{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"la-beatrice","title":{"source":"La Béatrice","translated":"The Beatrice"},"section":"Flowers of Evil","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/la-beatrice","lines":30},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/allegorie","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/un-voyage-a-cythere","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l1","source":"Dans des terrains cendreux, calcinés, sans verdure,","translation":"In ashen lands, burnt black and bare of green,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"calcinés","title":"calciné","body":"«calciné» = 'charred, calcined, burnt to ash', the past participle of «calciner». It pairs with «cendreux» ('ashen') and «sans verdure» ('without greenery') to build a scorched, lifeless waste — a hellscape of cinders before the poem's vision begins. The three adjectives all agree with the plural «terrains» ('grounds, plots of land')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terrains","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of terrains","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"terrains","lemma":"terrain","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"cendreux","lemma":"cendreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies terrains","gloss":"ashen"},{"surface":"calcinés","lemma":"calciner","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies terrains","gloss":"burnt"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdure","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"verdure","lemma":"verdure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sans, modifying terrains","gloss":"greenery"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l2","source":"Comme je me plaignais un jour à la nature,","translation":"As one day I was complaining to nature,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je me plaignais","title":"Pronominal «se plaindre»","body":"«se plaindre» is the pronominal verb 'to complain, to lament', here in the imperfect «je me plaignais» ('I was complaining'). The reflexive «me» is part of the verb's fixed form, not a separate object. Construed with «à» it means 'to complain to' someone — the poet pours out his grievance «à la nature». The «Comme» opening means 'As / Just as', setting the scene in time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of plaignais","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of plaignais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of plaignais","gloss":"myself","note":"\"se plaindre\" (to complain) is reflexive in French."},{"surface":"plaignais","lemma":"plaindre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was complaining"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jour","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"jour","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time expression with plaignais","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nature","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nature","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nature","lemma":"nature","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of plaignais","gloss":"nature"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l3","source":"Et que de ma pensée, en vaguant au hasard,","translation":"And while, with my thought wandering at random,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Et que","title":"«Et que» — repeating the «Comme»","body":"«que» here picks up and continues the «Comme» ('As') of the line before, so the clause reads 'and as / and while…'. French often replaces a repeated conjunction with «que» to avoid saying «Comme» twice. «en vaguant» is the gerund of «vaguer» ('to wander, roam'), an old, literary verb: 'while wandering at random' («au hasard»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"continues the clause begun by Comme, modifying aiguisais","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the absolute construction with pensée","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pensée","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pensée","lemma":"pensée","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vaguant","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the gerund with vaguant","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vaguant","lemma":"vaguer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause modifying pensée","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hasard","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hasard","lemma":"hasard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on vaguant","gloss":"random"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l4","source":"J'aiguisais lentement sur mon coeur le poignard,","translation":"I slowly whetted the dagger upon my heart,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"J'aiguisais","title":"aiguiser","body":"«aiguiser» = 'to sharpen, whet (a blade)', in the imperfect «j'aiguisais» ('I was sharpening / kept sharpening'). The image is grim and self-wounding: the poet hones «le poignard» ('the dagger') of his own thought «sur mon coeur» — against, and upon, his own heart. The inversion places the verb and adverb before the object, holding back «le poignard» to the line's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aiguisais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aiguisais","lemma":"aiguiser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whetted"},{"surface":"lentement","lemma":"lentement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aiguisais","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of aiguisais","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poignard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poignard","lemma":"poignard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of aiguisais","gloss":"dagger"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l5","source":"Je vis en plein midi descendre sur ma tête","translation":"I saw, in broad noon, descend upon my head","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je vis… descendre","title":"Past historic + infinitive of perception","body":"«vis» is the «passé simple» (past historic) of «voir», 'I saw' — the literary narrative tense. «voir descendre» is the perception-verb-plus-infinitive pattern: 'to see (something) descend'. The thing seen, «un nuage funèbre», is delayed to the next line, so the eye watches it falling before it is named. «en plein midi» = 'in the middle of noon, in broad daylight'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vis","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking midi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies midi","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"midi","lemma":"midi","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of vis","gloss":"noon"},{"surface":"descendre","lemma":"descendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vis","gloss":"descend"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tête","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tête","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"tête","lemma":"tête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of descendre","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l6","source":"Un nuage funèbre et gros d'une tempête,","translation":"A funereal cloud, swollen with a storm,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gros d'une tempête","title":"«gros de» — swollen / pregnant with","body":"«gros de» is an idiom meaning 'swollen with, big with, pregnant with' — the cloud is «gros d'une tempête», heavy and about to burst with a storm. «funèbre» = 'funereal, mournful, of death'. Together they make the noon sky go black, as if a hearse-cloud were lowering over the poet's head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nuage","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nuage","lemma":"nuage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of descendre","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"funèbre","lemma":"funèbre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nuage","gloss":"funereal"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gros","lemma":"gros","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"coordinated with funèbre","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tempête","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tempête","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tempête","lemma":"tempête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of gros","gloss":"storm"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l7","source":"Qui portait un troupeau de démons vicieux,","translation":"Which bore a herd of vicious demons,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of portait, referring to nuage","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"portait","lemma":"porter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of troupeau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"troupeau","lemma":"troupeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of portait","gloss":"herd"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking démons","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"démons","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies troupeau","gloss":"demons"},{"surface":"vicieux","lemma":"vicieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies démons","gloss":"vicious"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l8","source":"Semblables à des nains cruels et curieux.","translation":"Like cruel and inquisitive dwarves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"curieux","title":"curieux — prying, not just curious","body":"«curieux» means 'curious' but leans here toward 'prying, inquisitive, nosy' — the demons are «cruels et curieux», cruel and avid to gawk. «Semblables à» = 'similar to, like', agreeing with the plural «démons». The simile shrinks the tormentors to «des nains» ('dwarves'), small and spiteful gawkers rather than grand devils."}],"words":[{"surface":"Semblables","lemma":"semblable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies démons","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nains","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nains","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"nains","lemma":"nain","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Semblables","gloss":"dwarves"},{"surface":"cruels","lemma":"cruel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies nains","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"curieux","lemma":"curieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with cruels","gloss":"inquisitive"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l9","source":"À me considérer froidement ils se mirent,","translation":"They set themselves to eye me coldly,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ils se mirent","title":"«se mettre à» in the past historic","body":"«ils se mirent» is the «passé simple» of pronominal «se mettre», and «se mettre à + infinitive» means 'to begin to, to set about (doing)'. Read with the fronted «À me considérer froidement» it gives 'they set about coldly studying me'. Don't confuse this «mirent» (from «mettre») with «se mirer» ('to look at oneself in a mirror'); the «à» before the infinitive is the giveaway."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of considérer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"direct object of considérer","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"considérer","lemma":"considérer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mirent","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"froidement","lemma":"froidement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies considérer","gloss":"coldly"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of mirent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive part of mirent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"mirent","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l10","source":"Et, comme des passants sur un fou qu'ils admirent,","translation":"And, like passers-by over a madman they marvel at,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking passants","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of passants","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"passants","lemma":"passant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of comme","gloss":"passers-by"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fou","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fou","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fou","lemma":"fou","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies passants","gloss":"madman"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of admirent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of admirent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"admirent","lemma":"admirer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on fou","gloss":"marvel at"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l11","source":"Je les entendis rire et chuchoter entre eux,","translation":"I heard them laugh and whisper among themselves,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of entendis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of entendis","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"entendis","lemma":"entendre","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"rire","lemma":"rire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of entendis","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"chuchoter","lemma":"chuchoter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with rire","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eux","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"eux","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of chuchoter","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"la-beatrice-s1-l12","source":"En échangeant maint signe et maint clignement d'yeux:","translation":"Exchanging many a sign and many a wink of the eyes:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"maint signe et maint clignement","title":"«maint» — many a","body":"«maint» is a literary, archaic-flavored adjective meaning 'many a', used without an article: «maint signe» = 'many a sign'. Repeating it («maint… et maint…») heaps up the gestures. «un clignement d'yeux» = 'a blink, a wink of the eyes'; the demons trade knowing signs and winks like gossips. «En échangeant» is the gerund, 'while exchanging'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the gerund with échangeant, modifying ils","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"échangeant","lemma":"échanger","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial gerund modifying entendis's subject","gloss":"exchanging"},{"surface":"maint","lemma":"maint","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of signe","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"signe","lemma":"signe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of échangeant","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maint","lemma":"maint","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of clignement","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"clignement","lemma":"clignement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of échangeant","gloss":"wink"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies clignement","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l1","source":"— «Contemplons à loisir cette caricature","translation":"— \"Let us contemplate at leisure this caricature","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Contemplons","title":"First-person plural imperative","body":"«Contemplons» is the «nous» imperative of «contempler»: 'Let us contemplate / behold'. The em-dash and «guillemets» («…») open the demons' speech, which runs to the end of the stanza. «à loisir» = 'at leisure, at one's ease' — they invite one another to take their unhurried time mocking the poet, here belittled as «cette caricature»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Contemplons","lemma":"contempler","morphology":"verb, imperative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us contemplate"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loisir","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"loisir","lemma":"loisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Contemplons","gloss":"leisure"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of caricature","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"caricature","lemma":"caricature","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Contemplons","gloss":"caricature"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l2","source":"Et cette ombre d'Hamlet imitant sa posture,","translation":"And this shade of Hamlet mimicking his stance,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ombre","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ombre","lemma":"ombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with caricature, direct object of Contemplons","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hamlet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Hamlet","lemma":"Hamlet","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies ombre","gloss":"Hamlet"},{"surface":"imitant","lemma":"imiter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies ombre","gloss":"mimicking"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of posture","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"posture","lemma":"posture","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of imitant","gloss":"stance"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l3","source":"Le regard indécis et les cheveux au vent.","translation":"His gaze irresolute and his hair in the wind.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of regard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regard","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ombre","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"indécis","lemma":"indécis","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies regard","gloss":"irresolute"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cheveux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cheveux","lemma":"cheveu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with regard","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vent","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cheveux","gloss":"wind"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l4","source":"N'est-ce pas grand'pitié de voir ce bon vivant,","translation":"Is it not a great pity to see this bon vivant,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"grand'pitié","title":"«grand'pitié» — an old elided spelling","body":"«grand'pitié» (with an apostrophe) is the older orthography of «grande pitié», 'great pity'. In medieval and classical French «grand» kept one form before feminine nouns, and the apostrophe later marked the supposedly 'missing' e. «N'est-ce pas… de voir…?» = 'Is it not… to see…?', a rhetorical question. «ce bon vivant» names the poet as a 'bon vivant', one who loves life's pleasures — said here with a sneer."}],"words":[{"surface":"N'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking -ce to grand'pitié","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"-ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"grand'pitié","lemma":"grand'pitié","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of est","gloss":"a great pity"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of voir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voir","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of grand'pitié","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bon","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bon","lemma":"bon","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vivant","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"vivant","lemma":"vivant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of voir","gloss":"bon vivant","note":"\"bon vivant\" is an idiom for someone who enjoys good living; left untranslated in the English."}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l5","source":"Ce gueux, cet histrion en vacances, ce drôle,","translation":"This beggar, this idle ham-actor, this rascal,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"histrion","title":"un histrion","body":"«un histrion» is a contemptuous word for a 'ham actor, ranting player, mountebank' (from Latin histrio). «en vacances» literally 'on holiday', i.e. 'idle, out of work'. The line piles up scorn in three appositives — «ce gueux» ('this beggar/wretch'), «cet histrion en vacances», «ce drôle» ('this rogue, scamp') — each a name the demons fling at the poet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gueux","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gueux","lemma":"gueux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beggar"},{"surface":"cet","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of histrion","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"histrion","lemma":"histrion","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to gueux","gloss":"ham-actor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vacances","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"vacances","lemma":"vacance","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies histrion","gloss":"vacation"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of drôle","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"drôle","lemma":"drôle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to histrion","gloss":"rascal"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l6","source":"Parce qu'il sait jouer artistement son rôle,","translation":"Because he knows how to play his part artfully,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Parce","lemma":"parce","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sait","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Parce","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sait","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sait","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"jouer","lemma":"jouer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sait","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"artistement","lemma":"artistement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jouer","gloss":"artfully"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rôle","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rôle","lemma":"rôle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of jouer","gloss":"part"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l7","source":"Vouloir intéresser au chant de ses douleurs","translation":"Wanting to interest, with the song of his sorrows,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vouloir intéresser","title":"The infinitive that completes «de voir»","body":"This bare infinitive «Vouloir» ('to want') hangs from «N'est-ce pas grand'pitié de voir… ce bon vivant… Vouloir…» four lines back: 'is it not a pity to see this man… want to…'. French can stack such infinitives across many lines. «intéresser X à Y» = 'to interest X in Y' — the poet wants to make «les aigles, les grillons…» (next line) care for «le chant de ses douleurs», the song of his griefs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vouloir","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of grand'pitié, coordinated with voir","gloss":"wanting"},{"surface":"intéresser","lemma":"intéresser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Vouloir","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chant","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"chant","lemma":"chant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of intéresser","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of douleurs","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"sorrows"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l8","source":"Les aigles, les grillons, les ruisseaux et les fleurs,","translation":"The eagles, the crickets, the brooks and the flowers,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of aigles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aigles","lemma":"aigle","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of intéresser","gloss":"eagles"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of grillons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grillons","lemma":"grillon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with aigles","gloss":"crickets"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ruisseaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruisseaux","lemma":"ruisseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with aigles","gloss":"brooks"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fleurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with aigles","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l9","source":"Et même à nous, auteurs de ces vieilles rubriques,","translation":"And even us, authors of these old rubrics,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ces vieilles rubriques","title":"les rubriques — set tricks of the trade","body":"«une rubrique» is literally a 'heading, rubric' (the red title in old manuscripts), but figuratively a 'stock device, well-worn trick'. The demons call themselves «auteurs de ces vieilles rubriques» — the seasoned 'authors' of these tired theatrical routines, claiming they invented every pose of suffering the poet now apes. «même à nous» = 'even to us'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nous","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nous","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"oblique argument of Réciter (recipient of the recitation), not intéresser","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"auteurs","lemma":"auteur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to nous","gloss":"authors"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rubriques","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rubriques","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"vieilles","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies rubriques","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"rubriques","lemma":"rubrique","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies auteurs","gloss":"rubrics"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"la-beatrice-s2-l10","source":"Réciter en hurlant ses tirades publiques?»","translation":"Recite, howling, his public tirades?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Réciter en hurlant","title":"Second infinitive + gerund «en hurlant»","body":"«Réciter» ('to recite') is a second infinitive governed by «Vouloir», so 'wanting to interest… and to recite'. «en hurlant» is the gerund of «hurler» ('to howl, yell'), meaning 'while howling, by bellowing'. «tirades publiques» = 'public tirades', long declaimed speeches — the demons close their taunt by accusing the poet of bawling his sorrows aloud like a street-corner tragedian. The «guillemets» and «?» shut the quoted speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Réciter","lemma":"réciter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with intéresser, complement of Vouloir","gloss":"recite"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of hurlant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"hurlant","lemma":"hurler","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on Réciter","gloss":"howling"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tirades","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tirades","lemma":"tirade","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Réciter","gloss":"tirades"},{"surface":"publiques","lemma":"public","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies tirades","gloss":"public"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l1","source":"J'aurais pu (mon orgueil aussi haut que les monts","translation":"I could have (my pride as high as the mountains","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"J'aurais pu","title":"Conditional perfect «j'aurais pu»","body":"«j'aurais pu» is the conditional perfect of «pouvoir»: 'I could have, I would have been able to'. Its action — «Détourner… ma tête souveraine» ('to turn aside my sovereign head') — waits two lines down, the long parenthesis «(mon orgueil… des démons)» pushing between. The whole sentence sets up a defiance the poet almost manages: he could have ignored them, were it not for what he sees next."}],"words":[{"surface":"J'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pu","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aurais","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, first-person, singular","role":"depends on pu","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"pu","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, past, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of orgueil","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"orgueil","lemma":"orgueil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Domine","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"aussi","lemma":"aussi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haut","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"haut","lemma":"haut","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies orgueil","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with monts","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of monts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"monts","lemma":"mont","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comparison with haut","gloss":"mountains"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l2","source":"Domine la nuée et le cri des démons)","translation":"Towers over the storm-cloud and the demons' cry)","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Domine","lemma":"dominer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject orgueil","gloss":"towers over"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuée","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuée","lemma":"nuée","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Domine","gloss":"storm-cloud"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cri","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cri","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with nuée","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking démons","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"démons","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cri","gloss":"demons"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l3","source":"Détourner simplement ma tête souveraine,","translation":"Simply have turned away my sovereign head,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Détourner","lemma":"détourner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pu","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"simplement","lemma":"simplement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Détourner","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tête","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"tête","lemma":"tête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Détourner","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"souveraine","lemma":"souverain","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tête","gloss":"sovereign"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l4","source":"Si je n'eusse pas vu parmi leur troupe obscène,","translation":"Had I not seen, among their obscene troop,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si je n'eusse pas vu","title":"Pluperfect subjunctive «n'eusse pas vu»","body":"«n'eusse pas vu» is the pluperfect (second-form) subjunctive of «voir» — a literary tense that stands in for the «si»-clause of a past unreal condition, 'if I had not seen'. In ordinary speech this would be «si je n'avais pas vu». Paired with the conditional perfect «J'aurais pu», it makes the classic contrary-to-fact frame: 'I could have turned away… had I not seen…'. The «pas» splits around the auxiliary «eusse»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vu","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vu","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vu","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eusse","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, subjunctive, first-person, singular","role":"depends on vu","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vu","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vu","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"parmi","lemma":"parmi","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking troupe","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of troupe","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"troupe","lemma":"troupe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of vu","gloss":"troop"},{"surface":"obscène","lemma":"obscène","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies troupe","gloss":"obscene"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l5","source":"Crime qui n'a pas fait chanceler le soleil!","translation":"A crime that did not make the sun reel!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"chanceler","title":"faire chanceler","body":"«chanceler» = 'to totter, stagger, reel'; «faire chanceler le soleil» = 'to make the sun stagger'. The line is an outraged aside — that such a betrayal did NOT shake the sun from its course is itself the scandal. «Crime qui…» stands in apposition to the horror the poet is about to name, the relative «qui» ('that, which') marking it as the very deed seen in the line above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Crime","lemma":"crime","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a crime"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fait","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on fait","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fait","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on Crime","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"chanceler","lemma":"chanceler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fait","gloss":"reel"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of chanceler","gloss":"sun"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l6","source":"La reine de mon coeur au regard nonpareil","translation":"The queen of my heart with her peerless gaze","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"nonpareil","title":"nonpareil — peerless","body":"«nonpareil» = 'matchless, peerless, beyond compare' (literally 'not-equal'). «au regard nonpareil» uses «à» to mean 'with, having' a feature — 'the one with the peerless gaze', the Beatrice of the title. The naming of «la reine de mon coeur» ('the queen of my heart') is the crime withheld since «Crime qui…»: the beloved herself stands among the jeering demons."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of reine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reine","lemma":"reine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to the obscene troop","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies reine","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regard","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"regard","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies reine","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"nonpareil","lemma":"nonpareil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies regard","gloss":"peerless"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l7","source":"Qui riait avec eux de ma sombre détresse","translation":"Who laughed with them at my dark distress","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"riait… de ma sombre détresse","title":"«rire de» — to laugh at","body":"«rire de quelque chose» = 'to laugh AT something' (not 'with' it). Here «Qui riait avec eux de ma sombre détresse» means 'who laughed, along with them, at my dark distress' — «avec eux» ('with them, the demons') is her company, «de ma… détresse» her target. The imperfect «riait» ('was laughing, kept laughing') stretches the betrayal across the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of riait, referring to reine","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"riait","lemma":"rire","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eux","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eux","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on riait","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking détresse","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of détresse","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies détresse","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"détresse","lemma":"détresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of riait","gloss":"distress"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"la-beatrice-s3-l8","source":"Et leur versait parfois quelque sale caresse.","translation":"And now and then lavished on them some foul caress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"leur versait… quelque sale caresse","title":"verser — to pour, lavish","body":"«verser» literally 'to pour'; figuratively 'to bestow, lavish'. «leur versait… quelque sale caresse» = 'poured / lavished on them some foul caress', the indirect object «leur» ('to/on them') being the demons. «sale» literally 'dirty', here 'foul, vile, sordid'. The closing image — the beloved dispensing dirty caresses to the poet's tormentors — is the final, deliberate degradation the poem builds toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"indirect object of versait","gloss":"on them"},{"surface":"versait","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject reine","gloss":"lavished"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies versait","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"quelque","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of caresse","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"sale","lemma":"sale","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies caresse","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"caresse","lemma":"caresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of versait","gloss":"caress"}]}]}