{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues","title":{"source":"J'aime le souvenir de ces époques nues","translated":"I love the memory of those naked ages"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues","lines":40},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/correspondances","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-phares","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l1","source":"J'aime le souvenir de ces époques nues,","translation":"I love the memory of those naked ages,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aime","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of souvenir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"souvenir","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aime","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking époques","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of époques","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"époques","lemma":"époque","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies souvenir","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"nues","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies époques","gloss":"naked"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l2","source":"Dont Phoebus se plaisait à dorer les statues.","translation":"whose statues Phoebus took pleasure in gilding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se plaisait à dorer","title":"«se plaire à» + infinitive","body":"«se plaire à faire qqch.» is a pronominal idiom meaning 'to take pleasure in doing something, to delight in'. «se plaisait» is the imperfect of «se plaire»; the relative «Dont» (= of which) links back to «ces époques nues», so the sun-god Phoebus delighted in gilding the statues of those ages."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive relative linking époques to statues","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"Phoebus","lemma":"Phoebus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of plaisait","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on plaisait","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"plaisait","lemma":"plaire","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took pleasure"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of dorer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dorer","lemma":"dorer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of plaisait","gloss":"gilding"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of statues","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"statues","lemma":"statue","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dorer","gloss":"statues"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l3","source":"Alors l'homme et la femme en leur agilité","translation":"Then man and woman, in their agility,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Alors","lemma":"alors","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Jouissaient","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Jouissaient","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of femme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with homme","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agilité","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of agilité","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"agilité","lemma":"agilité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Jouissaient","gloss":"agility"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l4","source":"Jouissaient sans mensonge et sans anxiété,","translation":"took their pleasure without lie and without anxiety,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Jouissaient","title":"«jouir»","body":"«jouir» means 'to enjoy, to take pleasure, to delight in (life, the senses)'; «jouissaient» is the imperfect, an ongoing state in this lost golden age. The word carries a frank sensual charge that the negatives «sans mensonge ... sans anxiété» (without lie, without anxiety) deliberately purify."}],"words":[{"surface":"Jouissaient","lemma":"jouir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took pleasure"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mensonge","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"mensonge","lemma":"mensonge","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Jouissaient","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anxiété","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"anxiété","lemma":"anxiété","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with mensonge","gloss":"anxiety"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l5","source":"Et, le ciel amoureux leur caressant l'échine,","translation":"and, the loving sky caressing their spines,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"leur caressant l'échine","title":"Possessive dative with the body","body":"French marks the body part with the article «l'échine» (the spine) and signals the owner with the indirect-object pronoun «leur» (to/for them): «leur caressant l'échine» = 'caressing their spines'. «caressant» is the present participle of «caresser»; «échine» is the backbone, ridge of the spine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of caressant","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"amoureux","lemma":"amoureux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of échine","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"caressant","lemma":"caresser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caressing"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of échine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"échine","lemma":"échine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of caressant","gloss":"spine"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l6","source":"Exerçaient la santé de leur noble machine.","translation":"they exercised the health of their noble engine.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Exerçaient","lemma":"exercer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exercised"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of santé","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"santé","lemma":"santé","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Exerçaient","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking machine","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of machine","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"noble","lemma":"noble","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies machine","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"machine","lemma":"machine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies santé","gloss":"engine"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l7","source":"Cybèle alors, fertile en produits généreux,","translation":"Cybele then, fertile in generous yields,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Cybèle","title":"Cybele","body":"Cybele is the ancient Anatolian and Greco-Roman mother-goddess, the «Magna Mater» of the earth and all living things. Baudelaire makes her the nourishing principle of the golden age; in the next lines she becomes a «louve» (she-wolf) suckling the whole universe — an echo of the wolf that nursed Romulus and Remus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Cybèle","lemma":"Cybèle","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Cybele"},{"surface":"alors","lemma":"alors","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Cybèle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"fertile","lemma":"fertile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Cybèle","gloss":"fertile"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking produits","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"produits","lemma":"produit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of fertile","gloss":"yields"},{"surface":"généreux","lemma":"généreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies produits","gloss":"generous"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l8","source":"Ne trouvait point ses fils un poids trop onéreux,","translation":"did not find her sons too onerous a burden,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ne trouvait point","title":"«ne ... point» (emphatic negation)","body":"«ne ... point» is a literary, more absolute equivalent of «ne ... pas» — 'not at all, by no means'. Here «Ne trouvait point ses fils un poids trop onéreux» = 'did not find her sons too burdensome a weight at all'. The construction «trouver + object + attribute» means 'to find someone/something to be (such)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trouvait","gloss":"not","note":"'Ne...point' is an emphatic negation ('not at all'), reinforced by 'point' later in the line."},{"surface":"trouvait","lemma":"trouver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"point","lemma":"point","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trouvait","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fils","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"fils","lemma":"fils","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of trouvait","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poids","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poids","lemma":"poids","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fils","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"trop","lemma":"trop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onéreux","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"onéreux","lemma":"onéreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies poids","gloss":"onerous"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l9","source":"Mais, louve au coeur gonflé de tendresses communes","translation":"but, a she-wolf with heart swollen with shared tendernesses,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"louve","lemma":"louve","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Cybèle","gloss":"she-wolf"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies louve","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"gonflé","lemma":"gonfler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tendresses","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tendresses","lemma":"tendresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of gonflé","gloss":"tendernesses"},{"surface":"communes","lemma":"commun","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies tendresses","gloss":"shared"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l10","source":"Abreuvait l'univers à ses tétines brunes.","translation":"she watered the whole universe at her brown teats.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Abreuvait","title":"«abreuver»","body":"«abreuver» means 'to water (animals), to give to drink, to slake the thirst of'; «abreuvait» is the imperfect. Properly used of leading livestock to water, the verb fits the «louve» (she-wolf) suckling «l'univers» — the whole creation drinking at her «tétines brunes» (brown teats)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Abreuvait","lemma":"abreuver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watered"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of univers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"univers","lemma":"univers","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Abreuvait","gloss":"universe"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tétines","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tétines","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"tétines","lemma":"tétine","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Abreuvait","gloss":"teats"},{"surface":"brunes","lemma":"brun","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies tétines","gloss":"brown"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l11","source":"L'homme, élégant, robuste et fort, avait le droit","translation":"Man, elegant, robust, and strong, had the right","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of avait","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"élégant","lemma":"élégant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies homme","gloss":"elegant"},{"surface":"robuste","lemma":"robuste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with élégant","gloss":"robust"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with élégant","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"avait","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of droit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"droit","lemma":"droit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of avait","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l12","source":"D'être fier des beautés qui le nommaient leur roi;","translation":"to be proud of the beauties who named him their king;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of fier","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"être","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking to fier","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"fier","lemma":"fier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective after être","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of beautés","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"beautés","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of fier","gloss":"beauties"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of nommaient","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of nommaient","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"nommaient","lemma":"nommer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on beautés","gloss":"named"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of roi","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"roi","lemma":"roi","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of le","gloss":"king"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l13","source":"Fruits purs de tout outrage et vierges de gerçures,","translation":"Fruits pure of all outrage and virgin of cracks,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vierges de gerçures","title":"«vierge de» / «gerçure»","body":"«vierge de qqch.» means 'untouched by, free of, innocent of' something. A «gerçure» (f.) is a crack or chap in skin or fruit-rind. So «vierges de gerçures» = 'free of any cracks' — the bodies of that age are figured as flawless «fruits» (the metaphor continues into the next line's «chair lisse»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Fruits","lemma":"fruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to beautés","gloss":"fruits"},{"surface":"purs","lemma":"pur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Fruits","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking outrage","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of outrage","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"outrage","lemma":"outrage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of purs","gloss":"outrage"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vierges","lemma":"vierge","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with purs","gloss":"virgin"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gerçures","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gerçures","lemma":"gerçure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of vierges","gloss":"cracks"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s1-l14","source":"Dont la chair lisse et ferme appelait les morsures!","translation":"whose smooth, firm flesh invited the bite!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive relative, modifies chair","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chair","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chair","lemma":"chair","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of appelait","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"lisse","lemma":"lisse","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chair","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ferme","lemma":"ferme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with lisse","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"appelait","lemma":"appeler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of morsures","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morsures","lemma":"morsure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of appelait","gloss":"bite"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l1","source":"Le Poète aujourd'hui, quand il veut concevoir","translation":"The Poet today, when he wishes to conceive","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Poète","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of veut","gloss":"Poet"},{"surface":"aujourd'hui","lemma":"aujourd'hui","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Poète","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veut","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of veut","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"veut","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"concevoir","lemma":"concevoir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of veut","gloss":"to conceive"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l2","source":"Ces natives grandeurs, aux lieux où se font voir","translation":"those native grandeurs, in the places where there are shown","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"où se font voir","title":"Pronominal passive «se faire voir»","body":"«se faire voir» literally 'to make themselves seen' works here as a passive: «aux lieux où se font voir / La nudité ...» = 'in the places where the nakedness ... is shown / on display'. The pronominal «se» + «faire» + infinitive lets the grandeurs be exhibited without naming an agent — the impersonal display of modern bodies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of grandeurs","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"natives","lemma":"natif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies grandeurs","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"grandeurs","lemma":"grandeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of concevoir","gloss":"grandeurs"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lieux","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"lieux","lemma":"lieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies grandeurs","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"pronoun","role":"depends on font","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on font","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on lieux","gloss":"are made"},{"surface":"voir","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of font","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l3","source":"La nudité de l'homme et celle de la femme,","translation":"the nakedness of man and that of woman,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"celle de la femme","title":"Demonstrative «celle de»","body":"«celle» is the feminine demonstrative pronoun standing in for «la nudité» to avoid repeating it: «la nudité de l'homme et celle de la femme» = 'the nakedness of man and that of woman'. «celui/celle/ceux/celles de» = 'the one(s) of / belonging to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nudité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nudité","lemma":"nudité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of font (coordinated with celle)","gloss":"nakedness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking homme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nudité","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"celle","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with nudité","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking femme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of femme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies celle","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l4","source":"Sent un froid ténébreux envelopper son âme","translation":"feels a tenebrous cold envelop his soul","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sent un froid ... envelopper","title":"Verb of perception + infinitive","body":"A verb of perception such as «sentir» (to feel) takes a direct infinitive for the action perceived: «Sent un froid ... envelopper son âme» = 'feels a cold ... envelop his soul'. The subject is «Le Poète» from the stanza's opening line; «ténébreux» means dark, shadowy, gloomy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sent","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of froid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"froid","lemma":"froid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Sent","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"ténébreux","lemma":"ténébreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies froid","gloss":"tenebrous"},{"surface":"envelopper","lemma":"envelopper","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Sent","gloss":"envelop"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of envelopper","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l5","source":"Devant ce noir tableau plein d'épouvantement.","translation":"before this black picture full of dread.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Devant","lemma":"devant","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tableau","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tableau","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tableau","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"tableau","lemma":"tableau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Devant","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tableau","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking épouvantement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"épouvantement","lemma":"épouvantement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of plein","gloss":"dread"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l6","source":"Ô monstruosités pleurant leur vêtement!","translation":"O monstrosities weeping for their clothing!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces monstruosités","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"monstruosités","lemma":"monstruosité","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"vocative, refers to tableau","gloss":"monstrosities"},{"surface":"pleurant","lemma":"pleurer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying monstruosités","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vêtement","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"vêtement","lemma":"vêtement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pleurant","gloss":"clothing"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l7","source":"Ô ridicules troncs! torses dignes des masques!","translation":"O ridiculous trunks! torsos fit for masks!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dignes des masques","title":"«digne de»","body":"«digne de» means 'worthy of, fit for, deserving of'. «torses dignes des masques» = 'torsos worthy of masks' — bodies so grotesque they belong in the carnival or the anatomy of caricature. The exclamatory «Ô ...!» piled up across these lines is Baudelaire's apostrophe to modern, deformed flesh."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces troncs","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"ridicules","lemma":"ridicule","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies troncs","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"troncs","lemma":"tronc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"trunks"},{"surface":"torses","lemma":"torse","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to troncs","gloss":"torsos"},{"surface":"dignes","lemma":"digne","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies torses","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking masques","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"masques","lemma":"masque","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of dignes","gloss":"masks"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l8","source":"Ô pauvres corps tordus, maigres, ventrus ou flasques,","translation":"O poor bodies twisted, scrawny, potbellied or flabby,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces corps","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"pauvres","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bodies"},{"surface":"tordus","lemma":"tordre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"maigres","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with tordus","gloss":"scrawny"},{"surface":"ventrus","lemma":"ventru","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with tordus","gloss":"potbellied"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"flasques","lemma":"flasque","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with tordus","gloss":"flabby"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l9","source":"Que le dieu de l'Utile, implacable et serein,","translation":"whom the god of the Useful, implacable and serene,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of emmaillota","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dieu","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dieu","lemma":"dieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of emmaillota","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Utile","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Utile","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Utile","lemma":"utile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies dieu","gloss":"Useful"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies dieu","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"serein","lemma":"serein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with implacable","gloss":"serene"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l10","source":"Enfants, emmaillota dans ses langes d'airain!","translation":"swaddled as children in his swaddling-bands of bronze!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"emmaillota / langes d'airain","title":"«emmailloter» / «langes»","body":"«emmailloter» = 'to swaddle (a baby) in cloth'; «emmaillota» is the literary past historic (passé simple). «langes» are an infant's swaddling-clothes. The «dieu de l'Utile» (god of the Useful — modern utilitarian industry) binds children from birth in «langes d'airain», bands of bronze: a brutal image of bodies cramped by an iron, mercantile age."}],"words":[{"surface":"Enfants","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicate complement of Que (corps)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"emmaillota","lemma":"emmailloter","morphology":"verb, past historic, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swaddled"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking langes","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of langes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"langes","lemma":"lange","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies emmaillota","gloss":"swaddling-bands"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking airain","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"airain","lemma":"airain","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies langes","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l11","source":"Et vous, femmes, hélas! pâles comme des cierges,","translation":"And you, women, alas! pale as altar candles,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"head of the phrase (vocative)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"femmes","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to vous","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"hélas","lemma":"hélas","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, parenthetical","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"pâles","lemma":"pâle","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies vous/femmes","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cierges","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cierges","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"cierges","lemma":"cierge","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comme (comparison)","gloss":"candles"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l12","source":"Que ronge et que nourrit la débauche, et vous, vierges,","translation":"whom debauchery gnaws and feeds at once, and you, virgins,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Que ronge et que nourrit la débauche","title":"Inverted subject after relative «que»","body":"«que» is the object relative ('whom'); the subject «la débauche» (debauchery) is inverted to the end of the clause, after its two verbs: «Que ronge et que nourrit la débauche» = 'whom debauchery gnaws and nourishes'. The paradox is deliberate: the same vice that consumes these women is what keeps them alive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of ronge, refers back to vous/femmes (l11)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ronge","lemma":"ronger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause, subject débauche","gloss":"gnaws"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of nourrit, repeated relative pronoun for parallelism","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"nourrit","lemma":"nourrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with ronge, subject débauche","gloss":"feeds"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of débauche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"débauche","lemma":"débauche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ronge and nourrit","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"coordinated with vous (l11), new vocative","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vierges","lemma":"vierge","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to vous","gloss":"virgins"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l13","source":"Du vice maternel traînant l'hérédité","translation":"dragging the heredity of your mothers' vice","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vice, postponed modifier of hérédité","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vice","lemma":"vice","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hérédité","gloss":"vice"},{"surface":"maternel","lemma":"maternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vice","gloss":"maternal"},{"surface":"traînant","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause, modifies the addressees (vous, l11-12)","gloss":"dragging"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hérédité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hérédité","lemma":"hérédité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of traînant","gloss":"heredity"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s2-l14","source":"Et toutes les hideurs de la fécondité!","translation":"and all the hideousnesses of fecundity!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toutes","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies hideurs","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hideurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hideurs","lemma":"hideur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, coordinated with hérédité as direct object of traînant","gloss":"hideousnesses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fécondité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fécondité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fécondité","lemma":"fécondité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hideurs","gloss":"fecundity"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l1","source":"Nous avons, il est vrai, nations corrompues,","translation":"We have, it is true, corrupted nations that we are,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of avons","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"avons","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est (parenthetical il est vrai)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause il est vrai","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vrai","lemma":"vrai","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"nations","lemma":"nation","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of avons","gloss":"nations"},{"surface":"corrompues","lemma":"corrompu","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies nations","gloss":"corrupted"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l2","source":"Aux peuples anciens des beautés inconnues:","translation":"beauties unknown to the ancient peoples:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aux peuples anciens des beautés inconnues","title":"«inconnu à» + displaced word order","body":"«inconnu à qqn» = 'unknown to someone'. The natural prose order is «des beautés inconnues aux peuples anciens» ('beauties unknown to the ancient peoples'); the verse fronts «Aux peuples anciens» across the line break for the rhyme. «Nous avons ... des beautés» from the previous line completes the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking peuples; dative complement of inconnues (unknown to the ancient peoples), not an indirect object of an elided verb","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"peuples","lemma":"peuple","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Aux, dative complement of inconnues — 'des beautés inconnues aux peuples anciens' = beauties unknown to the ancient peoples; avons (l1) already governs beautés as its direct object, there is no elided 'donné'","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"anciens","lemma":"ancien","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies peuples","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of beautés","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"beautés","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of the elided verb (avons), parallel to nations","gloss":"beauties"},{"surface":"inconnues","lemma":"inconnu","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies beautés","gloss":"unknown"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l3","source":"Des visages rongés par les chancres du coeur,","translation":"faces eaten away by the cankers of the heart,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of visages","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"visages","lemma":"visage","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of the elided verb (avons), parallel to beautés","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"rongés","lemma":"ronger","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies visages","gloss":"eaten away"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chancres","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chancres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chancres","lemma":"chancre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of rongés","gloss":"cankers"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chancres","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l4","source":"Et comme qui dirait des beautés de langueur;","translation":"and, as one might say, beauties of languor;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"comme qui dirait","title":"«comme qui dirait»","body":"«comme qui dirait» is a fixed colloquial phrase meaning 'so to speak, as it were, something like'. It softens or hedges the phrase that follows — here «des beautés de langueur» ('beauties of languor') — letting Baudelaire half-ironically grant the modern age its own sickly, drooping kind of beauty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the idiom comme qui dirait","gloss":"as","note":"'comme qui dirait' is a fixed idiom meaning 'so to speak.'"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dirait","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dirait","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical idiom comme qui dirait","gloss":"might say"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of beautés","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"beautés","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of the elided verb (avons), parallel to visages","gloss":"beauties"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking langueur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"langueur","lemma":"langueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies beautés","gloss":"languor"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l5","source":"Mais ces inventions de nos muses tardives","translation":"But these inventions of our belated muses","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of inventions","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"inventions","lemma":"invention","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of empêcheront (l6)","gloss":"inventions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muses","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of muses","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"muses","lemma":"muse","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies inventions","gloss":"muses"},{"surface":"tardives","lemma":"tardif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies muses","gloss":"belated"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l6","source":"N'empêcheront jamais les races maladives","translation":"will never prevent our sickly races","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"N'empêcheront jamais ... De rendre","title":"«empêcher qqn de» + infinitive","body":"«empêcher quelqu'un de faire» = 'to prevent someone from doing', always with «de» before the infinitive — which here arrives only on the next line («De rendre à la jeunesse un hommage profond»). «N'empêcheront jamais» is the future of «empêcher» negated by «ne ... jamais» (never)."}],"words":[{"surface":"N'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies empêcheront","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"empêcheront","lemma":"empêcher","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject inventions (l5)","gloss":"will prevent"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies empêcheront","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of races","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"races","lemma":"race","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of empêcheront","gloss":"races"},{"surface":"maladives","lemma":"maladif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies races","gloss":"sickly"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l7","source":"De rendre à la jeunesse un hommage profond,","translation":"from rendering deep homage to youth,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of rendre (complement of empêcheront)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"rendre","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of empêcheront (l6)","gloss":"rendering"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeunesse","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of jeunesse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeunesse","lemma":"jeunesse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rendre","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hommage","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hommage","lemma":"hommage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of rendre","gloss":"homage"},{"surface":"profond","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hommage","gloss":"deep"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l8","source":"— À la sainte jeunesse, à l'air simple, au doux front,","translation":"— to holy youth, with its simple air, its gentle brow,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeunesse, restates the oblique argument of rendre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of jeunesse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sainte","lemma":"saint","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies jeunesse","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"jeunesse","lemma":"jeunesse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking air, coordinated with À","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with jeunesse (its air)","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"simple","lemma":"simple","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies air","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking front, coordinated with À","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies front","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with jeunesse (its brow)","gloss":"brow"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l9","source":"À l'oeil limpide et clair ainsi qu'une eau courante,","translation":"to the eye limpid and clear as running water,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ainsi qu'une eau courante","title":"«ainsi que» = comme","body":"«ainsi que» here means 'just as, like' (a literary equivalent of «comme»), introducing the comparison «limpide et clair ainsi qu'une eau courante» = 'limpid and clear as running water'. Elsewhere «ainsi que» can mean 'as well as'; context — a likeness, not an addition — settles the sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oeil, coordinated with the preceding À/au","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with jeunesse (its eye)","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"limpide","lemma":"limpide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"limpid"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"clair","lemma":"clair","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with limpide","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"completes ainsi que","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of eau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of ainsi que (comparison)","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"courante","lemma":"courant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies eau","gloss":"running"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l10","source":"Et qui va répandant sur tout, insouciante","translation":"and which goes scattering over everything, carefree,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"va répandant","title":"«aller» + present participle","body":"«aller» + a present participle expresses a continuing, gradually spreading action: «qui va répandant sur tout» = 'which keeps scattering / goes on spreading over everything'. The relative «qui» refers to «la sainte jeunesse»; «insouciante» (carefree, heedless) agrees with it in the feminine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of va, refers to jeunesse","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of répandant (periphrastic progressive)","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"répandant","lemma":"répandre","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main predicate with va (progressive), depends on qui","gloss":"scattering"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tout","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of sur, depends on répandant","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"insouciante","lemma":"insouciant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies qui (jeunesse)","gloss":"carefree"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l11","source":"Comme l'azur du ciel, les oiseaux et les fleurs,","translation":"like the blue of the sky, the birds, and the flowers,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azur","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of azur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"azur","lemma":"azur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"azure"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies azur","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oiseaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oiseaux","lemma":"oiseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with azur","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fleurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with oiseaux","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues-s3-l12","source":"Ses parfums, ses chansons et ses douces chaleurs!","translation":"its perfumes, its songs, and its sweet warmths!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of parfums","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"parfums","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"perfumes"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chansons","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"chansons","lemma":"chanson","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with parfums","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chaleurs","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"douces","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies chaleurs","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"chaleurs","lemma":"chaleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with chansons","gloss":"warmths"}]}]}