{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin","title":{"source":"Le Crépuscule du matin","translated":"Morning Twilight"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-crepuscule-du-matin","lines":28},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/reve-parisien","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-ame-du-vin","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s1-l1","source":"La diane chantait dans les cours des casernes,","translation":"The reveille was singing in the barracks yards,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"La diane","title":"la diane (f.)","body":"«La diane» is the reveille — the morning bugle or drum call that wakes soldiers at dawn. «La diane chantait dans les cours des casernes» = 'The reveille was singing in the barracks yards': the poem opens on the very first sound of the city's morning, the army being roused before anyone else."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of diane","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diane","lemma":"diane","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of chantait","gloss":"reveille"},{"surface":"chantait","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was singing"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cours","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cours","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cours","lemma":"cours","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on chantait","gloss":"yards"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking casernes","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"casernes","lemma":"caserne","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cours","gloss":"barracks"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s1-l2","source":"Et le vent du matin soufflait sur les lanternes.","translation":"And the morning wind was blowing on the lanterns.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of soufflait","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matin","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"matin","lemma":"matin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vent","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"soufflait","lemma":"souffler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was blowing"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lanternes","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lanternes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lanternes","lemma":"lanterne","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of soufflait","gloss":"lanterns"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l1","source":"C'était l'heure où l'essaim des rêves malfaisants","translation":"It was the hour when the swarm of evil dreams","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"l'essaim","title":"un essaim (m.)","body":"«un essaim» is a swarm — properly a swarm of bees, then any seething mass. «l'essaim des rêves malfaisants» = 'the swarm of evil dreams'; «malfaisant» (from «mal» + «faisant», 'doing harm') marks the dreams as actively wicked, a hive of them descending at the worst hour of the night."}],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to heure","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of heure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heure","lemma":"heure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces clause modifying heure","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of essaim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"essaim","lemma":"essaim","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Tord","gloss":"swarm"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rêves","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rêves","lemma":"rêve","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies essaim","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"malfaisants","lemma":"malfaisant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rêves","gloss":"evil"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l2","source":"Tord sur leurs oreillers les bruns adolescents;","translation":"Twists the brown-haired youths upon their pillows;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tord ... les bruns adolescents","title":"Delayed subject across the line","body":"The verb «tord» (from «tordre», 'to twist, wring') belongs to the subject «l'essaim» in the line before: 'the swarm... twists the youths'. French verse readily strings the subject, verb, and object across line breaks like this — read «l'essaim... Tord... les bruns adolescents» as one clause, the dreams wringing the sleepers like wet cloth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tord","lemma":"tordre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twists"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oreillers","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oreillers","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"oreillers","lemma":"oreiller","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Tord","gloss":"pillows"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of adolescents","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bruns","lemma":"brun","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies adolescents","gloss":"brown-haired"},{"surface":"adolescents","lemma":"adolescent","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Tord","gloss":"youths"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l3","source":"Où, comme un oeil sanglant qui palpite et qui bouge,","translation":"When, like a bloodshot eye that throbs and stirs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces subordinate clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oeil","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"sanglant","lemma":"sanglant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"bloodshot"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of palpite","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"palpite","lemma":"palpiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on oeil","gloss":"throbs"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bouge","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bouge","lemma":"bouger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with palpite","gloss":"stirs"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l4","source":"La lampe sur le jour fait une tache rouge;","translation":"The lamp makes a red stain upon the daylight;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lampe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lampe","lemma":"lampe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jour","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jour","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jour","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of fait","gloss":"daylight"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tache","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tache","lemma":"tache","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"stain"},{"surface":"rouge","lemma":"rouge","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies tache","gloss":"red"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l5","source":"Où l'âme, sous le poids du corps revêche et lourd,","translation":"When the soul, under the weight of the body, sullen and heavy,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"revêche","title":"revêche (adj.)","body":"«revêche» means harsh, surly, recalcitrant — originally said of rough, unworkable wool or cloth, then of an intractable temper. Here «le corps revêche et lourd» = 'the body, sullen and heavy', a stubborn dead weight the waking soul has to fight against."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces subordinate clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Imite","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poids","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poids","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poids","lemma":"poids","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sous","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corps","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poids","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"revêche","lemma":"revêche","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lourd","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with revêche","gloss":"heavy"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l6","source":"Imite les combats de la lampe et du jour.","translation":"Mimics the struggle of the lamp and the daylight.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Imite","lemma":"imiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mimics"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of combats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"combats","lemma":"combat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Imite","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lampe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lampe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lampe","lemma":"lampe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies combats","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jour","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"jour","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with lampe","gloss":"daylight"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l7","source":"Comme un visage en pleurs que les brises essuient,","translation":"Like a tear-streaked face that the breezes wipe dry,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que les brises essuient","title":"Word order in the «que» relative","body":"In «un visage... que les brises essuient», the order is: «que» (object) + «les brises» (subject) + «essuient» (verb) — standard subject-before-verb word order for a «que» relative clause. The subject «les brises» precedes the verb «essuient», not vice versa; there is no inversion here. Untangled: 'a face that the breezes wipe'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking visage","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of visage","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"visage","lemma":"visage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies visage","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"introduces the clause of essuient","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of brises","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brises","lemma":"brise","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of essuient","gloss":"breezes"},{"surface":"essuient","lemma":"essuyer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clause modifying visage","gloss":"wipe dry"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l8","source":"L'air est plein du frisson des choses qui s'enfuient,","translation":"The air is full of the shudder of things that flee away,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui s'enfuient","title":"Pronominal «s'enfuir»","body":"«s'enfuir» is the pronominal verb 'to flee, run away', stronger than plain «fuir»: the «s'» makes the flight the thing's own headlong escape. «les choses qui s'enfuient» = 'the things that flee away' — the night and its dreams slipping off as dawn comes on."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of plein","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to plein","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frisson","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"frisson","lemma":"frisson","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of plein","gloss":"shudder"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking choses","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"choses","lemma":"chose","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies frisson","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of enfuient","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on enfuient","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"enfuient","lemma":"enfuir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on choses","gloss":"flee away"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s2-l9","source":"Et l'homme est las d'écrire et la femme d'aimer.","translation":"And man is weary of writing and woman of loving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"las d'écrire ... d'aimer","title":"être las de + infinitive","body":"«être las de» means 'to be weary / tired of'; before an infinitive the «de» elides to «d'». The second clause drops the repeated adjective: «la femme [est lasse] d'aimer» = 'woman [is weary] of loving'. Two exhaustions balanced across the line — the writer at his desk, the lover in her bed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of las","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to las","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"las","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of écrire","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"écrire","lemma":"écrire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on las","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of femme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with homme","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of aimer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aimer","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying femme","gloss":"loving"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l1","source":"Les maisons çà et là commençaient à fumer.","translation":"Here and there the houses were beginning to smoke.","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"çà et là","title":"çà et là (idiom)","body":"«çà et là» means 'here and there, in scattered spots'. The «çà» (grave accent) is an old adverb of place, not the «ça» that means 'that'. «Les maisons çà et là commençaient à fumer» = 'Here and there the houses were beginning to smoke' — chimneys lighting one by one as the city stirs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of maisons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maisons","lemma":"maison","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of commençaient","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"çà","lemma":"çà","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies commençaient","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"là","lemma":"là","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with çà","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"commençaient","lemma":"commencer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were beginning"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of fumer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"fumer","lemma":"fumer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of commençaient","gloss":"smoke"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l2","source":"Les femmes de plaisir, la paupière livide,","translation":"The women of pleasure, their eyelids livid,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of femmes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"femmes","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaisir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plaisir","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies femmes","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of paupière","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"paupière","lemma":"paupière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to femmes (distributive singular)","gloss":"eyelid","note":"Singular noun used distributively for the whole group of women, each with her own eyelid."},{"surface":"livide","lemma":"livide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies paupière","gloss":"livid"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l3","source":"Bouche ouverte, dormaient de leur sommeil stupide;","translation":"Mouths open, slept their stupefied sleep;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dormaient de leur sommeil","title":"Cognate-object construction","body":"French can pair a verb with a noun built from the same idea, introduced by «de»: «dormir de son sommeil» = 'to sleep one's sleep'. «dormaient de leur sommeil stupide» = 'slept their stupefied sleep' — the adjective «stupide» (here 'numb, stupefied') doing the real work the bare verb cannot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bouche","lemma":"bouche","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"absolute clause modifying femmes (s3-l2, previous line)","gloss":"mouth","note":"Distributive singular, like 'la paupière' above."},{"surface":"ouverte","lemma":"ouvert","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying Bouche","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"dormaient","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: femmes, s3-l2)","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sommeil","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sommeil","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"sommeil","lemma":"sommeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of dormaient","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"stupide","lemma":"stupide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sommeil","gloss":"stupefied"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l4","source":"Les pauvresses, traînant leurs seins maigres et froids,","translation":"The poor women, dragging their thin cold breasts,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Les pauvresses","title":"une pauvresse (f.)","body":"«une pauvresse» is a destitute woman, a beggar-woman — the feminine of «un pauvre» pushed to its bleakest. The plural «Les pauvresses» opens Baudelaire's tally of the dawn's wretched: not the night's revellers now but the cold and the labouring poor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pauvresses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pauvresses","lemma":"pauvresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"poor women"},{"surface":"traînant","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying pauvresses","gloss":"dragging"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of seins","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"seins","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of traînant","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"maigres","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies seins","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"froids","lemma":"froid","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with maigres","gloss":"cold"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l5","source":"Soufflaient sur leurs tisons et soufflaient sur leurs doigts.","translation":"Blew on their embers and blew on their fingers.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Soufflaient","lemma":"souffler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: pauvresses, previous line)","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tisons","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tisons","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"tisons","lemma":"tison","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Soufflaient","gloss":"embers"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"soufflaient","lemma":"souffler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with Soufflaient","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doigts","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of doigts","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"doigts","lemma":"doigt","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of soufflaient","gloss":"fingers"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l6","source":"C'était l'heure où parmi le froid et la lésine","translation":"It was the hour when, amid the cold and the stinting want,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"la lésine","title":"la lésine (f.)","body":"«la lésine» is sordid stinginess — penny-pinching so extreme it becomes a kind of squalor. Paired with «le froid», «parmi le froid et la lésine» = 'amid the cold and the stinting want': the grinding meanness of poverty that makes the next line's labour pains worse."}],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to heure","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of heure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heure","lemma":"heure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying heure","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"parmi","lemma":"parmi","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking froid","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of froid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"froid","lemma":"froid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of parmi, coordinated with lésine","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lésine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lésine","lemma":"lésine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with froid, object of parmi","gloss":"stinting want"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l7","source":"S'aggravent les douleurs des femmes en gésine;","translation":"The pains of women in labour grow worse;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"en gésine","title":"en gésine (archaic)","body":"«en gésine» is an old phrase meaning 'in childbirth, in labour' (from the same root as «gésir», 'to lie'). «les douleurs des femmes en gésine» = 'the pains of women in labour'. The pronominal «s'aggraver» ('to grow worse') is set before its subject — 'grow worse, the pains...' — in a poetic inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"S'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aggravent","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"aggravent","lemma":"aggraver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grow worse"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of douleurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of aggravent","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking femmes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"femmes","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies douleurs","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gésine","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gésine","lemma":"gésine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies femmes","gloss":"labour"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l8","source":"Comme un sanglot coupé par un sang écumeux","translation":"Like a sob cut short by a froth of blood","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sanglot","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sanglot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sanglot","lemma":"sanglot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sob"},{"surface":"coupé","lemma":"couper","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying sanglot","gloss":"cut short"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sang","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sang","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sang","lemma":"sang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of coupé","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"écumeux","lemma":"écumeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies sang","gloss":"frothing"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l9","source":"Le chant du coq au loin déchirait l'air brumeux;","translation":"The cock's crow in the distance tore the misty air;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chant","lemma":"chant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of déchirait","gloss":"crow"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coq","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"coq","lemma":"coq","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"cock"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loin","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"déchirait","lemma":"déchirer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of déchirait","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"brumeux","lemma":"brumeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies air","gloss":"misty"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l10","source":"Une mer de brouillards baignait les édifices,","translation":"A sea of fogs was bathing the buildings,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of baignait","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brouillards","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"brouillards","lemma":"brouillard","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies mer","gloss":"fogs"},{"surface":"baignait","lemma":"baigner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was bathing"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of édifices","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"édifices","lemma":"édifice","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of baignait","gloss":"buildings"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l11","source":"Et les agonisants dans le fond des hospices","translation":"And the dying, deep in the poorhouses,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les agonisants","title":"agonisant / un hospice","body":"«agoniser» means to be in one's death-throes (a faux ami — not English 'agonize'), so «les agonisants» are 'the dying'. «un hospice» is a charitable refuge for the old and destitute. «dans le fond des hospices» = 'deep in the poorhouses' — the city's poor expiring out of sight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of agonisants","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"agonisants","lemma":"agonisant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Poussaient (next line)","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies agonisants","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hospices","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hospices","lemma":"hospice","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"poorhouses"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l12","source":"Poussaient leur dernier râle en hoquets inégaux.","translation":"Were heaving their last death-rattle in uneven gasps.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Poussaient","lemma":"pousser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: agonisants, previous line)","gloss":"were heaving"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of râle","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"dernier","lemma":"dernier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies râle","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"râle","lemma":"râle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Poussaient","gloss":"death-rattle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoquets","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hoquets","lemma":"hoquet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Poussaient","gloss":"gasps"},{"surface":"inégaux","lemma":"inégal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hoquets","gloss":"uneven"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s3-l13","source":"Les débauchés rentraient, brisés par leurs travaux.","translation":"The debauchees came home, broken by their labours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"brisés par leurs travaux","title":"Passive past participle + «par»","body":"«brisés» is the past participle of «briser» ('to break, shatter'), agreeing in the plural with «les débauchés», and the agent comes in with «par»: 'broken by their labours'. Baudelaire calls a night of vice «travaux», 'works/toil' — the rakes go home wrecked as if from a day's hard labour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of débauchés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"débauchés","lemma":"débauché","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of rentraient","gloss":"debauchees"},{"surface":"rentraient","lemma":"rentrer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came home"},{"surface":"brisés","lemma":"briser","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying débauchés","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking travaux","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of travaux","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"travaux","lemma":"travail","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of brisés","gloss":"labours"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s4-l1","source":"L'aurore grelottante en robe rose et verte","translation":"Dawn, shivering in her gown of pink and green,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"grelottante","title":"grelotter / l'aurore personified","body":"«grelotter» is to shiver and shake with cold. «L'aurore grelottante» = 'shivering Dawn', the daybreak personified as a cold, frail woman in «robe rose et verte» — the chilly pink-and-green light of a winter morning over Paris."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aurore","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aurore","lemma":"aurore","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"grelottante","lemma":"grelottant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aurore","gloss":"shivering"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking robe","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"robe","lemma":"robe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aurore","gloss":"gown"},{"surface":"rose","lemma":"rose","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies robe","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verte","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with rose","gloss":"green"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s4-l2","source":"S'avançait lentement sur la Seine déserte,","translation":"Was advancing slowly over the deserted Seine,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"S'avançait","title":"Pronominal «s'avancer»","body":"«s'avancer» is the pronominal verb 'to move forward, come on', the «s'» making the advance the subject's own motion. «[L'aurore] s'avançait lentement sur la Seine déserte» = 'Dawn was advancing slowly over the deserted Seine' — the new day creeping in over an empty river."}],"words":[{"surface":"S'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of avançait","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"avançait","lemma":"avancer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was advancing"},{"surface":"lentement","lemma":"lentement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies avançait","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Seine","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Seine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Seine","lemma":"Seine","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of avançait","gloss":"Seine"},{"surface":"déserte","lemma":"désert","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Seine","gloss":"deserted"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s4-l3","source":"Et le sombre Paris, en se frottant les yeux","translation":"And gloomy Paris, rubbing its eyes,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en se frottant les yeux","title":"Gerund of a pronominal verb","body":"«en se frottant les yeux» is the gérondif of «se frotter» ('to rub oneself / one's own'), marking simultaneous action: 'while rubbing its eyes'. With body parts French uses the reflexive and the definite article «les yeux» rather than a possessive — 'rubbing its (own) eyes'. Paris wakes like a labourer at the very end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Paris","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Paris","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"Paris","lemma":"Paris","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Empoignait (next line)","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund clause of frottant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of frottant","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"frottant","lemma":"frotter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying Paris","gloss":"rubbing"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of frottant","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"le-crepuscule-du-matin-s4-l4","source":"Empoignait ses outils, vieillard laborieux.","translation":"Was grasping its tools, a toiling old man.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Empoignait","lemma":"empoigner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Paris, previous line)","gloss":"was grasping"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of outils","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"outils","lemma":"outil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Empoignait","gloss":"tools"},{"surface":"vieillard","lemma":"vieillard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Paris (previous line)","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"laborieux","lemma":"laborieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies vieillard","gloss":"toiling"}]}]}