{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"chant-d-automne","title":{"source":"Chant d'automne","translated":"Autumn Song"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/chant-d-automne","lines":30},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/causerie","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/a-une-madone","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"chant-d-automne-s1-l1","source":"I","translation":"I","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"I","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I","note":"Roman numeral marking the poem's first section, not a word."}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"chant-d-automne-s2-l1","source":"Bientôt nous plongerons dans les froides ténèbres;","translation":"Soon we shall plunge into the cold darkness;","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nous plongerons","title":"Future tense of «plonger»","body":"«plongerons» is the first-person plural future of «plonger» (to plunge, to dive). The «e» is kept before «-ons» so the «g» stays soft, as in «nous mangeons». The flat certainty of the future — 'we shall plunge' — opens the poem on a sentence of doom rather than fear; winter is not feared but foreknown. «les ténèbres» (always plural) is deep, encompassing darkness, weightier than «l'obscurité»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bientôt","lemma":"bientôt","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on plongerons","gloss":"Soon"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of plongerons","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"plongerons","lemma":"plonger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall plunge"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ténèbres","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ténèbres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"froides","lemma":"froid","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ténèbres","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"ténèbres","lemma":"ténèbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of plongerons","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"chant-d-automne-s2-l2","source":"Adieu, vive clarté de nos étés trop courts!","translation":"Farewell, bright glare of our too-brief summers!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adieu","lemma":"adieu","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"vive","lemma":"vif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies clarté","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"clarté","lemma":"clarté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, apostrophized alongside Adieu","gloss":"glare"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking étés","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of étés","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"étés","lemma":"été","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies clarté","gloss":"summers"},{"surface":"trop","lemma":"trop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies courts","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"courts","lemma":"court","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies étés","gloss":"brief"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"chant-d-automne-s2-l3","source":"J'entends déjà tomber avec des chocs funèbres","translation":"Already I hear, falling with funereal thuds,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"J'entends déjà tomber","title":"Verb of perception + infinitive","body":"A verb of perception like «entendre» (to hear) or «voir» (to see) takes a bare infinitive for the action perceived: «j'entends tomber le bois» = 'I hear the wood fall / falling'. The object «le bois» can sit after the infinitive, as it does here across the line break, so read «j'entends … tomber … le bois». «déjà» ('already') makes the sound arrive ahead of winter itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of entends","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"entends","lemma":"entendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"déjà","lemma":"déjà","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entends","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"tomber","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of entends","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chocs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chocs","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"chocs","lemma":"choc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of tomber","gloss":"thuds"},{"surface":"funèbres","lemma":"funèbre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies chocs","gloss":"funereal"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"chant-d-automne-s2-l4","source":"Le bois retentissant sur le pavé des cours.","translation":"the wood resounding on the paving of the courtyards.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bois","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"bois","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tomber (chant-d-automne-s2-l3)","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"retentissant","lemma":"retentir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying bois","gloss":"resounding"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pavé","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pavé","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pavé","lemma":"pavé","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on retentissant","gloss":"paving"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cours","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cours","lemma":"cours","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pavé","gloss":"courtyards"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"chant-d-automne-s3-l1","source":"Tout l'hiver va rentrer dans mon être: colère,","translation":"All winter is about to enter my being: anger,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"va rentrer","title":"Near future «aller» + infinitive","body":"«va rentrer» is the «futur proche»: «aller» conjugated plus an infinitive, used for what is on the point of happening — 'is going to come back in, is about to re-enter'. «rentrer» carries the «r-» of return: winter does not merely arrive, it moves back in, as into a house it has lived in before. The colon then unpacks «mon être» into the catalogue of what winter brings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hiver","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hiver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hiver","lemma":"hiver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of va","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is about to"},{"surface":"rentrer","lemma":"rentrer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of va","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking être","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of être","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"être","lemma":"être","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rentrer","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"colère","lemma":"colère","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with hiver as subject of va","gloss":"anger"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"chant-d-automne-s3-l2","source":"Haine, frissons, horreur, labeur dur et forcé,","translation":"hatred, shivers, horror, labor hard and forced,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Haine","lemma":"haine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with colère (chant-d-automne-s3-l1)","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"frissons","lemma":"frisson","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Haine","gloss":"shivers"},{"surface":"horreur","lemma":"horreur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Haine","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"labeur","lemma":"labeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Haine","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"dur","lemma":"dur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies labeur","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"forcé","lemma":"forcer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with dur, modifies labeur","gloss":"forced"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"chant-d-automne-s3-l3","source":"Et, comme le soleil dans son enfer polaire,","translation":"and, like the sun in its polar hell,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of enfer","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"enfer","lemma":"enfer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"polaire","lemma":"polaire","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies enfer","gloss":"polar"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"chant-d-automne-s3-l4","source":"Mon coeur ne sera plus qu'un bloc rouge et glacé.","translation":"my heart will be no more than a red and frozen block.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne sera plus qu'un bloc","title":"«ne … plus que» — nothing more than","body":"«ne … que» means 'only / nothing but'; add «plus» and you get «ne … plus que» = 'no longer anything but, nothing more than'. So «mon coeur ne sera plus qu'un bloc» = 'my heart will be nothing more than a block'. Here «que» is the restrictive element ('only, nothing but') and «plus» the negative 'no longer'; contrast «ne … plus rien», 'nothing at all any more'. The heart, drained to a clot of red ice, is all that the polar sun leaves behind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sera","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sera","gloss":"not","note":"Part of the ne...plus...que (\"no more than\") construction."},{"surface":"sera","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sera","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the restriction (ne...que) introducing bloc","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bloc","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bloc","lemma":"bloc","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of sera","gloss":"block"},{"surface":"rouge","lemma":"rouge","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies bloc","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"glacé","lemma":"glacé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with rouge, modifies bloc","gloss":"frozen"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"chant-d-automne-s4-l1","source":"J'écoute en frémissant chaque bûche qui tombe;","translation":"I listen, shuddering, to each log that falls;","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en frémissant","title":"Gerund «en» + present participle","body":"«en frémissant» is the «gérondif»: «en» plus the present participle, naming how or while an action is done — 'while shuddering, shudderingly'. «frémir» is to quiver, shudder, tremble. The same verb runs through Baudelaire's dusk poems; here the listener trembles in time with «chaque bûche qui tombe» ('each log that falls'), the relative «qui» tying the falling directly to the dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of écoute","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"écoute","lemma":"écouter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of frémissant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"frémissant","lemma":"frémir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on écoute","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"chaque","lemma":"chaque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bûche","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"bûche","lemma":"bûche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of écoute","gloss":"log"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tombe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tombe","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on bûche","gloss":"falls"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"chant-d-automne-s4-l2","source":"L'échafaud qu'on bâtit n'a pas d'écho plus sourd.","translation":"the scaffold being built has no duller echo.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"L'échafaud qu'on bâtit","title":"Indefinite «on» in a relative clause","body":"«qu'on bâtit» = 'that one builds / that is being built'. «on» is the indefinite subject ('one, someone, people'), often best rendered as an English passive: 'the scaffold being built'. «un échafaud» is the executioner's scaffold; «sourd», literally 'deaf', describes a muffled, dull sound, so «un écho sourd» is a muted thud. Even a gallows under construction, Baudelaire says, makes no flatter, deader knock than the falling wood."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of échafaud","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"échafaud","lemma":"échafaud","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of a","gloss":"scaffold"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bâtit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of bâtit","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bâtit","lemma":"bâtir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on échafaud","gloss":"builds"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies a","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies a","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"determiner of écho","gloss":"any","note":"Negative partitive: \"pas d'écho\" = \"no echo\"."},{"surface":"écho","lemma":"écho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of a","gloss":"echo"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sourd","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"sourd","lemma":"sourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies écho","gloss":"dull"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"chant-d-automne-s4-l3","source":"Mon esprit est pareil à la tour qui succombe","translation":"My spirit is like the tower that gives way","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esprit","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"esprit","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to pareil","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pareil","lemma":"pareil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tour","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tour","lemma":"tour","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pareil","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of succombe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"succombe","lemma":"succomber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on tour","gloss":"gives way"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"chant-d-automne-s4-l4","source":"Sous les coups du bélier infatigable et lourd.","translation":"beneath the blows of the tireless, heavy battering-ram.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"du bélier","title":"«le bélier» — the ram","body":"«un bélier» is first a ram (the animal), and by extension the battering-ram — the heavy beam, often ram-headed, swung against a wall or gate in a siege. Paired with «la tour qui succombe» ('the tower that gives way') in the line above, the word builds a siege: the poet's mind is a tower collapsing under «les coups» (the blows) of a ram that is «infatigable» — untiring — like the relentless fall of the logs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coups","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of coups","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coups","lemma":"coup","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of succombe (chant-d-automne-s4-l3)","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bélier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bélier","lemma":"bélier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coups","gloss":"battering-ram"},{"surface":"infatigable","lemma":"infatigable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies bélier","gloss":"tireless"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lourd","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with infatigable","gloss":"heavy"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"chant-d-automne-s5-l1","source":"Il me semble, bercé par ce choc monotone,","translation":"It seems to me, lulled by this monotonous shock,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Il me semble","title":"Impersonal «il me semble que»","body":"«il me semble que…» is the impersonal 'it seems to me that…', with «il» a dummy subject and «me» the indirect object ('to me'). The «que» clause follows in the next line. «bercé» is the past participle of «bercer» (to rock, to cradle, to lull); placed right after the comma it modifies the unstated 'me', so the speaker is the one rocked — cradled, ominously, by «ce choc monotone», the steady knock of the wood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of semble","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of semble","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"semble","lemma":"sembler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"bercé","lemma":"bercer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on semble","gloss":"lulled"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking choc","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of choc","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"choc","lemma":"choc","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of bercé","gloss":"shock"},{"surface":"monotone","lemma":"monotone","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies choc","gloss":"monotonous"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"chant-d-automne-s5-l2","source":"Qu'on cloue en grande hâte un cercueil quelque part.","translation":"that somewhere a coffin is being nailed in great haste.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause depending on semble (chant-d-automne-s5-l1)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of cloue","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"cloue","lemma":"clouer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by qu'","gloss":"is nailing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hâte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"grande","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hâte","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"hâte","lemma":"hâte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of cloue","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cercueil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cercueil","lemma":"cercueil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of cloue","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"quelque","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase quelque part","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"part","lemma":"part","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"oblique argument of cloue","gloss":"place","note":"\"Quelque part\" together means \"somewhere.\""}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"chant-d-automne-s5-l3","source":"Pour qui? — C'était hier l'été; voici l'automne!","translation":"For whom? — Yesterday it was summer; now comes autumn!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voici l'automne","title":"«voici» as a presentative","body":"«voici» ('here is, here comes') presents something as arriving before the eyes, the counterpart of «voilà» for what is nearer or just appearing: «voici l'automne» = 'here is autumn / now comes autumn'. Set against «c'était hier l'été» ('yesterday it was summer'), the bare «voici» makes the turn of the seasons brutally sudden — one line holds the whole collapse from summer into fall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qui","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to été","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies était","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of été","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"été","lemma":"été","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of était","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"voici","lemma":"voici","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative, introduces automne","gloss":"here comes"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of automne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"automne","lemma":"automne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of voici","gloss":"autumn"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"chant-d-automne-s5-l4","source":"Ce bruit mystérieux sonne comme un départ.","translation":"This mysterious sound rings like a departure.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bruit","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"bruit","lemma":"bruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sonne","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"mystérieux","lemma":"mystérieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies bruit","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"sonne","lemma":"sonner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rings"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking départ","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of départ","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"départ","lemma":"départ","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of sonne","gloss":"departure"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"chant-d-automne-s6-l1","source":"II","translation":"II","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"II","lemma":"II","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"II","note":"Roman numeral marking the poem's second section, not a word."}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"chant-d-automne-s7-l1","source":"J'aime de vos longs yeux la lumière verdâtre,","translation":"I love the greenish light of your long eyes,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"J'aime de vos longs yeux la lumière","title":"Fronted complement «de vos longs yeux»","body":"The plain order would be «j'aime la lumière verdâtre de vos longs yeux» — 'I love the greenish light of your long eyes'. Baudelaire lifts «de vos longs yeux» ahead of its noun «la lumière» for rhythm and emphasis; read «de» as 'of', linking the light back to the eyes. «verdâtre» adds the suffix «-âtre» (often faintly pejorative) to «vert»: not clean green but a 'greenish', murky tint — beauty already shaded toward decay."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aime","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"longs","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies lumière","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lumière","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lumière","lemma":"lumière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of aime","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"verdâtre","lemma":"verdâtre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies lumière","gloss":"greenish"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"chant-d-automne-s7-l2","source":"Douce beauté, mais tout aujourd'hui m'est amer,","translation":"sweet beauty, but today everything tastes bitter to me,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Douce","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies beauté","gloss":"Sweet"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"aujourd'hui","lemma":"aujourd'hui","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of est","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to amer","gloss":"tastes"},{"surface":"amer","lemma":"amer","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of est","gloss":"bitter"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"chant-d-automne-s7-l3","source":"Et rien, ni votre amour, ni le boudoir, ni l'âtre,","translation":"and nothing, neither your love, nor the boudoir, nor the hearth,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"rien, ni … ni … ni","title":"Correlative «ni … ni» after «rien»","body":"«ni … ni …» is 'neither … nor …', the negative correlative that pairs with «ne» on the verb (here «ne me vaut» in the next line). After the blanket «rien» ('nothing'), the «ni» phrases itemise what that 'nothing' includes — «votre amour», «le boudoir», «l'âtre». «un boudoir» is a lady's private sitting-room; «l'âtre» is the hearth, the fireplace. Not one of these warm, intimate things, the poet says, can match what comes next."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rien","lemma":"rien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"votre","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of amour","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with rien","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of boudoir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boudoir","lemma":"boudoir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with rien","gloss":"boudoir"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âtre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âtre","lemma":"âtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with rien","gloss":"hearth"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"chant-d-automne-s7-l4","source":"Ne me vaut le soleil rayonnant sur la mer.","translation":"is worth as much to me as the sun blazing on the sea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ne me vaut","title":"«valoir» — to be worth","body":"«vaut» is the third-person singular of «valoir» (to be worth); «ne me vaut» = 'is not worth to me', completing the «ne … rien … ni … ni» negation begun in the line above. The subject is the long list of comforts; none «vaut» — equals in worth — «le soleil rayonnant sur la mer», the sun radiating on the sea. «rayonnant» is the present participle of «rayonner», to beam or radiate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vaut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of vaut","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"vaut","lemma":"valoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vaut","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"rayonnant","lemma":"rayonnant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mer","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rayonnant","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"chant-d-automne-s8-l1","source":"Et pourtant aimez-moi, tendre coeur! soyez mère,","translation":"And yet love me, tender heart! be a mother,","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aimez-moi … soyez mère","title":"Imperatives «aimez-moi» and «soyez»","body":"These are «vous» imperatives — commands with no subject pronoun. In the positive imperative the object follows and is hyphenated, and «me» becomes the stressed «moi»: «aimez-moi» = 'love me'. «soyez» is the irregular imperative of «être» (to be): «soyez mère» = 'be a mother'. The string of pleas — «aimez-moi», «soyez» — turns the second half of the poem toward a tenderness asked for rather than felt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"pourtant","lemma":"pourtant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aimez","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"aimez","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of aimez","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"tendre","lemma":"tendre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"soyez","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"copula linking to mère","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"mère","lemma":"mère","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of soyez","gloss":"a mother"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"chant-d-automne-s8-l2","source":"Même pour un ingrat, même pour un méchant;","translation":"even for an ingrate, even for a wicked man;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingrat","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ingrat","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ingrat","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ingrat","lemma":"ingrat","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ingrate"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies méchant","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking méchant","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of méchant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"méchant","lemma":"méchant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ingrat","gloss":"wicked man"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"chant-d-automne-s8-l3","source":"Amante ou soeur, soyez la douceur éphémère","translation":"lover or sister, be the fleeting sweetness","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Amante","lemma":"amante","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lover"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"soeur","lemma":"soeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Amante","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"soyez","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"copula linking to douceur","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of douceur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"douceur","lemma":"douceur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of soyez","gloss":"sweetness"},{"surface":"éphémère","lemma":"éphémère","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies douceur","gloss":"fleeting"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"chant-d-automne-s8-l4","source":"D'un glorieux automne ou d'un soleil couchant.","translation":"of a glorious autumn or of a setting sun.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking automne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of automne","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"glorieux","lemma":"glorieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies automne","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"automne","lemma":"automne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"autumn"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with automne","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"couchant","lemma":"couchant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"setting"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"chant-d-automne-s9-l1","source":"Courte tâche! La tombe attend; elle est avide!","translation":"Brief task! The grave awaits; it is greedy!","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"elle est avide","title":"«avide» — greedy, hungry","body":"«avide» means greedy, hungry, eager — from the same Latin root as English 'avid', but stronger: a craving, devouring appetite. «elle» refers back to «la tombe» (the grave), which French treats as feminine. «la tombe attend; elle est avide» personifies the grave as something waiting with hunger — the reason the «tâche» (task) of loving is «courte», short, since little time is left before it feeds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Courte","lemma":"court","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tâche","gloss":"Brief"},{"surface":"tâche","lemma":"tâche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tombe","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tombe","lemma":"tombe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of attend","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"attend","lemma":"attendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to avide","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"avide","lemma":"avide","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of est","gloss":"greedy"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"chant-d-automne-s9-l2","source":"Ah! laissez-moi, mon front posé sur vos genoux,","translation":"Ah! let me, my brow laid upon your knees,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"laissez","lemma":"laisser","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of laissez","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of posé","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"posé","lemma":"poser","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying front","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genoux","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of genoux","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"genoux","lemma":"genou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on posé","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"chant-d-automne-s9-l3","source":"Goûter, en regrettant l'été blanc et torride,","translation":"savor, while mourning the white and torrid summer,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Goûter, en regrettant","title":"«goûter» and the gerund «en regrettant»","body":"«goûter» is 'to taste, to savour'; it is the infinitive governed by «laissez-moi» ('let me savour') reaching across from the line above. «en regrettant» is again the «gérondif» (en + present participle), 'while regretting / mourning'. «regretter» here is to miss or mourn something gone — the «été … torride», the scorching summer. The full arc reads: «laissez-moi goûter … le rayon jaune et doux» — let me savour the soft yellow ray, while mourning the heat now lost."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goûter","lemma":"goûter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laissez (chant-d-automne-s9-l2)","gloss":"savor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of regrettant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"regrettant","lemma":"regretter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on Goûter","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of été","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"été","lemma":"été","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of regrettant","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"blanc","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies été","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"torride","lemma":"torride","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with blanc","gloss":"torrid"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"chant-d-automne-s9-l4","source":"De l'arrière-saison le rayon jaune et doux!","translation":"the yellow and gentle ray of the season's late decline!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"De l'arrière-saison","title":"«l'arrière-saison» — the late season","body":"«l'arrière-saison» is the tail-end of the year — late autumn, the closing weeks of warmth, by extension the autumn of a life. The prefix «arrière-» means 'rear, late, after' (compare «arrière-pensée», a hidden afterthought). As in line one of this stanza, the phrase is fronted before its noun «le rayon» ('the ray'); read «le rayon jaune et doux de l'arrière-saison». The poem ends not on summer's blaze but on this soft, late, yellow light — all the warmth that remains."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arrière-saison","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of arrière-saison","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arrière-saison","lemma":"arrière-saison","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rayon","gloss":"late season"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rayon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rayon","lemma":"rayon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with été (chant-d-automne-s9-l3), direct object of Goûter","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"jaune","lemma":"jaune","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies rayon","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with jaune","gloss":"gentle"}]}]}