":"compungido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"contrite"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meditativo","lemma":"meditativo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with compungido","gloss":"meditative"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies miraba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of miraba","gloss":"their","note":"A dative of possession that doubles a las criadas — together mirar el trasero a las criadas means 'to look at the maids' backsides.'"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with componía","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criadas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of criadas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criadas","lemma":"criada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of miraba","gloss":"maids"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pasaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"pasaban","lemma":"pasar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying criadas","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"fingiendo","lemma":"fingir","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on miraba","gloss":"pretending"},{"surface":"estar","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of inmovilizado","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"inmovilizado","lemma":"inmovilizado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of fingiendo","gloss":"transfixed"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atención","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of atención","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atención","lemma":"atención","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of inmovilizado","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of prestaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"prestaba","lemma":"prestar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying atención","gloss":"was giving"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trabajo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trabajo","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies trabajo","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"trabajo","lemma":"trabajo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of prestaba","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies trabajo","gloss":"inner"}]},{"number":36,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p15-s2","source":"Porque se decía que si el «millonario melancólico y taciturno» veía que él le miraba el trasero a las criadas, deduciría de ello que no estaba tan preocupado como para merecer su compasión.","translation":"Because he told himself that if the \"melancholy and taciturn millionaire\" saw him looking at the maids' backsides, he would deduce from it that he was not troubled enough to deserve his compassion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p15-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"veía / deduciría","title":"Imperfect 'if', conditional result","body":"«si… veía… deduciría» pairs an imperfect in the 'if' clause with a conditional in the result: 'if he saw… he would deduce'. The imperfect for an open, repeatable condition is colloquial but common, standing in for the more formal «si viera… deduciría»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tan… como para","title":"«tan… como para» = 'enough to'","body":"«no estaba tan preocupado como para merecer su compasión» = 'he was not troubled enough to deserve his compassion'. The frame «tan + adjective + como para + infinitive» expresses a degree sufficient (or, negated, insufficient) for a result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Porque","lemma":"porque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of decía","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of decía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"decía","lemma":"decir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told himself"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of deduciría","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veía","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of millonario","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of veía","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with melancólico","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on deduciría","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of miraba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"él","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of miraba","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of miraba (possessive dative referring to criadas)","gloss":"(possessive dative)","note":"the dative clitic le doubles 'a las criadas' as a dative of possession, so the phrase means 'the backside of the maids', not 'to them'"},{"surface":"miraba","lemma":"mirar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of veía","gloss":"looking at"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trasero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trasero","lemma":"trasero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of miraba","gloss":"backside"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criadas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of criadas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criadas","lemma":"criada","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"dative complement of miraba (possessor of trasero)","gloss":"maids'"},{"surface":"deduciría","lemma":"deducir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of decía","gloss":"would deduce"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ello","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ello","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of estaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies estaba","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to preocupado","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies preocupado","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"preocupado","lemma":"preocupado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of estaba","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of merecer","gloss":"as","note":"tan...como para + infinitive is a fixed degree construction meaning 'enough to' — 'tan preocupado como para merecer' = 'troubled enough to deserve'"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of merecer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"merecer","lemma":"merecer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on preocupado","gloss":"deserve"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of compasión","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"compasión","lemma":"compasión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of merecer","gloss":"compassion"}]},{"number":37,"label":"16","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p16-s1","source":"Tan es así, que Erdosain esperaba que el «millonario melancólico y taciturno» lo mandara llamar de un momento a otro al observar su semblante de músculos endurecidos por el sufrimiento de tantos años.","translation":"So much so that Erdosain expected the \"melancholy and taciturn millionaire\" to send for him at any moment, on observing his face, its muscles hardened by the suffering of so many years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p16-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"esperaba que… lo mandara llamar","title":"Imperfect subjunctive after «esperar que»","body":"«esperar que» ('to expect/hope that') forces the subjunctive in the clause that follows; in the past it becomes the imperfect subjunctive «mandara»: 'he expected that the millionaire would send for him'. The idiom «mandar llamar a alguien» = 'to send for someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies así","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to así","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"así","lemma":"así","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of esperaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of esperaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"esperaba","lemma":"esperar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by que","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mandara","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of millonario","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of mandara","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with melancólico","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mandara","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"mandara","lemma":"mandar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of esperaba","gloss":"would order","note":"mandar + infinitive is a causative construction — 'mandar llamar a alguien' means 'to send for someone, have someone summoned'"},{"surface":"llamar","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mandara","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de un momento a otro, modifies mandara","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of momento","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"momento","lemma":"momento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mandara","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking otro","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of mandara","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking observar","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"observar","lemma":"observar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on mandara","gloss":"observing"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of semblante","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"semblante","lemma":"semblante","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of observar","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking músculos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"músculos","lemma":"músculo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies semblante","gloss":"muscles"},{"surface":"endurecidos","lemma":"endurecido","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies músculos","gloss":"hardened"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sufrimiento","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sufrimiento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sufrimiento","lemma":"sufrimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of por, marks the cause of endurecidos","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking años","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tantos","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of años","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"años","lemma":"año","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sufrimiento","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":38,"label":"17","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p17-s1","source":"Tanto creció esta obsesión aquella tarde, que de pronto creyó que un granuja de chaleco y rayas rojas y amarillas que estaba en la puerta del hotel examinándole descaradamente, era el espía del «millonario melancólico y taciturno».","translation":"This obsession grew so much that afternoon that all at once he believed a rogue in a waistcoat with red and yellow stripes, who was at the hotel door examining him brazenly, was the spy of the \"melancholy and taciturn millionaire.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p17-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tanto creció… que","title":"«tanto… que» with a fronted verb","body":"«tanto… que» means 'so much… that': «Tanto creció esta obsesión… que… creyó…» = 'this obsession grew so much that he came to believe…'. Arlt fronts the verb «creció» before its subject «esta obsesión» for emphasis on the swelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tanto","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies creció","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"creció","lemma":"crecer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of obsesión","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"obsesión","lemma":"obsesión","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of creció","gloss":"obsession"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of creció","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of creyó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifies creyó","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifies creyó","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"creyó","lemma":"creer","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on creció","gloss":"he believed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of granuja","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"granuja","lemma":"granuja","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"rogue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chaleco","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"chaleco","lemma":"chaleco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies granuja","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rayas","lemma":"raya","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with chaleco","gloss":"stripes"},{"surface":"rojas","lemma":"rojo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies rayas","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"amarillas","lemma":"amarillo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with rojas","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying granuja","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puerta","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of puerta","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puerta","lemma":"puerta","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hotel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hotel","lemma":"hotel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies puerta","gloss":"hotel"},{"surface":"examinándole","lemma":"examinar él","morphology":"verb, gerund + dative clitic","role":"modifies granuja","gloss":"examining him"},{"surface":"descaradamente","lemma":"descaradamente","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies examinándole","gloss":"brazenly"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to espía","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espía","lemma":"espía","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"predicate noun of era","gloss":"spy"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking millonario","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to espía","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with melancólico","gloss":"taciturn"}]},{"number":39,"label":"18","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s1","source":"Y el criado lo llamaba.","translation":"And the servant was calling him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies llamaba","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of criado","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"criado","lemma":"criado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of llamaba","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llamaba","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"llamaba","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was calling"}]},{"number":40,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s2","source":"El lo seguía.","translation":"He followed him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of seguía","gloss":"he","note":"printed without the accent (El instead of Él), but functions here as the subject pronoun 'he', not the article 'the'"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of seguía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"seguía","lemma":"seguir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":41,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s3","source":"Cruzaban un jardín erizado de cactus, entraban a un salón y permanecía solo durante unos minutos.","translation":"They crossed a garden bristling with cactus, they entered a drawing room, and he remained alone for a few minutes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Cruzaban / entraban / permanecía","title":"Imperfect for an imagined scene","body":"The imperfects «cruzaban», «entraban», «permanecía» do not report something that happened; they unfold a daydream as a continuous, half-real picture — 'they were crossing… entering… he was remaining alone'. The tense itself signals that this is fantasy, not event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cruzaban","lemma":"cruzar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they crossed"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jardín","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jardín","lemma":"jardín","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Cruzaban","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"erizado","lemma":"erizado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jardín","gloss":"bristling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cactus","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cactus","lemma":"cactus","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of erizado","gloss":"cactus"},{"surface":"entraban","lemma":"entrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Cruzaban","gloss":"they entered"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salón","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of salón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"salón","lemma":"salón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of entraban","gloss":"drawing room"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"permanecía","lemma":"permanecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with entraban","gloss":"he remained"},{"surface":"solo","lemma":"solo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of permanecía","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"durante","lemma":"durante","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minutos","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"unos","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of minutos","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"minutos","lemma":"minuto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of permanecía","gloss":"minutes"}]},{"number":42,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s4","source":"Todo el edificio estaba a oscuras.","translation":"The whole building was in darkness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a oscuras","title":"«a oscuras» = in the dark","body":"«a oscuras» is a fixed adverbial phrase meaning 'in darkness / in the dark'. Note it is not «a oscuro»; the expression is locked in the plural feminine form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of el","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of edificio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"edificio","lemma":"edificio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of estaba","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to oscuras","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"oscuras","lemma":"oscuras","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":43,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s5","source":"Una lámpara brillaba en un rincón del salón.","translation":"A lamp shone in a corner of the drawing room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lámpara","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lámpara","lemma":"lámpara","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of brillaba","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"brillaba","lemma":"brillar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rincón","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rincón","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rincón","lemma":"rincón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of brillaba","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salón","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"salón","lemma":"salón","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rincón","gloss":"drawing room"}]},{"number":44,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s6","source":"Sobre la ménsula del piano, piezas de música esparcían la fragancia de los papeles tocados siempre por manos femeninas.","translation":"On the bracket of the piano, pieces of sheet music gave off the fragrance of papers always handled by feminine hands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ménsula","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ménsula","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ménsula","lemma":"ménsula","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of esparcían","gloss":"bracket"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piano","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"piano","lemma":"piano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ménsula","gloss":"piano"},{"surface":"piezas","lemma":"pieza","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of esparcían","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking música","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"música","lemma":"música","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies piezas","gloss":"music"},{"surface":"esparcían","lemma":"esparcir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave off"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fragancia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fragancia","lemma":"fragancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of esparcían","gloss":"fragrance"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papeles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of papeles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"papeles","lemma":"papel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fragancia","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"tocados","lemma":"tocado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies papeles","gloss":"handled"},{"surface":"siempre","lemma":"siempre","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tocados","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"manos","lemma":"mano","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of por, agent of tocados","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"femeninas","lemma":"femenino","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies manos","gloss":"feminine"}]},{"number":45,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s7","source":"En el alféizar de una ventana cubierta de linones violetas estaba abandonada la cabeza de mármol de una mujer.","translation":"On the sill of a window draped in violet lawn, a woman's marble head lay abandoned.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"estaba abandonada la cabeza","title":"«estar» + past participle as state","body":"«estaba abandonada» uses «estar» plus a past participle to describe a resulting state, not an action: 'lay abandoned / sat forgotten'. The subject «la cabeza de mármol» again comes after the verb, a common literary order."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alféizar","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of alféizar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"alféizar","lemma":"alféizar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estaba (location)","gloss":"sill"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventana","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ventana","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ventana","lemma":"ventana","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies alféizar","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"cubierta","lemma":"cubierto","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ventana","gloss":"draped"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking linones","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"linones","lemma":"linón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, complement of cubierta","gloss":"lawn"},{"surface":"violetas","lemma":"violeta","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies linones","gloss":"violet"},{"surface":"estaba","lemma":"estar","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to abandonada","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"abandonada","lemma":"abandonado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of estaba","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cabeza","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cabeza","lemma":"cabeza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of abandonada","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mármol","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mármol","lemma":"mármol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mujer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cabeza","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":46,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s8","source":"Veíanse forrados los almohadones de las fraileras de géneros que parecían pinturas cubistas, y sobre el escritorio había ceniceros de bronce negro y polichinelas de mil colores.","translation":"The cushions of the friar's-chairs could be seen upholstered in fabrics that looked like Cubist paintings, and on the desk there were ashtrays of black bronze and Punchinellos of a thousand colors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p18-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Veíanse","title":"Passive/impersonal «se», pronoun attached","body":"«Veíanse» is «se veían» ('they could be seen / one saw') with the «se» attached to the front verb. The «se» here is the passive-impersonal one: it presents the cushions as simply visible, with no named seer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Veíanse","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural + passive-reflexive clitic","role":"main verb of the sentence (passive reflexive)","gloss":"could be seen","note":"the -se here is the impersonal/passive 'se' (se veían forrados = 'they [the cushions] were seen upholstered'), not the third-person object pronoun 'him/it' — 'ver él' misrepresents it as a personal object"},{"surface":"forrados","lemma":"forrado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective, modifies almohadones","gloss":"upholstered"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of almohadones","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"almohadones","lemma":"almohadón","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Veíanse","gloss":"cushions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fraileras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fraileras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fraileras","lemma":"frailera","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies almohadones","gloss":"friar's-chairs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking géneros","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"géneros","lemma":"género","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies forrados (material)","gloss":"fabrics"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of parecían","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"parecían","lemma":"parecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying géneros","gloss":"looked like"},{"surface":"pinturas","lemma":"pintura","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of parecían","gloss":"paintings"},{"surface":"cubistas","lemma":"cubista","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pinturas","gloss":"Cubist"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escritorio","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of escritorio","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escritorio","lemma":"escritorio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of había","gloss":"desk"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Veíanse","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"ceniceros","lemma":"cenicero","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of había","gloss":"ashtrays"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bronce","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bronce","lemma":"bronce","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ceniceros","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"negro","lemma":"negro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bronce","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"polichinelas","lemma":"polichinela","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with ceniceros","gloss":"Punchinellos"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colores","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mil","lemma":"mil","morphology":"numeral, plural","role":"quantifies colores","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"colores","lemma":"color","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies polichinelas","gloss":"colors"}]},{"number":47,"label":"19","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p19-s1","source":"¿En qué circunstancia de su vida había estado en el interior de esa sala que ahora se presentaba a su imaginación?","translation":"In what circumstance of his life had he been inside that room which now presented itself to his imagination?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p19-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking circunstancia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of circunstancia","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"circunstancia","lemma":"circunstancia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estado","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vida","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies circunstancia","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of estado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"estado","lemma":"estar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking interior","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of interior","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"interior","lemma":"interior","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of estado","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sala","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esa","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sala","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sala","lemma":"sala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies interior","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of presentaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ahora","lemma":"ahora","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies presentaba","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of presentaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"presentaba","lemma":"presentar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying sala","gloss":"presented itself"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking imaginación","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of imaginación","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"imaginación","lemma":"imaginación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of presentaba (object of a)","gloss":"imagination"}]},{"number":48,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p19-s2","source":"No podía recordarlo.","translation":"He could not remember.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p19-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"No","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recordarlo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of recordarlo","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"recordarlo","lemma":"recordar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive + accusative clitic","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember it"}]},{"number":49,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p19-s3","source":"Pero veía un gran marco de ébano cuyos biseles paralelos retrepaban hacia un cielo raso blanquísimo, que volcaba su luz de yeso sobre una marina: cierto siniestro puente de madera, bajo cuyos contrafuertes ciclópeos hervía una multitud de hombres borrosos, manchados por sombras rojizas, y que acarreaban grandes bultos frente a un proceloso mar de hierro colado, sanguinolento, del que se levantaba en ángulo recto un muelle de piedra obstaculizado de fraguas, rieles y guinches.","translation":"But he saw a great ebony frame whose parallel bevels climbed toward a brilliant white ceiling that poured its plaster light over a seascape: a certain sinister wooden bridge, beneath whose cyclopean buttresses a crowd of blurred men seethed, stained with reddish shadows, hauling great bundles before a stormy sea of cast iron, bloodred, out of which there rose at a right angle a stone wharf cluttered with forges, rails, and winches.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p19-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"blanquísimo","title":"Absolute superlative «-ísimo»","body":"«blanquísimo» is «blanco» plus «-ísimo», the absolute superlative meaning 'extremely / brilliantly white'. The spelling changes «c» to «qu» to keep the hard sound. Arlt piles up such intensities to make the imagined painting overpowering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"cuyos contrafuertes","title":"«cuyo» chained again","body":"A second «cuyo» («bajo cuyos contrafuertes…» = 'beneath whose buttresses…') threads another relative clause onto the long sentence. Agreeing with «contrafuertes», it is masculine plural — the relative tracks the thing possessed, not the possessor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"veía","lemma":"ver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of marco","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies marco","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"marco","lemma":"marco","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of veía","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ébano","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ébano","lemma":"ébano","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies marco","gloss":"ebony"},{"surface":"cuyos","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies biseles","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"biseles","lemma":"bisel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of retrepaban","gloss":"bevels"},{"surface":"paralelos","lemma":"paralelo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies biseles","gloss":"parallel"},{"surface":"retrepaban","lemma":"retrepar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying marco","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"hacia","lemma":"hacia","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cielo","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cielo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cielo","lemma":"cielo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of retrepaban","gloss":"ceiling"},{"surface":"raso","lemma":"raso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cielo","gloss":"flat","note":"'Cielo raso' is a set phrase meaning 'ceiling' — literally 'flat/smooth sky.'"},{"surface":"blanquísimo","lemma":"blanquísimo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cielo","gloss":"very white"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of volcaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"volcaba","lemma":"volcar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying cielo","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of luz","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"luz","lemma":"luz","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of volcaba","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeso","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"yeso","lemma":"yeso","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies luz","gloss":"plaster"},{"surface":"sobre","lemma":"sobre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marina","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of marina","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"marina","lemma":"marina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of volcaba","gloss":"seascape"},{"surface":"cierto","lemma":"cierto","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of puente","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"siniestro","lemma":"siniestro","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies puente","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"puente","lemma":"puente","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to marina","gloss":"bridge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking madera","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"madera","lemma":"madera","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies puente","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"bajo","lemma":"bajo","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking contrafuertes","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"cuyos","lemma":"cuyo","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies contrafuertes","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"contrafuertes","lemma":"contrafuerte","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hervía","gloss":"buttresses"},{"surface":"ciclópeos","lemma":"ciclópeo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies contrafuertes","gloss":"cyclopean"},{"surface":"hervía","lemma":"hervir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying puente","gloss":"seethed"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of multitud","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"multitud","lemma":"multitud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of hervía","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hombres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hombres","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies multitud","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"borrosos","lemma":"borroso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"blurred"},{"surface":"manchados","lemma":"manchado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombres","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sombras","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"sombras","lemma":"sombra","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of manchados","gloss":"shadows"},{"surface":"rojizas","lemma":"rojiza","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sombras","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of acarreaban","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"acarreaban","lemma":"acarrear","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying hombres","gloss":"were hauling"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grande","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies bultos","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"bultos","lemma":"bulto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of acarreaban","gloss":"bundles"},{"surface":"frente","lemma":"frente a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mar","gloss":"before","note":"'Frente a' is a fixed two-word preposition meaning 'facing' or 'in front of.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase frente a","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"proceloso","lemma":"proceloso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mar","gloss":"stormy"},{"surface":"mar","lemma":"mar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of acarreaban","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hierro","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hierro","lemma":"hierro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mar","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"colado","lemma":"colado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hierro","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"sanguinolento","lemma":"sanguinolento","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mar","gloss":"bloodred"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking que","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of levantaba","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of levantaba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"levantaba","lemma":"levantar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying mar","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ángulo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ángulo","lemma":"ángulo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of levantaba","gloss":"angle"},{"surface":"recto","lemma":"recto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ángulo","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of muelle","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"muelle","lemma":"muelle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of levantaba","gloss":"wharf"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piedra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"piedra","lemma":"piedra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies muelle","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"obstaculizado","lemma":"obstaculizado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies muelle","gloss":"cluttered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fraguas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fraguas","lemma":"fragua","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of obstaculizado","gloss":"forges"},{"surface":"rieles","lemma":"riel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with fraguas","gloss":"rails"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"guinches","lemma":"guinche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with fraguas","gloss":"winches","note":"'Guinche' (winch) is a Rioplatense borrowing from English, common in Argentine dockyard/industrial vocabulary."}]},{"number":50,"label":"20","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s1","source":"En aquella sala se movía Elsa cuando aun era su novia.","translation":"In that room Elsa used to move about, when she was still his sweetheart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se movía / era","title":"Imperfect for habit and a past state","body":"«se movía» ('used to move about') and «era» ('was') are imperfect. The imperfect carries habitual past action — what Elsa used to do — and an ongoing past state — that she was then his fiancée — without fixing either to a single moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sala","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"aquella","lemma":"aquel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sala","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sala","lemma":"sala","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of movía","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of movía","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"movía","lemma":"mover","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to move"},{"surface":"Elsa","lemma":"Elsa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of movía","gloss":"Elsa"},{"surface":"cuando","lemma":"cuando","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of era","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"aun","lemma":"aun","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies era","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to novia","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of novia","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"novia","lemma":"novia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"sweetheart"}]},{"number":51,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s2","source":"Sí quizás, pero, ¿para qué recordarlo?","translation":"Yes, perhaps, but what is the use of remembering it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"para qué","title":"«¿para qué?» = to what end?","body":"«¿para qué?» asks 'for what purpose? / what's the use?' — distinct from «¿por qué?» ('why?', for a cause). «¿Para qué recordarlo?» = 'what good is it to remember it?', a weary, rhetorical shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with quizás","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"quizás","lemma":"quizás","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"pero","lemma":"pero","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qué","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qué","lemma":"qué","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of recordarlo","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"recordarlo","lemma":"recordar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember it"}]},{"number":52,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s3","source":"El era el fraudulento, el hombre de los botines rotos, de la corbata deshilachada, del traje lleno de manchas, que se gana la vida en la calle mientras la mujer enferma lava ropas en la casa.","translation":"He was the fraud, the man of the broken boots, the frayed necktie, the stain-covered suit, who earns his living in the street while his sick wife washes clothes at home.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se gana la vida","title":"«ganarse la vida»","body":"«ganarse la vida» is the idiom 'to earn one's living / to make a living'. The reflexive «se» and the article «la vida» are fixed parts of the phrase; you 'win yourself the life'."}],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"He","note":"Printed without the accent mark; this is 'Él' (he), the subject pronoun, not the article 'el' (the)."},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to fraudulento","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fraudulento","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fraudulento","lemma":"fraudulento","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"fraud"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hombre","lemma":"hombre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to fraudulento","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking botines","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of botines","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"botines","lemma":"botín","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"rotos","lemma":"roto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies botines","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corbata","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of corbata","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corbata","lemma":"corbata","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"necktie"},{"surface":"deshilachada","lemma":"deshilachado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies corbata","gloss":"frayed"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traje","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"traje","lemma":"traje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hombre","gloss":"suit"},{"surface":"lleno","lemma":"lleno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies traje","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manchas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"manchas","lemma":"mancha","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of lleno","gloss":"stains"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gana","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of gana","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"gana","lemma":"ganar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying hombre","gloss":"earns"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vida","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vida","lemma":"vida","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of gana","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gana","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"mientras","lemma":"mientras","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lava","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mujer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mujer","lemma":"mujer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of lava","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"enferma","lemma":"enfermo","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mujer","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"lava","lemma":"lavar","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on gana","gloss":"washes"},{"surface":"ropas","lemma":"ropa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of lava","gloss":"clothes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casa","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of casa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"casa","lemma":"casa","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of lava","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":53,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s4","source":"El era todo eso y nada más.","translation":"He was all that and nothing more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"El","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era","gloss":"He","note":"Printed without the accent; this is 'Él' (he), not the article 'el.'"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to eso","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"todo","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of eso","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of era","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nada","lemma":"nada","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated with eso","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"más","lemma":"más","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nada","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":54,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s5","source":"Por eso lo había mandado llamar el «millonario melancólico y taciturno».","translation":"That was why the \"melancholy and taciturn millionaire\" had sent for him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p20-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Por eso","title":"«por eso» = that's why","body":"«por eso» means 'for that reason / that's why', drawing a consequence from what came before. Here it knots Erdosain's self-disgust to his fantasy: because he is a wretch, the imaginary millionaire has summoned him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eso","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"eso","lemma":"ese","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique complement of mandado","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lo","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of mandado","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"había","lemma":"haber","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of mandado","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"mandado","lemma":"mandar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"llamar","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mandado","gloss":"to call","note":"'Mandar llamar a alguien' is an idiom meaning 'to send for someone.'"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of millonario","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of mandado","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with melancólico","gloss":"taciturn"}]},{"number":55,"label":"21","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p21-s1","source":"Erdosain, gozoso en el ensueño, en parte hecho plástico, por los espacios de tiempo e imágenes reconstruidas a expensas del gran señor invisible, no quería detenerse ya en su entrevista con el «millonario melancólico y taciturno» que le ofrecía dinero para hacer prácticos sus inventos, sino que semejante a esos lectores de folletines policiales que apresurados para llegar al desenlace de la intriga saltean los «puntos muertos» de la novela, Erdosain soslayaba determinadas construcciones interesantes de su imaginación, y se restituía a la calle, aunque en la calle se encontraba.","translation":"Erdosain, joyful in the reverie — made, in part, palpable by the stretches of time and the images rebuilt at the expense of the great invisible gentleman — no longer wished to linger over his interview with the \"melancholy and taciturn millionaire\" who was offering him money to put his inventions into practice; instead, like those readers of crime serials who, hurrying to reach the unraveling of the plot, skip the \"dead spots\" of the novel, Erdosain glossed over certain interesting constructions of his imagination and returned himself to the street, although in the street he already was.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p21-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"no… sino que","title":"«no… sino que» = 'not… but rather'","body":"«no quería detenerse… sino que… soslayaba…» sets up a correction: 'he did not wish to linger… but rather glossed over…'. «sino que» (with the verb) replaces a rejected idea with the true one, sharper than a plain «pero»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"folletines policiales","title":"«folletín policial»","body":"A «folletín» is a serialized novel published in installments; «policial» makes it a crime/detective serial. Arlt — himself a writer of pulp-flavored fiction — compares Erdosain's mind to a reader greedily skipping ahead in a cheap thriller."}],"words":[{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of quería","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"gozoso","lemma":"gozoso","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Erdosain","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ensueño","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ensueño","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ensueño","lemma":"ensueño","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of gozoso","gloss":"reverie"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking parte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"parte","lemma":"parte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"hecho","lemma":"hecho","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ensueño","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"plástico","lemma":"plástico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of hecho","gloss":"palpable"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espacios","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of espacios","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espacios","lemma":"espacio","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of hecho","gloss":"stretches"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tiempo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tiempo","lemma":"tiempo","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies espacios","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"e","lemma":"e","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"imágenes","lemma":"imagen","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with espacios","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"reconstruidas","lemma":"reconstruida","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies imágenes","gloss":"rebuilt"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking expensas","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"expensas","lemma":"expensa","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase a","gloss":"expense"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking señor","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"gran","lemma":"gran","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies señor","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"señor","lemma":"señor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of reconstruidas","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"invisible","lemma":"invisible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies señor","gloss":"invisible"},{"surface":"no","lemma":"no","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies quería","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"quería","lemma":"querer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"detenerse","lemma":"detener él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of quería","gloss":"to linger"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies detenerse","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entrevista","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of entrevista","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"entrevista","lemma":"entrevista","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of detenerse","gloss":"interview"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking millonario","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of millonario","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies entrevista","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taciturno","lemma":"taciturno","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with millonario","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ofrecía","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ofrecía","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ofrecía","lemma":"ofrecer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clause modifying millonario","gloss":"was offering"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ofrecía","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hacer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on ofrecía","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"prácticos","lemma":"práctico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of hacer","gloss":"practical"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of inventos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"inventos","lemma":"invento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"inventions"},{"surface":"sino","lemma":"sino","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"instead","note":"'Sino que' introduces a contrasting clause: 'but rather / instead.'"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase sino","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"semejante","lemma":"semejante","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies soslayaba","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lectores","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"esos","lemma":"ese","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of lectores","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"lectores","lemma":"lector","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies semejante","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking folletines","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"folletines","lemma":"folletín","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies lectores","gloss":"serials"},{"surface":"policiales","lemma":"policial","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies folletines","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of apresurados","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"apresurados","lemma":"apresurado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies lectores","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of llegar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"llegar","lemma":"llegar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on apresurados","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desenlace","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"desenlace","lemma":"desenlace","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llegar","gloss":"unraveling"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intriga","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of intriga","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"intriga","lemma":"intriga","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies desenlace","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"saltean","lemma":"saltear","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying lectores","gloss":"skip"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of puntos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puntos","lemma":"punto","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of saltean","gloss":"spots"},{"surface":"muertos","lemma":"muerto","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies puntos","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking novela","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of novela","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"novela","lemma":"novela","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies puntos","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"Erdosain","lemma":"Erdosain","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of soslayaba","gloss":"Erdosain"},{"surface":"soslayaba","lemma":"soslayar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with quería","gloss":"glossed over"},{"surface":"determinadas","lemma":"determinado","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies construcciones","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"construcciones","lemma":"construcción","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of soslayaba","gloss":"constructions"},{"surface":"interesantes","lemma":"interesante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies construcciones","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking imaginación","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of imaginación","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"imaginación","lemma":"imaginación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies construcciones","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of restituía","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"restituía","lemma":"restituir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with soslayaba","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of restituía","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"aunque","lemma":"aunque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of encontraba","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking calle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of calle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calle","lemma":"calle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of encontraba","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of encontraba","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"encontraba","lemma":"encontrar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on restituía","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":56,"label":"22","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p22-s1","source":"Entonces, abandonando la esquina de Charcas y Talcahuano, o de Arenales y Rodríguez Peña, echaba a caminar apresurado.","translation":"Then, leaving the corner of Charcas and Talcahuano, or of Arenales and Rodríguez Peña, he would set off walking in a hurry.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p22-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"echaba a caminar","title":"«echar a» + infinitive","body":"«echar a» plus an infinitive means 'to start (suddenly) to do something': «echaba a caminar» = 'he would set off walking / he broke into a walk'. It marks the abrupt onset of the action, the moment of setting out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entonces","lemma":"entonces","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies echaba","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"abandonando","lemma":"abandonar","morphology":"verb, gerund","role":"adverbial clause on echaba","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of esquina","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esquina","lemma":"esquina","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of abandonando","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Charcas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Charcas","lemma":"Charcas","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies esquina","gloss":"Charcas"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Talcahuano","lemma":"Talcahuano","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Charcas","gloss":"Talcahuano"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Arenales","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Arenales","lemma":"Arenales","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Charcas","gloss":"Arenales"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Rodríguez","lemma":"Rodríguez","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Arenales","gloss":"Rodríguez"},{"surface":"Peña","lemma":"Peña","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Rodríguez","gloss":"Peña"},{"surface":"echaba","lemma":"echar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of caminar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"caminar","lemma":"caminar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of echaba","gloss":"walking"},{"surface":"apresurado","lemma":"apresurado","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies caminar","gloss":"hurriedly"}]},{"number":57,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p22-s2","source":"Y los excesos eran desplazados por desmedimientos de esperanza.","translation":"And his excesses were displaced by extravagances of hope.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p22-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"eran desplazados","title":"True passive with «ser»","body":"«eran desplazados por…» is the periphrastic passive: «ser» plus a past participle plus «por» for the agent — 'were displaced by…'. The participle «desplazados» agrees with the masculine plural subject «los excesos»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of excesos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"excesos","lemma":"exceso","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of desplazados","gloss":"excesses"},{"surface":"eran","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of desplazados","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"desplazados","lemma":"desplazar","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"displaced"},{"surface":"por","lemma":"por","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking desmedimientos","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"desmedimientos","lemma":"desmedimiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of desplazados","gloss":"extravagances","note":"Arlt's own coinage from 'desmedido' (excessive, immoderate) — not a standard dictionary word."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esperanza","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"esperanza","lemma":"esperanza","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies desmedimientos","gloss":"hope"}]},{"number":58,"label":"23","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p23-s1","source":"Triunfaría, ¡sí!, triunfaría.","translation":"He would triumph — yes! — he would triumph.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p23-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Triunfaría","title":"The conditional","body":"«Triunfaría» is the conditional of «triunfar», 'he would triumph'. Spanish forms it by adding «-ía» endings to the full infinitive. Here, repeated, it carries Erdosain's surge of free-floating, almost manic hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Triunfaría","lemma":"triunfar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would triumph"},{"surface":"sí","lemma":"sí","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"triunfaría","lemma":"triunfar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"repeats the main verb, echoing triunfaría","gloss":"would triumph"}]},{"number":59,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p23-s2","source":"Con el dinero del «millonario melancólico y taciturno» instalaría un laboratorio de electrotécnica, se dedicaría con especialidad al estudio de los rayos Beta, al transporte inalámbrico de la energía, y al de las ondas electromagnéticas, y sin perder su juventud, como el absurdo personaje de una novela inglesa, envejecería; tan sólo su rostro empalidecería hasta adquirir la blancura del mármol, y sus pupilas chispeantes como las de un mago seducirían a todas las doncellas de la tierra.","translation":"With the money of the \"melancholy and taciturn millionaire\" he would set up a laboratory of electrical engineering, he would devote himself especially to the study of Beta rays, to the wireless transmission of energy, and to that of electromagnetic waves, and without losing his youth — like the absurd character of an English novel — he would grow old; only his face would pale until it took on the whiteness of marble, and his pupils, sparkling like a magician's, would seduce all the maidens of the earth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p23-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"instalaría / se dedicaría / envejecería","title":"A cascade of conditionals","body":"The whole sentence rides on conditionals — «instalaría», «se dedicaría», «envejecería», «empalidecería», «seducirían» — each 'he would…'. The conditional spins out a future imagined from the present, turning the daydream into a chain of glittering, unreal promises."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"doncellas","title":"«doncella»","body":"A «doncella» is a maiden — an unmarried young woman, with an old-fashioned, romantic ring. The deliberately storybook word fits the pulp-novel fantasy Erdosain is spinning for himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dinero","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dinero","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of instalaría","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking millonario","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"millonario","lemma":"millonario","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of dinero (in quotes), object of del","gloss":"millionaire"},{"surface":"melancólico","lemma":"melancólico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies millonario","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the 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of dedicaría","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"dedicaría","lemma":"dedicar","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with instalaría, main verb","gloss":"would devote"},{"surface":"con","lemma":"con","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking especialidad","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"especialidad","lemma":"especialidad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dedicaría","gloss":"especially","note":"Literally 'with speciality'; 'con especialidad' is idiomatic for 'especially'."},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estudio","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"estudio","lemma":"estudio","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of dedicaría (object of al)","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rayos","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of rayos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rayos","lemma":"rayo","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies estudio","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"Beta","lemma":"Beta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to rayos","gloss":"Beta"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking transporte","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"transporte","lemma":"transporte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with estudio, complement of dedicaría","gloss":"transmission"},{"surface":"inalámbrico","lemma":"inalámbrico","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies transporte","gloss":"wireless"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking energía","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of energía","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"energía","lemma":"energía","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of transporte (object of de)","gloss":"energy"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the elided noun (transporte), coordinated with al (w24)","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ondas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ondas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ondas","lemma":"onda","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of the elided transporte, parallel to energía","gloss":"waves"},{"surface":"electromagnéticas","lemma":"electromagnética","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ondas","gloss":"electromagnetic"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of perder","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"perder","lemma":"perder","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object of sin, adverbial clause on envejecería","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of juventud","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"juventud","lemma":"juventud","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of perder","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with personaje","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of personaje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"absurdo","lemma":"absurdo","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies personaje","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"personaje","lemma":"personaje","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of como, comparison referring to the subject of envejecería","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking novela","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"una","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of novela","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"novela","lemma":"novela","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies personaje","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"inglesa","lemma":"inglés","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies novela","gloss":"English"},{"surface":"envejecería","lemma":"envejecer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (coordinated with instalaría)","gloss":"would grow old"},{"surface":"tan","lemma":"tanto","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies sólo (idiom 'tan sólo' = only), modifies empalidecería","gloss":"only","note":"'Tan sólo' is an idiom meaning 'only/just'."},{"surface":"sólo","lemma":"sólo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom tan sólo, modifies empalidecería","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rostro","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rostro","lemma":"rostro","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of empalidecería","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"empalidecería","lemma":"empalidecer","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (coordinated with envejecería)","gloss":"would grow pale"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of adquirir","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"adquirir","lemma":"adquirir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on empalidecería","gloss":"taking on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of blancura","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blancura","lemma":"blancura","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of adquirir","gloss":"whiteness"},{"surface":"del","lemma":"del","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mármol","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mármol","lemma":"mármol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies blancura","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pupilas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pupilas","lemma":"pupila","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of seducirían","gloss":"pupils"},{"surface":"chispeantes","lemma":"chispeante","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies pupilas","gloss":"sparkling"},{"surface":"como","lemma":"como","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison to las (pupils of a magician)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"stands for pupilas, compared via como","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mago, modifies las","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mago","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mago","lemma":"mago","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of las (object of de)","gloss":"magician"},{"surface":"seducirían","lemma":"seducir","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause (coordinated with empalidecería)","gloss":"would seduce"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"a","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doncellas (personal a)","gloss":"to","note":"Personal 'a': marks a human direct object; not translated separately."},{"surface":"todas","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies doncellas","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of doncellas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doncellas","lemma":"doncella","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of seducirían","gloss":"maidens"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tierra","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tierra","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tierra","lemma":"tierra","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies doncellas (object of de)","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":60,"label":"24","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s1","source":"Caía la tarde y de pronto recordó que el único que podía salvarle de su horrible situación era el Astrólogo.","translation":"The afternoon was falling, and suddenly he remembered that the only one who could save him from his horrible situation was the Astrologer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Caía / recordó","title":"Imperfect backdrop, preterite event","body":"«Caía la tarde» (imperfect) sets the continuous scene — dusk coming on — while «recordó» (preterite) drops the single, sudden act of remembering into it. The pairing is the classic Spanish way to stage 'it was happening when, all at once, X happened'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Caía","lemma":"caer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was falling"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tarde","lemma":"tarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Caía","gloss":"afternoon"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom de pronto ('suddenly'), modifies recordó","gloss":"suddenly","note":"'De pronto' is an idiom meaning 'suddenly'."},{"surface":"pronto","lemma":"pronto","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom de pronto, modifies recordó","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"recordó","lemma":"recordar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Caía, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"he remembered"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of recordó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of único","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"único","lemma":"único","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"subject of era (substantivized: 'the only one')","gloss":"only one"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun, subject of podía, refers to único","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"podía","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of salvarle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"salvarle","lemma":"salvar él","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of podía (le = dative clitic 'him')","gloss":"save him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking situación","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"su","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of situación","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies situación","gloss":"horrible"},{"surface":"situación","lemma":"situación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of salvarle (object of de)","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"era","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking único to Astrólogo","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Astrólogo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Astrólogo","lemma":"Astrólogo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicate nominative of era","gloss":"Astrologer"}]},{"number":61,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s2","source":"Esta ocurrencia removió todos sus pensamientos.","translation":"This idea stirred up all his thoughts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ocurrencia","title":"«ocurrencia»","body":"An «ocurrencia» is a sudden idea or notion that occurs to someone (it can also mean a witty remark). It names the abrupt brainwave — turning to the Astrologer — that upends Erdosain's wandering thoughts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Esta","lemma":"este","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ocurrencia","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ocurrencia","lemma":"ocurrencia","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of removió","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"removió","lemma":"remover","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred up"},{"surface":"todos","lemma":"todo","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies pensamientos","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"su","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pensamientos","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pensamientos","lemma":"pensamiento","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of removió","gloss":"thoughts"}]},{"number":62,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s3","source":"Quizás el otro tenía dinero.","translation":"Perhaps the other man had money.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quizás… tenía","title":"«quizás» with the indicative","body":"«quizás» ('perhaps') can take either the indicative or the subjunctive. With the indicative «tenía» the guess feels more grounded — 'maybe he did have money' — closer to a real possibility than a remote one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quizás","lemma":"quizás","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tenía","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of otro","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"otro","lemma":"otro","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dinero","lemma":"dinero","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":63,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s4","source":"Hasta sospechaba que pudiera ser un delegado bolchevique para hacer propaganda comunista en el país, ya que aquél tenía un proyecto de sociedad revolucionaria singularísimo.","translation":"He even suspected he might be a Bolshevik delegate sent to spread communist propaganda in the country, since the man had a most singular project for a revolutionary society.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sospechaba que pudiera ser","title":"Subjunctive after doubt","body":"«sospechar que» here leans toward conjecture, so it pulls the imperfect subjunctive «pudiera ser» = 'that he might be'. The subjunctive marks the guess as uncertain — Erdosain is speculating, not stating a fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sospechaba","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"sospechaba","lemma":"sospechar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of sospechaba","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pudiera","lemma":"poder","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"modal auxiliary governing ser","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ser","lemma":"ser","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to delegado","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of delegado","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"delegado","lemma":"delegado","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ser","gloss":"delegate"},{"surface":"bolchevique","lemma":"bolchevique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies delegado","gloss":"Bolshevik"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of hacer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hacer","lemma":"hacer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying delegado","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"propaganda","lemma":"propaganda","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hacer","gloss":"propaganda"},{"surface":"comunista","lemma":"comunista","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies propaganda","gloss":"communist"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking país","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"el","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of país","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"país","lemma":"país","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of hacer","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"ya","lemma":"ya","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom ya que ('since'), introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since","note":"'Ya que' is an idiom meaning 'since/because'."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom ya que, introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"aquél","lemma":"aquél","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenía","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"tenía","lemma":"tener","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of proyecto","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"proyecto","lemma":"proyecto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tenía","gloss":"project"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sociedad","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sociedad","lemma":"sociedad","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies proyecto","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"revolucionaria","lemma":"revolucionario","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sociedad","gloss":"revolutionary"},{"surface":"singularísimo","lemma":"singular","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies proyecto","gloss":"most singular"}]},{"number":64,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s5","source":"Sin vacilar, llamó un automóvil y le indicó al chofer que le llevara hasta la estación Constitución.","translation":"Without hesitating, he hailed a car and told the driver to take him to Constitución station.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le indicó… que le llevara","title":"Subjunctive of command","body":"Verbs of telling/asking someone to do something («indicar que…») take the subjunctive; in the past it is the imperfect subjunctive «llevara»: 'he told the driver to take him'. The subjunctive carries the force of the request inside the reported speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sin","lemma":"sin","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vacilar","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"vacilar","lemma":"vacilar","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on llamó","gloss":"hesitating"},{"surface":"llamó","lemma":"llamar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hailed"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"uno","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of automóvil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"automóvil","lemma":"automóvil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of llamó","gloss":"car"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of indicó (doubles al chofer)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"indicó","lemma":"indicar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with llamó","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chofer","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"chofer","lemma":"chofer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of indicó","gloss":"driver"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of indicó","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"él","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"direct object of llevara (leísmo)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"llevara","lemma":"llevar","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by que, subject: chofer","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"hasta","lemma":"hasta","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking estación","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"el","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of estación","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"estación","lemma":"estación","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of llevara","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"Constitución","lemma":"Constitución","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to estación","gloss":"Constitución"}]},{"number":65,"label":"","id":"los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s6","source":"Allí sacó boleto para Temperley.","translation":"There he bought a ticket for Temperley.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/arlt/los-suenos-del-inventor-p24-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sacó boleto","title":"«sacar boleto»","body":"«sacar (un) boleto» is the everyday phrase for 'to buy/get a ticket' — «sacar» literally 'to take out', as from a ticket window. «Boleto» is the Latin American word for ticket (Spain prefers «billete»). Temperley is a town in greater Buenos Aires, the Astrologer's lair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allí","lemma":"allí","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sacó","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"sacó","lemma":"sacar","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"boleto","lemma":"boleto","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sacó","gloss":"ticket"},{"surface":"para","lemma":"para","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Temperley","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Temperley","lemma":"Temperley","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of sacó","gloss":"Temperley"}]}]}