{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"l-horloge","title":{"source":"L'Horloge","translated":"The Clock"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-horloge","lines":24},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-irremediable","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/paysage","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"l-horloge-s1-l1","source":"Horloge! dieu sinistre, effrayant, impassible,","translation":"Clock! sinister god, terrifying, impassive,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Horloge!","title":"Vocative apostrophe","body":"The poem opens by addressing the clock directly, in the vocative — «Horloge!» with no article. Throughout, the speaker talks to the clock as a person, even a deity («dieu sinistre»), which lets the rest of the poem report what it says to us. «impassible» = 'impassive, unmoved' — the god of time feels nothing for its victims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Horloge","lemma":"horloge","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the exclamation","gloss":"Clock"},{"surface":"dieu","lemma":"dieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Horloge","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"sinistre","lemma":"sinistre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dieu","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"effrayant","lemma":"effrayant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dieu","gloss":"terrifying"},{"surface":"impassible","lemma":"impassible","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with effrayant, modifies dieu","gloss":"impassive"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"l-horloge-s1-l2","source":"Dont le doigt nous menace et nous dit: «Souviens-toi!","translation":"whose finger threatens us and says to us: \"Remember!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dont le doigt","title":"«dont» = whose / of which","body":"«dont» is the relative pronoun replacing «de + which/whom» — here 'whose finger' (the clock's hand, «doigt» also being a 'finger'). It links back to «Horloge» in the line above. The clock-hand becomes a threatening finger, the first of the poem's many puns turning timekeeping into menace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Souviens-toi!","title":"se souvenir (reflexive imperative)","body":"«se souvenir» = 'to remember' is pronominal: it always carries its reflexive pronoun. In the imperative, that pronoun comes after the verb and is stressed — «souviens-toi!» ('remember!'). This command, the «memento» of the title, tolls through the whole poem in three languages."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"determiner of doigt, refers to dieu","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of doigt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doigt","lemma":"doigt","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of menace","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, plural","role":"direct object of menace","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"menace","lemma":"menacer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"threatens"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, plural","role":"indirect object of dit","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with menace","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Souviens","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, second-person, singular","role":"depends on Souviens","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"l-horloge-s1-l3","source":"Les vibrantes Douleurs dans ton coeur plein d'effroi","translation":"The quivering Sorrows in your heart full of dread","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of Douleurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vibrantes","lemma":"vibrant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Douleurs","gloss":"quivering"},{"surface":"Douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of planteront (next line)","gloss":"Sorrows"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of dans, depends on planteront","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking effroi","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"effroi","lemma":"effroi","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', depends on plein","gloss":"dread"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"l-horloge-s1-l4","source":"Se planteront bientôt comme dans une cible;","translation":"will soon plant themselves as in a target;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se planteront","title":"Reflexive future + delayed verb","body":"«se planter» = 'to plant itself, lodge, stick fast'; «se planteront» is its future. The subject «Les vibrantes Douleurs» ('the quivering Sorrows') was named in line 3, but its verb is held back to here, so the sorrows hang suspended over two lines before they strike — like darts «comme dans une cible», 'as in a target'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on planteront","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"planteront","lemma":"planter","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will plant"},{"surface":"bientôt","lemma":"bientôt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies planteront","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cible","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cible","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cible","lemma":"cible","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans, depends on planteront","gloss":"target"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"l-horloge-s2-l1","source":"Le Plaisir vaporeux fuira vers l'horizon","translation":"Hazy Pleasure will flee toward the horizon","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Plaisir","gloss":"[the]"},{"surface":"Plaisir","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fuira","gloss":"Pleasure"},{"surface":"vaporeux","lemma":"vaporeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Plaisir","gloss":"hazy"},{"surface":"fuira","lemma":"fuir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will flee"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horizon","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of horizon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horizon","lemma":"horizon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of vers, depends on fuira","gloss":"horizon"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"l-horloge-s2-l2","source":"Ainsi qu'une sylphide au fond de la coulisse;","translation":"just as a sylph into the back of the wings;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative phrase ainsi que","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison with fuira (previous line)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sylphide","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sylphide","lemma":"sylphide","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided fuira, compared to Plaisir","gloss":"sylph"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"contracted preposition, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"into the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of au, depends on the elided fuira","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coulisse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of coulisse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coulisse","lemma":"coulisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies fond","gloss":"wings (stage)"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"l-horloge-s2-l3","source":"Chaque instant te dévore un morceau du délice","translation":"Each instant devours from you a morsel of the delight","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te dévore un morceau","title":"Ethical dative «te»","body":"Here «te» is not the direct object but a dative of interest: each instant devours 'a morsel' («un morceau») — and devours it from you, to your cost. French often slips in this «te / me» to show whom the action affects. The instant eats your share of joy, bite by bite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Chaque","lemma":"chaque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of instant","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"instant","lemma":"instant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of dévore","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of dévore","gloss":"from you"},{"surface":"dévore","lemma":"dévorer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"devours"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of morceau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"morceau","lemma":"morceau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dévore","gloss":"morsel"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking délice","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"délice","lemma":"délice","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies morceau","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"l-horloge-s2-l4","source":"À chaque homme accordé pour toute sa saison.","translation":"granted to each man for his whole season.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking homme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"chaque","lemma":"chaque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"accordé","lemma":"accorder","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying homme","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saison","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"toute","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies saison","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of saison","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"saison","lemma":"saison","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on accordé","gloss":"season"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"l-horloge-s3-l1","source":"Trois mille six cents fois par heure, la Seconde","translation":"Three thousand six hundred times an hour, the Second","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Trois mille six cents fois par heure","title":"3,600 seconds in an hour","body":"3,600 is the number of seconds in an hour (60 × 60). The «Seconde» (capitalized, personified) whispers its warning once for every tick. The exact arithmetic makes time relentlessly literal — a fixed, countable rate of loss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Trois","lemma":"trois","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies mille","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"numeral","role":"part of the numeral trois mille, quantifies fois","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"six","lemma":"six","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies cents","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"cents","lemma":"cent","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies fois","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"fois","lemma":"fois","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, adverbial modifier of Chuchote (next line)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heure","gloss":"per"},{"surface":"heure","lemma":"heure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fois","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Seconde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Seconde","lemma":"seconde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Chuchote (next line)","gloss":"the Second","note":"La Seconde personifies the clock's second-hand."}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"l-horloge-s3-l2","source":"Chuchote: Souviens-toi! — Rapide, avec sa voix","translation":"whispers: Remember! — Swift, with its voice","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Chuchote","lemma":"chuchoter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: la Seconde, previous line)","gloss":"whispers"},{"surface":"Souviens","lemma":"se souvenir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"quoted imperative, direct speech of Chuchote","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive pronoun of Souviens","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Rapide","lemma":"rapide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Maintenant (next line)","gloss":"Swift"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voix","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voix","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"voix","lemma":"voix","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of dit (next line)","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"l-horloge-s3-l3","source":"D'insecte, Maintenant dit: Je suis Autrefois,","translation":"of an insect, Now says: I am Long-Ago,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Maintenant … Autrefois","title":"«Maintenant» / «Autrefois» as nouns","body":"Baudelaire capitalizes the adverbs «Maintenant» ('now') and «Autrefois» ('formerly, in the old days') and makes them speaking figures. 'Now' announces 'I am Long-Ago' — the present has already turned into the past even as it speaks. The thin insect-voice belongs to the Second buzzing past."}],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking insecte, part of voix d'insecte (previous line)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"insecte","lemma":"insecte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies voix (previous line)","gloss":"insect"},{"surface":"Maintenant","lemma":"maintenant","morphology":"proper noun (personification)","role":"subject of dit","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of suis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"suis","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"copula linking to Autrefois","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Autrefois","lemma":"Autrefois","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicate complement of suis","gloss":"Long-Ago"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"l-horloge-s3-l4","source":"Et j'ai pompé ta vie avec ma trompe immonde!","translation":"And I have pumped out your life with my filthy proboscis!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ma trompe immonde","title":"trompe (proboscis) + pomper","body":"«la trompe» is an insect's sucking proboscis (also an elephant's trunk); «pomper» = 'to pump, suck up'. The Second is now a mosquito-like insect that has «pompé ta vie» — drained your life — with its «immonde» ('foul, filthy') tube. The buzzing insect-voice of the previous lines becomes a bloodsucker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pompé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"depends on pompé","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"pompé","lemma":"pomper","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pumped"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vie","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pompé","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trompe","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of trompe","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"trompe","lemma":"trompe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pompé","gloss":"proboscis"},{"surface":"immonde","lemma":"immonde","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies trompe","gloss":"filthy"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"l-horloge-s4-l1","source":"Remember! Souviens-toi! prodigue! Esto memor!","translation":"Remember! Souviens-toi! spendthrift! Esto memor!","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Remember","lemma":"remember","morphology":"foreign word (English), imperative","role":"head of the phrase, imperative exclamation","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"Souviens","lemma":"se souvenir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"imperative parallel to Remember","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive pronoun of Souviens","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"prodigue","lemma":"prodigue","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"vocative address, parallel exclamation","gloss":"spendthrift"},{"surface":"Esto","lemma":"esto","morphology":"foreign word (Latin), imperative","role":"parallel imperative exclamation","gloss":"Be","note":"Latin: 'Esto memor' = 'Be mindful,' echoing memento mori sundial mottoes."},{"surface":"memor","lemma":"memor","morphology":"foreign word (Latin), adjective","role":"predicate complement of Esto","gloss":"mindful"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"l-horloge-s4-l2","source":"(Mon gosier de métal parle toutes les langues.)","translation":"(My metal throat speaks every language.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Mon gosier de métal","title":"gosier (throat)","body":"«le gosier» = 'the throat, gullet'. The clock's «gosier de métal» is its striking mechanism, and the parenthesis explains the previous line: a metal throat that 'speaks every language' justifies the multilingual cry. «toutes les langues» = 'all languages' — «langue» being both 'tongue' and 'language'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of gosier","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"gosier","lemma":"gosier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of parle","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking métal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"métal","lemma":"métal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gosier","gloss":"metal"},{"surface":"parle","lemma":"parler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"toutes","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies langues","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of langues","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"langues","lemma":"langue","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of parle","gloss":"languages"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"l-horloge-s4-l3","source":"Les minutes, mortel folâtre, sont des gangues","translation":"The minutes, frolicking mortal, are gangue","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des gangues","title":"gangue (ore matrix)","body":"«la gangue» is the worthless rock matrix that encases a metal or gem in the mine — the ore you must crush to free the gold. «folâtre» = 'playful, frolicsome'; the mortal is addressed as a heedless trifler. Each minute is a lump of ore: dross around a grain of gold, as the next line spells out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of minutes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minutes","lemma":"minute","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of gangues","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"mortel","lemma":"mortel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (parenthetical), modified by folâtre","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"folâtre","lemma":"folâtre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mortel","gloss":"frolicking"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to gangues","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gangues","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"gangues","lemma":"gangue","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gangue"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"l-horloge-s4-l4","source":"Qu'il ne faut pas lâcher sans en extraire l'or!","translation":"that one must not let go without extracting the gold!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qu'il ne faut pas lâcher","title":"«il faut» (impersonal must) + «en»","body":"«il faut» = 'one must, it is necessary'; «il ne faut pas» = 'one must not'. The relative «que» points back to «gangues» (the minutes-as-ore), the things one must not release. «en» = 'from it / of it' (de + the ore): «sans en extraire l'or» = 'without extracting the gold from it'. Do not drop a single minute unmined."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of faut","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on faut","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"faut","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lâcher","lemma":"lâcher","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of faut","gloss":"release"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of extraire","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun, adverbial","role":"adverbial pronoun object of extraire, referring to gangues","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"extraire","lemma":"extraire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of lâcher","gloss":"extracting"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of or","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of extraire","gloss":"gold"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"l-horloge-s5-l1","source":"Souviens-toi que le Temps est un joueur avide","translation":"Remember that Time is a greedy gambler","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Souviens","lemma":"se souvenir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun","role":"reflexive pronoun of Souviens","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of joueur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Temps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Temps","lemma":"temps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of joueur","gloss":"Time"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to joueur","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of joueur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"joueur","lemma":"joueur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gambler"},{"surface":"avide","lemma":"avide","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies joueur","gloss":"greedy"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"l-horloge-s5-l2","source":"Qui gagne sans tricher, à tout coup! c'est la loi.","translation":"who wins without cheating, every throw! it is the law.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"à tout coup","title":"à tout coup (every time)","body":"«à tout coup» = 'every time, at every turn, without fail' — at the gaming table, every roll or hand. Time wins «sans tricher» ('without cheating') and still never loses: the odds themselves are rigged in its favor, so honesty is no comfort. «c'est la loi» = 'it is the law', flat and final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gagne","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gagne","lemma":"gagner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wins"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tricher","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"tricher","lemma":"tricher","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gagne","gloss":"cheating"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coup","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coup","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"coup","lemma":"coup","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on gagne","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"c'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of loi","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to loi","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of loi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loi","lemma":"loi","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"l-horloge-s5-l3","source":"Le jour décroît; la nuit augmente; Souviens-toi!","translation":"The day wanes; the night grows; Remember!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jour","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"décroît","lemma":"décroître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanes"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuit","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of augmente","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"augmente","lemma":"augmenter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"Souviens","lemma":"se souvenir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive pronoun of Souviens","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"l-horloge-s5-l4","source":"Le gouffre a toujours soif; la clepsydre se vide.","translation":"The abyss is always thirsty; the water-clock drains.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la clepsydre se vide","title":"clepsydra (water-clock)","body":"A «clepsydre» is an ancient water-clock that measures time by water flowing out of a vessel. «se vider» = 'to empty itself' (pronominal), so «la clepsydre se vide» = 'the water-clock empties'. As the «gouffre» (abyss) keeps its thirst, the clock bleeds away its water — every measure of time both counts the hour and consumes a life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gouffre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouffre","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of soif","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on soif","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies soif","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"soif","lemma":"soif","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thirsty"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of clepsydre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"clepsydre","lemma":"clepsydre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vide","gloss":"water-clock"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vide","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"vide","lemma":"vider","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drains"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"l-horloge-s6-l1","source":"Tantôt sonnera l'heure où le divin Hasard,","translation":"Soon will strike the hour when divine Chance,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tantôt sonnera l'heure","title":"Inversion + «tantôt» (presently)","body":"«tantôt» here means 'presently, before long, soon'. After the fronted adverb the verb is inverted before its subject: «sonnera l'heure» = 'the hour will strike'. That hour is then defined by a chain of «où» clauses ('the hour when…') running across the final stanza, each naming a figure that will speak at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tantôt","lemma":"tantôt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sonnera","gloss":"Soon"},{"surface":"sonnera","lemma":"sonner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will strike"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of heure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heure","lemma":"heure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on sonnera","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause whose main verb is dira (l-horloge-s6-l4)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Hasard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"divin","lemma":"divin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Hasard","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"Hasard","lemma":"hasard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"listed among the subjects tout resumes as subject of dira (s6-l4)","gloss":"Chance"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"l-horloge-s6-l2","source":"Où l'auguste Vertu, ton épouse encor vierge,","translation":"when august Virtue, your still-virgin wife,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ton épouse encor vierge","title":"Virtue, the wife never touched","body":"«auguste» = 'majestic, venerable'; «encor» is the poetic spelling of «encore» ('still'). Virtue is the speaker's wedded wife who remains «vierge» ('virgin') — married to him in name yet never embraced, because he has never actually lived by her. The bitterness: he had every chance at the good and never took it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces this où-clause, parallel to où in the previous line","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of auguste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"auguste","lemma":"auguste","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Vertu","gloss":"august"},{"surface":"Vertu","lemma":"vertu","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"listed among the subjects tout resumes as subject of dira (s6-l4)","gloss":"Virtue"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of épouse","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"épouse","lemma":"épouse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Vertu","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"encor","lemma":"encor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vierge","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"vierge","lemma":"vierge","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies épouse","gloss":"virgin"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"l-horloge-s6-l3","source":"Où le Repentir même (oh! la dernière auberge!),","translation":"when Repentance itself (oh! the last inn!),","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la dernière auberge","title":"Repentance as the last inn","body":"«une auberge» is an inn, a roadside lodging for the night. Even «le Repentir» ('Repentance'), the final shelter open to the traveler at the end of the road, will by then refuse him — «la dernière auberge», the last stop, found shut. «même» here = 'itself, even' (Repentance itself)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces this où-clause, parallel to où in previous lines","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Repentir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Repentir","lemma":"repentir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"listed among the subjects tout resumes as subject of dira (s6-l4)","gloss":"Repentance"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Repentir","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"oh","lemma":"oh","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, parenthetical","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of auberge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dernière","lemma":"dernier","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies auberge","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"auberge","lemma":"auberge","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Repentir, parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"inn"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"l-horloge-s6-l4","source":"Où tout te dira Meurs, vieux lâche! il est trop tard!»","translation":"when all will tell you: Die, old coward! it is too late!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Meurs, vieux lâche!","title":"«mourir» imperative + the closing curse","body":"«meurs!» is the imperative of «mourir» ('to die') — 'die!'. «un lâche» = 'a coward'. This is the sentence everything pronounces at the final hour: «il est trop tard» = 'it is too late'. The closing guillemet («»») shuts the long speech the clock began back in stanza one — the whole poem has been the clock talking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on dira","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dira","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of dira","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dira","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"Meurs","lemma":"mourir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"quoted imperative, direct speech of dira","gloss":"Die"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies lâche","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"lâche","lemma":"lâche","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"vocative address, direct speech of dira","gloss":"coward"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on tard","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tard","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"trop","lemma":"trop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tard","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"tard","lemma":"tard","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"late"}]}]}