{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"abel-et-cain","title":{"source":"Abel et Caïn","translated":"Abel and Cain"},"section":"Revolt","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/abel-et-cain","lines":34},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-reniement-de-saint-pierre","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-litanies-de-satan","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"abel-et-cain-s1-l1","source":"I","translation":"I","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"I","morphology":"numeral, Roman","role":"head of the phrase, section number","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"abel-et-cain-s2-l1","source":"Race d'Abel, dors, bois et mange;","translation":"Race of Abel, sleep, drink and eat;","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dors, bois et mange","title":"Imperatives addressed to a whole «race»","body":"«dors», «bois» and «mange» are the singular («tu») imperatives of «dormir», «boire» and «manger». The poem addresses each lineage as a single «tu», so the whole «race d'Abel» is commanded at once. The drumbeat of these orders — first sleep, drink and eat, then «rampe et meurs» to the other side — sets the antiphonal rhythm of the whole poem: a blessing flung at Abel, a curse flung at Cain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"dors","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"imperative verb, addressing Race","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"boire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dors","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mange","lemma":"manger","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with dors","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"abel-et-cain-s2-l2","source":"Dieu te sourit complaisamment.","translation":"God smiles upon you indulgently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"complaisamment","title":"complaisamment","body":"«complaisamment» is the adverb of «complaisant» — obligingly, indulgently, with a willingness to please. God's smile on Abel is not stern justice but easy favor, the comfortable approval of the well-fed; the word already carries Baudelaire's irony toward a heaven that simply pets its favorites."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of sourit","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of sourit","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sourit","lemma":"sourire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiles"},{"surface":"complaisamment","lemma":"complaisamment","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sourit","gloss":"indulgently"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"abel-et-cain-s3-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, dans la fange","translation":"Race of Cain, in the mire","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la fange","title":"la fange","body":"«la fange» is filth, slime, the foul mud of the gutter — far more degraded than ordinary «la boue». Cain's children do not merely live in the dirt; they «rampe[nt]» (crawl) in it and die «misérablement». The word fixes the lineage low to the ground from the first couplet, in deliberate contrast to Abel's «foyer patriarcal»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial phrase modifying Rampe (next line)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fange","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fange","lemma":"fange","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition dans","gloss":"mire"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"abel-et-cain-s3-l2","source":"Rampe et meurs misérablement.","translation":"Crawl and die wretchedly.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Rampe","lemma":"ramper","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, addressing Race","gloss":"crawl"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meurs","lemma":"mourir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Rampe","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"misérablement","lemma":"misérablement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Rampe","gloss":"wretchedly"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"abel-et-cain-s4-l1","source":"Race d'Abel, ton sacrifice","translation":"Race of Abel, your sacrifice","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ton sacrifice","title":"le sacrifice (the offering of Genesis 4)","body":"«le sacrifice» is the ritual offering — the gift laid before God. The word reaches back to Genesis 4, where Abel the shepherd offers the firstlings of his flock and Cain the farmer the fruit of the ground; God «regarded» Abel's offering but not Cain's, and the slighted Cain killed his brother. Baudelaire keeps the detail that Abel's «sacrifice» is the pleasing one — here it «flatte le nez du Séraphin», it tickles the angel's nose — and builds the whole poem on that original, arbitrary favoritism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sacrifice","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"sacrifice","lemma":"sacrifice","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Flatte (next line)","gloss":"sacrifice"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"abel-et-cain-s4-l2","source":"Flatte le nez du Séraphin!","translation":"Flatters the nostril of the Seraph!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Flatte","lemma":"flatter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject sacrifice (previous line)","gloss":"flatters"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nez","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nez","lemma":"nez","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Flatte","gloss":"nostril"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking Séraphin","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Séraphin","lemma":"Séraphin","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies nez","gloss":"Seraph"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"abel-et-cain-s5-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, ton supplice","translation":"Race of Cain, your torment","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of supplice","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"supplice","lemma":"supplice","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Aura (next line)","gloss":"torment"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"abel-et-cain-s5-l2","source":"Aura-t-il jamais une fin?","translation":"Will it ever have an end?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aura-t-il jamais une fin?","title":"Inversion and «jamais» without «ne»","body":"The question inverts subject and verb — «il aura» becomes «aura-t-il», the «-t-» inserted only to ease pronunciation — to ask «aura-t-il jamais une fin?», 'will it ever have an end?'. In a question like this, «jamais» means 'ever' (not 'never'); the negative sense lives only in the despairing answer the poem implies. The future «aura» stretches Cain's «supplice» out into endless time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aura","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, inverted question","gloss":"will have"},{"surface":"-t","lemma":"-t-","morphology":"euphonic linking consonant","role":"inserted between Aura and il for pronunciation","gloss":"(linking t)","note":"Purely euphonic; carries no meaning of its own."},{"surface":"-il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Aura, inverted","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Aura","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fin","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"fin","lemma":"fin","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Aura","gloss":"end"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"abel-et-cain-s6-l1","source":"Race d'Abel, vois tes semailles","translation":"Race of Abel, watch your sowings","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tes semailles","title":"les semailles","body":"«les semailles» (always plural) is the sowing — both the act of sowing and the seed sown — paired here with «ton bétail», your livestock. Abel's plenty is agricultural and pastoral, the settled wealth of the farmer-herdsman that «vien[t] à bien» (comes to good, thrives), set against the starving «entrailles» of Cain in the very next couplet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"vois","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"imperative verb, addressing Race","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of semailles","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"semailles","lemma":"semailles","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of vois","gloss":"sowings"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"abel-et-cain-s6-l2","source":"Et ton bétail venir à bien;","translation":"And your cattle come to good;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bétail","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bétail","lemma":"bétail","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second direct object of vois (previous line), subject of venir","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"venir","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vois (previous line), predicate of bétail","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique argument of venir","gloss":"good","note":"\"venir à bien\" is an idiom meaning \"to turn out well.\""}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"abel-et-cain-s7-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, tes entrailles","translation":"Race of Cain, your bowels","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of entrailles","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"entrailles","lemma":"entrailles","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Hurlent (next line)","gloss":"bowels"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"abel-et-cain-s7-l2","source":"Hurlent la faim comme un vieux chien.","translation":"Howl with hunger like an old dog.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hurlent la faim","title":"Transitive «hurler» + a string of animal similes","body":"«hurler» (to howl) is normally intransitive, but Baudelaire makes it take a direct object — «hurlent la faim», 'howl out hunger' — so the bowels themselves bellow their starvation. The simile «comme un vieux chien» begins a kennel of animal comparisons reserved for Cain (a «chacal», a beaten «vieux chien»), while Abel is likened, more strangely, to thriving «punaises des bois»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hurlent","lemma":"hurler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject entrailles (previous line)","gloss":"howl"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of faim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"faim","lemma":"faim","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Hurlent","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chien","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chien","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chien","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"chien","lemma":"chien","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, depends on Hurlent","gloss":"dog"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"abel-et-cain-s8-l1","source":"Race d'Abel, chauffe ton ventre","translation":"Race of Abel, warm your belly","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"chauffe","lemma":"chauffer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"imperative verb, addressing Race","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ventre","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ventre","lemma":"ventre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of chauffe","gloss":"belly"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"abel-et-cain-s8-l2","source":"À ton foyer patriarcal;","translation":"At your patriarchal hearth;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ton foyer patriarcal","title":"le foyer patriarcal","body":"«le foyer» is at once the hearth (the literal fire) and, by extension, the home and family gathered around it; «patriarcal» binds it to the line of biblical fathers. Abel's race warms itself at a settled, blessed family fire, while Cain's «dans ton antre / Tremble de froid» — shivers in its lair like the «pauvre chacal» of the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foyer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of foyer","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"foyer","lemma":"foyer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of à, oblique argument of chauffe (previous line)","gloss":"hearth"},{"surface":"patriarcal","lemma":"patriarcal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies foyer","gloss":"patriarchal"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"abel-et-cain-s9-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, dans ton antre","translation":"Race of Cain, in your den","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial phrase modifying Tremble (next line)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of antre","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"antre","lemma":"antre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition dans","gloss":"den"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"abel-et-cain-s9-l2","source":"Tremble de froid, pauvre chacal!","translation":"Shiver with cold, poor jackal!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tremble","lemma":"trembler","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, addressing Race (previous line)","gloss":"shiver"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking froid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"froid","lemma":"froid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"pauvre","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies chacal","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"chacal","lemma":"chacal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to Race","gloss":"jackal"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"abel-et-cain-s10-l1","source":"Race d'Abel, aime et pullule!","translation":"Race of Abel, love and multiply!","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pullule","title":"pulluler","body":"«pulluler» means to breed in swarms, to proliferate — a word used of insects and vermin. The command «aime et pullule!» turns the biblical 'be fruitful and multiply' faintly grotesque: Abel's blessed increase is a teeming swarm, an irony sharpened two lines on when the race is compared to «les punaises des bois», the bugs of the woods."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, addressing Race","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pullule","lemma":"pulluler","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with aime","gloss":"multiply"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"abel-et-cain-s10-l2","source":"Ton or fait aussi des petits.","translation":"Your gold breeds young ones too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ton or fait aussi des petits.","title":"«faire des petits» said of money","body":"«faire des petits» literally means 'to have young / to litter', as an animal does. Applied to «ton or», your gold, it is a sardonic metaphor for interest and compounding wealth — money that breeds money. The line equates Abel's blessing with capital that reproduces itself, and so feeds the smoldering envy of «ces grands appétits» in Cain's burning heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of or","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breeds"},{"surface":"aussi","lemma":"aussi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fait","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, plural","role":"determiner of petits","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"petits","lemma":"petit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"young ones"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"abel-et-cain-s11-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, coeur qui brûle,","translation":"Race of Cain, heart that burns,","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Race, vocative","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of brûle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brûle","lemma":"brûler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on coeur","gloss":"burns"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"abel-et-cain-s11-l2","source":"Prends garde à ces grands appétits.","translation":"Beware of those great appetites.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Prends garde à","title":"prendre garde à","body":"«prendre garde à» means 'to beware of, to watch out for'; the singular imperative «prends garde à ces grands appétits» warns Cain against his own consuming hungers. It is the poem's hinge: the curse on Cain has named his starving belly and burning heart, and now those «grands appétits» are quietly being aimed — the gathering force that part II will unleash against heaven."}],"words":[{"surface":"Prends","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, idiom prendre garde","gloss":"beware","note":"\"prendre garde à\" is an idiom meaning \"to beware of.\""},{"surface":"garde","lemma":"garde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Prends, idiom prendre garde","gloss":"heed"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking appétits","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of appétits","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies appétits","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"appétits","lemma":"appétit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition à","gloss":"appetites"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"abel-et-cain-s12-l1","source":"Race d'Abel, tu croîs et broutes","translation":"Race of Abel, you grow and graze","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tu croîs et broutes","title":"«croître» and «brouter»","body":"«croîs» is the «tu» form of «croître» (to grow, to increase) — the circumflex on the «î» distinguishes it from «croire», to believe. «broutes» is from «brouter», to graze or browse, said of grazing animals. The pairing reduces Abel's blessed race to placid cattle, an impression clinched by the simile «comme les punaises des bois», like the bugs of the woods."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative address","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of croîs","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"croîs","lemma":"croître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grow"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"broutes","lemma":"brouter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with croîs","gloss":"graze"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"abel-et-cain-s12-l2","source":"Comme les punaises des bois!","translation":"Like the bugs of the woods!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punaises","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of punaises","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punaises","lemma":"punaise","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bugs"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bois","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"bois","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies punaises","gloss":"woods"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"abel-et-cain-s13-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, sur les routes","translation":"Race of Cain, on the roads","stanza":13,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative","gloss":"Race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking routes","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of routes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"routes","lemma":"route","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of Traîne (next line)","gloss":"roads"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"abel-et-cain-s13-l2","source":"Traîne ta famille aux abois.","translation":"Drag your family at bay.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aux abois","title":"aux abois","body":"«les abois» is the baying of hounds closing on a cornered stag; «être aux abois» means 'to be at bay, run to ground, desperate'. Cain's wandering tribe is hunted to the last extremity, dragged «sur les routes» — the homeless road set against Abel's «foyer patriarcal». This image of a quarry at its end closes part I and tips the poem toward revolt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Traîne","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Drag"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of famille","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"famille","lemma":"famille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Traîne","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abois","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"abois","lemma":"abois","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition aux, idiom aux abois","gloss":"bay","note":"\"aux abois\" is an idiom meaning \"at bay\" (a hunted animal ringed by baying hounds), not a verb."}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"abel-et-cain-s14-l1","source":"II","translation":"II","stanza":14,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"II","lemma":"II","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"II"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"abel-et-cain-s15-l1","source":"Ah! race d'Abel, ta charogne","translation":"Ah! race of Abel, your carrion","stanza":15,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ta charogne","title":"la charogne","body":"«une charogne» is carrion — a rotting carcass, the word of Baudelaire's most notorious poem. Hurled at the once-blessed Abel, it inverts part I: the favored, well-fed flesh is now meat for the soil it will «engraissera» (fatten). The exclamation «Ah!» that opens part II marks the turn from chanted curse to open menace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of charogne","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"charogne","lemma":"charogne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Engraissera (next line)","gloss":"carrion"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"abel-et-cain-s15-l2","source":"Engraissera le sol fumant!","translation":"Will fatten the steaming soil!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Engraissera","title":"Future «engraisser» + the «sol fumant»","body":"«engraissera» is the third-person future of «engraisser», 'to fatten, to make rich' (its root is «la graisse», fat/grease). The future tense pronounces Abel's coming end as a settled fact, and «le sol fumant» — the steaming, reeking ground — pictures the earth manured with his carcass, a brutal undoing of the harvest plenty he enjoyed in part I."}],"words":[{"surface":"Engraissera","lemma":"engraisser","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will fatten"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Engraissera","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"fumant","lemma":"fumant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sol","gloss":"steaming"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"abel-et-cain-s16-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, ta besogne","translation":"Race of Cain, your labor","stanza":16,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ta besogne","title":"la besogne","body":"«la besogne» is hard, necessary work — a task, a job of labor, plainer and more dogged than «le travail». Cain's «besogne / N'est pas faite suffisamment»: the grim work of revolt is not yet done enough. The word turns the overthrow of heaven into something to be grimly finished, the unfinished labor the final couplets demand be completed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative","gloss":"Race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of besogne","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"besogne","lemma":"besogne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of faite (next line)","gloss":"labor"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"abel-et-cain-s16-l2","source":"N'est pas faite suffisamment;","translation":"Is not done sufficiently;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"N'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faite","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of faite","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faite","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"faite","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"suffisamment","lemma":"suffisamment","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faite","gloss":"sufficiently"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"abel-et-cain-s17-l1","source":"Race d'Abel, voici ta honte:","translation":"Race of Abel, here is your shame:","stanza":17,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative","gloss":"Race"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Abel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Abel","lemma":"Abel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Abel"},{"surface":"voici","lemma":"voici","morphology":"presentative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of honte","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"honte","lemma":"honte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of voici","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"abel-et-cain-s17-l2","source":"Le fer est vaincu par l'épieu!","translation":"The iron is conquered by the spear!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Le fer est vaincu par l'épieu","title":"le fer, l'épieu","body":"«le fer» is iron, and by metonymy a forged weapon, the metal sword of the settled, armed order; «un épieu» is a crude wooden hunting spear, the primitive weapon of the outcast. «Le fer est vaincu par l'épieu!» — the sword is beaten by the spear — makes Cain's revolt the triumph of the dispossessed's rough arms over Abel's civilized steel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"fer","lemma":"fer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive vaincu","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vaincu","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vaincu","lemma":"vaincre","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conquered"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking épieu","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of épieu","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"épieu","lemma":"épieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of vaincu","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"abel-et-cain-s18-l1","source":"Race de Caïn, au ciel monte,","translation":"Race of Cain, climb up to heaven,","stanza":18,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"au ciel monte","title":"Inverted imperative «au ciel monte»","body":"Word order is inverted for emphasis: the complement «au ciel» (to heaven) is thrown to the front of the imperative «monte» (climb, rise), instead of the ordinary «monte au ciel». The displacement hurls the destination first — to heaven! — making the final command a single, vaulting gesture of revolt, completed by its mirror «sur la terre jette Dieu»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Race","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, vocative","gloss":"Race"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Caïn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Caïn","lemma":"Caïn","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Race","gloss":"Cain"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on monte","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"monte","lemma":"monter","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climb"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"abel-et-cain-s18-l2","source":"Et sur la terre jette Dieu!","translation":"And cast God down to earth!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sur la terre jette Dieu","title":"Imperative «jeter» and the final blasphemy","body":"«jette» is the «tu» imperative of «jeter» (to throw, to hurl down), again inverted so that «sur la terre» (to the earth) precedes the verb and its object «Dieu». The two imperatives balance — rise to heaven, throw God to earth — and the poem ends on the open Satanic revolt of the «Révolte» section: not escape from God but his overthrow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terre","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of terre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terre","lemma":"terre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on jette","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"jette","lemma":"jeter","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of jette","gloss":"God"}]}]}