{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif","title":{"source":"Femmes damnées (Comme un bétail pensif)","translated":"Damned Women (Like a Pensive Herd)"},"section":"Flowers of Evil","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif","lines":28},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/une-martyre","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-deux-bonnes-soeurs","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s1-l1","source":"Comme un bétail pensif sur le sable couchées,","translation":"Like a pensive herd lying upon the sand,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bétail","title":"«un bétail»","body":"«bétail» (m.) is livestock, a herd of cattle — a deliberately animal, grazing image for the women. The past participle «couchées» (from «coucher», to lay down) is feminine plural, agreeing with the «Elles» that opens the next line — the participial phrase anticipates its subject, so the herd is unmistakably the women themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bétail","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bétail","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bétail","lemma":"bétail","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Comme","gloss":"herd"},{"surface":"pensif","lemma":"pensif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bétail","gloss":"pensive"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sable","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sable","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sable","lemma":"sable","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sur, locative complement of couchées","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"couchées","lemma":"coucher","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"participle describing the subject (Elles, next line)","gloss":"lying"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s1-l2","source":"Elles tournent leurs yeux vers l'horizon des mers,","translation":"They turn their eyes toward the horizon of the seas,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elles","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of tournent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"tournent","lemma":"tourner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tournent","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horizon","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of horizon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horizon","lemma":"horizon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of vers","gloss":"horizon"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mers","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies horizon","gloss":"seas"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s1-l3","source":"Et leurs pieds se cherchant et leurs mains rapprochées","translation":"And their feet seeking each other and their hands drawn close","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se cherchant","title":"Reciprocal «se cherchant»","body":"«se chercher» here is reciprocal rather than reflexive: the plural «se» means 'each other', so «leurs pieds se cherchant» is 'their feet seeking one another'. «cherchant» is the present participle of «chercher» (to seek). The reciprocal pronoun quietly makes the gesture mutual — a touch between two bodies, not one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pieds","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"pieds","lemma":"pied","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Ont (next line)","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reciprocal particle of cherchant","gloss":"each other","note":"'se cherchant' is reciprocal: 'seeking each other', not reflexive."},{"surface":"cherchant","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participle clause modifying pieds, coordinated with rapprochées","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mains","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"mains","lemma":"main","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Ont (next line), coordinated with pieds","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"rapprochées","lemma":"rapprocher","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"participle modifying mains","gloss":"drawn close"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s1-l4","source":"Ont de douces langueurs et des frissons amers.","translation":"Have soft languors and bitter shudders.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject pieds/mains (previous line)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of langueurs","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"douces","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies langueurs","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"langueurs","lemma":"langueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Ont","gloss":"languors"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of frissons","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"frissons","lemma":"frisson","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with langueurs, direct object of Ont","gloss":"shudders"},{"surface":"amers","lemma":"amer","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies frissons","gloss":"bitter"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s2-l1","source":"Les unes, coeurs épris des longues confidences,","translation":"Some, hearts enamored of long confidences,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"épris","title":"«épris de»","body":"«épris» is the past participle of the literary verb «s'éprendre» (to fall in love), used as an adjective: 'enamored of, taken with'. It governs «de» before its object: «épris des longues confidences» = 'enamored of long, intimate exchanges'. «Les unes ... d'autres ...» across the stanzas means 'some ... others ...', sorting the women into types."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of unes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"unes","lemma":"un","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (les unes = 'some')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"coeurs","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to unes","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"épris","lemma":"épris","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coeurs","gloss":"enamored"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking confidences","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"longues","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies confidences","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"confidences","lemma":"confidence","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of épris","gloss":"confidences"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s2-l2","source":"Dans le fond des bosquets où jasent les ruisseaux,","translation":"In the depths of the groves where the brooks chatter,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bosquets","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bosquets","lemma":"bosquet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"groves"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on bosquets","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"jasent","lemma":"jaser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on bosquets","gloss":"chatter"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ruisseaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruisseaux","lemma":"ruisseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of jasent","gloss":"brooks"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s2-l3","source":"Vont épelant l'amour des craintives enfances","translation":"Go spelling out the love of timid childhoods","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vont épelant","title":"«aller» + present participle","body":"«aller» followed by a present participle is an old, literary construction expressing a continuous, drawn-out action: «vont épelant» = 'go on spelling out, keep slowly spelling out'. «épeler» literally means to spell a word letter by letter, so the women painstakingly sound out a love that belongs to «craintives enfances», timid childhoods."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vont","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject Les unes (s2-l1)","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"épelant","lemma":"épeler","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"complement of Vont","gloss":"spelling out"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of amour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of épelant","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfances","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"craintives","lemma":"craintif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies enfances","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"enfances","lemma":"enfance","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies amour","gloss":"childhoods"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s2-l4","source":"Et creusent le bois vert des jeunes arbrisseaux;","translation":"And carve into the green wood of young saplings;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"creusent","lemma":"creuser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject Les unes (s2-l1)","gloss":"carve"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bois","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"bois","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of creusent","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"vert","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bois","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbrisseaux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jeunes","lemma":"jeune","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies arbrisseaux","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"arbrisseaux","lemma":"arbrisseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies bois","gloss":"saplings"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s3-l1","source":"D'autres, comme des soeurs, marchent lentes et graves","translation":"Others, like sisters, walk slow and grave","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"part of the pronoun d'autres ('others')","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"autres","lemma":"autre","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of marchent","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soeurs","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of soeurs","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"soeurs","lemma":"soeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of comme","gloss":"sisters"},{"surface":"marchent","lemma":"marcher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject autres","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"lentes","lemma":"lent","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate adjective, complement of marchent","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"graves","lemma":"grave","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with lentes","gloss":"grave"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s3-l2","source":"À travers les rochers pleins d'apparitions,","translation":"Across the rocks full of apparitions,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition à travers","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"travers","lemma":"travers","morphology":"noun, masculine","role":"part of the phrase à travers","gloss":"through","note":"'à travers' is a fixed compound preposition meaning 'across, through'."},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rochers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rochers","lemma":"rocher","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition à travers","gloss":"rocks"},{"surface":"pleins","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rochers","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking apparitions","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"apparitions","lemma":"apparition","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of pleins","gloss":"apparitions"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s3-l3","source":"Où saint Antoine a vu surgir comme des laves","translation":"Where Saint Anthony saw rise up like lava","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on rochers (previous line)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"saint","lemma":"saint","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"title before Antoine, part of subject of a vu","gloss":"Saint"},{"surface":"Antoine","lemma":"Antoine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of a vu","gloss":"Anthony"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of vu","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"vu","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"surgir","lemma":"surgir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vu","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison for surgir","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of laves","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"laves","lemma":"lave","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of comme","gloss":"lava"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s3-l4","source":"Les seins nus et pourprés de ses tentations;","translation":"The bare, crimsoned breasts of his temptations;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of seins","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"seins","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"additional object of a vu surgir (previous line)","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"nus","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies seins","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pourprés","lemma":"pourpré","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with nus","gloss":"crimsoned"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tentations","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tentations","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tentations","lemma":"tentation","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies seins","gloss":"temptations"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s4-l1","source":"Il en est, aux lueurs des résines croulantes,","translation":"There are some, by the glow of crumbling resin-torches,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Il en est","title":"«il en est» = 'there are some'","body":"«il en est» is a literary, impersonal turn meaning 'there are some (of them)' — equivalent to «il y en a». The «en» stands in for 'of these women'. It mirrors the «les unes ... d'autres ... il en est ... et d'autres» catalogue threading the poem, each phrase introducing another kind of damned woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal","role":"impersonal subject of est","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun","role":"depends on est","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (il en est = 'there are some')","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lueurs","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"lueurs","lemma":"lueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of est","gloss":"glow"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking résines","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"résines","lemma":"résine","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies lueurs","gloss":"resin-torches"},{"surface":"croulantes","lemma":"croulant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies résines","gloss":"crumbling"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s4-l2","source":"Qui dans le creux muet des vieux antres païens","translation":"Who in the mute hollow of old pagan caverns","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of appellent (next line), refers to Il en est (women)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking creux","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of creux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"creux","lemma":"creux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of appellent (next line)","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"muet","lemma":"muet","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies creux","gloss":"mute"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antres","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies antres","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"antres","lemma":"antre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies creux","gloss":"caverns"},{"surface":"païens","lemma":"païen","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies antres","gloss":"pagan"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s4-l3","source":"T'appellent au secours de leurs fièvres hurlantes,","translation":"Call on you to the rescue of their howling fevers,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"T'","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of appellent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"appellent","lemma":"appeler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject Qui (previous line)","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking secours","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"secours","lemma":"secours","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of appellent","gloss":"rescue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fièvres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fièvres","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"fièvres","lemma":"fièvre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies secours","gloss":"fevers"},{"surface":"hurlantes","lemma":"hurlant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fièvres","gloss":"howling"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s4-l4","source":"Ô Bacchus, endormeur des remords anciens!","translation":"O Bacchus, luller of ancient remorse!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"endormeur","title":"«Bacchus, endormeur»","body":"Bacchus is the Roman god of wine and ecstatic abandon, invoked here in the vocative «Ô Bacchus». «endormeur» is an agent noun coined from «endormir» (to put to sleep, to lull): the 'luller / souther' of «remords anciens», old remorse — wine that drowns guilt. The «t'» of the previous line addresses him directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative marker before Bacchus","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Bacchus","lemma":"Bacchus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Bacchus"},{"surface":"endormeur","lemma":"endormeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Bacchus","gloss":"luller"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking remords","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies endormeur","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"anciens","lemma":"ancien","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies remords","gloss":"ancient"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s5-l1","source":"Et d'autres, dont la gorge aime les scapulaires,","translation":"And others, whose breast loves the scapulars,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"scapulaires","title":"«les scapulaires»","body":"A «scapulaire» is a scapular — two small cloth squares joined by cords and worn against the chest as a Catholic devotional. That the «gorge» (breast, throat) 'loves' it sets piety directly on the skin, so the next lines' hidden whip («un fouet») turns devotion into penitential pleasure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"part of the pronoun d'autres ('others')","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"autres","lemma":"autre","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"possessive relative pronoun","role":"possessive, modifies gorge ('whose')","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gorge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gorge","lemma":"gorge","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of aime","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on autres","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of scapulaires","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scapulaires","lemma":"scapulaire","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aime","gloss":"scapulars"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s5-l2","source":"Qui, recélant un fouet sous leurs longs vêtements,","translation":"Who, hiding a whip beneath their long garments,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"recélant","title":"«recéler»","body":"«recéler» means to conceal, to harbor — often with the legal nuance of hiding stolen or illicit goods. The present participle «recélant un fouet» ('concealing a whip') makes the hidden object faintly criminal, smuggled under the «longs vêtements». «un fouet» is a whip, the instrument of the flagellant blending pain and devotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of recélant and Mêlent (next line), refers to autres (previous line)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"recélant","lemma":"recéler","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participle clause modifying Qui","gloss":"hiding"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fouet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fouet","lemma":"fouet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of recélant","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vêtements","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vêtements","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"longs","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vêtements","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"vêtements","lemma":"vêtement","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sous, modifies recélant","gloss":"garments"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s5-l3","source":"Mêlent, dans le bois sombre et les nuits solitaires,","translation":"Mingle, in the dark wood and the solitary nights,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mêlent","lemma":"mêler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject Qui (previous line)","gloss":"mingle"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bois","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bois","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"bois","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of dans, locative complement of Mêlent","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bois","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nuits","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuits","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with bois, object of dans","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"solitaires","lemma":"solitaire","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies nuits","gloss":"solitary"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s5-l4","source":"L'écume du plaisir aux larmes des tourments.","translation":"The foam of pleasure with the tears of torments.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mêlent ... aux","title":"«mêler qqch. à qqch.»","body":"«mêler A à B» means 'to mingle A with B'; the second element takes «à» (here contracted to «aux larmes»). So «mêlent l'écume du plaisir aux larmes des tourments» = 'mingle the foam of pleasure with the tears of torments'. The verb «mêlent» governs the whole sentence across the line break from «Mêlent» (s5-l3)."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of écume","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"écume","lemma":"écume","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Mêlent (previous line)","gloss":"foam"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaisir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plaisir","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies écume","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking larmes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"larmes","lemma":"larme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of aux (mêler...aux larmes), coordinated with écume","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tourments","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tourments","lemma":"tourment","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies larmes","gloss":"torments"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s6-l1","source":"Ô vierges, ô démons, ô monstres, ô martyres,","translation":"O virgins, O demons, O monsters, O martyrs,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative marker before vierges","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"vierges","lemma":"vierge","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"vocative, coordinated with démons","gloss":"virgins"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative marker before démons","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"démons","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"demons"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative marker before monstres","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"monstres","lemma":"monstre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with démons","gloss":"monsters"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative marker before martyres","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"martyres","lemma":"martyre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with démons","gloss":"martyrs"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s6-l2","source":"De la réalité grands esprits contempteurs,","translation":"Great spirits scornful of reality,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"contempteurs","title":"«contempteurs» and the inversion","body":"«contempteur» is a rare, elevated noun (from Latin «contemptor») meaning a despiser or scorner. The phrase inverts normal order — literally 'of reality great spirits scorners' — so «de la réalité» belongs to «contempteurs»: 'great spirits, scorners of reality'. Verse routinely fronts the complement like this for rhythm and rhyme."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking réalité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of réalité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"réalité","lemma":"réalité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of De, modifies contempteurs","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies esprits","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"esprits","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition (continues the Ô... address)","gloss":"spirits"},{"surface":"contempteurs","lemma":"contempteur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies esprits","gloss":"scornful"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s6-l3","source":"Chercheuses d'infini, dévotes et satyres,","translation":"Seekers of the infinite, devout women and satyrs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Chercheuses","lemma":"chercheur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to esprits (previous line)","gloss":"seekers"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking infini","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"infini","lemma":"infini","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Chercheuses","gloss":"the infinite"},{"surface":"dévotes","lemma":"dévote","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Chercheuses","gloss":"devout women"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"satyres","lemma":"satyre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with dévotes","gloss":"satyrs"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s6-l4","source":"Tantôt pleines de cris, tantôt pleines de pleurs,","translation":"Now full of cries, now full of tears,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tantôt ... tantôt","title":"«tantôt ... tantôt»","body":"The paired adverb «tantôt ... tantôt» means 'now ... now / sometimes ... sometimes', marking alternation between two states. Here it swings the women between «cris» (cries, screams) and «pleurs» (weeping). «pleurs» is a literary plural noun for tears/weeping, distinct from the verb «pleurer»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tantôt","lemma":"tantôt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the first pleines","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"pleines","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies the addressed women, coordinated with second pleines","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cris","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cris","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of pleines (de cris)","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"tantôt","lemma":"tantôt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second pleines","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"pleines","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with the first pleines","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of pleines (de pleurs)","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s7-l1","source":"Vous que dans votre enfer mon âme a poursuivies,","translation":"You whom my soul has pursued into your hell,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"a poursuivies","title":"Past-participle agreement with «que»","body":"In the passé composé with «avoir», the participle agrees with a direct object that comes before it. The object pronoun «que» (= «vous», the women) precedes «a poursuivies», so the participle takes the feminine plural «-ies»: «mon âme a poursuivies» = 'my soul has pursued [them]'. The fronted «Vous que...» sets up the poet's final address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of poursuivies","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause (object of poursuivies, resumes Vous)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfer","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"votre","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of enfer","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"enfer","lemma":"enfer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"locative complement of poursuivies","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of poursuivies","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of poursuivies","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"poursuivies","lemma":"poursuivre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pursued"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s7-l2","source":"Pauvres soeurs, je vous aime autant que je vous plains,","translation":"Poor sisters, I love you as much as I pity you,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"je vous plains","title":"«plaindre»","body":"«plaindre quelqu'un» is 'to pity someone, to feel sorry for them'; «je vous plains» = 'I pity you'. The «autant que» ('as much as') balances it against «je vous aime», 'I love you' — the poem's closing equation of love and pity. Do not confuse it with the pronominal «se plaindre» ('to complain')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pauvres","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies soeurs","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"soeurs","lemma":"soeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sisters"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aime","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of aime","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"autant","lemma":"autant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aime","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of plains","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of plains","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of plains","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"plains","lemma":"plaindre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of autant que","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s7-l3","source":"Pour vos mornes douleurs, vos soifs inassouvies,","translation":"For your dreary sorrows, your unslaked thirsts,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"inassouvies","title":"«inassouvi»","body":"«inassouvi» means unsatisfied, unslaked, never sated — from «assouvir» (to satisfy a hunger or thirst) with the negating prefix «in-». «vos soifs inassouvies» = 'your thirsts that can never be quenched', the perpetual craving that defines the damned. «morne» (dreary, bleak, dull) colors «douleurs» with the same exhausted gloom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleurs","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of douleurs","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"mornes","lemma":"morne","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies douleurs","gloss":"dreary"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of Pour","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of soifs","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"soifs","lemma":"soif","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with douleurs, object of Pour","gloss":"thirsts"},{"surface":"inassouvies","lemma":"inassouvi","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies soifs","gloss":"unslaked"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"femmes-damnees-comme-un-betail-pensif-s7-l4","source":"Et les urnes d'amour dont vos grands coeurs sont pleins.","translation":"And the urns of love with which your great hearts are full.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dont ... sont pleins","title":"«dont» with «plein de»","body":"«plein de» means 'full of', and «dont» is the relative pronoun standing in for «de + antecedent». So «les urnes d'amour dont vos grands coeurs sont pleins» = 'the urns of love with which your great hearts are full'. «dont» neatly absorbs the «de» that «plein» requires — a single relative carrying the whole 'full of' construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of urnes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"urnes","lemma":"urne","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with douleurs/soifs, object of Pour (previous line), antecedent of dont","gloss":"urns"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amour","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies urnes","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"refers to urnes, complement of pleins (plein de)","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of coeurs","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coeurs","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"coeurs","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of pleins","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to pleins","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"pleins","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate adjective, complement of coeurs","gloss":"full"}]}]}