{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-cygne","title":{"source":"Le Cygne","translated":"The Swan"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-cygne","lines":55},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/a-une-mendiante-rousse","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-sept-vieillards","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-cygne-s1-l1","source":"À Victor Hugo","translation":"To Victor Hugo","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Victor Hugo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Victor","lemma":"Victor","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Victor"},{"surface":"Hugo","lemma":"Hugo","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Victor","gloss":"Hugo"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-cygne-s2-l1","source":"I","translation":"I","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"I","morphology":"numeral","role":"section heading","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-cygne-s3-l1","source":"Andromaque, je pense à vous! Ce petit fleuve,","translation":"Andromache, I think of you! This little river,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Andromaque","lemma":"Andromaque","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Andromache","note":"Widow of Hector, exiled to Epirus after Troy's fall; central figure of the poem."},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pense","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pense","lemma":"penser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vous","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"oblique argument of pense","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fleuve","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"petit","lemma":"petit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fleuve","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"fleuve","lemma":"fleuve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to miroir","gloss":"river","note":"Refers to the Simoïs, the river of Troy, which Andromache renamed near her new home."}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-cygne-s3-l2","source":"Pauvre et triste miroir où jadis resplendit","translation":"poor and sorrowful mirror where once shone forth","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pauvre","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies miroir","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Pauvre","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"miroir","lemma":"miroir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to fleuve","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on miroir","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"jadis","lemma":"jadis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies resplendit","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"resplendit","lemma":"resplendir","morphology":"verb, past historic, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on miroir","gloss":"shone forth"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-cygne-s3-l3","source":"L'immense majesté de vos douleurs de veuve,","translation":"the immense majesty of your widow's griefs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of majesté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"immense","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies majesté","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"majesté","lemma":"majesté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of resplendit","gloss":"majesty"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of douleurs","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies majesté","gloss":"griefs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veuve","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"veuve","lemma":"veuve","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies douleurs","gloss":"widow"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-cygne-s3-l4","source":"Ce Simoïs menteur qui par vos pleurs grandit,","translation":"this lying Simois swollen by your tears,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Simoïs","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Simoïs","lemma":"Simoïs","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to fleuve, subject of grandit","gloss":"Simois","note":"The Simoïs was a river at Troy; Andromache named a small stream after it in her exile."},{"surface":"menteur","lemma":"menteur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Simoïs","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of grandit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pleurs","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of par","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"grandit","lemma":"grandir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Simoïs","gloss":"swells"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-cygne-s4-l1","source":"A fécondé soudain ma mémoire fertile,","translation":"has suddenly quickened my fertile memory,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"A fécondé","title":"féconder","body":"«féconder» = 'to fertilize, to make fruitful, to impregnate'. The grammatical subject reaches all the way back to «Ce petit fleuve» four lines earlier (s3-l1): «Ce petit fleuve» and «Ce Simoïs menteur» are co-referential (the same small stream), with «Pauvre et triste miroir» as a further appositive; the grammatical subject is singular throughout. The singular «A fécondé» ('has fertilized') is therefore correct — the poet's memory. Note the bare «A» (no accent) at the head of the line is the verb «avoir», not the preposition «à»."}],"words":[{"surface":"A","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on fécondé, subject implied is Ce Simoïs menteur","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"fécondé","lemma":"féconder","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quickened"},{"surface":"soudain","lemma":"soudain","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fécondé","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mémoire","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"mémoire","lemma":"mémoire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of fécondé","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"fertile","lemma":"fertile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mémoire","gloss":"fertile"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-cygne-s4-l2","source":"Comme je traversais le nouveau Carrousel.","translation":"as I was crossing the new Carrousel.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of traversais","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of traversais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"traversais","lemma":"traverser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"was crossing"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Carrousel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nouveau","lemma":"nouveau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Carrousel","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"Carrousel","lemma":"Carrousel","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of traversais","gloss":"Carrousel","note":"The Place du Carrousel, near the Louvre in Paris."}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-cygne-s4-l3","source":"Le vieux Paris n'est plus (la forme d'une ville","translation":"Old Paris is no more (the shape of a city","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Paris","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Paris","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Paris","lemma":"Paris","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est, negation with n'","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forme","lemma":"forme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of Change","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ville","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ville","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"ville","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies forme","gloss":"city"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-cygne-s4-l4","source":"Change plus vite, hélas! que le coeur d'un mortel);","translation":"changes faster, alas! than a mortal's heart);","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Change","lemma":"changer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"changes"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vite","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"vite","lemma":"vite","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Change","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"hélas","lemma":"hélas","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with coeur","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the comparison introduced by que","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mortel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mortel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mortel","lemma":"mortel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies coeur","gloss":"mortal"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-cygne-s5-l1","source":"Je ne vois qu'en esprit tout ce camp de baraques,","translation":"I see only in the mind's eye that whole camp of shacks,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne vois qu'en esprit","title":"ne… que = 'only'","body":"«ne… que» is the restrictive construction meaning 'only'. «Je ne vois qu'en esprit» = 'I see only in spirit / only in the mind's eye'. The old quarter is gone, so the poet can no longer see it with his eyes — only inwardly, from memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vois","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vois","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vois","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with ne, restrictive 'only'","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking esprit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"esprit","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, modifies vois","gloss":"the mind's eye"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies camp","gloss":"that whole"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of camp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"camp","lemma":"camp","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vois","gloss":"camp"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baraques","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"baraques","lemma":"baraque","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies camp","gloss":"shacks"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-cygne-s5-l2","source":"Ces tas de chapiteaux ébauchés et de fûts,","translation":"those heaps of rough-hewn capitals and column-shafts,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tas","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"tas","lemma":"tas","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with camp, direct object of vois","gloss":"heaps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chapiteaux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"chapiteaux","lemma":"chapiteau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies tas","gloss":"capitals"},{"surface":"ébauchés","lemma":"ébaucher","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying chapiteaux","gloss":"rough-hewn"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fûts","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fûts","lemma":"fût","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with chapiteaux, object of de","gloss":"column-shafts"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-cygne-s5-l3","source":"Les herbes, les gros blocs verdis par l'eau des flaques,","translation":"the weeds, the big blocks greened by the water of the puddles,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of herbes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"herbes","lemma":"herbe","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with camp/tas, direct object of vois","gloss":"weeds"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of blocs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gros","lemma":"gros","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies blocs","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"blocs","lemma":"bloc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with herbes, direct object of vois","gloss":"blocks"},{"surface":"verdis","lemma":"verdir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying blocs","gloss":"greened"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eau, agent of verdis","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of eau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of par","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flaques","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"flaques","lemma":"flaque","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies eau","gloss":"puddles"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-cygne-s5-l4","source":"Et, brillant aux carreaux, le bric-à-brac confus.","translation":"and, glinting in the windowpanes, the confused jumble of junk.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"brillant","lemma":"briller","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying bric-à-brac","gloss":"glinting"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking carreaux","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"carreaux","lemma":"carreau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of brillant","gloss":"windowpanes"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bric-à-brac","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bric-à-brac","lemma":"bric-à-brac","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with herbes/blocs, direct object of vois","gloss":"jumble of junk"},{"surface":"confus","lemma":"confus","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bric-à-brac","gloss":"confused"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-cygne-s6-l1","source":"Là s'étalait jadis une ménagerie;","translation":"There once a menagerie spread itself out;","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Là","lemma":"là","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies étalait","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on étalait","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"étalait","lemma":"étaler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread out"},{"surface":"jadis","lemma":"jadis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies étalait","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ménagerie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ménagerie","lemma":"ménagerie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of étalait","gloss":"menagerie"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-cygne-s6-l2","source":"Là je vis, un matin, à l'heure où sous les cieux","translation":"there I saw, one morning, at the hour when beneath the skies","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Là","lemma":"là","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vis","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vis","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, past historic, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of matin","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"matin","lemma":"matin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on vis","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heure","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of heure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heure","lemma":"heure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of à, depends on vis","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on heure, continues into s6-l3","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cieux","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cieux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cieux","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sous, depends on Travail s'éveille (s6-l3)","gloss":"skies"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-cygne-s6-l3","source":"Froids et clairs le Travail s'éveille, où la voirie","translation":"cold and clear Labor awakens, when the street-cleaning","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"le Travail s'éveille","title":"Pronominal «s'éveiller»","body":"«s'éveiller» is the pronominal (reflexive) verb 'to wake up, to come awake', distinct from transitive «éveiller» ('to wake someone'). With «le Travail» (Labor) personified and capitalized, the dawn city itself stirs awake while the swan suffers below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Froids","lemma":"froid","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cieux (s6-l2)","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"clairs","lemma":"clair","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Froids","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Travail","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Travail","lemma":"travail","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of éveille","gloss":"Labor"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on éveille","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"éveille","lemma":"éveiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on heure","gloss":"awakens"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on éveille, continues into s6-l4","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voirie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voirie","lemma":"voirie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Pousse (s6-l4)","gloss":"street-cleaning"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-cygne-s6-l4","source":"Pousse un sombre ouragan dans l'air silencieux,","translation":"drives a dark hurricane into the silent air,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pousse","lemma":"pousser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on éveille","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ouragan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ouragan","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ouragan","lemma":"ouragan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Pousse","gloss":"hurricane"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking air","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of dans, depends on Pousse","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"silencieux","lemma":"silencieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies air","gloss":"silent"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-cygne-s7-l1","source":"Un cygne qui s'était évadé de sa cage,","translation":"a swan that had escaped from its cage,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cygne","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cygne","lemma":"cygne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"swan"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of évadé","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on évadé","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on évadé","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"évadé","lemma":"évader","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on cygne","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cage","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cage","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"cage","lemma":"cage","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, depends on évadé","gloss":"cage"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-cygne-s7-l2","source":"Et, de ses pieds palmés frottant le pavé sec,","translation":"and, with its webbed feet rubbing the dry pavement,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pieds","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pieds","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"pieds","lemma":"pied","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"palmés","lemma":"palmé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pieds","gloss":"webbed"},{"surface":"frottant","lemma":"frotter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"absolute clause modifying pieds","gloss":"rubbing"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pavé","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pavé","lemma":"pavé","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of frottant","gloss":"pavement"},{"surface":"sec","lemma":"sec","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pavé","gloss":"dry"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"le-cygne-s7-l3","source":"Sur le sol raboteux traînait son blanc plumage.","translation":"dragged its white plumage over the rough ground.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sol","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sol","lemma":"sol","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of traînait","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"raboteux","lemma":"raboteux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sol","gloss":"rough"},{"surface":"traînait","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of plumage","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"blanc","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies plumage","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"plumage","lemma":"plumage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of traînait","gloss":"plumage"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"le-cygne-s7-l4","source":"Près d'un ruisseau sans eau la bête ouvrant le bec","translation":"Beside a waterless gutter the creature, opening its beak,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Près","lemma":"près","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition près de","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ruisseau","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ruisseau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ruisseau","lemma":"ruisseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gutter"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eau","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ruisseau","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of bête","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bête","lemma":"bête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Baignait and disait (following lines)","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"ouvrant","lemma":"ouvrir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying bête","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bec","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"bec","lemma":"bec","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ouvrant","gloss":"beak"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"le-cygne-s8-l1","source":"Baignait nerveusement ses ailes dans la poudre,","translation":"bathed its wings nervously in the dust,","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Baignait","lemma":"baigner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: bête, previous line)","gloss":"bathed"},{"surface":"nerveusement","lemma":"nerveusement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Baignait","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ailes","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ailes","lemma":"aile","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Baignait","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poudre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of poudre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poudre","lemma":"poudre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dust"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"le-cygne-s8-l2","source":"Et disait, le coeur plein de son beau lac natal:","translation":"and said, its heart full of its lovely native lake:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"disait","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: bête)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the absolute clause (heart full of...)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lac","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of lac","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"beau","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lac","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"lac","lemma":"lac","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of plein (via de)","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"natal","lemma":"natal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lac","gloss":"native"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"le-cygne-s8-l3","source":"«Eau, quand donc pleuvras-tu? quand tonneras-tu, foudre?»","translation":"\"Water, when will you rain? when will you thunder, lightning?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"quand donc pleuvras-tu","title":"Future tense + inversion","body":"«pleuvras-tu» and «tonneras-tu» are the simple future of «pleuvoir» (to rain) and «tonner» (to thunder), with subject-verb inversion for the question. The intensifier «donc» sharpens the cry to 'when on earth…?'. The swan addresses the absent water and lightning directly, as if they could answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed directly","gloss":"Water"},{"surface":"quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the question with pleuvras","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"donc","lemma":"donc","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies quand","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"pleuvras","lemma":"pleuvoir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the question, addressed to Eau","gloss":"will you rain","note":"pleuvoir is normally impersonal (il pleut); Baudelaire personifies the water as \"tu\" here."},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of pleuvras","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the second question with tonneras","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tonneras","lemma":"tonner","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the second question, addressed to foudre","gloss":"will you thunder"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of tonneras","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"foudre","lemma":"foudre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed directly","gloss":"lightning"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"le-cygne-s8-l4","source":"Je vois ce malheureux, mythe étrange et fatal,","translation":"I see that wretched thing, a strange and fatal myth,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vois","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vois","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of malheureux","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"malheureux","lemma":"malheureux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vois","gloss":"wretched thing"},{"surface":"mythe","lemma":"mythe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to malheureux","gloss":"myth"},{"surface":"étrange","lemma":"étrange","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mythe","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fatal","lemma":"fatal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with étrange","gloss":"fatal"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"le-cygne-s9-l1","source":"Vers le ciel quelquefois, comme l'homme d'Ovide,","translation":"toward the sky at times, like the man of Ovid,","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"quelquefois","lemma":"quelquefois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole phrase","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking homme","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme (comparison)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ovide","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Ovide","lemma":"Ovide","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies homme","gloss":"Ovid"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"le-cygne-s9-l2","source":"Vers le ciel ironique et cruellement bleu,","translation":"toward the sky ironic and cruelly blue,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"ironique","lemma":"ironique","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"ironic"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cruellement","lemma":"cruellement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleu","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"bleu","lemma":"bleu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ironique, modifies ciel","gloss":"blue"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"le-cygne-s9-l3","source":"Sur son cou convulsif tendant sa tête avide","translation":"stretching its eager head on its convulsive neck","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cou","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cou","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"cou","lemma":"cou","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"convulsif","lemma":"convulsif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cou","gloss":"convulsive"},{"surface":"tendant","lemma":"tendre","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying malheureux (le-cygne-s8-l4-w4, the swan), not yet named \"cygne\" at this point in the poem","gloss":"stretching"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tête","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"tête","lemma":"tête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tendant","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"avide","lemma":"avide","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies tête","gloss":"eager"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"le-cygne-s9-l4","source":"Comme s'il adressait des reproches à Dieu!","translation":"as though it were addressing reproaches to God!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Comme s'il adressait","title":"«comme si» + imperfect","body":"«comme si» ('as if') governs the imperfect «adressait», not a conditional — French uses the imperfect after «comme si» for an unreal present comparison. So: 'as if it were addressing reproaches to God', the swan's skyward strain read as silent accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of adressait","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms comme si (as if/though) with Comme","gloss":"if","note":"s' here is the elided conjunction si, not the reflexive pronoun se."},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of adressait","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"adressait","lemma":"adresser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were addressing"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of reproches","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"reproches","lemma":"reproche","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of adressait","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dieu","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique argument of adressait","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"le-cygne-s10-l1","source":"II","translation":"II","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"II","lemma":"II","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"II"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"le-cygne-s11-l1","source":"Paris change! mais rien dans ma mélancolie","translation":"Paris changes! but nothing in my melancholy","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Paris","lemma":"Paris","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of change","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"change","lemma":"changer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changes"},{"surface":"mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"rien","lemma":"rien","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of bougé (next line)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mélancolie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mélancolie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"mélancolie","lemma":"mélancolie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans","gloss":"melancholy"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"le-cygne-s11-l2","source":"N'a bougé! palais neufs, échafaudages, blocs,","translation":"has stirred! new palaces, scaffoldings, blocks,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"N'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bougé","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on bougé","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bougé","lemma":"bouger","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: rien, previous line)","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"palais","lemma":"palais","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"list in apposition to tout (next line)","gloss":"palaces"},{"surface":"neufs","lemma":"neuf","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies palais","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"échafaudages","lemma":"échafaudage","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with palais","gloss":"scaffoldings"},{"surface":"blocs","lemma":"bloc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with palais","gloss":"blocks"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"le-cygne-s11-l3","source":"Vieux faubourgs, tout pour moi devient allégorie","translation":"old suburbs, everything for me turns to allegory,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tout pour moi devient allégorie","title":"allégorie","body":"«allégorie» — every concrete thing the poet sees (palaces, scaffolds, old quarters) becomes a figure for something else: exile, loss, the irretrievable. This is the hinge of the poem, where the swan stops being an anecdote and becomes the master symbol for all the exiled who follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies faubourgs","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"faubourgs","lemma":"faubourg","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with palais, blocs (previous line)","gloss":"suburbs"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of devient","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moi","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"depends on pour","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"devient","lemma":"devenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"allégorie","lemma":"allégorie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of devient","gloss":"allegory"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"le-cygne-s11-l4","source":"Et mes chers souvenirs sont plus lourds que des rocs.","translation":"and my dear memories are heavier than rocks.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of souvenirs","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"chers","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies souvenirs","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"souvenirs","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of lourds","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to lourds","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lourds","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"lourds","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with rocs","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rocs","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"rocs","lemma":"roc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on que","gloss":"rocks"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"le-cygne-s12-l1","source":"Aussi devant ce Louvre une image m'opprime:","translation":"And so before this Louvre an image weighs on me:","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aussi","lemma":"aussi","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, means 'and so'","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"devant","lemma":"devant","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Louvre","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Louvre","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Louvre","lemma":"Louvre","morphology":"proper noun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Louvre"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of image","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"image","lemma":"image","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of opprime","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of opprime","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"opprime","lemma":"opprimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weighs on"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"le-cygne-s12-l2","source":"Je pense à mon grand cygne, avec ses gestes fous,","translation":"I think of my great swan, with its mad gestures,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pense","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pense","lemma":"penser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cygne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cygne","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cygne","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"cygne","lemma":"cygne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pense","gloss":"swan"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gestes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gestes","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"gestes","lemma":"geste","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of avec","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"fous","lemma":"fou","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gestes","gloss":"mad"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"le-cygne-s12-l3","source":"Comme les exilés, ridicule et sublime","translation":"like the exiled, ridiculous and sublime","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking exilés","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of exilés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"exilés","lemma":"exilé","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comme","gloss":"exiled"},{"surface":"ridicule","lemma":"ridicule","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies cygne (le-cygne-s12-l2)","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sublime","lemma":"sublime","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with ridicule","gloss":"sublime"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"le-cygne-s12-l4","source":"Et rongé d'un désir sans trêve! et puis à vous,","translation":"and gnawed by a desire without truce! and then of you,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rongé d'un désir sans trêve","title":"ronger / sans trêve","body":"«ronger» = 'to gnaw, to eat away'; «sans trêve» = 'without truce, ceaselessly'. The swan, the exiles, and Andromache are all consumed by an unappeasable longing for a homeland they cannot reach. «et puis à vous» resumes «Je pense» — 'and then [I think] of you' — turning back to Andromache."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rongé","lemma":"ronger","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"participle modifying cygne, coordinated with ridicule et sublime","gloss":"gnawed"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking désir","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of désir","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"désir","lemma":"désir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rongé","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trêve","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"trêve","lemma":"trêve","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies désir","gloss":"truce"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to puis (forms 'et puis' = and then)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"puis","lemma":"puis","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with et: 'et puis' = and then","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vous, anticipates the list in the following lines","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of the implied pense, addressed to those named below","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"le-cygne-s13-l1","source":"Andromaque, des bras d'un grand époux tombée,","translation":"Andromache, fallen from the arms of a great husband,","stanza":13,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Andromaque","lemma":"Andromaque","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to vous (previous line)","gloss":"Andromache"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bras","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"bras","lemma":"bras","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of tombée","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking époux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of époux","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies époux","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"époux","lemma":"époux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bras","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"tombée","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Andromaque","gloss":"fallen"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"le-cygne-s13-l2","source":"Vil bétail, sous la main du superbe Pyrrhus,","translation":"vile cattle, beneath the hand of haughty Pyrrhus,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vil","lemma":"vil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bétail","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"bétail","lemma":"bétail","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Andromaque","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking main","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of main","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"main","lemma":"main","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bétail","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pyrrhus","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"superbe","lemma":"superbe","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Pyrrhus","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"Pyrrhus","lemma":"Pyrrhus","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies main","gloss":"Pyrrhus"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"le-cygne-s13-l3","source":"Auprès d'un tombeau vide en extase courbée","translation":"bent in rapture beside an empty tomb,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Auprès","lemma":"auprès","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies courbée","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tombeau","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tombeau","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"tombeau","lemma":"tombeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Auprès","gloss":"tomb"},{"surface":"vide","lemma":"vide","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tombeau","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking extase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"extase","lemma":"extase","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"courbée","lemma":"courbé","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Andromaque (continuing apposition)","gloss":"bent"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"le-cygne-s13-l4","source":"Veuve d'Hector, hélas! et femme d'Hélénus!","translation":"widow of Hector, alas! and wife of Helenus!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Veuve","lemma":"veuve","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Andromaque","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hector","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Hector","lemma":"Hector","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies Veuve","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"hélas","lemma":"hélas","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Veuve","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hélénus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Hélénus","lemma":"Hélénus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies femme","gloss":"Helenus"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"le-cygne-s14-l1","source":"Je pense à la négresse, amaigrie et phtisique","translation":"I think of the black woman, wasted and consumptive,","stanza":14,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"amaigrie et phtisique","title":"phtisique","body":"«phtisique» = 'consumptive', afflicted with phthisis (tuberculosis); «amaigrie» = 'emaciated, wasted'. The exiled African woman, ill in the Paris fog, hunts for the «cocotiers» (coconut palms) of a homeland she will never see again — a third figure of irretrievable exile beside the swan and Andromache."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pense","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pense","lemma":"penser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking négresse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of négresse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"négresse","lemma":"négresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of pense","gloss":"black woman","note":"a period term for a Black woman, in the poem referring to a servant far from her homeland; dated and now considered offensive outside the historical text."},{"surface":"amaigrie","lemma":"amaigri","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies négresse","gloss":"wasted"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"phtisique","lemma":"phtisique","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with amaigrie","gloss":"consumptive"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"le-cygne-s14-l2","source":"Piétinant dans la boue, et cherchant, l'oeil hagard,","translation":"trampling in the mud, and seeking, wild-eyed,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Piétinant","lemma":"piétiner","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying négresse (previous line)","gloss":"trampling"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boue","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boue","lemma":"boue","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Piétinant","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"cherchant","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with Piétinant","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the parenthetical phrase 'l'oeil hagard'","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"hagard","lemma":"hagard","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"wild"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"le-cygne-s14-l3","source":"Les cocotiers absents de la superbe Afrique","translation":"the absent coconut palms of splendid Africa","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cocotiers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cocotiers","lemma":"cocotier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of cherchant (le-cygne-s14-l2)","gloss":"coconut palms"},{"surface":"absents","lemma":"absent","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cocotiers","gloss":"absent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Afrique","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Afrique","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"superbe","lemma":"superbe","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Afrique","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"Afrique","lemma":"Afrique","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cocotiers","gloss":"Africa"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"le-cygne-s14-l4","source":"Derrière la muraille immense du brouillard;","translation":"behind the immense wall of fog;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Derrière","lemma":"derrière","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muraille","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of muraille","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"muraille","lemma":"muraille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"immense","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies muraille","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brouillard","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"brouillard","lemma":"brouillard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies muraille","gloss":"fog"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"le-cygne-s15-l1","source":"À quiconque a perdu ce qui ne se retrouve","translation":"Of whoever has lost what is never found","stanza":15,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"À quiconque a perdu ce qui ne se retrouve","title":"quiconque + reflexive «se retrouver»","body":"«quiconque» = 'whoever, anyone who'. The reflexive «se retrouve» here carries a passive sense: «ce qui ne se retrouve jamais» = 'that which is never found again'. The «À» resumes «Je pense à» once more — the poet now thinks of all who have lost the irrecoverable, widening the swan into a universal emblem."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quiconque","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"quiconque","lemma":"quiconque","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of perdu","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on perdu","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"perdu","lemma":"perdre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of perdu","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of retrouve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies retrouve, paired with jamais (next line)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"passive marker with retrouve ('is found')","gloss":"itself","note":"se retrouve here is a reflexive-passive: \"is [never] found,\" not a true reflexive action."},{"surface":"retrouve","lemma":"retrouver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"is found"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"le-cygne-s15-l2","source":"Jamais, jamais! à ceux qui s'abreuvent de pleurs","translation":"never, never! of those who slake their thirst on tears","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes ne...retrouve (previous line): 'is never found'","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats Jamais for emphasis","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ceux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ceux","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of abreuvent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on abreuvent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"abreuvent","lemma":"abreuver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on ceux","gloss":"slake their thirst"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of abreuvent","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"le-cygne-s15-l3","source":"Et tètent la Douleur comme une bonne louve!","translation":"and suckle Sorrow as if at a kindly she-wolf!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tètent","lemma":"téter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb, coordinated with abreuvent (subject: ceux)","gloss":"suckle"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Douleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Douleur","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of tètent","gloss":"Sorrow"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking louve","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of louve","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bonne","lemma":"bon","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies louve","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"louve","lemma":"louve","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"she-wolf"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"le-cygne-s15-l4","source":"Aux maigres orphelins séchant comme des fleurs!","translation":"of the gaunt orphans withering like flowers!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orphelins","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"maigres","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies orphelins","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"orphelins","lemma":"orphelin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ceux (le-cygne-s15-l2, object of à)","gloss":"orphans"},{"surface":"séchant","lemma":"sécher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying orphelins","gloss":"withering"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleurs","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fleurs","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of comme","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"le-cygne-s16-l1","source":"Ainsi dans la forêt où mon esprit s'exile","translation":"Thus in the forest where my spirit goes into exile","stanza":16,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forêt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forêt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forêt","lemma":"forêt","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"introduces the relative clause on forêt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esprit","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"esprit","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of exile","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on exile","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"exile","lemma":"exiler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on forêt","gloss":"goes into exile"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"le-cygne-s16-l2","source":"Un vieux Souvenir sonne à plein souffle du cor!","translation":"an old Memory sounds at full breath upon the horn!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Souvenir","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies Souvenir","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Souvenir","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sonne","gloss":"Memory"},{"surface":"sonne","lemma":"sonner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking souffle","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies souffle","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"souffle","lemma":"souffle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of à","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cor","gloss":"upon the"},{"surface":"cor","lemma":"cor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies souffle","gloss":"horn"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"le-cygne-s16-l3","source":"Je pense aux matelots oubliés dans une île,","translation":"I think of the sailors forgotten on an island,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of pense","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"pense","lemma":"penser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matelots","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"matelots","lemma":"matelot","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of pense","gloss":"sailors"},{"surface":"oubliés","lemma":"oublier","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying matelots","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking île","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of île","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"île","lemma":"île","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on oubliés","gloss":"island"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"le-cygne-s16-l4","source":"Aux captifs, aux vaincus!... à bien d'autres encor!","translation":"of the captives, of the vanquished!... of many others still!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"à bien d'autres encor","title":"«encor» and the open ending","body":"«encor» is the poetic spelling of «encore» ('still, yet more'), used to fit the meter and drop a syllable. «à bien d'autres» = 'of many others'. The litany of exiles is left deliberately unfinished — the swan's grief spills past the named figures to everyone, anywhere, who has lost a home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking captifs","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"captifs","lemma":"captif","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with matelots (object of implied pense)","gloss":"captives"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vaincus","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vaincus","lemma":"vaincre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with captifs","gloss":"vanquished"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking autres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies autres, forms 'bien d'autres' = many others","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of autres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"autres","lemma":"autre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"encor","lemma":"encor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies autres","gloss":"still"}]}]}