{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"l-albatros","title":{"source":"L'Albatros","translated":"The Albatross"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-albatros","lines":16},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/benediction","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/elevation","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"l-albatros-s1-l1","source":"Souvent, pour s'amuser, les hommes d'équipage","translation":"Often, to amuse themselves, the men of the crew","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'amuser","title":"Reflexive verb","body":"«s'amuser» is the pronominal form of «amuser». The reflexive pronoun «se» turns 'to amuse' into 'to amuse oneself / to have fun'. «pour s'amuser» = 'for fun, to pass the time'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Souvent","lemma":"souvent","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Prennent (next line)","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of amuser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of amuser","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"amuser","lemma":"amuser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying Prennent (next line)","gloss":"amuse"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hommes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hommes","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Prennent (next line)","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking équipage","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"équipage","lemma":"équipage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hommes","gloss":"crew"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"l-albatros-s1-l2","source":"Prennent des albatros, vastes oiseaux des mers,","translation":"Catch albatrosses, vast birds of the seas,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Prennent","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of albatros","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"albatros","lemma":"albatros","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Prennent","gloss":"albatrosses"},{"surface":"vastes","lemma":"vaste","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies oiseaux","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"oiseaux","lemma":"oiseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to albatros","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mers","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies oiseaux","gloss":"seas"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"l-albatros-s1-l3","source":"Qui suivent, indolents compagnons de voyage,","translation":"That follow, indolent companions of the voyage,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of suivent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"suivent","lemma":"suivre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on albatros/oiseaux","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"indolents","lemma":"indolent","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies compagnons","gloss":"indolent"},{"surface":"compagnons","lemma":"compagnon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Qui (indolent companions)","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voyage","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voyage","lemma":"voyage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies compagnons","gloss":"voyage"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"l-albatros-s1-l4","source":"Le navire glissant sur les gouffres amers.","translation":"The ship gliding over the bitter gulfs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gouffres amers","title":"gouffre (m.)","body":"«gouffre» = abyss, chasm, gulf. «amer/amère» = bitter. «les gouffres amers» — 'the bitter gulfs' — is Baudelaire's image for the sea itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of navire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"navire","lemma":"navire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of suivent (previous line)","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"glissant","lemma":"glisser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies navire","gloss":"gliding"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouffres","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gouffres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouffres","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of glissant","gloss":"gulfs"},{"surface":"amers","lemma":"amer","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gouffres","gloss":"bitter"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"l-albatros-s2-l1","source":"À peine les ont-ils déposés sur les planches,","translation":"Scarcely have they laid them on the planks,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase à peine, modifying déposés","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"peine","lemma":"peine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase à peine, modifying déposés","gloss":"hardly","note":"à peine is a fixed phrase meaning 'scarcely, hardly'; peine alone means 'pain, difficulty.'"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of ont déposés","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of déposés","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"-ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ont déposés","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"déposés","lemma":"déposer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking planches","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of planches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"planches","lemma":"planche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of déposés","gloss":"planks"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"l-albatros-s2-l2","source":"Que ces rois de l'azur, maladroits et honteux,","translation":"Than these kings of the azure, clumsy and ashamed,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with à peine (no sooner...than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rois","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"rois","lemma":"roi","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Laissent (next line)","gloss":"kings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of azur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"azur","lemma":"azur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rois","gloss":"azure"},{"surface":"maladroits","lemma":"maladroit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rois","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"honteux","lemma":"honteux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with maladroits","gloss":"ashamed"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"l-albatros-s2-l3","source":"Laissent piteusement leurs grandes ailes blanches","translation":"Pitifully let their great white wings","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Laissent","lemma":"laisser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"piteusement","lemma":"piteusement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Laissent","gloss":"pitifully"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ailes","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ailes","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ailes","lemma":"aile","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Laissent","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"blanches","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ailes","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"l-albatros-s2-l4","source":"Comme des avirons traîner à côté d'eux.","translation":"Drag like oars beside them.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking avirons","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of avirons","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"avirons","lemma":"aviron","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of traîner (comparison)","gloss":"oars"},{"surface":"traîner","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Laissent (previous line)","gloss":"drag"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking côté","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"côté","lemma":"côté","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of traîner","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eux","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies côté","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"l-albatros-s3-l1","source":"Ce voyageur ailé, comme il est gauche et veule!","translation":"This winged voyager, how awkward and weak he is!","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of voyageur","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"voyageur","lemma":"voyageur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est (est gauche)","gloss":"voyager"},{"surface":"ailé","lemma":"ailé","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies voyageur","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamative clause of gauche","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to gauche","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gauche","lemma":"gauche","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"awkward"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"veule","lemma":"veule","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with gauche","gloss":"weak"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"l-albatros-s3-l2","source":"Lui, naguère si beau, qu'il est comique et laid!","translation":"He, but lately so fair, how comical and ugly!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic subject of est, in apposition to voyageur","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"naguère","lemma":"naguère","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beau","gloss":"lately"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beau (intensifier)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"beau","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Lui","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamative clause of comique","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to comique","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"comique","lemma":"comique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"comical"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"laid","lemma":"laid","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with comique","gloss":"ugly"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"l-albatros-s3-l3","source":"L'un agace son bec avec un brûle-gueule,","translation":"One man teases his beak with a stubby pipe,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of un","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of agace","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"agace","lemma":"agacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"teases"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bec","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bec","lemma":"bec","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of agace","gloss":"beak"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brûle-gueule","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brûle","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brûle","lemma":"brûle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of avec, first part of the compound brûle-gueule","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"gueule","lemma":"gueule","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"compound with brûle","gloss":"mouth","note":"brûle-gueule (lit. 'mouth-burner') is French slang for a small, stubby pipe — rendered 'stubby pipe' in the translation."}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"l-albatros-s3-l4","source":"L'autre mime, en boitant, l'infirme qui volait!","translation":"Another mimics, limping, the cripple who once flew!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of autre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"autre","lemma":"autre","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of mime","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"mime","lemma":"mimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mimics"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boitant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"boitant","lemma":"boiter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial gerund modifying mime","gloss":"limping"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of infirme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"infirme","lemma":"infirme","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"direct object of mime","gloss":"cripple"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of volait","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"volait","lemma":"voler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on infirme","gloss":"once flew"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"l-albatros-s4-l1","source":"Le Poète est semblable au prince des nuées","translation":"The Poet is like the prince of the clouds","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Poète","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of semblable","gloss":"Poet"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to semblable","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"semblable","lemma":"semblable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prince","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prince","lemma":"prince","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of semblable","gloss":"prince"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuées","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"nuées","lemma":"nuée","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies prince","gloss":"clouds"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"l-albatros-s4-l2","source":"Qui hante la tempête et se rit de l'archer;","translation":"Who haunts the tempest and laughs at the archer;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se rit de","title":"se rire de qqch.","body":"«se rire de» is a reflexive verb meaning 'to laugh at / to mock / to make light of'. It takes «de» before its object: «se rire de l'archer» = 'to mock the archer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hante","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hante","lemma":"hanter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Poète","gloss":"haunts"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tempête","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tempête","lemma":"tempête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hante","gloss":"tempest"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of the idiom se rire de","gloss":"himself","note":"se rire de is an idiom meaning 'to laugh at, mock.'"},{"surface":"rit","lemma":"rire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with hante","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of archer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"archer","lemma":"archer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rit","gloss":"archer"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"l-albatros-s4-l3","source":"Exilé sur le sol au milieu des huées,","translation":"Exiled on the ground amid the jeering throng,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Exilé","lemma":"exiler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Poète (appositive)","gloss":"exiled"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Exilé","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking milieu","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"milieu","lemma":"milieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Exilé","gloss":"midst"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huées","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"huées","lemma":"huée","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies milieu","gloss":"jeers"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"l-albatros-s4-l4","source":"Ses ailes de géant l'empêchent de marcher.","translation":"His giant's wings prevent him from walking.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ailes","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ailes","lemma":"aile","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of empêchent","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking géant","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"géant","lemma":"géant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ailes","gloss":"giant"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of empêchent","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"empêchent","lemma":"empêcher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prevent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of marcher","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"marcher","lemma":"marcher","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of empêchent","gloss":"walking"}]}]}