{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"dedicace","title":{"source":"Dédicace","translated":"Dedication"},"section":"To the Reader","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/dedicace","lines":10},"previous":null,"next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/au-lecteur","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"dedicace-s1-l1","source":"Au poète impeccable","translation":"To the impeccable poet","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"impeccable","title":"impeccable","body":"From the Latin «impeccabilis», 'incapable of sinning'. In French «impeccable» means 'flawless, faultless' — here, a poet whose craft never errs. Baudelaire chooses a word that still carries its theological undertone of being beyond fault."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"au","morphology":"contraction of à + le","role":"preposition marking poète","gloss":"To the"},{"surface":"poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Au, head of the phrase","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"impeccable","lemma":"impeccable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies poète","gloss":"impeccable"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"dedicace-s1-l2","source":"Au parfait magicien ès lettres françaises","translation":"To the perfect magician of French letters","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ès","title":"«ès» — a fused preposition","body":"«ès» is an archaic contraction of «en les» ('in the'), surviving only in fixed learned phrases such as «docteur ès lettres» or «ès sciences». It always precedes a plural noun. «magicien ès lettres françaises» reads 'magician in [the field of] French letters' — a deliberately scholarly, faintly ceremonious flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"au","morphology":"contraction of à + le","role":"preposition marking magicien","gloss":"To the"},{"surface":"parfait","lemma":"parfait","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies magicien","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"magicien","lemma":"magicien","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Au, head of the phrase","gloss":"magician"},{"surface":"ès","lemma":"ès","morphology":"archaic preposition (contraction of en + les)","role":"preposition marking lettres","gloss":"of","note":"Archaic academic form ('docteur ès lettres'), roughly 'in the field of'."},{"surface":"lettres","lemma":"lettre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of ès, modifies magicien","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"françaises","lemma":"français","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies lettres","gloss":"French"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"dedicace-s1-l3","source":"A mon très-cher et très-vénéré","translation":"To my very dear and most revered","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"très-cher","title":"The hyphen after «très»","body":"Nineteenth-century French hyphenated «très» to the adjective it intensified — «très-cher», «très-vénéré». Modern spelling drops the hyphen («très cher»). The original spelling is kept here exactly as Baudelaire printed it."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Maître (next segment)","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Maître (next segment)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"très","lemma":"très","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cher","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"cher","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Maître (next segment)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"très","lemma":"très","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vénéré","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"vénéré","lemma":"vénérer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular, used adjectivally","role":"modifies Maître (next segment), coordinated with cher","gloss":"revered"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"dedicace-s1-l4","source":"Maître et ami","translation":"Master and friend","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maître","lemma":"maître","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition A (previous segment), indirect object of dédie","gloss":"Master"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ami","lemma":"ami","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Maître","gloss":"friend"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"dedicace-s1-l5","source":"Théophile Gautier","translation":"Théophile Gautier","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Théophile","lemma":"Théophile","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Maître et ami","gloss":"Théophile"},{"surface":"Gautier","lemma":"Gautier","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on Théophile","gloss":"Gautier"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"dedicace-s1-l6","source":"Avec les sentiments","translation":"With the sentiments","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentiments","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sentiments","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sentiments","lemma":"sentiment","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Avec, head of the phrase","gloss":"feelings"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"dedicace-s1-l7","source":"De la plus profonde humilité","translation":"Of the most profound humility","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humilité, modifies sentiments (previous segment)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of humilité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies profonde","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"profonde","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies humilité","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"humilité","lemma":"humilité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of De, head of the phrase","gloss":"humility"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"dedicace-s1-l8","source":"Je dédie","translation":"I dedicate","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dédie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dédie","lemma":"dédier","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dedicate"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"dedicace-s1-l9","source":"Ces fleurs maladives","translation":"These sickly flowers","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fleurs maladives","title":"«fleurs maladives»","body":"'Sickly / ailing flowers'. «maladif» means prone to illness, unhealthy. The phrase names the poems themselves as the 'flowers' of the title Les Fleurs du mal — blossoms grown from sickness and evil — and casts the dedication as the handing-over of a diseased bouquet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fleurs","gloss":"These"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dédie","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"maladives","lemma":"maladif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fleurs","gloss":"sickly"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"dedicace-s1-l10","source":"C.B.","translation":"C.B.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C.B.","lemma":"C.B.","morphology":"initials (proper noun)","role":"signature, appositive to Je","gloss":"C.B.","note":"Baudelaire's initials, signing the dedication."}]}]}