{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou","title":{"source":"La servante au grand coeur dont vous étiez jalouse","translated":"The Servant with the Great Heart of Whom You Were Jealous"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou","lines":22},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/je-n-ai-pas-oublie-voisine-de-la-ville","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/brumes-et-pluies","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l1","source":"La servante au grand coeur dont vous étiez jalouse,","translation":"The servant with the great heart of whom you were jealous,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dont vous étiez jalouse","title":"Relative «dont» with «jaloux de»","body":"«dont» is the relative pronoun that stands in for «de + noun». Because one is jealous «de» someone — «être jaloux de quelqu'un» — the link is made with «dont»: «la servante dont vous étiez jalouse» = 'the servant of whom you were jealous'."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of servante","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"servante","lemma":"servante","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"with the"},{"surface":"grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies servante","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"depends on jalouse","gloss":"of whom"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of jalouse","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"étiez","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"copula linking to jalouse","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"jalouse","lemma":"jaloux","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"relative clause on coeur","gloss":"jealous"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l2","source":"Et qui dort son sommeil sous une humble pelouse,","translation":"And who sleeps her sleep beneath a humble plot of grass,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dort son sommeil","title":"Cognate (figura etymologica) object","body":"«dormir» is normally intransitive, but here it takes its own noun as object: «dort son sommeil» = 'sleeps her sleep'. This doubling of verb and kindred noun is an old, solemn turn that weights the line — the sleep here is death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dort","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sommeil","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"sommeil","lemma":"sommeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of dort","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pelouse","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pelouse","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"humble","lemma":"humble","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pelouse","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"pelouse","lemma":"pelouse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of dort (sous + pelouse)","gloss":"plot of grass"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l3","source":"Nous devrions pourtant lui porter quelques fleurs.","translation":"We ought nevertheless to bring her a few flowers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nous devrions","title":"Conditional of «devoir»: ought / should","body":"«devrions» is the present conditional of «devoir». Used this way it expresses moral obligation softened by regret — 'we ought to, we should'. «pourtant» ('nevertheless, and yet') marks the reproach: we owe her this, and yet we forget."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of devrions","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"devrions","lemma":"devoir","morphology":"verb, present, conditional, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"pourtant","lemma":"pourtant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies devrions","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of porter","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"porter","lemma":"porter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of devrions","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"quelques","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fleurs","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of porter","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l4","source":"Les morts, les pauvres morts, ont de grandes douleurs,","translation":"The dead, the poor dead, have great sorrows,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of morts","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ont","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of morts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pauvres","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies morts","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ont, in apposition with the first morts","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of douleurs (de replaces des before a pre-nominal adjective)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"grandes","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies douleurs","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ont","gloss":"sorrows"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l5","source":"Et quand Octobre souffle, émondeur des vieux arbres,","translation":"And when October blows, that pruner of the old trees,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"émondeur","title":"émondeur (m.)","body":"An «émondeur» is one who prunes or strips trees of their dead wood — from «émonder», 'to prune'. October is cast «en apposition» as the «émondeur des vieux arbres», the wind that strips the old trees bare, a figure of cold dispossession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause (quand Octobre souffle)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Octobre","lemma":"octobre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of souffle","gloss":"October"},{"surface":"souffle","lemma":"souffler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quand-clause, subject Octobre","gloss":"blows"},{"surface":"émondeur","lemma":"émondeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to Octobre","gloss":"pruner"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbres","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies arbres","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"arbres","lemma":"arbre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies émondeur","gloss":"trees"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l6","source":"Son vent mélancolique à l'entour de leurs marbres,","translation":"Its melancholy wind around about their marble stones,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"à l'entour de","title":"à l'entour de = around","body":"«à l'entour de» is an older, literary equivalent of «autour de», 'around, round about'. «leurs marbres» — 'their marble stones' — means the headstones of the dead; the wind circles their graves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vent","gloss":"Its"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"mélancolique","lemma":"mélancolique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vent","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking entour","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of entour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"entour","lemma":"entour","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies vent","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marbres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of marbres","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"marbres","lemma":"marbre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies entour","gloss":"marble stones"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l7","source":"Certe, ils doivent trouver les vivants bien ingrats,","translation":"Surely they must find the living quite ungrateful,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Certe","title":"Certe (poetic for «certes»)","body":"«Certe» is a poetic, apocopated form of «certes», 'surely, indeed' — the final 's' dropped to fit the metre. «trouver X + adjective» here means 'to find X (to be) so-and-so': 'they must find the living quite ungrateful'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Certe","lemma":"certes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doivent (certainly)","gloss":"Surely","note":"Certe is an archaic spelling of certes, 'certainly'."},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of doivent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"doivent","lemma":"devoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"trouver","lemma":"trouver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doivent","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vivants","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vivants","lemma":"vivant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of trouver","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingrats","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ingrats","lemma":"ingrat","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of trouver, describes vivants","gloss":"ungrateful"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l8","source":"À dormir, comme ils font, chaudement dans leurs draps,","translation":"Sleeping, as they do, warmly in their sheets,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dormir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dormir","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on font","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of font","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of font","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"chaudement","lemma":"chaudement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dormir","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking draps","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of draps","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"draps","lemma":"drap","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of dans, modifies dormir","gloss":"sheets"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l9","source":"Tandis que, dévorés de noires songeries,","translation":"While they, devoured by black broodings,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"noires songeries","title":"songerie (f.)","body":"A «songerie» is a reverie, a long brooding daydream — from «songer», 'to muse, to dream'. «noires songeries» = 'black reveries', the dark, sleepless musings of the dead, set against the warm, easy sleep of the living above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tandis","lemma":"tandis","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of dévorés","gloss":"While"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Tandis (tandis que = while)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dévorés","lemma":"dévorer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"participial clause, modifies ils (the dead), passive","gloss":"devoured"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking songeries (agent of dévorés)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"noires","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies songeries","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"songeries","lemma":"songerie","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, agent of dévorés","gloss":"broodings"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l10","source":"Sans compagnon de lit, sans bonnes causeries,","translation":"Without a bedfellow, without warm conversations,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bonnes causeries","title":"causerie (f.)","body":"A «causerie» is an informal chat or friendly talk — from «causer», 'to chat'. «bonnes causeries» are the good, companionable conversations the dead are deprived of; the line lists, by their absence, the small comforts of being alive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compagnon","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"compagnon","lemma":"compagnon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"companion"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lit","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lit","lemma":"lit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies compagnon","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking causeries","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bonnes","lemma":"bon","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies causeries","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"causeries","lemma":"causerie","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies compagnon","gloss":"conversations"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l11","source":"Vieux squelettes gelés travaillés par le ver,","translation":"Old frozen skeletons worked away at by the worm,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"travaillés par le ver","title":"Past participle as passive: «travaillé par»","body":"The past participle «travaillés» agrees with «squelettes» (masc. pl.) and works as a passive with «par»: 'worked on / wrought by the worm'. «travailler» here keeps its concrete sense of laboring at, gnawing, eating into the bone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies squelettes","gloss":"Old"},{"surface":"squelettes","lemma":"squelette","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"skeletons"},{"surface":"gelés","lemma":"geler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying squelettes","gloss":"frozen"},{"surface":"travaillés","lemma":"travailler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying squelettes","gloss":"worked at"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ver","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of travaillés","gloss":"worm"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l12","source":"Ils sentent s'égoutter les neiges de l'hiver","translation":"They feel the winter's snows trickling down drop by drop","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sentent s'égoutter les neiges","title":"Perception verb + reflexive infinitive","body":"After a verb of perception like «sentir», French uses a bare infinitive whose subject follows it: «ils sentent s'égoutter les neiges» = 'they feel the snows drip'. «s'égoutter» is pronominal — 'to drip, to drain off drop by drop', from «goutte», a drop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sentent","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"sentent","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of égoutter","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"égoutter","lemma":"égoutter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of sentent, predicated of neiges (sentir + subject + infinitive)","gloss":"trickling"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of neiges","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neiges","lemma":"neige","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"logical subject of s'égoutter (perception-verb construction: sentir + subject + infinitive)","gloss":"snows","note":"sentir + noun + infinitive: neiges is the logical subject of égoutter, not its object."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hiver","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hiver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hiver","lemma":"hiver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies neiges","gloss":"winter"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l13","source":"Et le siècle couler, sans qu'amis ni famille","translation":"And the century flowing by, without friends or family","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sans qu'amis ni famille / Remplacent","title":"«sans que» + subjunctive","body":"The conjunction «sans que» ('without ... -ing') always takes the subjunctive: «sans qu'amis ni famille Remplacent...» = 'without friends or family replacing...'. The verb «Remplacent» on the next line is that subjunctive. Note «ni ... ni» for 'neither ... nor'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of siècle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"siècle","lemma":"siècle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of couler","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"couler","lemma":"couler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"narrative infinitive, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flowing by"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the sans que clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Remplacent (next line)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"amis","lemma":"ami","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Remplacent (next line)","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"famille","lemma":"famille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with amis, subject of Remplacent","gloss":"family"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l14","source":"Remplacent les lambeaux qui pendent à leur grille.","translation":"To replace the tatters that hang upon their railing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les lambeaux ... à leur grille","title":"lambeau (m.) / grille (f.)","body":"«lambeaux» are shreds, rags, tatters; a «grille» is the iron railing or gate enclosing a grave plot. The image is of withered funeral wreaths left to rot on the graveside railing, with no one to renew them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Remplacent","lemma":"remplacer","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sans que clause (subject amis/famille)","gloss":"replace"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lambeaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lambeaux","lemma":"lambeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Remplacent","gloss":"tatters"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pendent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pendent","lemma":"pendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on lambeaux","gloss":"hang"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grille","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural possessive","role":"determiner of grille","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"grille","lemma":"grille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pendent","gloss":"railing"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l15","source":"Lorsque la bûche siffle et chante, si le soir","translation":"When the log hisses and sings, if of an evening","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lorsque","lemma":"lorsque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of siffle","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bûche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bûche","lemma":"bûche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of siffle","gloss":"log"},{"surface":"siffle","lemma":"siffler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"hisses"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"chante","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with siffle","gloss":"sings"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voyais (s1-l16)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of voyais (s1-l16)","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l16","source":"Calme, dans le fauteuil je la voyais s'asseoir,","translation":"Calm, in the armchair I were to see her sit down,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je la voyais s'asseoir","title":"Imperfect for a hypothesis; «s'asseoir»","body":"Within this «si» clause the imperfect «voyais» sets up a tentative supposition — 'if I were to see her'. «s'asseoir» is the pronominal verb 'to sit (oneself) down'; its reflexive «s'» refers back to «la», the servant who would seat herself by the fire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Calme","lemma":"calme","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject (her) of voyais","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fauteuil","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fauteuil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fauteuil","lemma":"fauteuil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of voyais","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of voyais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular, direct object","role":"direct object of voyais","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voyais","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would see"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asseoir","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"asseoir","lemma":"asseoir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voyais","gloss":"sit down"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l17","source":"Si, par une nuit bleue et froide de décembre,","translation":"If, on some blue and cold December night,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of trouvais (s1-l18)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuit","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nuit","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of trouvais (s1-l18)","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"bleue","lemma":"bleu","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nuit","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"froide","lemma":"froid","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with bleue","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking décembre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"décembre","lemma":"décembre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies nuit","gloss":"December"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l18","source":"Je la trouvais tapie en un coin de ma chambre,","translation":"I were to find her crouched in a corner of my room,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tapie","title":"tapi (adj., from «se tapir»)","body":"«tapie» (fem.) is the past participle of «se tapir», 'to crouch, to huddle, to nestle low' — used as an adjective: 'crouched, hidden away'. It gives the returning servant the still, shrinking posture of a ghost waiting in the corner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of trouvais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular, direct object","role":"direct object of trouvais","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"trouvais","lemma":"trouver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"tapie","lemma":"tapi","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies la (predicate of trouvais)","gloss":"crouched"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"coin","lemma":"coin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of trouvais","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chambre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of chambre","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"chambre","lemma":"chambre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies coin","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l19","source":"Grave, et venant du fond de son lit éternel","translation":"Grave, and coming from the depth of her eternal bed","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Grave","lemma":"grave","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject (her)","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"venant","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with Grave, describing her","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of venant","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lit","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lit","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"lit","lemma":"lit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"éternel","lemma":"éternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lit","gloss":"eternal"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l20","source":"Couver l'enfant grandi de son oeil maternel,","translation":"To brood over the grown child with her motherly eye,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Couver ... de son oeil maternel","title":"couver = to brood over","body":"«couver» is literally to sit on eggs, to hatch; figuratively to watch over tenderly, to cherish with one's gaze — «couver des yeux». «Couver l'enfant grandi de son oeil maternel» = 'to brood over the grown child with her motherly eye', the hen-like care of the dead servant for the now-grown boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Couver","lemma":"couver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of venant (purpose)","gloss":"to brood over"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of enfant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"enfant","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"direct object of Couver","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"grandi","lemma":"grandir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies enfant","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oeil","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Couver","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"maternel","lemma":"maternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"motherly"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l21","source":"Que pourrais-je répondre à cette âme pieuse,","translation":"What could I answer to that pious soul,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Que pourrais-je répondre","title":"Conditional with inversion in a question","body":"«pourrais-je» is the conditional of «pouvoir» with subject-verb inversion to form the question: 'what could I answer?'. The conditional carries the whole hypothesis of the preceding «si» clauses to its helpless close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of répondre","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"pourrais","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, conditional, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"-je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pourrais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"répondre","lemma":"répondre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pourrais","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of répondre","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"pieuse","lemma":"pieux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"pious"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"la-servante-au-grand-coeur-dont-vous-etiez-jalou-s1-l22","source":"Voyant tomber des pleurs de sa paupière creuse?","translation":"Seeing tears fall from her hollow eyelid?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voyant tomber des pleurs","title":"Present participle + perception; «pleurs»","body":"«Voyant» is the present participle of «voir», 'seeing', taking a bare infinitive «tomber» whose subject follows: 'seeing tears fall'. «pleurs» (always plural, masc.) is a poetic word for tears; «paupière creuse» — 'hollow eyelid' — gives the weeping a fleshless, skull-like cast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voyant","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying je (implied)","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"tomber","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Voyant","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pleurs","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of tomber","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paupière","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of paupière","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"paupière","lemma":"paupière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tomber","gloss":"eyelid"},{"surface":"creuse","lemma":"creux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies paupière","gloss":"hollow"}]}]}