{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"don-juan-aux-enfers","title":{"source":"Don Juan aux enfers","translated":"Don Juan in the Underworld"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/don-juan-aux-enfers","lines":20},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-homme-et-la-mer","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/chatiment-de-l-orgeuil","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s1-l1","source":"Quand Don Juan descendit vers l'onde souterraine","translation":"When Don Juan went down toward the underground water","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"l'onde souterraine","title":"«l'onde souterraine»","body":"«onde» (f.) is a poetic word for water, wave, or stream — loftier than «eau». «souterrain/souterraine» means underground, subterranean. «l'onde souterraine» names the river of the dead (the Styx or Acheron), down which Don Juan is being ferried into hell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of descendit","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Don","lemma":"Don","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name Don Juan, subject of descendit","gloss":"Don"},{"surface":"Juan","lemma":"Juan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on Don","gloss":"Juan"},{"surface":"descendit","lemma":"descendre","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onde","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of onde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onde","lemma":"onde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of descendit","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"souterraine","lemma":"souterrain","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies onde","gloss":"underground"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s1-l2","source":"Et lorsqu'il eut donné son obole à Charon,","translation":"And when he had given his coin to Charon,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lorsqu'il eut donné","title":"Past anterior «il eut donné»","body":"«eut donné» is the passé antérieur — the literary tense built from the passé simple of «avoir» («eut») plus a past participle. After «lorsque» ('when') it marks an action completed just before another past action: 'and when he had given…'. It pairs with «descendit» in the previous line, both literary past tenses that lend the scene its archaic, ceremonial weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lorsqu'","lemma":"lorsque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of donné","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of donné","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"eut","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on donné","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"donné","lemma":"donner","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of obole","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"obole","lemma":"obole","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of donné","gloss":"coin"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Charon","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Charon","lemma":"Charon","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique argument of donné","gloss":"Charon"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s1-l3","source":"Un sombre mendiant, l'oeil fier comme Antisthène,","translation":"A grim beggar, his eye proud as Antisthenes,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mendiant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mendiant","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"mendiant","lemma":"mendiant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Don Juan","gloss":"beggar"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fier (absolute construction)","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"fier","lemma":"fier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective in absolute construction with oeil","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Antisthène","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Antisthène","lemma":"Antisthène","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on fier","gloss":"Antisthenes"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s1-l4","source":"D'un bras vengeur et fort saisit chaque aviron.","translation":"With an avenging, powerful arm seized each oar.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bras","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bras","lemma":"bras","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of saisit (instrument)","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"vengeur","lemma":"vengeur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bras","gloss":"avenging"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with vengeur, modifies bras","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"saisit","lemma":"saisir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"chaque","lemma":"chaque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aviron","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"aviron","lemma":"aviron","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of saisit","gloss":"oar"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s2-l1","source":"Montrant leurs seins pendants et leurs robes ouvertes,","translation":"Showing their hanging breasts and their open gowns,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Montrant","title":"Present participle «Montrant»","body":"«Montrant» is the present participle of «montrer» (to show). Opening the stanza, it describes the women in the next line — 'showing their breasts…, the women writhed…'. French often front-loads such participial clauses; read on to find the subject «Des femmes» they attach to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Montrant","lemma":"montrer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the participial clause","gloss":"showing"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of seins","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"seins","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Montrant","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"pendants","lemma":"pendant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies seins","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of robes","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"robes","lemma":"robe","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with seins, direct object of Montrant","gloss":"gowns"},{"surface":"ouvertes","lemma":"ouvert","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies robes","gloss":"open"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s2-l2","source":"Des femmes se tordaient sous le noir firmament,","translation":"Women writhed beneath the black firmament,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se tordaient","title":"Pronominal «se tordre»","body":"«se tordre» is the pronominal form of «tordre» (to twist, to wring); turned inward it means 'to writhe, to twist oneself'. The imperfect «se tordaient» paints an ongoing, continuous motion — the seduced women writhing without end in the background of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of femmes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"femmes","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of tordaient","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on tordaient","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"tordaient","lemma":"tordre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"writhed"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking firmament","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of firmament","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies firmament","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"firmament","lemma":"firmament","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tordaient","gloss":"firmament"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s2-l3","source":"Et, comme un grand troupeau de victimes offertes,","translation":"And, like a great herd of offered victims,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking troupeau","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of troupeau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies troupeau","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"troupeau","lemma":"troupeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, describes femmes (simile)","gloss":"herd"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking victimes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"victimes","lemma":"victime","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies troupeau","gloss":"victims"},{"surface":"offertes","lemma":"offrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"modifies victimes","gloss":"offered"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s2-l4","source":"Derrière lui traînaient un long mugissement.","translation":"Behind him dragged out a long lowing cry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un long mugissement","title":"«un mugissement»","body":"«mugissement» (m.) is the lowing or bellowing of cattle, from «mugir» (to low, to roar). Echoing «troupeau» (herd) in the line above, it turns the abandoned women into a bellowing herd of cattle — their grief reduced to animal sound that Don Juan does not deign to hear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Derrière","lemma":"derrière","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lui","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, singular","role":"object of Derrière","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"traînaient","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: femmes, previous lines)","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mugissement","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"long","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mugissement","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"mugissement","lemma":"mugissement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of traînaient","gloss":"cry"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s3-l1","source":"Sganarelle en riant lui réclamait ses gages,","translation":"Sganarelle, laughing, demanded of him his wages,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en riant","title":"Gerund «en riant»","body":"«en» + present participle is the gérondif, describing how an action is done: «en riant» = 'while laughing, laughingly'. So «Sganarelle en riant lui réclamait» means 'Sganarelle, laughing, was demanding of him'. The indirect-object pronoun «lui» ('of him / from him') is the master from whom the servant claims his pay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sganarelle","lemma":"Sganarelle","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of réclamait","gloss":"Sganarelle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of riant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"riant","lemma":"rire","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on réclamait (en riant = laughing)","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, singular","role":"indirect object of réclamait","gloss":"of him"},{"surface":"réclamait","lemma":"réclamer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gages","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gages","lemma":"gage","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of réclamait","gloss":"wages"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s3-l2","source":"Tandis que Don Luis avec un doigt tremblant","translation":"While Don Luis with a trembling finger","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tandis","lemma":"tandis","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the compound conjunction tandis que","gloss":"while","note":"'tandis que' is a fixed two-word subordinating conjunction meaning 'while'."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"second part of the compound conjunction tandis que, introduces the clause of Montrait (next line)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Don","lemma":"Don","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name Don Luis, subject of Montrait (next line)","gloss":"Don"},{"surface":"Luis","lemma":"Luis","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on Don","gloss":"Luis"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doigt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of doigt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"doigt","lemma":"doigt","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of avec (manner phrase, modifies Montrait)","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"tremblant","lemma":"tremblant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies doigt","gloss":"trembling"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s3-l3","source":"Montrait à tous les morts errant sur les rivages","translation":"Pointed out to all the dead wandering on the shores","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Montrait","lemma":"montrer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Don Luis, previous line)","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morts","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies morts","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of morts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of Montrait","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"errant","lemma":"errer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying morts","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rivages","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rivages","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rivages","lemma":"rivage","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of errant (location)","gloss":"shores"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s3-l4","source":"Le fils audacieux qui railla son front blanc.","translation":"The insolent son who mocked his white brow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"railla","title":"«railler»","body":"«railler» means to mock, to jeer at, to make fun of (here in the passé simple, «railla»). «son front blanc» — 'his white brow' — stands by metonymy for the father's old age and dignity; Don Luis is the father Don Juan scorned, now pointing him out among the dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fils","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fils","lemma":"fils","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Montrait (previous line)","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"audacieux","lemma":"audacieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies fils","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of railla","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"railla","lemma":"railler","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on fils","gloss":"mocked"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of railla","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"blanc","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies front","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s4-l1","source":"Frissonnant sous son deuil, la chaste et maigre Elvire,","translation":"Shivering in her mourning, chaste and gaunt Elvira,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Frissonnant","title":"Present participle «Frissonnant»","body":"«Frissonnant» is the present participle of «frissonner» (to shiver, to shudder). Like «Montrant» earlier, it opens the stanza and modifies the subject that follows — «Elvire». «son deuil» means 'her mourning' (the grief, and the black mourning dress, of a widow)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Frissonnant","lemma":"frissonner","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying Elvire","gloss":"shivering"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deuil","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of deuil","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"deuil","lemma":"deuil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sous, depends on Frissonnant","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Elvire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chaste","lemma":"chaste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Elvire","gloss":"chaste"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maigre","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with chaste","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"Elvire","lemma":"Elvire","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (main verb in later line: Semblait)","gloss":"Elvira"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s4-l2","source":"Près de l'époux perfide et qui fut son amant,","translation":"Close to the faithless husband who had been her lover,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Près","lemma":"près","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition Près de","gloss":"close","note":"'près de' is a compound preposition meaning 'close to'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition Près de, marking époux","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of époux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"époux","lemma":"époux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Près de, modifies Frissonnant","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"perfide","lemma":"perfide","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies époux","gloss":"faithless"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fut","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"fut","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to amant","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of amant","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"amant","lemma":"amant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fut (relative clause on époux)","gloss":"lover"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s4-l3","source":"Semblait lui réclamer un suprême sourire","translation":"Seemed to beg of him one last smile","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Semblait","lemma":"sembler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Elvire, previous lines)","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, singular","role":"indirect object of réclamer","gloss":"of him"},{"surface":"réclamer","lemma":"réclamer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Semblait","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sourire","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"suprême","lemma":"suprême","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sourire","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"sourire","lemma":"sourire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of réclamer","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s4-l4","source":"Où brillât la douceur de son premier serment.","translation":"In which the sweetness of his first vow might shine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Où brillât","title":"Imperfect subjunctive «brillât»","body":"«brillât» is the imperfect subjunctive of «briller» (to shine), recognizable by the circumflex on the «-ât» ending. The subjunctive appears because the smile is only wished-for, not real: Elvira begs a smile 'in which' the old tenderness might shine. This literary tense matches the poem's elevated, archaic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying sourire (previous line)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"brillât","lemma":"briller","morphology":"verb, imperfect, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"might shine"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of douceur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"douceur","lemma":"douceur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of brillât","gloss":"sweetness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking serment","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of serment","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"premier","lemma":"premier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies serment","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"serment","lemma":"serment","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies douceur","gloss":"vow"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s5-l1","source":"Tout droit dans son armure, un grand homme de pierre","translation":"Bolt upright in his armor, a great man of stone","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies droit","gloss":"quite","note":"'tout droit' is an idiom meaning 'bolt upright / straight'."},{"surface":"droit","lemma":"droit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies homme (manner, describing posture)","gloss":"upright"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armure","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of armure","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"armure","lemma":"armure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument (location), modifies homme","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies homme","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenait (next line)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pierre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pierre","lemma":"pierre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies homme","gloss":"stone"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s5-l2","source":"Se tenait à la barre et coupait le flot noir;","translation":"Held the helm and cut through the black water;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on tenait","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tenait","lemma":"tenir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: homme, previous line)","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking barre","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of barre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barre","lemma":"barre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tenait","gloss":"helm"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"coupait","lemma":"couper","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tenait","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of flot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flot","lemma":"flot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of coupait","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies flot","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s5-l3","source":"Mais le calme héros, courbé sur sa rapière,","translation":"But the calm hero, bent over his rapier,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of héros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"calme","lemma":"calme","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies héros","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"héros","lemma":"héros","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (main verb in next line: Regardait)","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"courbé","lemma":"courber","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies héros","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rapière","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rapière","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rapière","lemma":"rapière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of courbé","gloss":"rapier"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"don-juan-aux-enfers-s5-l4","source":"Regardait le sillage et ne daignait rien voir.","translation":"Gazed at the wake and did not deign to see a thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ne daignait rien voir","title":"«daigner» + infinitive","body":"«daigner» means 'to deign, to condescend' and takes a bare infinitive: «daignait rien voir» = 'deigned to see nothing'. The negation «ne … rien» wraps the verb. The final image is Don Juan's whole character — supremely indifferent, refusing to so much as glance at the victims and judges crowding around him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Regardait","lemma":"regarder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: héros, previous line)","gloss":"gazed at"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sillage","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sillage","lemma":"sillage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Regardait","gloss":"wake"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daignait","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"daignait","lemma":"daigner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Regardait","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"rien","lemma":"rien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of voir","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"voir","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of daignait","gloss":"to see"}]}]}