{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"hymne-a-la-beaute","title":{"source":"Hymne à la Beauté","translated":"Hymn to Beauty"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/hymne-a-la-beaute","lines":28},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-masque","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/parfum-exotique","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s1-l1","source":"Viens-tu du ciel profond ou sors-tu de l'abîme,","translation":"Do you come from the deep sky or rise out of the abyss,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Viens-tu … sors-tu","title":"Inverted question + «sortir de»","body":"Both verbs use subject-verb inversion to ask a question: «viens-tu» = 'do you come', «sors-tu» = 'do you come out / rise'. «sortir de» means 'to come out of, to emerge from'. The line poses Beauty's origin as a single either/or — heaven «du ciel profond» or hell «de l'abîme» — that the whole poem will refuse to settle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Viens","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you come"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of Viens","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition (contracted with le)","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Viens","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"profond","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"sors","lemma":"sortir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Viens","gloss":"do you rise"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of sors","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abîme","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of abîme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"abîme","lemma":"abîme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of sors","gloss":"abyss"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s1-l2","source":"O Beauté? ton regard, infernal et divin,","translation":"O Beauty? your gaze, infernal and divine,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces Beauté","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Beauty"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of regard","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"regard","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"infernal","lemma":"infernal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies regard","gloss":"infernal"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"divin","lemma":"divin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies regard","gloss":"divine"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s1-l3","source":"Verse confusément le bienfait et le crime,","translation":"Pours out, all mingled, both the blessing and the crime,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"confusément","title":"«confusément» — indistinctly, mingled","body":"«confusément» = 'confusedly, indistinctly, all jumbled together'. Beauty's gaze «verse confusément le bienfait et le crime» — pours out kindness and crime without separating them. The adverb is the moral core of the hymn: good and evil come from her as one undivided stream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verse","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pours out"},{"surface":"confusément","lemma":"confusément","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Verse","gloss":"confusedly"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bienfait","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bienfait","lemma":"bienfait","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Verse","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of crime","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crime","lemma":"crime","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with bienfait","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s1-l4","source":"Et l'on peut pour cela te comparer au vin.","translation":"And for that one may compare you to wine.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"l'","morphology":"euphonic particle (no independent meaning)","role":"euphonic liaison before on","gloss":"(euphonic)","note":"\"L'on\" is simply \"on\" with an inserted euphonic l' after certain words; it does not add meaning."},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of peut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"peut","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cela","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"cela","lemma":"cela","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, singular","role":"object of pour","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of comparer","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"comparer","lemma":"comparer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of peut","gloss":"compare"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition (contracted with le)","role":"preposition marking vin","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of comparer","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s2-l1","source":"Tu contiens dans ton oeil le couchant et l'aurore;","translation":"You hold within your eye the sunset and the dawn;","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of contiens","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"contiens","lemma":"contenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oeil","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of contiens","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of couchant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"couchant","lemma":"couchant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contiens","gloss":"sunset"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aurore","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aurore","lemma":"aurore","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with couchant","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s2-l2","source":"Tu répands des parfums comme un soir orageux;","translation":"You spread out perfumes like a stormy evening;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of répands","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"répands","lemma":"répandre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread out"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of parfums","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"parfums","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of répands","gloss":"perfumes"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soir","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"orageux","lemma":"orageux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soir","gloss":"stormy"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s2-l3","source":"Tes baisers sont un philtre et ta bouche une amphore","translation":"Your kisses are a love-potion and your mouth an amphora","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un philtre … une amphore","title":"«philtre» and «amphore»","body":"«un philtre» is a magic potion, especially a love-philtre that bewitches whoever drinks it; «une amphore» is the two-handled ancient jar used for wine. Both keep the line's intoxication imagery — Beauty's kiss is a spell, her mouth the vessel that pours it — extending the comparison «au vin» from the first stanza."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of baisers","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"baisers","lemma":"baiser","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of philtre","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to philtre","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of philtre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"philtre","lemma":"philtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of baisers","gloss":"love-potion"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bouche","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bouche","lemma":"bouche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of amphore (elliptical parallel clause: [ta bouche est] une amphore), coordinated with baisers","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of amphore","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"amphore","lemma":"amphore","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate of bouche, mirrors philtre)","gloss":"amphora"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s2-l4","source":"Qui font le héros lâche et l'enfant courageux.","translation":"That make the hero a coward and the child brave.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of font","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of héros","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"héros","lemma":"héros","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of font","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"lâche","lemma":"lâche","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies héros","gloss":"cowardly"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of enfant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"enfant","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"coordinated with héros","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"courageux","lemma":"courageux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies enfant","gloss":"brave"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s3-l1","source":"Sors-tu du gouffre noir ou descends-tu des astres?","translation":"Do you rise from the black gulf or descend from the stars?","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sors","lemma":"sortir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you rise"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of Sors","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition (contracted with le)","role":"preposition marking gouffre","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"gouffre","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Sors","gloss":"gulf"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gouffre","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"descends","lemma":"descendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Sors","gloss":"do you descend"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of descends","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition (contracted with les)","role":"preposition marking astres","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"astres","lemma":"astre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of descends","gloss":"stars"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s3-l2","source":"Le Destin charmé suit tes jupons comme un chien;","translation":"Spellbound, Destiny follows your skirts like a dog;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"charmé","title":"«charmé» — bewitched, under a spell","body":"«charmé» (past participle of «charmer») keeps its strong older sense here: not merely 'charmed / pleased' but 'enchanted, put under a spell'. «Le Destin charmé suit tes jupons» — even Fate, bewitched, trots at Beauty's heels «comme un chien», like a dog, mastered by her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Destin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Destin","lemma":"destin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of suit","gloss":"Destiny"},{"surface":"charmé","lemma":"charmer","morphology":"verb (past participle), masculine, singular","role":"modifies Destin","gloss":"spellbound"},{"surface":"suit","lemma":"suivre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jupons","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"jupons","lemma":"jupon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of suit","gloss":"skirts"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chien","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chien","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chien","lemma":"chien","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of suit","gloss":"dog"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s3-l3","source":"Tu sèmes au hasard la joie et les désastres,","translation":"You scatter at random both the joy and the disasters,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of sèmes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sèmes","lemma":"semer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scatter"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition (contracted with le)","role":"preposition marking hasard","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hasard","lemma":"hasard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of au, idiom \"au hasard\" (at random), modifies sèmes","gloss":"random"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of joie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"joie","lemma":"joie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sèmes, coordinated with désastres","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of désastres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"désastres","lemma":"désastre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with joie","gloss":"disasters"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s3-l4","source":"Et tu gouvernes tout et ne réponds de rien.","translation":"And you govern everything and answer for nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne réponds de rien","title":"«répondre de» — to answer for","body":"«répondre de qch» = 'to answer for, to be accountable for something' (distinct from «répondre à», 'to reply to'). «tu ne réponds de rien» = 'you are accountable for nothing'. The line states Beauty's amorality flatly: total power «tu gouvernes tout», zero responsibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of gouvernes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gouvernes","lemma":"gouverner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with réponds","gloss":"govern"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of gouvernes","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb (negation)","role":"modifies réponds","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"réponds","lemma":"répondre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with gouvernes","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"rien","lemma":"rien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique argument of réponds","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s4-l1","source":"Tu marches sur des morts, Beauté, dont tu te moques;","translation":"You walk upon the dead, Beauty, whom you mock;","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dont tu te moques","title":"«se moquer de» + relative «dont»","body":"«se moquer de qn» is the pronominal verb 'to mock, to make fun of someone', always built with «de». Because the verb governs «de», the relative pronoun is «dont» ('of whom'): «des morts dont tu te moques» = 'the dead whom you mock'. Beauty tramples the dead and laughs at them in the same breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of marches","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"marches","lemma":"marcher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morts","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of morts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sur","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"Beauté","lemma":"Beauté","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address to Tu","gloss":"Beauty"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"depends on moques","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of moques","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, second-person, singular","role":"reflexive pronoun of moques","gloss":"yourself","note":"part of the pronominal verb se moquer (de) 'to mock'; not a separate word in the translation."},{"surface":"moques","lemma":"se moquer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Beauté","gloss":"mock"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s4-l2","source":"De tes bijoux l'Horreur n'est pas le moins charmant,","translation":"Of your jewels, Horror is not the least charming,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bijoux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, second-person, plural","role":"determiner of bijoux","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bijoux","lemma":"bijou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of De, modifies charmant","gloss":"jewels"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Horreur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Horreur","lemma":"horreur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"Horror"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates est (ne...pas)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to charmant","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates est (ne...pas)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of moins charmant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moins","lemma":"moins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies charmant (superlative)","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"charmant","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"charming"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s4-l3","source":"Et le Meurtre, parmi tes plus chères breloques,","translation":"And Murder, among your dearest trinkets,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"breloques","title":"«une breloque» — a charm, a trinket","body":"«une breloque» is a small ornamental charm, the kind dangled from a watch-chain or bracelet. Naming «le Meurtre» — Murder — as one of Beauty's «plus chères breloques», her dearest trinkets, turns horror into jewelry: she wears crime as a charm and dances with it «amoureusement» in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Meurtre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Meurtre","lemma":"meurtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of danse","gloss":"Murder"},{"surface":"parmi","lemma":"parmi","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking breloques","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of breloques","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chères (superlative)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"chères","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies breloques","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"breloques","lemma":"breloque","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of parmi","gloss":"trinkets"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s4-l4","source":"Sur ton ventre orgueilleux danse amoureusement.","translation":"Dances lovingly upon your prideful belly.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ventre","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ventre","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ventre","lemma":"ventre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Sur","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"orgueilleux","lemma":"orgueilleux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ventre","gloss":"prideful"},{"surface":"danse","lemma":"danser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dances"},{"surface":"amoureusement","lemma":"amoureusement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies danse","gloss":"lovingly"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s5-l1","source":"L'éphémère ébloui vole vers toi, chandelle,","translation":"The dazzled mayfly flies toward you, candle,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"L'éphémère","title":"«l'éphémère» — the mayfly","body":"As a noun «un éphémère» is the mayfly — the insect that lives only a day. «L'éphémère ébloui» is the moth-like creature drawn to Beauty as to a flame («chandelle»): it «crépite, flambe» — crackles and blazes — and blesses the very fire that destroys it. The word also carries its ordinary sense, 'the ephemeral, the short-lived', so it names mortal man as well."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of éphémère","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"éphémère","lemma":"éphémère","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vole","gloss":"mayfly"},{"surface":"ébloui","lemma":"éblouir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies éphémère","gloss":"dazzled"},{"surface":"vole","lemma":"voler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toi","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"object of vers","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"chandelle","lemma":"chandelle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to toi","gloss":"candle"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s5-l2","source":"Crépite, flambe et dit: Bénissons ce flambeau!","translation":"Crackles, blazes, and says: Let us bless this torch!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Crépite","lemma":"crépiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: chandelle)","gloss":"crackles"},{"surface":"flambe","lemma":"flamber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Crépite","gloss":"blazes"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Crépite","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Bénissons","lemma":"bénir","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"let us bless"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of flambeau","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"flambeau","lemma":"flambeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Bénissons","gloss":"torch"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s5-l3","source":"L'amoureux pantelant incliné sur sa belle","translation":"The panting lover bent over his beloved","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of amoureux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amoureux","lemma":"amoureux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of A (has the look)","gloss":"lover"},{"surface":"pantelant","lemma":"panteler","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies amoureux","gloss":"panting"},{"surface":"incliné","lemma":"incliner","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amoureux","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belle","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of belle","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"belle","lemma":"belle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sur","gloss":"beloved"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s5-l4","source":"A l'air d'un moribond caressant son tombeau.","translation":"Has the look of a dying man caressing his tomb.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: amoureux)","gloss":"has","note":"'avoir l'air de' = 'to have the look/appearance of'."},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of A","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moribond","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of moribond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moribond","lemma":"moribond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies air","gloss":"dying man"},{"surface":"caressant","lemma":"caresser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies moribond","gloss":"caressing"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of tombeau","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tombeau","lemma":"tombeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of caressant","gloss":"tomb"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s6-l1","source":"Que tu viennes du ciel ou de l'enfer, qu'importe,","translation":"Whether you come from heaven or from hell, what does it matter,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Que tu viennes","title":"Concessive «que» + subjunctive","body":"«viennes» is the present subjunctive of «venir». Opening a clause with «que… ou…» plus the subjunctive forms a concession: «que tu viennes du ciel ou de l'enfer» = 'whether you come from heaven or from hell'. Paired with «qu'importe» ('what does it matter'), it waves the whole question of origin aside — the poet no longer cares which."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viennes","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of viennes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"viennes","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"verb of the Que clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contracted with definite article","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of viennes","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of enfer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"enfer","lemma":"enfer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ciel","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"direct object of importe","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"importe","lemma":"importer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the qu'importe clause","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s6-l2","source":"Ô Beauté! monstre énorme, effrayant, ingénu!","translation":"O Beauty! monster enormous, terrifying, ingenuous!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ingénu","title":"«ingénu» — artless, innocent","body":"«ingénu» means 'artless, naive, innocent' — guileless rather than 'ingenious'. Set against «monstre énorme, effrayant», it is a shock: Beauty is a vast, terrifying monster and yet innocent of it all, dealing out good and evil «confusément» without malice or design. The contradiction is the point of the whole hymn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle addressing Beauté","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Beauté","lemma":"Beauté","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to monstre","gloss":"Beauty"},{"surface":"monstre","lemma":"monstre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Beauté","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"énorme","lemma":"énorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies monstre","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"effrayant","lemma":"effrayant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with énorme, modifies monstre","gloss":"terrifying"},{"surface":"ingénu","lemma":"ingénu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with effrayant","gloss":"ingenuous"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s6-l3","source":"Si ton oeil, ton souris, ton pied, m'ouvrent la porte","translation":"If your eye, your smile, your foot, open for me the door","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ton souris","title":"«le souris» — a smile (archaic)","body":"«un souris» (masculine) is the old poetic noun for a smile, where modern French uses «le sourire». Here «ton souris» = 'your smile'; it has nothing to do with the homonym «la souris» (the mouse). Baudelaire keeps the archaic form for its grace, listing eye, smile, and foot as the parts of Beauty that unlock the «Infini»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ouvrent","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ouvrent","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of souris","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"souris","lemma":"souris","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with oeil, subject of ouvrent","gloss":"smile","note":"archaic noun form of 'sourire' meaning 'smile', not the modern word for 'mouse'."},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pied","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"pied","lemma":"pied","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with oeil, subject of ouvrent","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"indirect object of ouvrent","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ouvrent","lemma":"ouvrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of porte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"porte","lemma":"porte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ouvrent","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s6-l4","source":"D'un Infini que j'aime et n'ai jamais connu?","translation":"Of an Infinite that I love and have never known?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Infini","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Infini","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Infini","lemma":"infini","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of D', modifies porte","gloss":"Infinite"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of aime","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of aime","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Infini","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ai...connu (ne...jamais)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of connu","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies connu (ne...jamais)","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"connu","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with aime","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s7-l1","source":"De Satan ou de Dieu, qu'importe? Ange ou Sirène,","translation":"From Satan or from God, what does it matter? Angel or Siren,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Satan","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Satan","lemma":"Satan","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of De","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dieu","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Satan","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"direct object of importe","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"importe","lemma":"importer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (continuing apostrophe to Beauté)","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Sirène","lemma":"sirène","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ange","gloss":"Siren"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s7-l2","source":"Qu'importe, si tu rends, — fée aux yeux de velours,","translation":"What does it matter, if you make — fairy with eyes of velvet,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"si tu rends … moins hideux","title":"«rendre» + adjective — to make (something) X","body":"«rendre» + a direct object + an adjective means 'to make (something) become X'. The object and adjective wait until the final stanza: «si tu rends … l'univers moins hideux et les instants moins lourds» = 'if you make the universe less hideous and the moments less heavy'. The dashes hold an aside — «fée aux yeux de velours… ô mon unique reine!» — across two lines before the sentence completes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"direct object of importe","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"importe","lemma":"importer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rends","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of rends","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"rends","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"verb of the si clause (rendre + adj = 'make [something adj]', continues into next stanza)","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"fée","lemma":"fée","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to tu","gloss":"fairy"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted with definite article","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fée","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velours","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"velours","lemma":"velours","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"velvet"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s7-l3","source":"Rythme, parfum, lueur, ô mon unique reine! —","translation":"Rhythm, perfume, glimmer, O my one and only queen! —","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Rythme","lemma":"rythme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to fée","gloss":"rhythm"},{"surface":"parfum","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Rythme","gloss":"perfume"},{"surface":"lueur","lemma":"lueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Rythme","gloss":"glimmer"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle addressing reine","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of reine","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"unique","lemma":"unique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies reine","gloss":"one and only"},{"surface":"reine","lemma":"reine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address (object of ô)","gloss":"queen"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"hymne-a-la-beaute-s7-l4","source":"L'univers moins hideux et les instants moins lourds?","translation":"The universe less hideous and the moments less heavy?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of univers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"univers","lemma":"univers","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of rends","gloss":"universe"},{"surface":"moins","lemma":"moins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hideux","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"hideux","lemma":"hideux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement modifying univers (via rends)","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of instants","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"instants","lemma":"instant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with univers, direct object of rends","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"moins","lemma":"moins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lourds","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"lourds","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement modifying instants (via rends)","gloss":"heavy"}]}]}