{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse","title":{"source":"À une mendiante rousse","translated":"To a Red-Haired Beggar Girl"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/a-une-mendiante-rousse","lines":56},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-soleil","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-cygne","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s1-l1","source":"Blanche fille aux cheveux roux,","translation":"Pale girl with the red hair,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aux cheveux roux","title":"«à» for describing a feature","body":"«aux» is «à» + «les». Placed after a noun, «à» attaches a defining physical trait: «la fille aux cheveux roux» = 'the girl with the red hair'. The same pattern gives «l'homme aux yeux bleus», 'the man with the blue eyes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Blanche","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fille","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"fille","lemma":"fille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cheveux","gloss":"with the"},{"surface":"cheveux","lemma":"cheveu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fille","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"roux","lemma":"roux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cheveux","gloss":"red"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s1-l2","source":"Dont la robe par ses trous","translation":"Whose dress, through its holes,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dont","title":"The relative «dont»","body":"«dont» is a relative pronoun standing in for «de» + a noun — here 'whose'. «la fille dont la robe…» = 'the girl whose dress…'. It spares French the heavier «de laquelle»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies robe","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of robe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"robe","lemma":"robe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Laisse (next line)","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trous","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of trous","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"trous","lemma":"trou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies robe","gloss":"holes"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s1-l3","source":"Laisse voir la pauvreté","translation":"Lets one see the poverty","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Laisse","lemma":"laisser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: robe, previous line)","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"voir","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Laisse","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pauvreté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pauvreté","lemma":"pauvreté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of voir","gloss":"poverty"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s1-l4","source":"Et la beauté,","translation":"And the beauty,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of beauté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with pauvreté, direct object of voir","gloss":"beauty"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s2-l1","source":"Pour moi, poète chétif,","translation":"For me, a sickly poet,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moi","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of Pour","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to moi","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"chétif","lemma":"chétif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poète","gloss":"sickly"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s2-l2","source":"Ton jeune corps maladif,","translation":"Your young, sickly body,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"jeune","lemma":"jeune","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of A (s2-l4)","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"maladif","lemma":"maladif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"sickly"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s2-l3","source":"Plein de taches de rousseur,","translation":"Covered in freckles,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"taches de rousseur","title":"taches de rousseur","body":"Literally 'spots of redness' — the standard French phrase for 'freckles'. «rousseur» comes from «roux» (russet, red-haired), the same color that opens the poem and names its subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corps (previous lines)","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taches","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"taches","lemma":"tache","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of Plein","gloss":"freckles"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rousseur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rousseur","lemma":"rousseur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies taches","gloss":"redness"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s2-l4","source":"A sa douceur.","translation":"Has its sweetness.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: corps, previous lines)","gloss":"has","note":"'A' here is the verb 'avoir' (has), not the preposition 'à'."},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of douceur","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"douceur","lemma":"douceur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of A","gloss":"sweetness"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s3-l1","source":"Tu portes plus galamment","translation":"You wear, more gracefully","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of portes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"portes","lemma":"porter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wear"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies galamment","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"galamment","lemma":"galamment","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies portes","gloss":"gracefully"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s3-l2","source":"Qu'une reine de roman","translation":"Than a queen of romance","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"reine de roman","title":"roman (m.)","body":"«roman» means 'novel', not 'Roman'. «une reine de roman» is 'a queen out of a novel' — a storybook queen. The comparison «plus… qu'une reine de roman» = 'more… than a storybook queen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with reine (than-clause of plus galamment)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of reine","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reine","lemma":"reine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compared subject introduced by Qu'","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies reine","gloss":"romance"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s3-l3","source":"Ses cothurnes de velours","translation":"Her velvet buskins,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cothurnes","title":"cothurne (m.)","body":"A «cothurne» is the high, laced buskin worn by actors in ancient tragedy — a theatrical, regal shoe. Set against the beggar's «sabots lourds» (heavy clogs), it sharpens the gap between the imagined queen and the real girl."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cothurnes","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"cothurnes","lemma":"cothurne","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase, coordinated object of portes","gloss":"buskins"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velours","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"velours","lemma":"velours","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cothurnes","gloss":"velvet"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s3-l4","source":"Tes sabots lourds.","translation":"Your heavy clogs.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sabots","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"sabots","lemma":"sabot","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, coordinated object of portes","gloss":"clogs"},{"surface":"lourds","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sabots","gloss":"heavy"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s4-l1","source":"Au lieu d'un haillon trop court,","translation":"Instead of a too-short rag,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Au lieu de","title":"«au lieu de» — 'instead of'","body":"«au lieu de» means 'instead of, in place of', and is followed by a noun or an infinitive. It opens the long wish that runs through the next stanzas: 'instead of rags… let a court gown…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition au lieu de","gloss":"instead of","note":"'au lieu de' is an idiom meaning 'instead of'."},{"surface":"lieu","lemma":"lieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the compound preposition au lieu de","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haillon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of haillon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"haillon","lemma":"haillon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lieu","gloss":"rag"},{"surface":"trop","lemma":"trop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies court","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"court","lemma":"court","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies haillon","gloss":"short"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s4-l2","source":"Qu'un superbe habit de cour","translation":"Let a splendid courtly gown","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qu'un superbe habit… Traîne","title":"«que» + subjunctive as a wish","body":"A clause opening with «que» and a subjunctive verb («Traîne») expresses a wish or command: 'let a splendid gown trail…'. Baudelaire chains several of these «que» clauses to imagine the finery the girl ought to have."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the jussive subjunctive clause ('let')","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of habit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"superbe","lemma":"superbe","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies habit","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"habit","lemma":"habit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of Traîne (next line)","gloss":"gown"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cour","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cour","lemma":"cour","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies habit","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s4-l3","source":"Traîne à plis bruyants et longs","translation":"Trail in long, rustling folds","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Traîne","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (jussive), subject: habit (previous line)","gloss":"trail"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plis","lemma":"pli","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Traîne","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"bruyants","lemma":"bruyant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plis","gloss":"rustling"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"longs","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with bruyants","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s4-l4","source":"Sur tes talons;","translation":"Over your heels;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking talons","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of talons","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"talons","lemma":"talon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heels"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s5-l1","source":"En place de bas troués","translation":"In place of stockings full of holes,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition en place de","gloss":"in place of","note":"'en place de' is an idiom meaning 'instead of'."},{"surface":"place","lemma":"place","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the compound preposition en place de","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bas","lemma":"bas","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies place","gloss":"stockings"},{"surface":"troués","lemma":"troué","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies bas","gloss":"full of holes"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s5-l2","source":"Que pour les yeux des roués","translation":"Let, for the eyes of rakes,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"roués","title":"roué (m.)","body":"A «roué» is a debauched libertine, a rake — originally an aristocratic profligate of the Regency. The «yeux des roués», 'the eyes of rakes', are the leering gaze the dreamed-up finery is meant to catch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a parallel jussive subjunctive clause ('let')","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of pour","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roués","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"roués","lemma":"roué","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"rakes"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s5-l3","source":"Sur ta jambe un poignard d'or","translation":"A golden dagger on your leg","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jambe","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of jambe","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"jambe","lemma":"jambe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of Sur","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poignard","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poignard","lemma":"poignard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dagger"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking or","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poignard","gloss":"gold"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s5-l4","source":"Reluise encor;","translation":"Still glitter on;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Reluise","lemma":"reluire","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let it glitter"},{"surface":"encor","lemma":"encore","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Reluise","gloss":"still"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s6-l1","source":"Que des noeuds mal attachés","translation":"Let loosely fastened ribbons","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the optative clause with Dévoilent","gloss":"let / may"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of noeuds","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"noeuds","lemma":"noeud","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Dévoilent","gloss":"ribbons"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies attachés","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"attachés","lemma":"attacher","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying noeuds","gloss":"fastened"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s6-l2","source":"Dévoilent pour nos péchés","translation":"Unveil, for our sins,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dévoilent","lemma":"dévoiler","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unveil"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking péchés","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of péchés","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"péchés","lemma":"péché","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of pour","gloss":"sins"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s6-l3","source":"Tes deux beaux seins, radieux","translation":"Your two fair breasts, radiant","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of seins","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies seins","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"beaux","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies seins","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"seins","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Dévoilent","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"radieux","lemma":"radieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies seins","gloss":"radiant"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s6-l4","source":"Comme des yeux;","translation":"As a pair of eyes;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"as, like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"a pair of"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Comme","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s7-l1","source":"Que pour te déshabiller","translation":"Let, to undress you,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the optative clause of s7-l2","gloss":"let / may"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of déshabiller","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of déshabiller","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"déshabiller","lemma":"déshabiller","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pour","gloss":"undress"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s7-l2","source":"Tes bras se fassent prier","translation":"Let your arms make themselves be coaxed","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se faire prier","title":"se faire prier","body":"«se faire prier» is an idiom: literally 'to have oneself begged', it means 'to need coaxing, to play hard to get'. «se fassent» is the subjunctive of «se faire», continuing the chain of «que» wishes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bras","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bras","lemma":"bras","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fassent","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of fassent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"fassent","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let them make"},{"surface":"prier","lemma":"prier","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fassent","gloss":"be coaxed"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s7-l3","source":"Et chassent à coups mutins","translation":"And drive off with saucy blows","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination with fassent","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"chassent","lemma":"chasser","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with fassent","gloss":"let them drive off"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coups","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"coups","lemma":"coup","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of à","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"mutins","lemma":"mutin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coups","gloss":"saucy"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s7-l4","source":"Les doigts lutins,","translation":"The impish fingers,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lutins","title":"lutin (adj./n.)","body":"A «lutin» is a goblin or sprite; used as an adjective it means 'impish, mischievous'. «les doigts lutins» — 'the impish fingers' — are the grasping hands the girl's arms playfully fend off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of doigts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doigts","lemma":"doigt","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of chassent, in apposition to bras","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"lutins","lemma":"lutin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies doigts","gloss":"impish"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s8-l1","source":"Perles de la plus belle eau,","translation":"Pearls of the finest water,","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de la plus belle eau","title":"de la plus belle eau","body":"In jewelry, the «eau» ('water') of a pearl or gem is its clarity and lustre; «de la plus belle eau» means 'of the finest quality, of the first order'. Here the pearls are the verses offered to her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Perles","lemma":"perle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to what your suitors offer","gloss":"pearls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eau","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of eau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belle","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"belle","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies eau","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies Perles","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s8-l2","source":"Sonnets de maître Belleau","translation":"Sonnets by master Belleau,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sonnets","lemma":"sonnet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Perles","gloss":"sonnets"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maître","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"maître","lemma":"maître","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Sonnets","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"Belleau","lemma":"Belleau","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to maître","gloss":"Belleau","note":"Rémy Belleau, 16th-c. Pléiade poet."}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s8-l3","source":"Par tes galants mis aux fers","translation":"By your suitors clapped in irons,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galants, agent of mis","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of galants","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"galants","lemma":"galant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Par","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"mis","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying Sonnets/Perles, coordinated with offerts","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fers","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"fers","lemma":"fer","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of mis","gloss":"irons"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s8-l4","source":"Sans cesse offerts,","translation":"Endlessly offered up,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cesse","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"cesse","lemma":"cesse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of Sans, modifies offerts","gloss":"ceasing"},{"surface":"offerts","lemma":"offrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying Sonnets/Perles, coordinated with mis","gloss":"offered up"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s9-l1","source":"Valetaille de rimeurs","translation":"A rabble of versifiers,","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Valetaille de rimeurs","title":"valetaille (f.)","body":"«valetaille» is a scornful collective for the servants of a great house — 'the pack of lackeys'. «rimeur» is likewise dismissive: a mere rhymester, not a true poet. Together: a servile crowd of hacks attending the imagined queen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Valetaille","lemma":"valetaille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of dédiant","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rimeurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rimeurs","lemma":"rimeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"versifiers"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s9-l2","source":"Te dédiant leurs primeurs","translation":"Dedicating to you their first fruits,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of dédiant","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"dédiant","lemma":"dédier","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying Valetaille","gloss":"dedicating"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of primeurs","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"primeurs","lemma":"primeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dédiant","gloss":"first fruits"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s9-l3","source":"Et contemplant ton soulier","translation":"And gazing at your slipper","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination with dédiant","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"contemplant","lemma":"contempler","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying Valetaille, coordinated with dédiant","gloss":"gazing at"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soulier","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"soulier","lemma":"soulier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contemplant","gloss":"slipper"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s9-l4","source":"Sous l'escalier,","translation":"Beneath the stair,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escalier","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of escalier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"escalier","lemma":"escalier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Sous","gloss":"stair"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s10-l1","source":"Maint page épris du hasard,","translation":"Many a page in love with chance,","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maint page","title":"«maint» — 'many a'","body":"«maint» is a literary, somewhat archaic adjective meaning 'many a'. It takes a singular noun: «maint page» = 'many a page', «maint seigneur» = 'many a lord'. Baudelaire repeats it to crowd the scene with admirers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maint","lemma":"maint","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of page","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"page","lemma":"page","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of Epieraient","gloss":"page (boy)","note":"Here 'page' is the young court attendant (masculine), not a leaf of paper."},{"surface":"épris","lemma":"épris","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies page","gloss":"smitten"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hasard","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hasard","lemma":"hasard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du, depends on épris","gloss":"chance"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s10-l2","source":"Maint seigneur et maint Ronsard","translation":"Many a lord and many a Ronsard","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maint","lemma":"maint","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of seigneur","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"seigneur","lemma":"seigneur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with page, subject of Epieraient","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maint","lemma":"maint","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ronsard","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"Ronsard","lemma":"Ronsard","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with seigneur, subject of Epieraient","gloss":"Ronsard","note":"Used generically: 'many a [poet like] Ronsard.'"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s10-l3","source":"Epieraient pour le déduit","translation":"Would spy out, for their pleasure,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le déduit","title":"déduit (m.)","body":"«déduit» is an archaic word for amorous pleasure or dalliance, common in medieval and Renaissance verse. Its old-fashioned flavor suits the courtly fantasy and discreetly names what the spying lords are after."}],"words":[{"surface":"Epieraient","lemma":"épier","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would spy out"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking déduit","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of déduit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"déduit","lemma":"déduit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of pour","gloss":"pleasure"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s10-l4","source":"Ton frais réduit!","translation":"Your cool little nook!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of réduit","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"frais","lemma":"frais","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies réduit","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"réduit","lemma":"réduit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, direct object of Epieraient","gloss":"little nook"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s11-l1","source":"Tu compterais dans tes lits","translation":"You would count in your beds","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"compterais","title":"The conditional «tu compterais»","body":"«compterais» and «rangerais» are conditional ('you would count', 'you would set in order'). The conditional carries the whole fantasy: all of this is what would happen if the beggar girl were the queen the poet imagines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of compterais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"compterais","lemma":"compter","morphology":"verb, conditional, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would count"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lits","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lits","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"lits","lemma":"lit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of compterais","gloss":"beds"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s11-l2","source":"Plus de baisers que de lis","translation":"More kisses than lilies","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the comparison, direct object of compterais","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baisers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"baisers","lemma":"baiser","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, depends on Plus","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with lis","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lis","lemma":"lis","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, depends on que","gloss":"lilies"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s11-l3","source":"Et rangerais sous tes lois","translation":"And would bring under your sway","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination with compterais","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rangerais","lemma":"ranger","morphology":"verb, conditional, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with compterais","gloss":"would bring"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lois","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lois","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"lois","lemma":"loi","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of sous, depends on rangerais","gloss":"sway"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s11-l4","source":"Plus d'un Valois!","translation":"More than one Valois!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies d'un","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase Plus d'un","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Valois","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"Valois","lemma":"Valois","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, direct object of rangerais","gloss":"Valois","note":"The Valois were the French royal house; used here for 'a [king like a] Valois.'"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s12-l1","source":"— Cependant tu vas gueusant","translation":"— And yet you go begging","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tu vas gueusant","title":"«aller» + present participle","body":"«aller» + a present participle («vas gueusant») stresses an action drawn out over time: 'you go on begging, you keep begging'. The em-dash and «Cependant» ('however') snap the poem from fantasy back to the street."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cependant","lemma":"cependant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vas","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vas","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"gueusant","lemma":"gueuser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"complement of vas","gloss":"begging"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s12-l2","source":"Quelque vieux débris gisant","translation":"Some old scrap lying there","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gisant","title":"gésir / gisant","body":"«gisant» is the present participle of the defective verb «gésir», 'to lie (stretched out)'. It survives mainly in this form and on tombs («ci-gît», 'here lies'). Here the «vieux débris gisant» is a stale leftover lying in the gutter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quelque","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of débris","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies débris","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"débris","lemma":"débris","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of gueusant","gloss":"scrap"},{"surface":"gisant","lemma":"gésir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying débris","gloss":"lying there"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s12-l3","source":"Au seuil de quelque Véfour","translation":"On the threshold of some Véfour","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking seuil","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"seuil","lemma":"seuil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Au, depends on gisant","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Véfour","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"quelque","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Véfour","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"Véfour","lemma":"Véfour","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies seuil","gloss":"Véfour","note":"Le Grand Véfour, a famous fashionable Paris restaurant."}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s12-l4","source":"De carrefour;","translation":"At a crossroads;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carrefour","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"carrefour","lemma":"carrefour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of De, modifies Véfour","gloss":"crossroads"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s13-l1","source":"Tu vas lorgnant en dessous","translation":"You go eyeing on the sly","stanza":13,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vas","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vas","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"lorgnant","lemma":"lorgner","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"complement of vas","gloss":"eyeing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dessous","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dessous","lemma":"dessous","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of lorgnant","gloss":"the sly"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s13-l2","source":"Des bijoux de vingt-neuf sous","translation":"Trinkets worth twenty-nine sous","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bijoux","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"bijoux","lemma":"bijou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of lorgnant","gloss":"trinkets"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vingt-neuf sous","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"vingt-neuf","lemma":"vingt-neuf","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies sous","gloss":"twenty-nine"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"sous","note":"'sou' is an old small coin, and the line puns on 'sous' (below) from the line before."}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s13-l3","source":"Dont je ne puis, oh! Pardon!","translation":"Which I cannot, oh! Forgive me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je ne puis","title":"«je ne puis» — literary 'I cannot'","body":"«je puis» is the older, literary form of «je peux», 'I can'. With «ne» it makes a more elevated, poignant 'I cannot'. The «dont» reaches forward to «Te faire don» on the next line: 'which I cannot make you a gift of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"depends on faire don, refers to bijoux","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of puis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies puis","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"puis","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"oh","lemma":"oh","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Pardon","lemma":"pardon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, in apposition to oh","gloss":"forgive me"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s13-l4","source":"Te faire don.","translation":"Make you a gift of.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of faire","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"faire","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of puis","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"don","lemma":"don","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of faire","gloss":"a gift"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s14-l1","source":"Va donc, sans autre ornement,","translation":"Go then, with no other ornament,","stanza":14,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Va donc","title":"Imperative «Va» + «donc»","body":"«Va» is the imperative of «aller», 'go'; «donc» adds urging or resignation, 'go then, go on'. The poem closes by sending the girl off as she is, adorned only with her own bare beauty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"donc","lemma":"donc","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Va","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ornement","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"autre","lemma":"autre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies ornement","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ornement","lemma":"ornement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sans, depends on Va","gloss":"ornament"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s14-l2","source":"Parfum, perles, diamant,","translation":"No perfume, pearls, or diamond,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Parfum","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ornement","gloss":"perfume"},{"surface":"perles","lemma":"perle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Parfum","gloss":"pearls"},{"surface":"diamant","lemma":"diamant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Parfum","gloss":"diamond"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s14-l3","source":"Que ta maigre nudité,","translation":"But your thin nakedness,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sans autre… Que","title":"«sans autre… que» — 'no other… than'","body":"«sans autre ornement… Que ta maigre nudité» reads as 'with no other ornament than your thin nakedness'. The «que» after «autre» means 'than / except', stripping away every jewel named to leave only the body itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exception, correlates with sans","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nudité","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"maigre","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nudité","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"nudité","lemma":"nudité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, object of Que","gloss":"nakedness"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"a-une-mendiante-rousse-s14-l4","source":"Ô ma beauté!","translation":"O my beauty!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of beauté","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative in apposition to nudité","gloss":"beauty"}]}]}