{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"l-irreparable","title":{"source":"L'Irréparable","translated":"The Irreparable"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-irreparable","lines":50},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-invitation-au-voyage","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/causerie","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"l-irreparable-s1-l1","source":"Pouvons-nous étouffer le vieux, le long Remords,","translation":"Can we smother the old, the long Remorse,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Pouvons-nous étouffer","title":"Inversion in a question: «Pouvons-nous»","body":"French forms a formal yes/no question by inverting subject and verb: «Pouvons-nous» = 'can we', from «nous pouvons». «étouffer» = 'to smother, stifle, choke'. This opening question, echoed at the end of the stanza, sets the poem's refusing rhythm — every stanza asks whether the wound can be undone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pouvons","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"-nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of Pouvons","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"étouffer","lemma":"étouffer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Pouvons","gloss":"smother"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Remords","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Remords (in apposition)","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Remords","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"long","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Remords","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"Remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of étouffer","gloss":"Remorse"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"l-irreparable-s1-l2","source":"Qui vit, s'agite et se tortille","translation":"Which lives, writhes and twists about,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'agite et se tortille","title":"Pronominal verbs «s'agiter», «se tortiller»","body":"Both are pronominal: «s'agiter» = 'to thrash, fidget, stir', «se tortiller» = 'to wriggle, squirm, writhe'. The reflexive «se» keeps the action inside the subject (Remorse) as a living thing twisting on its own. The piling of three verbs — «vit, s'agite et se tortille» — makes the gnawing feel ceaseless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vit","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"vit","lemma":"vivre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause (modifies Remords)","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on agite","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"agite","lemma":"agiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with vit","gloss":"writhes"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on tortille","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"tortille","lemma":"tortiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with vit","gloss":"twists about"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"l-irreparable-s1-l3","source":"Et se nourrit de nous comme le ver des morts,","translation":"And feeds on us as the worm feeds on the dead,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se nourrit de nous","title":"«se nourrir de» (to feed on)","body":"«se nourrir de» = 'to feed on, to live off' — pronominal, always with «de» before what is consumed. «le ver des morts» means 'the worm of the dead', i.e. the grave-worm; the «de» of «du chêne» / «des morts» marks what each devourer eats. Remorse battens on us as the worm battens on corpses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on nourrit","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"nourrit","lemma":"nourrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with vit, agite, tortille","gloss":"feeds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nous","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"oblique argument of nourrit","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ver","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of comme (comparison)","gloss":"worm"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morts","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"dead"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"l-irreparable-s1-l4","source":"Comme du chêne la chenille?","translation":"as the caterpillar on the oak?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"du chêne la chenille","title":"Inverted order; «chêne» / «chenille»","body":"Word order is poetically inverted: prose would say «comme la chenille [se nourrit] du chêne» — 'as the caterpillar feeds on the oak'. «le chêne» = 'oak', «la chenille» = 'caterpillar'; the near-rhyme of the two words is deliberate. The «de» (here «du chêne») again names what is eaten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chenille","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chêne","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"chêne","lemma":"chêne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chenille","gloss":"oak"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chenille","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chenille","lemma":"chenille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"caterpillar"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"l-irreparable-s1-l5","source":"Pouvons-nous étouffer l'implacable Remords?","translation":"Can we smother the implacable Remorse?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pouvons","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"-nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of Pouvons","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"étouffer","lemma":"étouffer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Pouvons","gloss":"smother"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Remords","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"implacable","lemma":"implacable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Remords","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"Remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of étouffer","gloss":"Remorse"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"l-irreparable-s2-l1","source":"Dans quel philtre, dans quel vin, dans quelle tisane,","translation":"In what philtre, in what wine, in what herbal brew,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"philtre / tisane","title":"«philtre», «tisane»","body":"«un philtre» is a magic potion or love-charm, not a 'filter' (faux ami). «une tisane» is an herbal infusion or tea steeped for its medicinal effect. With «vin», the line lists three things one might drink to dose oneself — three vain remedies against Remorse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking philtre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of philtre","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"philtre","lemma":"philtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"philtre"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vin","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with philtre","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tisane","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"quelle","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tisane","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"tisane","lemma":"tisane","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with philtre","gloss":"herbal brew"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"l-irreparable-s2-l2","source":"Noierons-nous ce vieil ennemi,","translation":"Shall we drown this old enemy,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Noierons-nous","title":"Future tense + inversion: «noierons-nous»","body":"«noierons-nous» is the future of «noyer» ('to drown') with question inversion: 'shall we drown'. «vieil» is the form of «vieux» ('old') used before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel sound — «ce vieil ennemi», 'this old enemy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Noierons","lemma":"noyer","morphology":"verb, future, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall drown"},{"surface":"-nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of Noierons","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ennemi","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vieil","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ennemi","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"ennemi","lemma":"ennemi","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Noierons","gloss":"enemy"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"l-irreparable-s2-l3","source":"Destructeur et gourmand comme la courtisane,","translation":"Destructive and greedy as the courtesan,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Destructeur","lemma":"destructeur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ennemi (previous line)","gloss":"destructive"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gourmand","lemma":"gourmand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Destructeur","gloss":"greedy"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking courtisane","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of courtisane","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"courtisane","lemma":"courtisane","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of comme (comparison)","gloss":"courtesan"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"l-irreparable-s2-l4","source":"Patient comme la fourmi?","translation":"patient as the ant?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Patient","lemma":"patient","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ennemi, coordinated with Destructeur","gloss":"patient"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fourmi","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fourmi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fourmi","lemma":"fourmi","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of comme (comparison)","gloss":"ant"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"l-irreparable-s2-l5","source":"Dans quel philtre? — dans quel vin? — dans quelle tisane?","translation":"In what philtre? — in what wine? — in what herbal brew?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking philtre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of philtre","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"philtre","lemma":"philtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"philtre"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vin","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with philtre","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tisane","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"quelle","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tisane","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"tisane","lemma":"tisane","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with philtre","gloss":"herbal brew"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"l-irreparable-s3-l1","source":"Dis-le, belle sorcière, oh! dis, si tu le sais,","translation":"Tell it, fair sorceress, oh! tell, if you know,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dis-le","title":"Imperative with attached pronoun: «Dis-le»","body":"«dis» is the «tu» imperative of «dire» ('to say, tell'); in the affirmative imperative the object pronoun follows and hyphenates: «dis-le» = 'tell it / say it'. The «le» points ahead to the secret remedy. «si tu le sais» = 'if you know it' — the conditional doubt that the sorceress may not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Dis","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"belle","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sorcière","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"sorcière","lemma":"sorcière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, address term","gloss":"sorceress"},{"surface":"oh","lemma":"oh","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb (repeated imperative)","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sais","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sais","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sais","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"l-irreparable-s3-l2","source":"À cet esprit comblé d'angoisse","translation":"to this spirit filled to the brim with anguish","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esprit","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cet","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of esprit","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"esprit","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"comblé","lemma":"combler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies esprit","gloss":"filled to the brim"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking angoisse","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"angoisse","lemma":"angoisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of comblé","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"l-irreparable-s3-l3","source":"Et pareil au mourant qu'écrasent les blessés,","translation":"and like the dying man whom the wounded crush,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qu'écrasent les blessés","title":"Verb-before-subject in a relative clause","body":"«que» is the object here, and French often puts the verb before its subject inside a relative clause: «qu'écrasent les blessés» = 'whom the wounded crush', not 'whom crush the wounded'. «écraser» = 'to crush, trample'; «les blessés» ('the wounded') are the ones doing the crushing. The dying man is pressed under the bodies of other fallen men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pareil","lemma":"pareil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies esprit (previous line)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition (à + le)","role":"preposition marking mourant","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"mourant","lemma":"mourant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pareil","gloss":"dying man"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of écrasent","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"écrasent","lemma":"écraser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on mourant","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of blessés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blessés","lemma":"blessé","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of écrasent","gloss":"wounded"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"l-irreparable-s3-l4","source":"Que le sabot du cheval froisse,","translation":"whom the horse's hoof bruises,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"froisse","title":"«froisser» (to bruise, crush)","body":"«froisser» literally means 'to crumple, crease' (as of paper or cloth) and, of a body, 'to bruise, contuse'. «le sabot» = 'the hoof'; «le sabot du cheval froisse [le mourant]» = 'the horse's hoof bruises [the dying man]'. The image extends the battlefield: the helpless spirit is trampled by hooves as well as by the wounded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of froisse","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sabot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sabot","lemma":"sabot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of froisse","gloss":"hoof"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cheval","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cheval","lemma":"cheval","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sabot","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"froisse","lemma":"froisser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"bruises"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"l-irreparable-s3-l5","source":"Dis-le, belle sorcière, oh! dis, si tu le sais,","translation":"Tell it, fair sorceress, oh! tell, if you know,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Dis","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"belle","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sorcière","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"sorcière","lemma":"sorcière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, address term","gloss":"sorceress"},{"surface":"oh","lemma":"oh","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb (repeated imperative)","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sais","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sais","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"sais","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"l-irreparable-s4-l1","source":"À cet agonisant que le loup déjà flaire","translation":"to this dying man already sniffed at by the wolf","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"agonisant / flaire","title":"«agonisant», «flairer»","body":"«un agonisant» is a person in the death-agony, dying but not yet dead. «flairer» = 'to sniff, scent, smell out', what an animal does tracking prey. «que le loup déjà flaire» = 'whom the wolf already scents' — the verb sits before its subject «le loup» again, as French verse allows."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agonisant","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cet","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of agonisant","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"agonisant","lemma":"agonisant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dying man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of flaire","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of loup","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loup","lemma":"loup","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of flaire","gloss":"wolf"},{"surface":"déjà","lemma":"déjà","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies flaire","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"flaire","lemma":"flairer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying agonisant","gloss":"sniffs"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"l-irreparable-s4-l2","source":"Et que surveille le corbeau,","translation":"and watched over by the crow,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of surveille, coordinated with que...flaire","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"surveille","lemma":"surveiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause coordinated with flaire","gloss":"watches"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corbeau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corbeau","lemma":"corbeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of surveille","gloss":"crow"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"l-irreparable-s4-l3","source":"À ce soldat brisé! s'il faut qu'il désespère","translation":"to this broken soldier! whether he must despair","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'il faut qu'il désespère","title":"«il faut que» + subjunctive","body":"«il faut que» ('it is necessary that / one must') always triggers the subjunctive: «qu'il désespère» is the subjunctive of «désespérer» ('to despair'). «s'il faut que» = 'whether it must be that, whether he is doomed to' — the soldier asks if despair is now obligatory, his only fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soldat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soldat","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"soldat","lemma":"soldat","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"soldier"},{"surface":"brisé","lemma":"briser","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soldat","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of faut","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"impersonal subject of faut","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"faut","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is necessary"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of désespère","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of désespère","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"désespère","lemma":"désespérer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of faut","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"l-irreparable-s4-l4","source":"D'avoir sa croix et son tombeau;","translation":"of ever having his cross and his tomb;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sa croix et son tombeau","title":"«désespérer de» + «croix»","body":"«désespérer de [faire]» = 'to despair of [having]', to give up hope of it. «sa croix» here is the cross marking a grave (and the soldier's medal-cross of honour glances behind it); «son tombeau» = 'his tomb'. To despair «d'avoir sa croix et son tombeau» is to fear dying unburied, unmarked, unhonoured."}],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces avoir, complement of désespère (désespérer de)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"avoir","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of désespère","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of croix","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"croix","lemma":"croix","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of avoir","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of tombeau","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tombeau","lemma":"tombeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with croix","gloss":"tomb"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"l-irreparable-s4-l5","source":"Ce pauvre agonisant que déjà le loup flaire!","translation":"This poor dying man whom the wolf already scents!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of agonisant","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pauvre","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies agonisant","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"agonisant","lemma":"agonisant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dying man"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of flaire","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"déjà","lemma":"déjà","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies flaire","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of loup","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loup","lemma":"loup","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of flaire","gloss":"wolf"},{"surface":"flaire","lemma":"flairer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause modifying agonisant","gloss":"scents"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"l-irreparable-s5-l1","source":"Peut-on illuminer un ciel bourbeux et noir?","translation":"Can one light up a muddy and black sky?","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bourbeux","title":"«bourbeux» (muddy, miry)","body":"«bourbeux/bourbeuse» = 'muddy, miry, slimy', from «la bourbe», the thick mud of a swamp. «Peut-on» is the impersonal «on» ('one') with inversion = 'can one'. A 'muddy black sky' fuses earth-filth with the heavens — the despair is total, with no clean height left to brighten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Peut","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"-on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Peut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"illuminer","lemma":"illuminer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Peut","gloss":"light up"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of illuminer","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"bourbeux","lemma":"bourbeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"muddy"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with bourbeux","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"l-irreparable-s5-l2","source":"Peut-on déchirer des ténèbres","translation":"Can one tear open shadows","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Peut","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"-on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Peut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"déchirer","lemma":"déchirer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Peut","gloss":"tear open"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ténèbres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ténèbres","lemma":"ténèbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of déchirer","gloss":"shadows"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"l-irreparable-s5-l3","source":"Plus denses que la poix, sans matin et sans soir,","translation":"denser than pitch, with no morning and no evening,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la poix","title":"«la poix» (pitch)","body":"«la poix» is pitch or tar — black, thick, clinging. «plus dense que la poix» = 'denser than pitch'. The phrase modifies «des ténèbres» ('shadows, darkness') from the line before; the darkness has no «matin» (morning) and no «soir» (evening), no edge of light at either end of the day."}],"words":[{"surface":"Plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denses","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"denses","lemma":"dense","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"predicate modifying the previous darkness/night (understood)","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with poix","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of poix","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poix","lemma":"poix","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison with denses","gloss":"pitch"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matin","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"matin","lemma":"matin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sans","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soir","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with matin","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"l-irreparable-s5-l4","source":"Sans astres, sans éclairs funèbres?","translation":"with no stars, with no funereal lightning?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking astres","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"astres","lemma":"astre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éclairs","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"éclairs","lemma":"éclair","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with astres","gloss":"lightning"},{"surface":"funèbres","lemma":"funèbre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies éclairs","gloss":"funereal"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"l-irreparable-s5-l5","source":"Peut-on illuminer un ciel bourbeux et noir?","translation":"Can one light up a muddy and black sky?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Peut","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"-on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Peut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"illuminer","lemma":"illuminer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Peut","gloss":"light up"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of illuminer","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"bourbeux","lemma":"bourbeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"muddy"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with bourbeux","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"l-irreparable-s6-l1","source":"L'Espérance qui brille aux carreaux de l'Auberge","translation":"The Hope that shines in the windowpanes of the Inn","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"carreaux de l'Auberge","title":"«carreau», «auberge»","body":"«un carreau» is a windowpane (also a floor-tile); «aux carreaux» = 'in the panes' of the lit window. «une auberge» is a wayside inn. Capitalised «l'Espérance» and «l'Auberge» turn them into emblems: Hope is the warm light glimpsed through an inn's window by a traveller on a bad road."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Espérance","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Espérance","lemma":"espérance","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Est (next line)","gloss":"Hope"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of brille","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brille","lemma":"briller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Espérance","gloss":"shines"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carreaux","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"carreaux","lemma":"carreau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of brille","gloss":"windowpanes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Auberge","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Auberge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Auberge","lemma":"auberge","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carreaux","gloss":"Inn"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"l-irreparable-s6-l2","source":"Est soufflée, est morte à jamais!","translation":"is blown out, is dead forever!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Est soufflée","title":"Passive «est soufflée»; «à jamais»","body":"«est soufflée» is a passive: «souffler» = 'to blow', and of a flame 'to blow out, snuff'; «la lumière est soufflée» = 'the light is blown out'. The past participle «soufflée» agrees with the feminine «l'Espérance». «à jamais» = 'forever, for all time' — the snuffing is final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking Espérance to soufflée","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"soufflée","lemma":"souffler","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Est","gloss":"blown out","note":"Passive participle from souffler ('to blow out'), agreeing with the feminine Espérance."},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking Espérance to morte","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"morte","lemma":"mourir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of est","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jamais","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique argument of morte","gloss":"ever"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"l-irreparable-s6-l3","source":"Sans lune et sans rayons, trouver où l'on héberge","translation":"With no moon and no rays, to find where one shelters —","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"où l'on héberge","title":"«héberger» (to lodge, shelter)","body":"«héberger» = 'to lodge, take in, give shelter to'. «où l'on héberge les martyrs» = 'where one lodges the martyrs / where the martyrs find lodging'. The euphonic «l'on» (instead of plain «on») is common after «où» to ease the sound. Without moon or light, finding that shelter is impossible — the point of the despairing infinitive «trouver»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lune","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"lune","lemma":"lune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on trouver","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rayons","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"rayons","lemma":"rayon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with lune","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"trouver","lemma":"trouver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of héberge","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of héberge","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"héberge","lemma":"héberger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"clausal complement of trouver","gloss":"is housed"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"l-irreparable-s6-l4","source":"Les martyrs d'un chemin mauvais!","translation":"the martyrs of an evil road!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of martyrs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"martyrs","lemma":"martyr","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to on/l'on héberge","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chemin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chemin","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"chemin","lemma":"chemin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies martyrs","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"mauvais","lemma":"mauvais","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chemin","gloss":"evil"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"l-irreparable-s6-l5","source":"Le Diable a tout éteint aux carreaux de l'Auberge!","translation":"The Devil has put out every light in the windowpanes of the Inn!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Diable","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Diable","lemma":"diable","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of éteint","gloss":"Devil"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on éteint","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of éteint","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"éteint","lemma":"éteindre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put out"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carreaux","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"carreaux","lemma":"carreau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of éteint","gloss":"windowpanes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Auberge","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Auberge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Auberge","lemma":"auberge","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies carreaux","gloss":"Inn"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"l-irreparable-s7-l1","source":"Adorable sorcière, aimes-tu les damnés?","translation":"Adorable sorceress, do you love the damned?","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adorable","lemma":"adorable","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sorcière","gloss":"adorable"},{"surface":"sorcière","lemma":"sorcière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of aimes","gloss":"sorceress"},{"surface":"aimes","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you love"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of aimes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of damnés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"damnés","lemma":"damné","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aimes","gloss":"damned"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"l-irreparable-s7-l2","source":"Dis, connais-tu l'irrémissible?","translation":"Tell me, do you know the unforgivable?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"l'irrémissible","title":"«irrémissible» (unforgivable)","body":"«irrémissible» = 'unforgivable, beyond remission', from the theology of sins that cannot be absolved. Used as a noun, «l'irrémissible» names the thing itself: the sin (or sorrow) past all pardon. It rhymes the title's «irréparable» in sense — what is done cannot be undone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb, addressed exclamation","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"connais","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of connais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of irrémissible","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"irrémissible","lemma":"irrémissible","morphology":"adjective used as noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of connais","gloss":"unforgivable"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"l-irreparable-s7-l3","source":"Connais-tu le Remords, aux traits empoisonnés,","translation":"Do you know Remorse, with its poisoned darts,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aux traits empoisonnés","title":"«trait» (dart) + «à» of attribute","body":"«un trait» here is an arrow or dart (as well as a 'feature'); «aux traits empoisonnés» = 'with poisoned darts'. The preposition «à/aux» commonly marks a defining attribute: 'the one with…'. Remorse is personified as an archer whose shafts are venomed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Connais","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of Connais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Remords","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Connais","gloss":"Remorse"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traits","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"traits","lemma":"trait","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Remords","gloss":"darts"},{"surface":"empoisonnés","lemma":"empoisonner","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies traits","gloss":"poisoned"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"l-irreparable-s7-l4","source":"À qui notre coeur sert de cible?","translation":"for whom our heart serves as a target?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sert de cible","title":"«servir de» (to serve as)","body":"«servir de [qqch.]» = 'to serve as, act as' — no article before the noun: «sert de cible» = 'serves as a target'. «à qui» ('for whom / to whom') refers back to «le Remords». Our heart is the bull's-eye the poisoned darts are aimed at."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qui","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"depends on sert","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"notre","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sert","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"sert","lemma":"servir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"serves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cible","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"cible","lemma":"cible","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of sert","gloss":"target"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"l-irreparable-s7-l5","source":"Adorable sorcière, aimes-tu les damnés?","translation":"Adorable sorceress, do you love the damned?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Adorable","lemma":"adorable","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sorcière","gloss":"adorable"},{"surface":"sorcière","lemma":"sorcière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of aimes","gloss":"sorceress"},{"surface":"aimes","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you love"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of aimes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of damnés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"damnés","lemma":"damné","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aimes","gloss":"damned"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"l-irreparable-s8-l1","source":"L'Irréparable ronge avec sa dent maudite","translation":"The Irreparable gnaws with its accursed tooth","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ronge / maudite","title":"«ronger», «maudit»","body":"«ronger» = 'to gnaw, eat away, corrode', the slow chewing of a rodent or rust. «maudit/maudite» = 'accursed, damned', the past participle of «maudire» ('to curse'). The capitalised «L'Irréparable» — the poem's title, what can never be put right — bites at the soul with a cursed tooth."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Irréparable","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Irréparable","lemma":"irréparable","morphology":"adjective used as noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ronge","gloss":"Irreparable"},{"surface":"ronge","lemma":"ronger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnaws"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dent","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dent","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"dent","lemma":"dent","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of ronge","gloss":"tooth"},{"surface":"maudite","lemma":"maudit","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dent","gloss":"accursed"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"l-irreparable-s8-l2","source":"Notre âme, piteux monument,","translation":"our soul, a pitiful monument,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Notre","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ronge (prior line)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"piteux","lemma":"piteux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies monument","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"monument","lemma":"monument","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to âme","gloss":"monument"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"l-irreparable-s8-l3","source":"Et souvent il attaque ainsi que le termite,","translation":"and often it attacks just as the termite does,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ainsi que le termite","title":"«ainsi que» (just as, like)","body":"«ainsi que» = 'just as, in the same way as' — a comparison, here 'as the termite does'. «le termite» eats wood from within, unseen; the soul-as-building is hollowed out «par la base» ('from the base'), undermined before it shows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"souvent","lemma":"souvent","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies attaque","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of attaque","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"attaque","lemma":"attaquer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attacks"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of termite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"termite","lemma":"termite","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with il","gloss":"termite"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"l-irreparable-s8-l4","source":"Par la base le bâtiment.","translation":"the building, from its base.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking base","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of base","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"base","lemma":"base","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of attaque (prior line)","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bâtiment","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bâtiment","lemma":"bâtiment","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of attaque (prior line)","gloss":"building"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"l-irreparable-s8-l5","source":"L'Irréparable ronge avec sa dent maudite!","translation":"The Irreparable gnaws with its accursed tooth!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Irréparable","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Irréparable","lemma":"irréparable","morphology":"adjective used as noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ronge","gloss":"Irreparable"},{"surface":"ronge","lemma":"ronger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnaws"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dent","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of dent","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"dent","lemma":"dent","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of ronge","gloss":"tooth"},{"surface":"maudite","lemma":"maudit","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies dent","gloss":"accursed"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"l-irreparable-s9-l1","source":"— J'ai vu parfois, au fond d'un théâtre banal","translation":"— I have sometimes seen, at the back of a humdrum theatre","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"au fond d'un théâtre banal","title":"«au fond de», «banal»","body":"«au fond de» = 'at the back of, deep in'. «banal» here means 'ordinary, commonplace, unremarkable' (not the English 'banal' of cliché). The dash and «J'ai vu» (perfect of «voir», 'I have seen') turn the poem outward to a remembered scene — a cheap theatre — that will hold the one stray image of hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of vu","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"depends on vu","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"vu","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vu","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"contracted preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of vu","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking théâtre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of théâtre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"théâtre","lemma":"théâtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"theatre"},{"surface":"banal","lemma":"banal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies théâtre","gloss":"humdrum"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"l-irreparable-s9-l2","source":"Qu'enflammait l'orchestre sonore,","translation":"which the resounding orchestra set ablaze,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qu'enflammait l'orchestre","title":"Inverted relative; imperfect «enflammait»","body":"«que» is the object, with verb before subject: «qu'enflammait l'orchestre» = 'which the orchestra set ablaze'. «enflammer» = 'to set on fire, kindle, inflame'; the imperfect «enflammait» gives ongoing, atmospheric action. The loud orchestra 'inflames' the dingy theatre — a figurative blaze of sound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of enflammait","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"enflammait","lemma":"enflammer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on théâtre","gloss":"set ablaze"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of orchestre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orchestre","lemma":"orchestre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of enflammait","gloss":"orchestra"},{"surface":"sonore","lemma":"sonore","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies orchestre","gloss":"resounding"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"l-irreparable-s9-l3","source":"Une fée allumer dans un ciel infernal","translation":"a fairy kindle, in an infernal sky,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"J'ai vu ... une fée allumer","title":"«voir» + infinitive (perception verb)","body":"Verbs of perception like «voir» take a direct object plus an infinitive: «j'ai vu une fée allumer» = 'I saw a fairy kindle / light up'. «une fée» is a stage-fairy, «allumer» = 'to light, kindle'. The construction spans three lines, from «J'ai vu» (s9-l1) to its objects here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fée","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fée","lemma":"fée","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of allumer (infinitive clause, object of vu)","gloss":"fairy"},{"surface":"allumer","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause, object of vu","gloss":"kindle"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of allumer","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"infernal","lemma":"infernal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"infernal"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"l-irreparable-s9-l4","source":"Une miraculeuse aurore;","translation":"a miraculous dawn;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of aurore","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"miraculeuse","lemma":"miraculeux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aurore","gloss":"miraculous"},{"surface":"aurore","lemma":"aurore","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of allumer (prior line)","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"l-irreparable-s9-l5","source":"J'ai vu parfois au fond d'un théâtre banal","translation":"I have sometimes seen, at the back of a humdrum theatre,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of vu","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"depends on vu","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"vu","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vu","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"contracted preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of vu","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking théâtre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of théâtre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"théâtre","lemma":"théâtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"theatre"},{"surface":"banal","lemma":"banal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies théâtre","gloss":"humdrum"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"l-irreparable-s10-l1","source":"Un être, qui n'était que lumière, or et gaze,","translation":"A being who was nothing but light, gold and gauze,","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui n'était que lumière","title":"«ne ... que» (only, nothing but)","body":"«ne ... que» is the restrictive 'only / nothing but': «qui n'était que lumière» = 'who was only light, nothing but light'. It is not a negation — the being is not nothing, it is purely those things. «la gaze» is 'gauze', the sheer fabric of a stage costume, with «or» ('gold') its glitter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of être","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"être","lemma":"être","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Terrasser (next line)","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of était","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies était, part of ne...que","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to lumière","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of ne...que, restricting était","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"lumière","lemma":"lumière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of était","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with lumière","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gaze","lemma":"gaze","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with or","gloss":"gauze"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"l-irreparable-s10-l2","source":"Terrasser l'énorme Satan;","translation":"strike down the enormous Satan;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Terrasser","title":"«terrasser» (to floor, throw down)","body":"«terrasser» = 'to fell, floor, strike to the ground' — from «terre» ('earth'), to bring an enemy down onto it. It is the second infinitive governed by «J'ai vu» from the line above: 'I saw a being… strike down Satan'. On the cheap stage, the spangled fairy floors the great Devil — the one dawn breaking an infernal sky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Terrasser","lemma":"terrasser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause, complement of vu (s9-l1)","gloss":"strike down"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Satan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"énorme","lemma":"énorme","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Satan","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"Satan","lemma":"Satan","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Terrasser","gloss":"Satan"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"l-irreparable-s10-l3","source":"Mais mon coeur, que jamais ne visite l'extase,","translation":"But my heart, which ecstasy never visits,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que jamais ne visite l'extase","title":"Inverted relative with «ne ... jamais»","body":"Verb before subject again: «que jamais ne visite l'extase» = 'which ecstasy never visits' («l'extase» is the subject, «que» = my heart, the object). «ne ... jamais» = 'never'. After the stage's miracle, the «Mais» ('but') turns the poem back to the real heart, which no such rapture ever reaches."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Est (next line)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of visite","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies visite, part of ne...jamais","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"visite","lemma":"visiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on coeur","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of extase","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"extase","lemma":"extase","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of visite","gloss":"ecstasy"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"l-irreparable-s10-l4","source":"Est un théâtre où l'on attend","translation":"is a theatre where one waits","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking coeur (prior line) to théâtre","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of théâtre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"théâtre","lemma":"théâtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Est","gloss":"theatre"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of attend","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of attend","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"attend","lemma":"attendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on théâtre","gloss":"waits"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"l-irreparable-s10-l5","source":"Toujours. toujours en vain, l'Etre aux ailes de gaze!","translation":"always, always in vain, for the Being with wings of gauze!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"toujours en vain","title":"«en vain»; «l'Être aux ailes de gaze»","body":"«en vain» = 'in vain, to no purpose'; «attendre ... en vain» = 'to wait in vain'. «l'Être aux ailes de gaze» = 'the Being with wings of gauze' — the «aux» of attribute again ('the one with…'). The heart is its own theatre, endlessly awaiting a saviour-fairy who never comes onstage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies attend (prior line)","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the first toujours","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase en vain","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vain","lemma":"vain","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase en vain","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Etre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Etre","lemma":"être","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"apposed to on (prior line, object of waiting)","gloss":"Being","note":"'Être' capitalized as a personification, echoing s10-l1's 'être' — same word, now the object one waits for."},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ailes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ailes","lemma":"aile","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Etre","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gaze","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gaze","lemma":"gaze","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ailes","gloss":"gauze"}]}]}