{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir","title":{"source":"Le Crépuscule du soir","translated":"Evening Twilight"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-crepuscule-du-soir","lines":38},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-squelette-laboureur","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-jeu","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s1-l1","source":"Voici le soir charmant, ami du criminel;","translation":"Here is the charming evening, friend of the criminal;","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voici","title":"Voici = 'here is'","body":"«voici» (from «vois ici», 'see here') presents something close at hand or just arriving: «Voici le soir» = 'Here is the evening'. It needs no verb 'to be' — the poem opens by holding the dusk up to us, already named «ami du criminel»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voici","lemma":"voici","morphology":"verb, indicative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Voici","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"charmant","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soir","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"ami","lemma":"ami","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to soir","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking criminel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"criminel","lemma":"criminel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ami","gloss":"criminal"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s1-l2","source":"Il vient comme un complice, à pas de loup; le ciel","translation":"It comes like an accomplice, on wolf's feet; the sky","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"à pas de loup","title":"à pas de loup (idiom)","body":"«à pas de loup» — literally 'with a wolf's tread' — is a set phrase meaning 'stealthily, on tiptoe'. Paired with «comme un complice», it makes the evening sneak in like a partner in crime, silent and predatory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of vient","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vient","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking complice","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of complice","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"complice","lemma":"complice","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of vient","gloss":"accomplice"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vient","gloss":"steps","note":"à pas de loup is an idiom meaning 'stealthily, on wolf's feet'."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loup","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"loup","lemma":"loup","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pas","gloss":"wolf"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ferme","gloss":"sky"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s1-l3","source":"Se ferme lentement comme une grande alcôve,","translation":"Closes slowly like a great alcove,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se ferme","title":"Pronominal «se fermer»","body":"«se fermer» is the pronominal form, 'to close (itself)', used where English says the sky 'closes' on its own: «le ciel se ferme lentement» = 'the sky slowly closes'. The reflexive «se» turns shutting into something the sky does to itself, like an «alcôve» drawing its curtains."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on ferme","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"ferme","lemma":"fermer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"closes"},{"surface":"lentement","lemma":"lentement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ferme","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alcôve","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of alcôve","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grande","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies alcôve","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"alcôve","lemma":"alcôve","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of ferme","gloss":"alcove"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s1-l4","source":"Et l'homme impatient se change en bête fauve.","translation":"And impatient man changes into a wild beast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bête fauve","title":"bête fauve (f.)","body":"A «bête fauve» is a wild, tawny beast of prey — «fauve» names both the color and the savagery of big cats. «se change en bête fauve» = 'turns into a wild beast': nightfall sets free the animal that daylight kept caged in man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of change","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"impatient","lemma":"impatient","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies homme","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of change","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"change","lemma":"changer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bête","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"bête","lemma":"bête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of change","gloss":"beast"},{"surface":"fauve","lemma":"fauve","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies bête","gloss":"wild"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l1","source":"Ô soir, aimable soir, désiré par celui","translation":"O evening, kind evening, longed for by the one","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ô","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"aimable","lemma":"aimable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies soir","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to soir","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"désiré","lemma":"désirer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soir","gloss":"longed for"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking celui","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"celui","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of désiré","gloss":"the one"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l2","source":"Dont les bras, sans mentir, peuvent dire: Aujourd'hui","translation":"Whose arms, without lying, can say: Today","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"celui / Dont les bras","title":"Relative «dont» = 'whose'","body":"«dont» is the relative pronoun standing for «de qui / de quoi»; here it renders the possessive 'whose'. «celui dont les bras... peuvent dire» = 'the one whose arms can say' — the honest laborer, whose tired arms vouch for an honest day."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies bras","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bras","lemma":"bras","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of peuvent","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mentir","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"mentir","lemma":"mentir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on peuvent","gloss":"lying","note":"sans mentir, 'without lying', is a set phrase meaning 'truly'."},{"surface":"peuvent","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dire","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of peuvent","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Aujourd'hui","lemma":"aujourd'hui","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies travaillé","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l3","source":"Nous avons travaillé! — C'est le soir qui soulage","translation":"We have worked! — It is the evening that soothes","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of travaillé","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"avons","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural","role":"depends on travaillé","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"travaillé","lemma":"travailler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to soir","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of soulage","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"soulage","lemma":"soulager","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on soir","gloss":"soothes"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l4","source":"Les esprits que dévore une douleur sauvage,","translation":"The minds that a savage sorrow devours,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que dévore une douleur sauvage","title":"Inverted relative clause","body":"In «les esprits que dévore une douleur sauvage», «que» is the direct object and the subject «une douleur sauvage» comes after the verb — a poetic inversion. Untangled: 'the minds that a savage sorrow devours'. French often delays a heavy subject like this in relative clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of esprits","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"esprits","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of soulage","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of dévore","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dévore","lemma":"dévorer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on esprits","gloss":"devours"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of douleur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"douleur","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dévore","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"sauvage","lemma":"sauvage","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies douleur","gloss":"savage"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l5","source":"Le savant obstiné dont le front s'alourdit,","translation":"The stubborn scholar whose brow grows heavy,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of savant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"savant","lemma":"savant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with esprits","gloss":"scholar"},{"surface":"obstiné","lemma":"obstiné","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies savant","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"modifies front","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of alourdit","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on alourdit","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"alourdit","lemma":"alourdir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on savant","gloss":"grows heavy"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l6","source":"Et l'ouvrier courbé qui regagne son lit.","translation":"And the bent workman who regains his bed.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ouvrier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouvrier","lemma":"ouvrier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with savant","gloss":"workman"},{"surface":"courbé","lemma":"courbé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ouvrier","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of regagne","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"regagne","lemma":"regagner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ouvrier","gloss":"regains"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lit","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lit","lemma":"lit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of regagne","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l7","source":"Cependant des démons malsains dans l'atmosphère","translation":"Meanwhile unwholesome demons in the atmosphere","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cependant","lemma":"cependant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éveillent","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of démons","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"démons","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of éveillent","gloss":"demons"},{"surface":"malsains","lemma":"malsain","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies démons","gloss":"unwholesome"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atmosphère","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of atmosphère","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atmosphère","lemma":"atmosphère","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies démons","gloss":"atmosphere"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l8","source":"S'éveillent lourdement, comme des gens d'affaire,","translation":"Wake heavily, like men of business,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"S'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of éveillent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"éveillent","lemma":"éveiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wake"},{"surface":"lourdement","lemma":"lourdement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éveillent","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gens","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gens","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"gens","lemma":"gens","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of comme","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking affaire","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"affaire","lemma":"affaire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gens","gloss":"business"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l9","source":"Et cognent en volant les volets et l'auvent.","translation":"And knock as they fly against the shutters and the awning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en volant","title":"Gerund «en volant»","body":"«en volant» is the gérondif — «en» plus the present participle of «voler» (to fly) — marking action done at the same time: 'while flying, as they fly'. The demons «cognent en volant les volets» = 'knock against the shutters as they fly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"cognent","lemma":"cogner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knock"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund volant","gloss":"in/by"},{"surface":"volant","lemma":"voler","morphology":"verb, present, gerund","role":"gerund clause on cognent","gloss":"flying","note":"en volant, \"as they fly,\" a gerund of manner."},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of volets","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volets","lemma":"volet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cognent","gloss":"shutters"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of auvent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"auvent","lemma":"auvent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with volets","gloss":"awning"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l10","source":"À travers les lueurs que tourmente le vent","translation":"Through the glimmers that the wind torments","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase travers","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"travers","lemma":"travers","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase à travers","gloss":"through","note":"à travers, \"through,\" is a fixed compound preposition."},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of lueurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lueurs","lemma":"lueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of à travers","gloss":"glimmers"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of tourmente","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tourmente","lemma":"tourmenter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on lueurs","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of tourmente","gloss":"wind"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l11","source":"La Prostitution s'allume dans les rues;","translation":"Prostitution lights up in the streets;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"La Prostitution s'allume","title":"Personification; pronominal «s'allumer»","body":"Baudelaire capitalizes «La Prostitution» as a personified power, like «L'Émeute» elsewhere. The pronominal «s'allumer», 'to light up / catch fire', makes it kindle of its own accord: «s'allume dans les rues» = 'lights itself up in the streets', the lamps and the trade flaring together."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Prostitution","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"Prostitution","lemma":"prostitution","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of allume","gloss":"Prostitution"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of allume","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"allume","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lights up"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rues","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of rues","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rues","lemma":"rue","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of allume","gloss":"streets"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l12","source":"Comme une fourmilière elle ouvre ses issues;","translation":"Like an anthill it opens its outlets;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fourmilière","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"fourmilière","lemma":"fourmilière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"anthill"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ouvre","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ouvre","lemma":"ouvrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opens"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of issues","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"issues","lemma":"issue","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ouvre","gloss":"outlets"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l13","source":"Partout elle se fraye un occulte chemin,","translation":"Everywhere it cuts itself a hidden path,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se fraye un ... chemin","title":"se frayer un chemin (idiom)","body":"«se frayer un chemin» means 'to clear / force a way through' for oneself. «elle se fraye un occulte chemin» = 'it cuts itself a hidden path'; «occulte» is secret, concealed — the vice working its way unseen through the city."}],"words":[{"surface":"Partout","lemma":"partout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fraye","gloss":"Everywhere"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of fraye","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of fraye","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"fraye","lemma":"frayer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cuts"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chemin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"occulte","lemma":"occulte","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies chemin","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"chemin","lemma":"chemin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of fraye","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l14","source":"Ainsi que l'ennemi qui tente un coup de main;","translation":"Just like the enemy who attempts a surprise raid;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un coup de main","title":"coup de main (military)","body":"In its military sense a «coup de main» is a sudden surprise attack or raid (not the everyday 'helping hand'). «ainsi que l'ennemi qui tente un coup de main» = 'like the enemy attempting a surprise raid' — vice infiltrating the city as a foe storms a position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"Just"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"as","note":"ainsi que, \"just like,\" a fixed comparative phrase."},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ennemi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ennemi","lemma":"ennemi","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of ainsi que","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of tente","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tente","lemma":"tenter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ennemi","gloss":"attempts"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coup","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"coup","lemma":"coup","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tente","gloss":"raid"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking main","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"main","lemma":"main","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies coup","gloss":"hand","note":"coup de main, literally \"blow of the hand,\" idiomatically a surprise raid."}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l15","source":"Elle remue au sein de la cité de fange","translation":"It stirs in the heart of the city of mire","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of remue","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"remue","lemma":"remuer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirs"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"contraction (preposition + determiner), masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking sein","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of remue","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cité","lemma":"cité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies sein","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fange","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fange","lemma":"fange","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cité","gloss":"mire"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l16","source":"Comme un ver qui dérobe à l'Homme ce qu'il mange.","translation":"Like a worm that steals from Man what he eats.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dérobe à l'Homme ce qu'il mange","title":"«dérober qqch à qqn»","body":"«dérober» is to steal or filch, and the victim is marked with «à»: «dérober quelque chose à quelqu'un» = 'to steal something from someone'. «un ver qui dérobe à l'Homme ce qu'il mange» = 'a worm that steals from Man what he eats'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ver","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"worm"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of dérobe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dérobe","lemma":"dérober","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ver","gloss":"steals"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Homme","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of dérobe","gloss":"Man"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"antecedent of qu'","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of mange","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of mange","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mange","lemma":"manger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"eats"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l17","source":"On entend çà et là les cuisines siffler,","translation":"Here and there one hears the kitchens hissing,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"çà et là","title":"çà et là (idiom)","body":"«çà et là» means 'here and there, in scattered places'. The «çà» (with grave accent) is an old adverb of place, distinct from «ça» (that). «On entend çà et là...» = 'Here and there one hears...' — a sweep of city sounds opening the night's catalogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"On","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of entend","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"entend","lemma":"entendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"çà","lemma":"çà","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase çà et là","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"là","lemma":"là","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase çà et là","gloss":"there","note":"çà et là, \"here and there,\" a fixed adverbial phrase."},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of cuisines","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cuisines","lemma":"cuisine","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of entend","gloss":"kitchens"},{"surface":"siffler","lemma":"siffler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying cuisines","gloss":"hissing"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l18","source":"Les théâtres glapir, les orchestres ronfler;","translation":"The theaters yelping, the orchestras droning;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of théâtres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"théâtres","lemma":"théâtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of entend (elided, l17)","gloss":"theaters"},{"surface":"glapir","lemma":"glapir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying théâtres","gloss":"yelping"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of orchestres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orchestres","lemma":"orchestre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with théâtres","gloss":"orchestras"},{"surface":"ronfler","lemma":"ronfler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying orchestres","gloss":"droning"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l19","source":"Les tables d'hôte, dont le jeu fait les délices,","translation":"The common tables, whose delight is gambling,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of tables","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tables","lemma":"table","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of s'emplissent (l20)","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hôte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hôte","lemma":"hôte","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tables","gloss":"common","note":"table d'hôte, \"host's table,\" a shared boarding-house table; here plural, \"common tables.\""},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"genitive complement of délices","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jeu","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeu","lemma":"jeu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"gambling"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on tables","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of délices","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"délices","lemma":"délice","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l20","source":"S'emplissent de catins et d'escrocs, leurs complices,","translation":"Fill up with harlots and swindlers, their accomplices,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"S'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of emplissent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"emplissent","lemma":"emplir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: tables, l19)","gloss":"fill up"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking catins","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"catins","lemma":"catin","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of emplissent","gloss":"harlots"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escrocs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"escrocs","lemma":"escroc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with catins","gloss":"swindlers"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of complices","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"complices","lemma":"complice","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to escrocs","gloss":"accomplices"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l21","source":"Et les voleurs, qui n'ont ni trêve ni merci,","translation":"And the thieves, who have neither truce nor mercy,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ni trêve ni merci","title":"ne ... ni ... ni","body":"«ne ... ni ... ni» links two negated nouns: 'neither ... nor ...'. After «ni ... ni» the indefinite article drops, so «n'ont ni trêve ni merci» = 'have neither truce nor mercy'. The thieves neither rest nor spare anyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of voleurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voleurs","lemma":"voleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of vont (l22)","gloss":"thieves"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of ont","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation with ont...ni...ni","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on voleurs","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"trêve","lemma":"trêve","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ont","gloss":"truce"},{"surface":"ni","lemma":"ni","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"merci","lemma":"merci","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with trêve","gloss":"mercy"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l22","source":"Vont bientôt commencer leur travail, eux aussi,","translation":"Will soon begin their work, they too,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vont","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: les voleurs, l21)","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"bientôt","lemma":"bientôt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Vont","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"commencer","lemma":"commencer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Vont","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of travail","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"travail","lemma":"travail","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of commencer","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"eux","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural, disjunctive","role":"emphasizes the subject voleurs","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"aussi","lemma":"aussi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eux","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l23","source":"Et forcer doucement les portes et les caisses","translation":"And gently force the doors and the strongboxes","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"forcer","lemma":"forcer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with commencer (l22)","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"doucement","lemma":"doucement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies forcer","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of portes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"portes","lemma":"porte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of forcer","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of caisses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"caisses","lemma":"caisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with portes","gloss":"strongboxes"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s2-l24","source":"Pour vivre quelques jours et vêtir leurs maîtresses.","translation":"To live a few days and to clothe their mistresses.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"vivre","lemma":"vivre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Pour","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"quelques","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jours","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"jours","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of vivre","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vêtir","lemma":"vêtir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with vivre","gloss":"clothe"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of maîtresses","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"maîtresses","lemma":"maîtresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of vêtir","gloss":"mistresses"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l1","source":"Recueille-toi, mon âme, en ce grave moment,","translation":"Collect yourself, my soul, in this solemn hour,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Recueille-toi","title":"Pronominal imperative «se recueillir»","body":"«se recueillir» is the pronominal verb 'to gather oneself, to turn inward in meditation'. In the affirmative imperative the reflexive pronoun follows and «te» becomes «toi» with a hyphen: «Recueille-toi» = 'Collect yourself, withdraw into yourself' — the poet turning from the street to his own soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Recueille","lemma":"recueillir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Collect"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of Recueille","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed by Recueille","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moment","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of moment","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"grave","lemma":"grave","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies moment","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"moment","lemma":"moment","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Recueille","gloss":"hour"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l2","source":"Et ferme ton oreille à ce rugissement.","translation":"And close your ear to this roaring.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ferme","lemma":"fermer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oreille","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"oreille","lemma":"oreille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ferme","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rugissement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rugissement","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"rugissement","lemma":"rugissement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of ferme","gloss":"roaring"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l3","source":"C'est l'heure où les douleurs des malades s'aigrissent!","translation":"It is the hour when the sufferings of the sick grow sharper!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"subject of est","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to heure","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of heure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heure","lemma":"heure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of est","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"introduces the relative clause on heure","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of douleurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of aigrissent","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking malades","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"malades","lemma":"malade","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies douleurs","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of aigrissent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"aigrissent","lemma":"aigrir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on heure","gloss":"grow sharper"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l4","source":"La sombre Nuit les prend à la gorge; ils finissent","translation":"Dark Night takes them by the throat; they finish","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les prend à la gorge","title":"prendre à la gorge (idiom)","body":"«prendre quelqu'un à la gorge» is 'to seize by the throat', literally and figuratively to grip and overwhelm. «La sombre Nuit les prend à la gorge» = 'Dark Night takes them by the throat' — Night personified as a strangler closing on the sick."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Nuit","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Nuit","gloss":"Dark"},{"surface":"Nuit","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of prend","gloss":"Night"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of prend","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"prend","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gorge","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gorge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gorge","lemma":"gorge","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of prend","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of finissent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"finissent","lemma":"finir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, continues into l5","gloss":"finish"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l5","source":"Leur destinée et vont vers le gouffre commun;","translation":"Their destiny and go toward the common gulf;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of destinée","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"destinée","lemma":"destinée","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of finissent (l4)","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vont","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb, coordinated with finissent (l4)","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouffre","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gouffre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouffre","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of vont","gloss":"gulf"},{"surface":"commun","lemma":"commun","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gouffre","gloss":"common"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l6","source":"L'hôpital se remplit de leurs soupirs. — Plus d'un","translation":"The hospital fills with their sighs. — More than one","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Plus d'un","title":"Plus d'un (+ singular verb)","body":"«plus d'un» means 'more than one' and, despite the sense, takes a singular verb: «Plus d'un / Ne viendra plus...» = 'More than one will no longer come...'. It softens a grim plural into a single shadowy figure who will not return."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hôpital","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"hôpital","lemma":"hôpital","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of remplit","gloss":"hospital"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of remplit","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"remplit","lemma":"remplir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fills"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soupirs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of soupirs","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"soupirs","lemma":"soupir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of remplit","gloss":"sighs"},{"surface":"Plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase plus d'un","gloss":"More"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase plus d'un","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of viendra (l7)","gloss":"one","note":"plus d'un, \"more than one,\" a fixed idiom for \"many a one.\""}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l7","source":"Ne viendra plus chercher la soupe parfumée,","translation":"Will no longer come to seek the fragrant soup,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ne viendra plus","title":"ne ... plus = 'no longer'","body":"«ne ... plus» means 'no longer, not anymore'. Spanning the line break, «Plus d'un / Ne viendra plus chercher la soupe» = 'More than one will no longer come to seek the soup' — the dead who will never again sit down by a warm fire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation with viendra...plus","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"viendra","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: plus d'un, l6)","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation with ne","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"chercher","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of viendra","gloss":"to seek"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of soupe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soupe","lemma":"soupe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of chercher","gloss":"soup"},{"surface":"parfumée","lemma":"parfumé","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies soupe","gloss":"fragrant"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s3-l8","source":"Au coin du feu, le soir, auprès d'une âme aimée.","translation":"By the fireside, in the evening, beside a beloved soul.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"contraction (preposition + determiner), masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking coin","gloss":"By the"},{"surface":"coin","lemma":"coin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of chercher (l7)","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de+le","morphology":"contraction (preposition + determiner), masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking feu","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"feu","lemma":"feu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coin","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"appositive, time adjunct","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"auprès","lemma":"auprès","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase auprès de","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase auprès de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of auprès","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"aimée","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, past participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"beloved"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s4-l1","source":"Encore la plupart n'ont-ils jamais connu","translation":"And yet most of them have never even known","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Encore ... n'ont-ils","title":"Inversion after initial «Encore»","body":"When a sentence opens with certain adverbs like «encore» ('moreover, and yet'), French inverts subject and verb: «n'ont-ils jamais connu» instead of «ils n'ont jamais connu». The «-t-ils» tag is this inversion, not a question: 'And yet most of them have never known...'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Encore","lemma":"encore","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"And yet"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of plupart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plupart","lemma":"plupart","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"antecedent of ils","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation with ont...jamais","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of connu","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"-ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ont connu","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation with n'","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"connu","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"le-crepuscule-du-soir-s4-l2","source":"La douceur du foyer et n'ont jamais vécu!","translation":"The sweetness of home and have never lived!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of douceur","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"douceur","lemma":"douceur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of connu (s4-l1)","gloss":"sweetness"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de+le","morphology":"contraction (preposition + determiner), masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking foyer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"foyer","lemma":"foyer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies douceur","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation with ont...jamais","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of vécu","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"negation with n'","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"vécu","lemma":"vivre","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with connu (s4-l1)","gloss":"lived"}]}]}