{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-flacon","title":{"source":"Le Flacon","translated":"The Flask"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-flacon","lines":28},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/harmonie-du-soir","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-poison","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-flacon-s1-l1","source":"Il est de forts parfums pour qui toute matière","translation":"There are strong scents for which all matter","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Il est de forts parfums","title":"«il est» = il y a (literary)","body":"«il est de forts parfums» is the elevated, literary form of «il y a de forts parfums» — 'there are strong scents'. The partitive «de» before a plural noun preceded by an adjective («forts parfums») replaces «des». The whole poem opens on this existential register, presenting the perfumes as a class of thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal","role":"impersonal subject of est","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal construction 'il est' = 'there are')","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, partitive","role":"partitive marker of parfums","gloss":"some","note":"Partitive \"de\" before a preposed adjective (\"de forts parfums\") stands in for \"des\"."},{"surface":"forts","lemma":"fort","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies parfums","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"parfums","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of est (logical subject of the impersonal construction)","gloss":"scents"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qui","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of pour, refers back to parfums","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"toute","lemma":"tout","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of matière","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"matière","lemma":"matière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Est (le-flacon-s1-l2)","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-flacon-s1-l2","source":"Est poreuse. On dirait qu'ils pénètrent le verre.","translation":"is porous. One would say they pass through glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"On dirait","title":"«on dirait que» (conditional)","body":"«on dirait» is the conditional of «dire» used idiomatically: 'one would say / it seems / you'd think'. It softens an assertion into an impression — the scents only seem to penetrate the glass. The relative «pour qui» in line 1 («for which / for whom») finds its verb here in «Est poreuse»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, predicate of matière (s1-l1)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"poreuse","lemma":"poreux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"porous"},{"surface":"On","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dirait","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dirait","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of pénètrent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of pénètrent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"pénètrent","lemma":"pénétrer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"clausal complement of dirait","gloss":"pass through"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of verre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"verre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of pénètrent","gloss":"glass"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-flacon-s1-l3","source":"En ouvrant un coffret venu de l'Orient","translation":"On opening a casket come from the East","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund clause ouvrant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ouvrant","lemma":"ouvrir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"gerund clause (En + ouvrant)","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coffret","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"coffret","lemma":"coffret","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ouvrant","gloss":"casket"},{"surface":"venu","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coffret","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Orient","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Orient","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Orient","lemma":"Orient","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique argument of venu","gloss":"East"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-flacon-s1-l4","source":"Dont la serrure grince et rechigne en criant,","translation":"whose lock grates and balks with a cry,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rechigne","title":"rechigner","body":"«rechigner» = 'to balk, to grumble, to do reluctantly'. Paired with «grince» ('grates, creaks'), it half-personifies the lock, as if the casket resists being opened. «en criant» = 'while crying out' — the gerund «en + present participle» marks simultaneous action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative, possessive","role":"determiner of serrure","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of serrure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"serrure","lemma":"serrure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of grince","gloss":"lock"},{"surface":"grince","lemma":"grincer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grates"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rechigne","lemma":"rechigner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with grince","gloss":"balks"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund clause criant","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"criant","lemma":"crier","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on grince/rechigne","gloss":"crying"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-flacon-s2-l1","source":"Ou dans une maison déserte quelque armoire","translation":"or in a deserted house, some wardrobe","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maison","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of maison","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maison","lemma":"maison","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"déserte","lemma":"désert","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies maison","gloss":"deserted"},{"surface":"quelque","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of armoire","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"armoire","lemma":"armoire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with coffret (s1-l3), object of ouvrant (s1-l3)","gloss":"wardrobe"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-flacon-s2-l2","source":"Pleine de l'âcre odeur des temps, poudreuse et noire,","translation":"full of the acrid smell of past time, dusty and black,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pleine","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies armoire (s2-l1)","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking odeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of odeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âcre","lemma":"âcre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies odeur","gloss":"acrid"},{"surface":"odeur","lemma":"odeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, oblique argument of Pleine","gloss":"smell"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking temps","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"temps","lemma":"temps","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies odeur","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"poudreuse","lemma":"poudreux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Pleine, modifies armoire","gloss":"dusty"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"noire","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with poudreuse","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-flacon-s2-l3","source":"Parfois on trouve un vieux flacon qui se souvient,","translation":"sometimes one finds an old flask that remembers,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui se souvient","title":"se souvenir (pronominal)","body":"«se souvenir» = 'to remember' — a pronominal verb that always carries the reflexive pronoun, and takes «de» before its object («se souvenir de qqch»). Here it stands alone and absolute — the flask simply «se souvient», 'remembers' — which is what lets a mere bottle become the carrier of an entire returning soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trouve","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of trouve","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"trouve","lemma":"trouver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finds"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of flacon","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies flacon","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"flacon","lemma":"flacon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of trouve","gloss":"flask"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of souvient","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on souvient","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"souvient","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on flacon","gloss":"remembers"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-flacon-s2-l4","source":"D'où jaillit toute vive une âme qui revient.","translation":"from which leaps, fully alive, a soul that returns.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"D'où jaillit toute vive une âme","title":"Verb–subject inversion","body":"After the locative «d'où» ('from which'), French inverts verb and subject: «jaillit … une âme» = 'a soul leaps forth'. «jaillir» = 'to spurt, gush, spring out'. «toute vive» ('quite alive', feminine of «vif») agrees with «âme» — the soul bursts out wholly living."}],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking où","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"object of D', refers to flacon (s2-l3)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"jaillit","lemma":"jaillir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaps"},{"surface":"toute","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vive","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"vive","lemma":"vif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of jaillit","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of revient","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"revient","lemma":"revenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on âme","gloss":"returns"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-flacon-s3-l1","source":"Mille pensers dormaient, chrysalides funèbres,","translation":"A thousand thoughts lay sleeping, funereal chrysalises,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pensers","title":"penser (archaic noun)","body":"«pensers» is an archaic, poetic noun meaning 'thoughts' (the modern word is «pensées»). Using the verb «penser» as a masculine noun lends an old, elevated tone. The thoughts are likened to «chrysalides funèbres» — chrysalises waiting in mournful dormancy to hatch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"determiner, invariable (numeral)","role":"determiner of pensers","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"pensers","lemma":"penser","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of dormaient","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"dormaient","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay sleeping"},{"surface":"chrysalides","lemma":"chrysalide","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to pensers","gloss":"chrysalises"},{"surface":"funèbres","lemma":"funèbre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies chrysalides","gloss":"funereal"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-flacon-s3-l2","source":"Frémissant doucement dans les lourdes ténèbres,","translation":"quivering softly in the heavy darkness,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Frémissant","lemma":"frémir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying pensers (s3-l1)","gloss":"quivering"},{"surface":"doucement","lemma":"doucement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Frémissant","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ténèbres","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ténèbres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lourdes","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ténèbres","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"ténèbres","lemma":"ténèbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Frémissant","gloss":"darkness"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-flacon-s3-l3","source":"Qui dégagent leur aile et prennent leur essor,","translation":"that free their wings and take their flight,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dégagent, refers to pensers (s3-l1)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dégagent","lemma":"dégager","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aile","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"aile","lemma":"aile","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dégagent","gloss":"wings"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"prennent","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"coordinated with dégagent","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of essor","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"essor","lemma":"essor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of prennent","gloss":"flight"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-flacon-s3-l4","source":"Teintés d'azur, glacés de rose, lamés d'or.","translation":"tinted with azure, glazed with rose, spangled with gold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lamés d'or","title":"lamé / glacé (metallurgy of color)","body":"«lamé» means 'spangled, threaded with metal' (the fabric «lamé» is woven with gold or silver). «glacé» = 'glazed, iced, frosted'. The three past participles — «teintés», «glacés», «lamés» — turn the freed thoughts into shimmering, jewel-like wings, color rendered as precious metalwork."}],"words":[{"surface":"Teintés","lemma":"teindre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pensers (s3-l1)","gloss":"tinted"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"azur","lemma":"azur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Teintés","gloss":"azure"},{"surface":"glacés","lemma":"glacer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Teintés, modifies pensers (s3-l1)","gloss":"glazed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rose","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rose","lemma":"rose","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of glacés","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"lamés","lemma":"lamer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with glacés, modifies pensers (s3-l1)","gloss":"spangled"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking or","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of lamés","gloss":"gold"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-flacon-s4-l1","source":"Voilà le souvenir enivrant qui voltige","translation":"There is the intoxicating memory that flutters","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Voilà","lemma":"voilà","morphology":"presentative particle","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of souvenir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"souvenir","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Voilà","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"enivrant","lemma":"enivrant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies souvenir","gloss":"intoxicating"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voltige","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voltige","lemma":"voltiger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on souvenir","gloss":"flutters"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-flacon-s4-l2","source":"Dans l'air troublé; les yeux se ferment; le Vertige","translation":"in the troubled air; the eyes close; Vertigo","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"les yeux se ferment","title":"Reflexive for the passive/middle","body":"«se fermer» = 'to close (by itself)'. French uses the pronominal «se» where English would say the eyes close or are closed — there is no separate agent. It gives the surrender a passive, involuntary feel, just before «le Vertige» seizes the soul in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking air","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Dans","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"troublé","lemma":"troublé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies air","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ferment","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ferment","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"ferment","lemma":"fermer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Vertige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vertige","lemma":"vertige","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the next line's verb (Saisit)","gloss":"Vertigo","note":"Vertigo is personified; it is the subject of \"Saisit\" that opens the next line."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-flacon-s4-l3","source":"Saisit l'âme vaincue et la pousse à deux mains","translation":"seizes the vanquished soul and shoves it with both hands","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Saisit","lemma":"saisir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, subject is Vertige (previous line)","gloss":"seizes"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Saisit","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"vaincue","lemma":"vaincre","morphology":"verb, past participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"vanquished"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular, direct object clitic","role":"direct object of pousse","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"pousse","lemma":"pousser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Saisit","gloss":"shoves"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mains","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies mains","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"mains","lemma":"main","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of pousse","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-flacon-s4-l4","source":"Vers un gouffre obscurci de miasmes humains;","translation":"toward an abyss darkened with human miasmas;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouffre","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gouffre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gouffre","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Vers","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"obscurci","lemma":"obscurcir","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gouffre","gloss":"darkened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miasmes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"miasmes","lemma":"miasme","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of obscurci","gloss":"miasmas"},{"surface":"humains","lemma":"humain","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies miasmes","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-flacon-s5-l1","source":"Il la terrasse au bord d'un gouffre séculaire,","translation":"It fells it at the edge of a centuries-old abyss,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of terrasse","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular, direct object clitic","role":"direct object of terrasse","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"terrasse","lemma":"terrasser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fells"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted with le","role":"preposition marking bord","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"bord","lemma":"bord","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of terrasse","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, elided","role":"preposition marking gouffre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gouffre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gouffre","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bord","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"séculaire","lemma":"séculaire","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies gouffre","gloss":"centuries-old"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-flacon-s5-l2","source":"Où, Lazare odorant déchirant son suaire,","translation":"where, a fragrant Lazarus tearing his shroud,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying gouffre","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Lazare","lemma":"Lazare","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of meut (next line)","gloss":"Lazarus","note":"Lazare odorant is in apposition to \"le cadavre spectral,\" subject of \"Se meut\" in the following line."},{"surface":"odorant","lemma":"odorant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Lazare","gloss":"fragrant"},{"surface":"déchirant","lemma":"déchirer","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"modifies Lazare","gloss":"tearing"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of suaire","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"suaire","lemma":"suaire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of déchirant","gloss":"shroud"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-flacon-s5-l3","source":"Se meut dans son réveil le cadavre spectral","translation":"the spectral corpse stirs in its waking,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se meut … le cadavre","title":"se mouvoir + inversion","body":"«se mouvoir» = 'to move, to stir' (pronominal; «se meut» is its irregular present). The subject «le cadavre spectral» is held back to the end of the line, the inverted word order making the corpse seem to rise into motion only as the sentence completes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of meut","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"meut","lemma":"mouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirs"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking réveil","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of réveil","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"réveil","lemma":"réveil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of meut","gloss":"waking"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cadavre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cadavre","lemma":"cadavre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of meut","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"spectral","lemma":"spectral","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cadavre","gloss":"spectral"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-flacon-s5-l4","source":"D'un vieil amour ranci, charmant et sépulcral.","translation":"of an old rancid love, charming and sepulchral.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, elided","role":"preposition marking amour","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amour","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieil","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amour","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of cadavre (previous line)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ranci","lemma":"ranci","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amour","gloss":"rancid"},{"surface":"charmant","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies amour","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sépulcral","lemma":"sépulcral","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with charmant","gloss":"sepulchral"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"le-flacon-s6-l1","source":"Ainsi, quand je serai perdu dans la mémoire","translation":"So, when I shall be lost in the memory","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"quand je serai perdu","title":"quand + future tense","body":"After «quand» ('when') for a future event, French requires the future tense — «je serai» ('I shall be') — where English uses the present ('when I am lost'). This stanza is the volta: the poet turns from describing flasks to imagining himself as one, the old bottle of a love discarded and forgotten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the main clause (Je serai, s7-l1)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of perdu","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of serai perdu","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"serai","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of perdu","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"perdu","lemma":"perdre","morphology":"verb, past participle, passive, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mémoire","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mémoire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mémoire","lemma":"mémoire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of perdu","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"le-flacon-s6-l2","source":"Des hommes, dans le coin d'une sinistre armoire","translation":"of men, in the corner of a sinister wardrobe","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contracted with les, plural","role":"marks hommes as complement of mémoire","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hommes","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"complement of mémoire (previous line)","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coin","lemma":"coin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies perdu (s6-l1)","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, elided","role":"preposition marking armoire","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of armoire","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sinistre","lemma":"sinistre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies armoire","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"armoire","lemma":"armoire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of coin","gloss":"wardrobe"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"le-flacon-s6-l3","source":"Quand on m'aura jeté, vieux flacon désolé,","translation":"when I have been thrown away, an old desolate flask,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quand on m'aura jeté","title":"Future perfect after «quand»","body":"«on m'aura jeté» is the future perfect ('one will have thrown me away'), the impersonal «on» standing for 'people / someone'. After «quand», the future perfect marks an action completed before another future moment — once I have been cast off, then I will be that flask."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of jeté","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of aura jeté","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular, elided","role":"direct object of aura jeté","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"aura","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of jeté","gloss":"will have"},{"surface":"jeté","lemma":"jeter","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"thrown away"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies flacon","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"flacon","lemma":"flacon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to m' (me)","gloss":"flask"},{"surface":"désolé","lemma":"désolé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies flacon","gloss":"desolate"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"le-flacon-s6-l4","source":"Décrépit, poudreux, sale, abject, visqueux, fêlé,","translation":"decrepit, dusty, dirty, abject, slimy, cracked,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Décrépit","lemma":"décrépit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies flacon (previous line)","gloss":"decrepit"},{"surface":"poudreux","lemma":"poudreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Décrépit","gloss":"dusty"},{"surface":"sale","lemma":"sale","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with poudreux","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"abject","lemma":"abject","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with sale","gloss":"abject"},{"surface":"visqueux","lemma":"visqueux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with abject","gloss":"slimy"},{"surface":"fêlé","lemma":"fêlé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with visqueux","gloss":"cracked"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"le-flacon-s7-l1","source":"Je serai ton cercueil, aimable pestilence!","translation":"I shall be your coffin, lovable pestilence!","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aimable pestilence","title":"Oxymoron in the vocative","body":"«aimable» = 'kind, lovable, amiable'; «pestilence» = 'plague, contagion, stench'. The exclamatory address yokes them into an oxymoron — the beloved is a sweet infection. This sets up the closing apostrophes: «Cher poison», «liqueur / Qui me ronge», love named as the dear poison that eats the heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of serai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"serai","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cercueil","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"cercueil","lemma":"cercueil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of serai","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"aimable","lemma":"aimable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pestilence","gloss":"lovable"},{"surface":"pestilence","lemma":"pestilence","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to ton (you addressed)","gloss":"pestilence"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"le-flacon-s7-l2","source":"Le témoin de ta force et de ta virulence,","translation":"the witness of your strength and your virulence,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of témoin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"témoin","lemma":"témoin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to cercueil (previous line)","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking force","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of force","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"force","lemma":"force","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of témoin","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking virulence","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virulence","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"virulence","lemma":"virulence","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with force","gloss":"virulence"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"le-flacon-s7-l3","source":"Cher poison préparé par les anges! liqueur","translation":"dear poison brewed by the angels! a liquor","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cher","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poison","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"poison","lemma":"poison","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to témoin (previous line)","gloss":"poison"},{"surface":"préparé","lemma":"préparer","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poison","gloss":"brewed"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anges","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of anges","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anges","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of préparé","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"liqueur","lemma":"liqueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with poison","gloss":"liquor"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"le-flacon-s7-l4","source":"Qui me ronge, ô la vie et la mort de mon coeur!","translation":"that gnaws at me, O the life and the death of my heart!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Qui me ronge","title":"ronger","body":"«ronger» = 'to gnaw, eat away, corrode' (literally, what a rodent or rust does). The relative «qui» refers to «liqueur» — the angelic poison that gnaws at the speaker. The final apposition «ô la vie et la mort de mon coeur» fuses the contraries one last time: this love is at once the life and the death of his heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ronge","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"direct object of ronge","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ronge","lemma":"ronger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on liqueur (previous line)","gloss":"gnaws at"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection introducing vie et mort","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to liqueur, addressed with ô","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mort","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with vie","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of mort (and vie)","gloss":"heart"}]}]}