{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"l-ame-du-vin","title":{"source":"L'Âme du vin","translated":"The Soul of Wine"},"section":"Wine","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-ame-du-vin","lines":24},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-crepuscule-du-matin","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-vin-des-chiffonniers","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s1-l1","source":"Un soir, l'âme du vin chantait dans les bouteilles:","translation":"One evening the soul of the wine sang in the bottles:","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"l'âme du vin","title":"âme (f.)","body":"«une âme» = 'a soul'. The title names the speaker: the whole poem after the colon is sung by «l'âme du vin» itself. «chantait» is the imperfect of «chanter» ('to sing'), setting an ongoing scene — one evening the wine was singing — before the long speech in «guillemets» begins."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, time of chantait","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of chantait","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vin","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"chantait","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouteilles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bouteilles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bouteilles","lemma":"bouteille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of chantait","gloss":"bottles"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s1-l2","source":"«Homme, vers toi je pousse, ô cher déshérité,","translation":"\"Man, toward you I send forth, O dear disinherited one,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cher déshérité","title":"déshérité","body":"«déshérité» = 'disinherited, dispossessed' — literally cut off from an inheritance, by extension the poor and downtrodden. The wine addresses the laboring man as «cher déshérité», the one whom the world has left with nothing, and offers itself as his consolation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toi","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique argument of pousse","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pousse","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pousse","lemma":"pousser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"send forth"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before déshérité","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"cher","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies déshérité","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"déshérité","lemma":"déshérité","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Homme (vocative)","gloss":"disinherited one"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s1-l3","source":"Sous ma prison de verre et mes cires vermeilles,","translation":"Beneath my prison of glass and my crimson waxes,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prison","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prison","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"prison","lemma":"prison","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"verre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies prison","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cires","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cires","lemma":"cire","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with prison","gloss":"waxes"},{"surface":"vermeilles","lemma":"vermeil","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cires","gloss":"crimson"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s1-l4","source":"Un chant plein de lumière et de fraternité!","translation":"A song full of light and of brotherhood!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chant","lemma":"chant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lumière","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lumière","lemma":"lumière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fraternité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fraternité","lemma":"fraternité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with chant","gloss":"brotherhood"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s2-l1","source":"Je sais combien il faut, sur la colline en flamme,","translation":"I know how much it takes, on the flaming hillside,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"combien il faut","title":"«il faut» (impersonal)","body":"«il faut» = 'it is necessary / one needs', the impersonal verb «falloir» that exists only in the third person «il». «combien il faut… de peine, de sueur» = 'how much toil, sweat… it takes'; the things needed follow with «de» across the next two lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sais","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"combien","lemma":"combien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faut","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"expletive subject of faut","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"faut","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of sais","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colline","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of colline","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"colline","lemma":"colline","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of faut","gloss":"hillside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flamme","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"flamme","lemma":"flamme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies colline","gloss":"flame"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s2-l2","source":"De peine, de sueur et de soleil cuisant","translation":"Of toil, of sweat, and of scorching sun","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking peine, complement of faut (previous line)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"peine","lemma":"peine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of faut (previous line)","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sueur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sueur","lemma":"sueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with peine","gloss":"sweat"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with peine","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"cuisant","lemma":"cuire","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying soleil","gloss":"scorching"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s2-l3","source":"Pour engendrer ma vie et pour me donner l'âme;","translation":"To engender my life and to give me a soul;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of engendrer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"engendrer","lemma":"engendrer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"engender"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of engendrer","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of donner","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of donner","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"donner","lemma":"donner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with engendrer","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of donner","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s2-l4","source":"Mais je ne serai point ingrat ni malfaisant,","translation":"But I will be neither ungrateful nor malevolent,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne… point","title":"«ne… point» (emphatic negation)","body":"«ne… point» is a literary, emphatic 'not at all' — stronger than plain «ne… pas». «ni… ni» then chains the negatives: «ingrat ni malfaisant» = 'neither ungrateful nor harmful'. The wine swears it will not repay the laborer's sweat with cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of serai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates serai (with point)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"serai","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ingrat","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"point","lemma":"point","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates serai (with ne)","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ingrat","lemma":"ingrat","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective after serai","gloss":"ungrateful"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"malfaisant","lemma":"malfaisant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ingrat","gloss":"malevolent"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s3-l1","source":"Car j'éprouve une joie immense quand je tombe","translation":"For I feel an immense joy when I fall","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Car","lemma":"car","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of éprouve","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"éprouve","lemma":"éprouver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of joie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"joie","lemma":"joie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of éprouve","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"immense","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies joie","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of tombe","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of tombe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tombe","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"adverbial clause on éprouve","gloss":"fall"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s3-l2","source":"Dans le gosier d'un homme usé par ses travaux,","translation":"Into the gullet of a man worn out by his labors,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le gosier","title":"gosier (m.)","body":"«le gosier» = 'the throat, the gullet' — the everyday, slightly coarse word for the passage drink goes down. «usé par ses travaux» = 'worn out by his labors'; the wine rejoices to pour into the very throat of the exhausted worker it means to revive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gosier","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gosier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gosier","lemma":"gosier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gullet"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking homme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gosier","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"usé","lemma":"user","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying homme","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking travaux","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of travaux","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"travaux","lemma":"travail","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of usé","gloss":"labours"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s3-l3","source":"Et sa chaude poitrine est une douce tombe","translation":"And his warm breast is a sweet tomb","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of poitrine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"chaude","lemma":"chaud","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies poitrine","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"poitrine","lemma":"poitrine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tombe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tombe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"douce","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tombe","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"tombe","lemma":"tombe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal after est","gloss":"tomb","note":"Here 'tombe' is the noun 'tomb', not the verb 'falls'."}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s3-l4","source":"Où je me plais bien mieux que dans mes froids caveaux.","translation":"Where I please myself far better than in my cold cellars.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je me plais","title":"Reflexive «se plaire»","body":"«se plaire» = 'to take pleasure, to be happy (somewhere)'. The reflexive «me» makes the wine the one delighting: «je me plais bien mieux» = 'I am far happier'. It would rather lodge in the man's warm chest — «une douce tombe» — than in its «froids caveaux», its cold cellars."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb referring to poitrine (previous line)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of plais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of plais","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"plais","lemma":"plaire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mieux","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"mieux","lemma":"mieux","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plais","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of caveaux","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking caveaux","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of caveaux","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"froids","lemma":"froid","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies caveaux","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"caveaux","lemma":"caveau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of plais","gloss":"cellars"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s4-l1","source":"Entends-tu retentir les refrains des dimanches","translation":"Do you hear ringing out the refrains of Sundays","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Entends-tu","title":"Inversion in questions","body":"«Entends-tu… ?» = 'Do you hear… ?'. French forms a question by inverting verb and subject pronoun, joined by a hyphen: «tu entends» becomes «entends-tu». «retentir» = 'to ring out, to resound'; the wine asks the man to hear the Sunday refrains echoing in it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Entends","lemma":"entendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Entends","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"retentir","lemma":"retentir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Entends","gloss":"ringing out"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of refrains","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"refrains","lemma":"refrain","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of retentir (postposed subject of the intransitive infinitive after Entends)","gloss":"refrains"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dimanches","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dimanches","lemma":"dimanche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies refrains","gloss":"Sundays"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s4-l2","source":"Et l'espoir qui gazouille en mon sein palpitant?","translation":"And the hope that warbles in my throbbing breast?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gazouille","title":"gazouiller","body":"«gazouiller» = 'to warble, to chirp, to babble' — the sound of birdsong or a stream. Applied to «l'espoir» ('hope'), it lets hope twitter like a bird «en mon sein palpitant», in the wine's throbbing breast, as if the bottle itself were alive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espoir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espoir","lemma":"espoir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with refrains (previous line), subject of retentir","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gazouille","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gazouille","lemma":"gazouiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on espoir","gloss":"warbles"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sein","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sein","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of gazouille","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"palpitant","lemma":"palpitant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sein","gloss":"throbbing"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s4-l3","source":"Les coudes sur la table et retroussant tes manches,","translation":"Your elbows on the table and rolling up your sleeves,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of coudes","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"coudes","lemma":"coude","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"elbows"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking table","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of table","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"table","lemma":"table","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies coudes","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"retroussant","lemma":"retrousser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated absolute clause modifying tu (next line)","gloss":"rolling up"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of manches","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"manches","lemma":"manche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of retroussant","gloss":"sleeves"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s4-l4","source":"Tu me glorifieras et tu seras content;","translation":"You will glorify me and you will be content;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of glorifieras","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of glorifieras","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"glorifieras","lemma":"glorifier","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will glorify"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of seras","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"seras","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to content","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"content","lemma":"content","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective after seras","gloss":"content"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s5-l1","source":"J'allumerai les yeux de ta femme ravie;","translation":"I will light up the eyes of your delighted wife;","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of allumerai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"allumerai","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will light up"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of allumerai","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking femme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of femme","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ravie","lemma":"ravir","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies femme","gloss":"delighted"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s5-l2","source":"À ton fils je rendrai sa force et ses couleurs","translation":"To your son I will give back his strength and his color","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je rendrai","title":"«rendre» (to give back)","body":"«rendre» = 'to give back, to restore'; «je rendrai» is its future. Distinct from «donner» ('to give'), it means returning what was lost. The wine promises to restore the pale, frail son's «force» and «couleurs» — his strength and his healthy color."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fils","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of fils","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"fils","lemma":"fils","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of rendrai","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of rendrai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rendrai","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give back"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of force","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"force","lemma":"force","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of rendrai","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of couleurs","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"couleurs","lemma":"couleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with force","gloss":"colour"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s5-l3","source":"Et serai pour ce frêle athlète de la vie","translation":"And will be for this frail athlete of life","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"serai","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to huile (predicate, next line)","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking athlète","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of athlète","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"frêle","lemma":"frêle","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies athlète","gloss":"frail"},{"surface":"athlète","lemma":"athlète","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"athlete"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies athlète","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s5-l4","source":"L'huile qui raffermit les muscles des lutteurs.","translation":"The oil that firms the muscles of wrestlers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les lutteurs","title":"lutteur / raffermir","body":"«un lutteur» = 'a wrestler, a fighter'; «raffermir» = 'to make firm again, to strengthen'. The image is antique: athletes oiled their bodies before a bout, so the wine becomes «l'huile», the very oil that hardens the wrestler's muscles for the contest of life."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of huile","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huile","lemma":"huile","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of serai (previous line)","gloss":"oil"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of raffermit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"raffermit","lemma":"raffermir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on huile","gloss":"firms"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of muscles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muscles","lemma":"muscle","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of raffermit","gloss":"muscles"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lutteurs","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lutteurs","lemma":"lutteur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies muscles","gloss":"wrestlers"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s6-l1","source":"En toi je tomberai, végétale ambroisie,","translation":"Into you I will fall, vegetal ambrosia,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toi","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"oblique argument of tomberai","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of tomberai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tomberai","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will fall"},{"surface":"végétale","lemma":"végétal","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ambroisie","gloss":"vegetal"},{"surface":"ambroisie","lemma":"ambroisie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to je (subject)","gloss":"ambrosia"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s6-l2","source":"Grain précieux jeté par l'éternel Semeur,","translation":"Precious grain cast by the eternal Sower,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Grain","lemma":"grain","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to je/ambroisie (previous line)","gloss":"grain"},{"surface":"précieux","lemma":"précieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies Grain","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"jeté","lemma":"jeter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Grain","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Semeur","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Semeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"éternel","lemma":"éternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Semeur","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"Semeur","lemma":"semeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of jeté","gloss":"Sower"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s6-l3","source":"Pour que de notre amour naisse la poésie","translation":"So that from our love poetry may be born","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Pour que… naisse","title":"«pour que» + subjunctive","body":"«pour que» ('so that, in order that') always takes the subjunctive. «naisse» is the present subjunctive of «naître» ('to be born'). «Pour que… naisse la poésie» = 'so that poetry may be born' — the wine's whole purpose, framed as a wish whose fulfillment is not yet certain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of naisse","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of naisse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amour","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"notre","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of amour","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of naisse (object of de)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"naisse","lemma":"naître","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may be born"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of poésie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poésie","lemma":"poésie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of naisse","gloss":"poetry"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"l-ame-du-vin-s6-l4","source":"Qui jaillira vers Dieu comme une rare fleur!»","translation":"That will spring up toward God like a rare flower!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"jaillira","title":"jaillir","body":"«jaillir» = 'to gush, to spurt, to spring up' — sudden upward motion, of water or flame. The future «jaillira» sends the new-born poetry leaping «vers Dieu», toward God, «comme une rare fleur» — closing the poem on the «fleur» that gives the whole book its title."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of jaillira","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jaillira","lemma":"jaillir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will spring up"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dieu","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique argument of jaillira","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleur","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fleur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rare","lemma":"rare","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fleur","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"fleur","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of jaillira","gloss":"flower"}]}]}