{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"l-amour-du-mensonge","title":{"source":"L'Amour du mensonge","translated":"The Love of the Lie"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-amour-du-mensonge","lines":24},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/danse-macabre","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/je-n-ai-pas-oublie-voisine-de-la-ville","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s1-l1","source":"Quand je te vois passer, ô ma chère indolente,","translation":"When I see you pass by, O my dear indolent one,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"indolente","title":"indolent(e)","body":"«indolent(e)» means 'languid, listless, free of pain or care', from Latin «indolens». Here it is an affectionate address — «ma chère indolente», 'my dear languid one' — naming the woman by her slow, untroubled grace, the «allure harmonieuse et lente» of the next stanza."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vois","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vois","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"direct object of vois","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vois","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"passer","lemma":"passer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vois","gloss":"pass by"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the vocative phrase","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chère","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"chère","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective used as noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"indolente","lemma":"indolent","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chère","gloss":"indolent"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s1-l2","source":"Au chant des instruments qui se brise au plafond","translation":"To the song of the instruments that breaks against the ceiling","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui se brise","title":"Pronominal verb «se briser»","body":"«se briser» is the pronominal form of «briser», 'to break', used here intransitively: 'to break, to shatter' on its own. The music «se brise au plafond» — breaks against the ceiling like a wave — so the relative clause «qui se brise» describes the «chant des instruments» dispersing overhead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted with le","role":"preposition marking chant","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"chant","lemma":"chant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contracted with le, plural","role":"preposition marking instruments","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"instruments","lemma":"instrument","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"instruments"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of brise","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on brise","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"brise","lemma":"briser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on chant","gloss":"breaks","note":"singular verb shows 'qui' refers back to 'chant', not the plural 'instruments'."},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted with le","role":"preposition marking plafond","gloss":"against the"},{"surface":"plafond","lemma":"plafond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of brise","gloss":"ceiling"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s1-l3","source":"Suspendant ton allure harmonieuse et lente,","translation":"Suspending your bearing, harmonious and slow,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Suspendant","lemma":"suspendre","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspending"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of allure","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"allure","lemma":"allure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Suspendant","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"harmonieuse","lemma":"harmonieux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies allure","gloss":"harmonious"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lente","lemma":"lent","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with harmonieuse","gloss":"slow"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s1-l4","source":"Et promenant l'ennui de ton regard profond;","translation":"And parading the weariness of your deep gaze;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"promenant l'ennui","title":"promener; l'ennui","body":"«promener» is literally 'to walk, to take for a stroll'; «promener l'ennui de ton regard» = 'to parade / carry about the boredom of your gaze'. «l'ennui» is the heavy Baudelairean weariness, here worn and displayed like the woman herself — the present participle «promenant» links it to «Suspendant» in the line above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"promenant","lemma":"promener","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Suspendant","gloss":"parading"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ennui","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ennui","lemma":"ennui","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of promenant","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of regard","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"regard","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ennui","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"profond","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies regard","gloss":"deep"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s2-l1","source":"Quand je contemple, aux feux du gaz qui le colore,","translation":"When I gaze, by the gaslight that tints it,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of contemple","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of contemple","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"contemple","lemma":"contempler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted with le, plural","role":"preposition marking feux","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"feux","lemma":"feu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of contemple","gloss":"lights"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gaz","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"gaz","lemma":"gaz","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies feux","gloss":"gas"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of colore","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, direct object, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of colore (refers forward to front, next line)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"colore","lemma":"colorer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on gaz (singular verb 'colore' agrees with 'gaz', not plural 'feux')","gloss":"tints"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s2-l2","source":"Ton front pâle, embelli par un morbide attrait,","translation":"Your pale brow, made lovelier by a morbid charm,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"embelli par un morbide attrait","title":"embellir; morbide; l'attrait","body":"«embellir» is 'to make beautiful, to embellish'; the past participle «embelli» agrees with «ton front» (masculine). «un morbide attrait» = 'a morbid attraction / charm'. The brow is beautified not in spite of but by something sickly — a key Baudelairean paradox, beauty heightened by decay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (object of colore, previous line)","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"pâle","lemma":"pâle","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies front","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"embelli","lemma":"embellir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies front","gloss":"made lovelier"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking attrait","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of attrait","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"morbide","lemma":"morbide","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies attrait","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"attrait","lemma":"attrait","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of embelli","gloss":"charm"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s2-l3","source":"Où les torches du soir allument une aurore,","translation":"Where the evening's torches kindle a dawn,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on front (previous line)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of torches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"torches","lemma":"torche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of allument","gloss":"torches"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soir","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies torches","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"allument","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kindle"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aurore","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aurore","lemma":"aurore","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of allument","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s2-l4","source":"Et tes yeux attirants comme ceux d'un portrait,","translation":"And your eyes, alluring like those of a portrait,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"comme ceux d'un portrait","title":"Demonstrative pronoun «ceux»","body":"«ceux» is the masculine plural demonstrative pronoun, standing in for «les yeux» so it need not be repeated: «tes yeux... comme ceux d'un portrait» = 'your eyes... like those of a portrait'. The comparison is already the poem's warning — her eyes are as beautiful, and as empty of life, as those painted on a canvas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"attirants","lemma":"attirant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"alluring"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ceux","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ceux","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comme, compared to yeux","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portrait","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of portrait","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"portrait","lemma":"portrait","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ceux","gloss":"portrait"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s3-l1","source":"Je me dis: Qu'elle est belle! et bizarrement fraîche!","translation":"I say to myself: How beautiful she is! and strangely fresh!","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je me dis","title":"Reflexive «se dire»","body":"«se dire» is the reflexive of «dire», 'to say (to oneself)': «je me dis» = 'I say to myself, I think'. The reflexive pronoun «me» marks the speech as inward — the poet's private admiration — and «Qu'elle est belle!» is the exclamative «que» + adjective, 'how beautiful she is!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"depends on dis","gloss":"to myself","note":"me dis = say to myself (reflexive)."},{"surface":"dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces exclamation with belle (qu'elle est belle! = how beautiful she is!)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of belle","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to belle","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"belle","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, clausal complement of dis","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bizarrement","lemma":"bizarrement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fraîche","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"fraîche","lemma":"frais","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fresh"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s3-l2","source":"Le souvenir massif, royale et lourde tour,","translation":"Memory, massive, a royal and heavy tower,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Le souvenir massif... lourde tour","title":"le souvenir; la tour","body":"«le souvenir» is 'memory, remembrance'; «la tour» is a tower (feminine). The memory she carries is imagined as a «royale et lourde tour» — a royal, heavy tower — crowning her: a weight of the past that makes her seem ripe, «mûr... pour le savant amour», ready for a knowing, practiced love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of souvenir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"souvenir","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of couronne (next line)","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"massif","lemma":"massif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies souvenir","gloss":"massive"},{"surface":"royale","lemma":"royal","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tour","gloss":"royal"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lourde","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tour, coordinated with royale","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"tour","lemma":"tour","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"apposition to souvenir (memory as a tower)","gloss":"tower"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s3-l3","source":"La couronne, et son coeur, meurtri comme une pêche,","translation":"Crowns her, and her heart, bruised like a peach,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of couronne, refers to the woman addressed","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"couronne","lemma":"couronner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject souvenir/tour (previous line)","gloss":"crowns"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with souvenir, subject of Est (next line)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"meurtri","lemma":"meurtrir","morphology":"adjective (past participle), masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"bruised"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pêche","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pêche","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pêche","lemma":"pêche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comme, compared to coeur","gloss":"peach"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s3-l4","source":"Est mûr, comme son corps, pour le savant amour.","translation":"Is ripe, like her body, for the knowing love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le savant amour","title":"savant; mûr","body":"«savant» means 'learned, skilled, expert', not 'savant' in the English sense; «le savant amour» = 'knowing, practised love'. «mûr» is 'ripe'. Heart and body alike are «mûr... pour le savant amour» — ripened by suffering and memory for a love that is experienced rather than innocent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject souvenir/coeur (previous lines)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"mûr","lemma":"mûr","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, depends on Est","gloss":"ripe"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corps","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, compared to coeur","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amour","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"savant","lemma":"savant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amour","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of pour, oblique argument of Est","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s4-l1","source":"Es-tu le fruit d'automne aux saveurs souveraines?","translation":"Are you the autumn fruit of sovereign savors?","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Es-tu","title":"Inversion in questions «Es-tu»","body":"«Es-tu» inverts subject and verb («tu es» → «es-tu») to ask a direct question: 'Are you...?'. This stanza is a chain of such inverted questions — «Es-tu le fruit...? Es-tu vase funèbre...?» — heaping up images the poet projects onto a woman who answers none of them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking tu to fruit, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Es","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fruit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fruit","lemma":"fruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Es","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking automne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"automne","lemma":"automne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fruit","gloss":"autumn"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saveurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"saveurs","lemma":"saveur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fruit","gloss":"savors"},{"surface":"souveraines","lemma":"souverain","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies saveurs","gloss":"sovereign"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s4-l2","source":"Es-tu vase funèbre attendant quelques pleurs,","translation":"Are you a funeral urn awaiting a few tears,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vase funèbre","title":"le vase; funèbre; les pleurs","body":"«un vase funèbre» is a funerary urn or vessel; «funèbre» means 'funereal, of death'. «les pleurs» (always plural here) are tears. The woman may be only an empty urn «attendant quelques pleurs» — waiting to be filled with someone else's grief — one more guess at what, if anything, lies behind her beauty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Es","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking tu to vase, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Es","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vase","lemma":"vase","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Es","gloss":"urn"},{"surface":"funèbre","lemma":"funèbre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vase","gloss":"funeral"},{"surface":"attendant","lemma":"attendre","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying vase","gloss":"awaiting"},{"surface":"quelques","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pleurs","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of attendant","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s4-l3","source":"Parfum qui fait rêver aux oasis lointaines,","translation":"A perfume that sets one dreaming of far oases,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui fait rêver","title":"Causative «faire» + infinitive","body":"«faire» + infinitive is the causative, 'to make / cause (someone) to do': «un parfum qui fait rêver» = 'a perfume that makes [one] dream'. «rêver à» means 'to dream of'. The scent causes a dreaming of «oasis lointaines», distant oases — a far-off mirage, fitting for a poem about loving an illusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Parfum","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate nominal, continuing the Es-tu series)","gloss":"A perfume"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Parfum","gloss":"sets"},{"surface":"rêver","lemma":"rêver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fait","gloss":"dreaming"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oasis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oasis","lemma":"oasis","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of rêver","gloss":"oases"},{"surface":"lointaines","lemma":"lointain","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies oasis","gloss":"far"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s4-l4","source":"Oreiller caressant, ou corbeille de fleurs?","translation":"A caressing pillow, or a basket of flowers?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Oreiller","lemma":"oreiller","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate nominal, continuing the Es-tu series)","gloss":"A pillow"},{"surface":"caressant","lemma":"caresser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies Oreiller","gloss":"caressing"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"corbeille","lemma":"corbeille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Oreiller","gloss":"a basket"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies corbeille","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s5-l1","source":"Je sais qu'il est des yeux, des plus mélancoliques,","translation":"I know there are eyes, of the most melancholy,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"il est des yeux","title":"Literary «il est» = «il y a»","body":"«il est» here is the elevated, literary equivalent of «il y a», 'there is / there are': «il est des yeux» = 'there are eyes'. «des plus mélancoliques» is the idiomatic superlative meaning 'of the most melancholy kind / among the most melancholy', in which «des» (= de + les) stays intact — there is no partitive des→de reduction; a learned register suiting the poet's worldly confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sais","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of yeux","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, expletive, masculine, singular","role":"expletive subject of est (impersonal il est = there are)","gloss":"there","note":"Impersonal il est des yeux = 'there are eyes'; il does not refer to a person."},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause (impersonal construction, il est = there are)","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of est, clausal complement of sais","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner in superlative phrase des plus mélancoliques","gloss":"the","note":"des plus + adjective is a superlative idiom meaning 'extremely'."},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mélancoliques","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"mélancoliques","lemma":"mélancolique","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies yeux (superlative: des plus mélancoliques)","gloss":"melancholy"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s5-l2","source":"Qui ne recèlent point de secrets précieux;","translation":"That conceal no precious secrets at all;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ne recèlent point","title":"receler; ne... point","body":"«receler» is 'to conceal, to harbour, to hold hidden away' (also 'to receive stolen goods'). «ne... point» is an emphatic, literary 'not at all', stronger than «ne... pas». So «ne recèlent point de secrets précieux» = 'hide no precious secrets whatever' — the beautiful, sad eyes may contain nothing at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of recèlent","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies recèlent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"recèlent","lemma":"recèler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conceal"},{"surface":"point","lemma":"point","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation adverb, modifies recèlent (ne...point = not at all)","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"partitive preposition marking secrets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"secrets","lemma":"secret","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of recèlent (partitive de)","gloss":"secrets"},{"surface":"précieux","lemma":"précieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies secrets","gloss":"precious"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s5-l3","source":"Beaux écrins sans joyaux, médaillons sans reliques,","translation":"Fair jewel-cases without jewels, lockets without relics,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"écrins sans joyaux, médaillons sans reliques","title":"l'écrin; le médaillon; la relique","body":"«un écrin» is a case made to hold jewels; «un médaillon» is a locket; «une relique» is a relic, a treasured keepsake. The images are all beautiful containers gone empty — «écrins sans joyaux» (cases without jewels), «médaillons sans reliques» — exactly the woman the poem fears: lovely surface, hollow within."}],"words":[{"surface":"Beaux","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies écrins","gloss":"Fair"},{"surface":"écrins","lemma":"écrin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"jewel-cases"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking joyaux","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"joyaux","lemma":"joyau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sans, complement of écrins","gloss":"jewels"},{"surface":"médaillons","lemma":"médaillon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with écrins","gloss":"lockets"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reliques","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"reliques","lemma":"relique","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of sans, complement of médaillons","gloss":"relics"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s5-l4","source":"Plus vides, plus profonds que vous-mêmes, ô Cieux!","translation":"Emptier, deeper than you yourselves, O Heavens!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vides","gloss":"More"},{"surface":"vides","lemma":"vide","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase, coordinated with yeux/écrins (predicate description)","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies profonds","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"profonds","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vides","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with vous","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"depends on profonds","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"mêmes","lemma":"même","morphology":"pronoun","role":"emphasizes vous (vous-mêmes = yourselves)","gloss":"selves"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before Cieux","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Cieux","lemma":"cieux","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, addressed directly","gloss":"Heavens"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s6-l1","source":"Mais ne suffit-il pas que tu sois l'apparence,","translation":"But is it not enough that you be the appearance,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que tu sois","title":"Subjunctive «sois» after «suffire que»","body":"«sois» is the present subjunctive of «être», 'to be'. The impersonal «il suffit que» ('it is enough that') triggers the subjunctive in its clause: «ne suffit-il pas que tu sois l'apparence» = 'is it not enough that you be the appearance?'. The poet asks for nothing but the surface."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies suffit","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"suffit","lemma":"suffire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"impersonal main verb of the sentence (il suffit que = is it enough that)","gloss":"is enough"},{"surface":"-il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, expletive, masculine, singular","role":"expletive subject of suffit (impersonal construction)","gloss":"it","note":"Impersonal il suffit que = 'is it enough that'; il does not refer to a person."},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies suffit","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of apparence","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sois","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sois","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking tu to apparence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of apparence","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"apparence","lemma":"apparence","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of sois","gloss":"appearance"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s6-l2","source":"Pour réjouir un coeur qui fuit la vérité?","translation":"To gladden a heart that flees the truth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"qui fuit la vérité","title":"fuir; la vérité","body":"«fuir» is 'to flee, to run from' (and can take a direct object: «fuir la vérité» = 'to flee the truth'). «réjouir» is 'to gladden, to delight'. This is the poem's confession: the heart it speaks for is one «qui fuit la vérité», that runs from the truth — content to be charmed by the lovely lie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause with réjouir","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"réjouir","lemma":"réjouir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement in purpose clause (pour + infinitive)","gloss":"gladden"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of réjouir","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fuit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fuit","lemma":"fuir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on coeur","gloss":"flees"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vérité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vérité","lemma":"vérité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of fuit","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s6-l3","source":"Qu'importe ta bêtise ou ton indifférence?","translation":"What does your stupidity or your indifference matter?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qu'importe","title":"Impersonal «qu'importe»","body":"«qu'importe» is a fixed impersonal turn, «que» + «importer» ('to matter'): 'what does it matter, never mind'. «Qu'importe ta bêtise ou ton indifférence?» = 'What do your stupidity or indifference matter?' — the speaker waves away her emptiness, asking only for the beautiful mask."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"interrogative complement of importe (qu'importe = what does it matter)","gloss":"What","note":"Qu'importe is a fixed idiom, 'what does it matter'."},{"surface":"importe","lemma":"importer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does it matter"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bêtise","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bêtise","lemma":"bêtise","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of importe","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of indifférence","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"indifférence","lemma":"indifférence","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with bêtise, subject of importe","gloss":"indifference"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"l-amour-du-mensonge-s6-l4","source":"Masque ou décor, salut! J'adore ta beauté.","translation":"Mask or stage-set, I salute you! I adore your beauty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Masque ou décor, salut!","title":"le masque; le décor; salut","body":"«le masque» is a mask; «le décor» is the painted scenery or stage-set, a façade. «salut!» is a greeting or a hail — here a toast, 'hail! / I salute you!'. The poem ends by openly worshipping the surface: mask or backdrop, real or not, «J'adore ta beauté» — I adore your beauty all the same."}],"words":[{"surface":"Masque","lemma":"masque","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mask"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"décor","lemma":"décor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Masque","gloss":"stage-set"},{"surface":"salut","lemma":"salut","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation addressed to Masque ou décor (I salute you!)","gloss":"hail"},{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of adore","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"adore","lemma":"adorer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adore"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of beauté","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of adore","gloss":"beauty"}]}]}