{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"ciel-brouille","title":{"source":"Ciel brouillé","translated":"Overcast Sky"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/ciel-brouille","lines":16},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-poison","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-chat-2","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"ciel-brouille-s1-l1","source":"On dirait ton regard d'une vapeur couvert;","translation":"Your gaze, one would say, is veiled with a mist;","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"On dirait","title":"«on dirait» (one would say)","body":"«On dirait» is the conditional of «dire» with the impersonal subject «on»: literally 'one would say', i.e. 'it looks like, you'd think'. It opens the poem on a note of guarded conjecture — the speaker is reading a face he cannot quite fix — and sets up the whole poem as a string of comparisons («tu rappelles», «tu ressembles»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"On","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of dirait","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dirait","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of regard","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"regard","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of couvert (embedded clause)","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, elided","role":"preposition marking vapeur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vapeur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vapeur","lemma":"vapeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent/instrument of couvert","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"couvert","lemma":"couvrir","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes regard (as if dirait ton regard couvert)","gloss":"veiled","note":"Word order is inverted for the rhyme: \"ton regard couvert d'une vapeur\" (your gaze veiled with a mist)."}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"ciel-brouille-s1-l2","source":"Ton oeil mystérieux (est-il bleu, gris ou vert?)","translation":"Your mysterious eye (is it blue, gray, or green?)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"est-il bleu","title":"Inversion in a question «est-il…?»","body":"«est-il bleu, gris ou vert?» inverts verb and pronoun — «est-il» rather than «il est» — to form a direct question, here folded into a parenthesis. The uncertainty of the color mirrors the «ciel brouillé» of the title: the eye, like an overcast sky, will not settle into one hue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est (parenthetical)","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"mystérieux","lemma":"mystérieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"-il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est, inverted","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bleu","lemma":"bleu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"gris","lemma":"gris","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with bleu","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vert","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with gris","gloss":"green"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"ciel-brouille-s1-l3","source":"Alternativement tendre, rêveur, cruel,","translation":"By turns tender, dreaming, cruel,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Alternativement","lemma":"alternativement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tendre, rêveur, cruel","gloss":"by turns"},{"surface":"tendre","lemma":"tendre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies oeil (s1-l2), subject of Réfléchit (next line)","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"rêveur","lemma":"rêveur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with tendre","gloss":"dreaming"},{"surface":"cruel","lemma":"cruel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with rêveur","gloss":"cruel"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"ciel-brouille-s1-l4","source":"Réfléchit l'indolence et la pâleur du ciel.","translation":"reflects the indolence and the pallor of the sky.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Réfléchit","lemma":"réfléchir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, subject is oeil (s1-l2/l3)","gloss":"reflects"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of indolence","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indolence","lemma":"indolence","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Réfléchit","gloss":"indolence"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pâleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pâleur","lemma":"pâleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with indolence, direct object of Réfléchit","gloss":"pallor"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contracted with le","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pâleur","gloss":"sky"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"ciel-brouille-s2-l1","source":"Tu rappelles ces jours blancs, tièdes et voilés,","translation":"You recall those white days, mild and veiled,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Tu rappelles","title":"«rappeler» (to call to mind)","body":"Here «rappeler» means 'to bring to mind, to be reminiscent of', not the reflexive «se rappeler» ('to remember'). «Tu rappelles ces jours blancs» = 'You call to mind those white days'. The woman is likened to overcast weather — «blancs, tièdes et voilés», pale, lukewarm, and veiled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of rappelles","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"rappelles","lemma":"rappeler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jours","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"jours","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rappelles","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"blancs","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jours","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"tièdes","lemma":"tiède","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with blancs","gloss":"mild"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voilés","lemma":"voilé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with tièdes","gloss":"veiled"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"ciel-brouille-s2-l2","source":"Qui font se fondre en pleurs les coeurs ensorcelés,","translation":"that melt bewitched hearts into tears,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"font se fondre","title":"Causative «faire» + pronominal infinitive","body":"«font se fondre… les coeurs» is the causative «faire» + infinitive: 'make the hearts melt'. The infinitive is the pronominal «se fondre» ('to melt, dissolve'), so its reflexive «se» is kept even under «faire». Word order is inverted for the verse — read it as «(qui) font les coeurs ensorcelés se fondre en pleurs», 'which make the bewitched hearts dissolve into tears'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of font","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on jours (previous line)","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of fondre","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"fondre","lemma":"fondre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of font","gloss":"melt"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of fondre","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of coeurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coeurs","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fondre (causative construction)","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"ensorcelés","lemma":"ensorcelé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coeurs","gloss":"bewitched"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"ciel-brouille-s2-l3","source":"Quand, agités d'un mal inconnu qui les tord,","translation":"when, shaken by an unknown ill that wrings them,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of agités","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"agités","lemma":"agité","morphology":"adjective (past participle), masculine, plural","role":"modifies nerfs (next line)","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mal","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mal","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of agités","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"inconnu","lemma":"inconnu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mal","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of tord","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"tord","lemma":"tordre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on mal","gloss":"wrings"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"ciel-brouille-s2-l4","source":"Les nerfs trop éveillés raillent l'esprit qui dort.","translation":"the over-wakened nerves mock the sleeping mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"raillent","title":"«railler» (to mock)","body":"«railler» = 'to mock, jeer at, taunt'. «Les nerfs trop éveillés raillent l'esprit qui dort» — the over-wakened nerves jeer at the mind that sleeps — sets raw nervous excitement against a numbed intellect, the unease beneath these languid 'white days'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nerfs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nerfs","lemma":"nerf","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of raillent","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"trop","lemma":"trop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éveillés","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"éveillés","lemma":"éveiller","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies nerfs","gloss":"wakened"},{"surface":"raillent","lemma":"railler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mock"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esprit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esprit","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of raillent","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on esprit","gloss":"sleeps"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"ciel-brouille-s3-l1","source":"Tu ressembles parfois à ces beaux horizons","translation":"You resemble at times those lovely horizons","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tu ressembles… à","title":"«ressembler à» (to resemble)","body":"«ressembler» takes the preposition «à» before its object: «tu ressembles à ces beaux horizons» = 'you resemble those lovely horizons'. There is no direct object as in English; the thing resembled is introduced by «à». This is the third comparison in a row, after «on dirait» and «tu rappelles»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of ressembles","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ressembles","lemma":"ressembler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resemble"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ressembles","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horizons","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of horizons","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"beaux","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies horizons","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"horizons","lemma":"horizon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of ressembles","gloss":"horizons"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"ciel-brouille-s3-l2","source":"Qu'allument les soleils des brumeuses saisons...","translation":"that the suns of misty seasons set ablaze...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qu'allument les soleils","title":"Inverted relative «que… les soleils»","body":"«que» is the direct object of «allument», whose subject «les soleils des brumeuses saisons» follows the verb: 'that the suns of misty seasons light up'. French freely inverts subject and verb in a relative clause when the object «que» comes first — keep «les soleils» as the doer, «ces beaux horizons» as the thing set aglow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of allument, referring to horizons","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"allument","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on horizons","gloss":"set ablaze"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of soleils","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleils","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of allument","gloss":"suns"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saisons","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"brumeuses","lemma":"brumeux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies saisons","gloss":"misty"},{"surface":"saisons","lemma":"saison","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"genitive complement of soleils","gloss":"seasons"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"ciel-brouille-s3-l3","source":"Comme tu resplendis, paysage mouillé","translation":"How you shine, rain-soaked landscape","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation with resplendis","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of resplendis","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"resplendis","lemma":"resplendir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shine"},{"surface":"paysage","lemma":"paysage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to tu","gloss":"landscape"},{"surface":"mouillé","lemma":"mouillé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paysage","gloss":"rain-soaked"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"ciel-brouille-s3-l4","source":"Qu'enflamment les rayons tombant d'un ciel brouillé!","translation":"that the rays falling from an overcast sky set aflame!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ciel brouillé","title":"«brouillé» / «un ciel brouillé»","body":"«brouillé» is the past participle of «brouiller», 'to blur, muddle, cloud over'; «un ciel brouillé» is an overcast, hazy sky. The title-phrase lands here at the volta: the woman, like a rain-soaked landscape lit by rays through cloud, is most radiant precisely when the sky is troubled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of enflamment, referring to paysage","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"enflamment","lemma":"enflammer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on paysage","gloss":"set aflame"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rayons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rayons","lemma":"rayon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of enflamment","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"tombant","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying rayons","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tombant","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"brouillé","lemma":"brouillé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"overcast"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"ciel-brouille-s4-l1","source":"Ô femme dangereuse, ô séduisants climats!","translation":"O dangerous woman, O seductive climates!","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before femme","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative head of the phrase","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"dangereuse","lemma":"dangereux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies femme","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before climats","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"séduisants","lemma":"séduisant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies climats","gloss":"seductive"},{"surface":"climats","lemma":"climat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"vocative parallel to femme","gloss":"climates"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"ciel-brouille-s4-l2","source":"Adorerai-je aussi ta neige et vos frimas,","translation":"Shall I adore your snow and your hoarfrosts too,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Adorerai-je","title":"Future + inversion «adorerai-je?»","body":"«Adorerai-je» is the future of «adorer» inverted to ask a question — 'shall I (also) adore…?'. Note the slide from «ta neige» (familiar «tu») to «vos frimas» (formal «vous») in one line: the woman and the «séduisants climats» merge, so the possessives blur between the lover and the weather she stands for. «frimas» (m. pl.) is poetic for hoarfrost, wintry rime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Adorerai","lemma":"adorer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall adore"},{"surface":"-je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of Adorerai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aussi","lemma":"aussi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Adorerai","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neige","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"neige","lemma":"neige","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Adorerai","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of frimas","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"frimas","lemma":"frimas","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with neige","gloss":"hoarfrosts"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"ciel-brouille-s4-l3","source":"Et saurai-je tirer de l'implacable hiver","translation":"and shall I know how to draw from implacable winter","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"saurai-je tirer","title":"«savoir» + infinitive (know how to)","body":"«savoir» before an infinitive means 'to know how to, to be able to': «saurai-je tirer…?» = 'shall I know how to draw…?'. Again inverted as a question and parallel to «adorerai-je». The verb governs «tirer… des plaisirs» across the line break — 'draw out pleasures' from «l'implacable hiver»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"saurai","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall know"},{"surface":"-je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of saurai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tirer","lemma":"tirer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of saurai","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hiver","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hiver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies hiver","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"hiver","lemma":"hiver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tirer","gloss":"winter"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"ciel-brouille-s4-l4","source":"Des plaisirs plus aigus que la glace et le fer?","translation":"pleasures keener than ice and iron?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of plaisirs","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"plaisirs","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tirer","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aigus","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"aigus","lemma":"aigu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plaisirs","gloss":"keener"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of glace","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"glace","lemma":"glace","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compared to aigus","gloss":"ice"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fer","lemma":"fer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with glace","gloss":"iron"}]}]}