{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"l-irremediable","title":{"source":"L'Irrémédiable","translated":"The Irremediable"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-irremediable","lines":42},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-heautontimoroumenos","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-horloge","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"l-irremediable-s1-l1","source":"I","translation":"I","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"I","morphology":"numeral (Roman)","role":"section heading","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"l-irremediable-s2-l1","source":"Une Idée, une Forme, un Etre","translation":"An Idea, a Form, a Being","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Une Idée, une Forme, un Etre","title":"Capitalized abstractions","body":"Baudelaire capitalizes «Idée», «Forme» and «Etre» to lift them into Platonic absolutes — the pure Idea, Form and Being that then fall from heaven. Note «Etre» is printed without its usual accent («Être»); copy it as it stands in the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Idée","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Idée","lemma":"idée","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of Parti (next segment)","gloss":"Idea"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Forme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Forme","lemma":"forme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Idée","gloss":"Form"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Etre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Etre","lemma":"être","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Idée","gloss":"Being"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"l-irremediable-s2-l2","source":"Parti de l'azur et tombé","translation":"Set out from the azure and fallen","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Parti","lemma":"partir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Idée (previous line)","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azur","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of azur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"azur","lemma":"azur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, depends on Parti","gloss":"azure"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tombé","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Parti","gloss":"fallen"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"l-irremediable-s2-l3","source":"Dans un Styx bourbeux et plombé","translation":"Into a Styx, miry and leaden,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Styx","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Styx","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Styx","lemma":"Styx","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Dans, depends on tombé","gloss":"Styx"},{"surface":"bourbeux","lemma":"bourbeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Styx","gloss":"miry"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plombé","lemma":"plombé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with bourbeux, modifies Styx","gloss":"leaden"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"l-irremediable-s2-l4","source":"Où nul oeil du Ciel ne pénètre;","translation":"Where no eye of Heaven can pierce;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nul … ne pénètre","title":"«nul» as negative subject","body":"«nul» here is a negative determiner, 'no / not one'. It pairs with «ne» on the verb: «nul oeil … ne pénètre» = 'no eye … penetrates'. «oeil» is printed without the «œ» ligature, as in the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"modifies pénètre","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"nul","lemma":"nul","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pénètre","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de+le","morphology":"contracted preposition, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking Ciel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du, modifies oeil","gloss":"Heaven"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"modifies pénètre","gloss":"[negation]"},{"surface":"pénètre","lemma":"pénétrer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"penetrates"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"l-irremediable-s3-l1","source":"Un Ange, imprudent voyageur","translation":"An Angel, an imprudent traveler","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ange","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of tenté (next line)","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"imprudent","lemma":"imprudent","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies voyageur","gloss":"imprudent"},{"surface":"voyageur","lemma":"voyageur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ange","gloss":"traveler"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"l-irremediable-s3-l2","source":"Qu'a tenté l'amour du difforme,","translation":"whom the love of the misshapen has tempted,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qu'a tenté l'amour","title":"Object relative with inverted subject","body":"«Qu'» is the object relative «que» ('whom'), referring back to «un Ange». The subject «l'amour du difforme» is inverted after the verb «a tenté»: literally 'whom has tempted the love of the misshapen' = 'whom the love of the misshapen has tempted'. The inversion lets the long subject land at line's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of tenté, refers to Ange","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on tenté","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tenté","lemma":"tenter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"tempted"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of amour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tenté","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de+le","morphology":"contracted preposition, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking difforme","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"difforme","lemma":"difforme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du, modifies amour","gloss":"misshapen"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"l-irremediable-s3-l3","source":"Au fond d'un cauchemar énorme","translation":"At the bottom of an enormous nightmare","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"contracted preposition, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Au, depends on débattant (s3-l4), not tombé","gloss":"bottom"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cauchemar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cauchemar","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"cauchemar","lemma":"cauchemar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies fond","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"énorme","lemma":"énorme","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cauchemar","gloss":"enormous"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"l-irremediable-s3-l4","source":"Se débattant comme un nageur,","translation":"Struggling like a swimmer,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se débattant","title":"se débattre (reflexive)","body":"«se débattre» is a pronominal verb, 'to struggle, to thrash about'. The present participle «se débattant» keeps the reflexive «se» — 'struggling (himself) like a swimmer'. This stanza and the next are one long sentence of participles describing the Angel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on débattant","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"débattant","lemma":"débattre","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying Ange (s3-l1)","gloss":"struggling"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nageur","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nageur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nageur","lemma":"nageur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, modifies débattant","gloss":"swimmer"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"l-irremediable-s4-l1","source":"Et luttant, angoisses funèbres!","translation":"And fighting on — funereal anguish! —","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luttant","lemma":"lutter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with débattant (s3-l4)","gloss":"fighting"},{"surface":"angoisses","lemma":"angoisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"exclamatory phrase in apposition","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"funèbres","lemma":"funèbre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies angoisses","gloss":"funereal"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"l-irremediable-s4-l2","source":"Contre un gigantesque remous","translation":"Against a gigantic eddy","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Contre","lemma":"contre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking remous","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of remous","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gigantesque","lemma":"gigantesque","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies remous","gloss":"gigantic"},{"surface":"remous","lemma":"remous","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Contre, depends on luttant","gloss":"eddy"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"l-irremediable-s4-l3","source":"Qui va chantant comme les fous","translation":"That goes on singing like madmen","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"va chantant","title":"«aller» + present participle","body":"«aller» + a present participle («va chantant», «va pirouettant») is a literary idiom expressing continuous, ongoing action — 'goes on singing', 'keeps whirling'. It is more vivid than the plain present and stresses the relentless motion of the «remous» (eddy)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of va, refers to remous","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"chantant","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"complement of va","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fous","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fous","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fous","lemma":"fou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comme, modifies chantant","gloss":"madmen"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"l-irremediable-s4-l4","source":"Et pirouettant dans les ténèbres;","translation":"And whirling about in the darkness;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pirouettant","lemma":"pirouetter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with chantant (previous line)","gloss":"whirling about"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ténèbres","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of ténèbres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ténèbres","lemma":"ténèbres","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of dans, modifies pirouettant","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"l-irremediable-s5-l1","source":"Un malheureux ensorcelé","translation":"A wretch under a spell","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of malheureux","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"malheureux","lemma":"malheureux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Ange (s3-l1)","gloss":"wretch"},{"surface":"ensorcelé","lemma":"ensorceler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying malheureux","gloss":"bewitched"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"l-irremediable-s5-l2","source":"Dans ses tâtonnements futiles","translation":"In his futile gropings","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tâtonnements","title":"tâtonnement (m.)","body":"«tâtonnement» comes from «tâter», 'to feel, to grope'; it is the blind groping of someone feeling their way in the dark. «futiles» (vain, useless) seals the hopelessness — the search for «la lumière et la clé» (light and key) will lead nowhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tâtonnements","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tâtonnements","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tâtonnements","lemma":"tâtonnement","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Dans, modifies malheureux (s5-l1); the futile gropings are undertaken in order to fuir (purpose, not a dependency of tâtonnements on fuir)","gloss":"gropings"},{"surface":"futiles","lemma":"futile","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tâtonnements","gloss":"futile"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"l-irremediable-s5-l3","source":"Pour fuir d'un lieu plein de reptiles,","translation":"To flee from a place full of reptiles,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of fuir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"fuir","lemma":"fuir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lieu","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of lieu","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lieu","lemma":"lieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', depends on fuir","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lieu","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reptiles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"reptiles","lemma":"reptile","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, depends on plein","gloss":"reptiles"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"l-irremediable-s5-l4","source":"Cherchant la lumière et la clé;","translation":"Seeking the light and the key;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cherchant","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"present participle modifying malheureux (s5-l1), parallel to ensorcelé — not coordinated with the infinitive fuir","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lumière","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lumière","lemma":"lumière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Cherchant","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of clé","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"clé","lemma":"clé","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with lumière, direct object of Cherchant","gloss":"key"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"l-irremediable-s6-l1","source":"Un damné descendant sans lampe","translation":"A damned soul descending without a lamp","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of damné","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"damné","lemma":"damné","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Ange (s3-l1)","gloss":"damned soul"},{"surface":"descendant","lemma":"descendre","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying damné","gloss":"descending"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lampe","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"lampe","lemma":"lampe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sans, depends on descendant","gloss":"a lamp"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"l-irremediable-s6-l2","source":"Au bord d'un gouffre dont l'odeur","translation":"At the edge of an abyss whose smell","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"un gouffre dont l'odeur","title":"«dont» = whose / of which","body":"«dont» is a relative pronoun standing for «de + noun»; here it expresses possession, 'whose' — «un gouffre dont l'odeur» = 'an abyss whose smell'. «gouffre» is a chasm or abyss; its damp reek betrays «D'éternels escaliers sans rampe» (eternal stairs without a railing)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"contracted preposition, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking bord","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"bord","lemma":"bord","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Au, depends on descendant (previous line)","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouffre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gouffre","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"gouffre","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies bord","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"determiner of odeur, refers to gouffre","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of odeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"odeur","lemma":"odeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Trahit (next line)","gloss":"smell"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"l-irremediable-s6-l3","source":"Trahit l'humide profondeur","translation":"Betrays the dank depth","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Trahit","lemma":"trahir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"betrays"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of profondeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"humide","lemma":"humide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies profondeur","gloss":"dank"},{"surface":"profondeur","lemma":"profondeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Trahit","gloss":"depth"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"l-irremediable-s6-l4","source":"D'éternels escaliers sans rampe,","translation":"Of eternal staircases without a railing,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escaliers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"éternels","lemma":"éternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies escaliers","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"escaliers","lemma":"escalier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of D', modifies profondeur (previous line)","gloss":"staircases"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rampe","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"rampe","lemma":"rampe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sans, modifies escaliers","gloss":"a railing"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"l-irremediable-s7-l1","source":"Où veillent des monstres visqueux","translation":"Where viscous monsters keep watch,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"modifies veillent, refers to escaliers/gouffre","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"veillent","lemma":"veiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"keep watch"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of monstres","gloss":"[some]"},{"surface":"monstres","lemma":"monstre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of veillent","gloss":"monsters"},{"surface":"visqueux","lemma":"visqueux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies monstres","gloss":"viscous"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"l-irremediable-s7-l2","source":"Dont les larges yeux de phosphore","translation":"Whose wide eyes of phosphorus","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"determiner of yeux, refers to monstres","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"larges","lemma":"large","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Font (next line)","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking phosphore","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"phosphore","lemma":"phosphore","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies yeux","gloss":"phosphorus"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"l-irremediable-s7-l3","source":"Font une nuit plus noire encore","translation":"Make the night blacker still","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nuit","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Font","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noire","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"noire","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nuit","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"encore","lemma":"encore","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plus noire","gloss":"still"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"l-irremediable-s7-l4","source":"Et ne rendent visibles qu'eux;","translation":"And make nothing visible but themselves;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne rendent visibles qu'eux","title":"«ne … que» = only","body":"«ne … que» is the restrictive 'only': «ne rendent visibles qu'eux» = 'make visible only themselves'. The stressed pronoun «eux» ('them, themselves') is the lone thing their phosphorescent eyes light up — the dark is total except for the monsters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negative","role":"modifies rendent","gloss":"[negation]"},{"surface":"rendent","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Font (previous line)","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"visibles","lemma":"visible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"object complement of rendent","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb, restrictive","role":"restricts rendent visibles (ne...que)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"eux","lemma":"eux","morphology":"pronoun, disjunctive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rendent","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"l-irremediable-s8-l1","source":"Un navire pris dans le pôle","translation":"A ship caught fast at the pole","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of navire","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"navire","lemma":"navire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Ange (s3-l1)","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"pris","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying navire","gloss":"caught fast"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pôle","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pôle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pôle","lemma":"pôle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of dans, depends on pris","gloss":"pole"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"l-irremediable-s8-l2","source":"Comme en un piège de cristal,","translation":"As in a trap of crystal,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking piège","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of piège","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"piège","lemma":"piège","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, depends on pris (previous line)","gloss":"trap"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cristal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cristal","lemma":"cristal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies piège","gloss":"crystal"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"l-irremediable-s8-l3","source":"Cherchant par quel détroit fatal","translation":"Searching by what fatal strait","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cherchant","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying navire (s8-l1)","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking détroit","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, interrogative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of détroit","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"détroit","lemma":"détroit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of par, depends on Cherchant","gloss":"strait"},{"surface":"fatal","lemma":"fatal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies détroit","gloss":"fatal"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"l-irremediable-s8-l4","source":"Il est tombé dans cette geôle;","translation":"It fell into this jail;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cette geôle","title":"geôle (f.)","body":"«geôle» is an old, literary word for a jail or dungeon (related to English 'jail/gaol'). The ice-bound ship becomes a prisoner asking, too late, through which «détroit fatal» (fatal strait) it sailed into its frozen cell — the last of the poem's images of beings trapped past rescue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est tombé, refers to navire","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of tombé","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tombé","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geôle","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of geôle","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geôle","lemma":"geôle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans, depends on tombé","gloss":"jail"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"l-irremediable-s9-l1","source":"— Emblèmes nets, tableau parfait","translation":"— Clear emblems, a perfect picture","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Emblèmes","lemma":"emblème","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to the preceding images","gloss":"emblems"},{"surface":"nets","lemma":"net","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Emblèmes","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"tableau","lemma":"tableau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Emblèmes","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"parfait","lemma":"parfait","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tableau","gloss":"perfect"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"l-irremediable-s9-l2","source":"D'une fortune irrémédiable","translation":"Of an irremediable fate","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fortune irrémédiable","title":"irrémédiable / fortune","body":"«irrémédiable» = 'beyond remedy, past cure' — the title-word. «fortune» here means 'fate, lot, destiny', not riches. The dash signals a turn: the seven preceding images are now named as «emblèmes» (emblems) and a «tableau» (tableau, set scene) of a condition nothing can mend."}],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fortune","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fortune","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"fortune","lemma":"fortune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of D', modifies tableau (previous line)","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"irrémédiable","lemma":"irrémédiable","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fortune","gloss":"irremediable"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"l-irremediable-s9-l3","source":"Qui donne à penser que le Diable","translation":"That gives one to think the Devil","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"donne à penser","title":"«donner à + infinitive»","body":"«donner à penser» = 'to give (cause) to think, to make one ponder'. The construction «donner à + infinitive» means 'to give something to be done'. The emblems 'make one think' that «le Diable / Fait toujours bien tout ce qu'il fait» — the Devil always does well everything he does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of donne, refers to fortune","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"donne","lemma":"donner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of penser","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"penser","lemma":"penser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of donne","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause depending on penser","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Diable","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Diable","lemma":"diable","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait (next line)","gloss":"Devil"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"l-irremediable-s9-l4","source":"Fait toujours bien tout ce qu'il fait!","translation":"Always does well all that he does!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the que-clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Fait","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Fait","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Fait","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"in apposition to tout, antecedent of qu'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait, refers to Diable","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"does"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"l-irremediable-s10-l1","source":"II","translation":"II","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"II","lemma":"II","morphology":"numeral (Roman)","role":"section heading","gloss":"II"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"l-irremediable-s11-l1","source":"Tête-à-tête sombre et limpide","translation":"A dark and limpid tête-à-tête","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tête-à-tête","lemma":"tête-à-tête","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tête-à-tête"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Tête-à-tête","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"limpide","lemma":"limpide","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with sombre, modifies Tête-à-tête","gloss":"limpid"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"l-irremediable-s11-l2","source":"Qu'un coeur devenu son miroir!","translation":"Is a heart become its own mirror!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un coeur devenu son miroir","title":"the heart as its own mirror","body":"The exclamatory «Qu'…!» here means 'what a …!' — 'what a dark, clear tête-à-tête is a heart that has become its own mirror'. The self facing the self: a «tête-à-tête» (a private face-to-face) in which the heart both looks and is looked at. «coeur» is printed without the «œ» ligature, as in the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison with Tête-à-tête (previous line)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject of devenu","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"devenu","lemma":"devenir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying coeur","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of miroir","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"miroir","lemma":"miroir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of devenu","gloss":"mirror"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"l-irremediable-s11-l3","source":"Puits de Vérité, clair et noir","translation":"A well of Truth, clear and black,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Puits","lemma":"puits","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to coeur (previous line)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Vérité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Vérité","lemma":"vérité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies Puits","gloss":"Truth"},{"surface":"clair","lemma":"clair","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Puits","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with clair","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"l-irremediable-s11-l4","source":"Où tremble une étoile livide,","translation":"Where a livid star trembles,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"modifies tremble, refers to Puits","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"tremble","lemma":"trembler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of étoile","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"étoile","lemma":"étoile","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tremble","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"livide","lemma":"livide","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies étoile","gloss":"livid"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"l-irremediable-s12-l1","source":"Un phare ironique, infernal","translation":"An ironic, infernal beacon,","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of phare","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"phare","lemma":"phare","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Puits (s11-l3)","gloss":"beacon"},{"surface":"ironique","lemma":"ironique","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies phare","gloss":"ironic"},{"surface":"infernal","lemma":"infernal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ironique, modifies phare","gloss":"infernal"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"l-irremediable-s12-l2","source":"Flambeau des grâces sataniques,","translation":"Torch of the satanic graces,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Flambeau","lemma":"flambeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to phare (previous line)","gloss":"torch"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de+le","morphology":"contracted preposition, plural","role":"preposition marking grâces","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"grâces","lemma":"grâce","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies Flambeau","gloss":"graces"},{"surface":"sataniques","lemma":"satanique","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies grâces","gloss":"satanic"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"l-irremediable-s12-l3","source":"Soulagement et gloire uniques,","translation":"Sole solace and sole glory —","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Soulagement","lemma":"soulagement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Flambeau (previous line)","gloss":"solace"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gloire","lemma":"gloire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Soulagement","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"uniques","lemma":"unique","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Soulagement et gloire","gloss":"sole"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"l-irremediable-s12-l4","source":"— La conscience dans le Mal!","translation":"— Consciousness within Evil!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"La conscience dans le Mal","title":"conscience (f.)","body":"French «conscience» carries both English senses at once: 'consciousness' (awareness) and 'conscience' (moral sense). The closing line means both 'to be aware while doing evil' and 'to have a conscience in the midst of Evil' — the one bleak comfort the damned soul is left: lucid self-knowledge of its own damnation."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of conscience","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"conscience","lemma":"conscience","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Soulagement et gloire","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mal","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Mal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mal","lemma":"mal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of dans, modifies conscience","gloss":"Evil"}]}]}