{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-poison","title":{"source":"Le Poison","translated":"The Poison"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-poison","lines":20},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-flacon","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/ciel-brouille","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-poison-s1-l1","source":"Le vin sait revêtir le plus sordide bouge","translation":"Wine knows how to clothe the most squalid hovel","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bouge","title":"bouge (a low den)","body":"«un bouge» = 'a hovel, a squalid den, a dive' — a cramped, sordid room. «revêtir» = 'to clothe, to dress, to cover over'; «sait revêtir» ('knows how to clothe') gives wine an artist's skill, draping the meanest room in «un luxe miraculeux»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sait","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"sait","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows how"},{"surface":"revêtir","lemma":"revêtir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sait","gloss":"to clothe"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bouge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sordide","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"sordide","lemma":"sordide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies bouge","gloss":"squalid"},{"surface":"bouge","lemma":"bouge","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of revêtir","gloss":"hovel"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-poison-s1-l2","source":"D'un luxe miraculeux,","translation":"in a miraculous luxury,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, elided","role":"preposition marking luxe","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of luxe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"luxe","lemma":"luxe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of revêtir (previous line)","gloss":"luxury"},{"surface":"miraculeux","lemma":"miraculeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies luxe","gloss":"miraculous"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-poison-s1-l3","source":"Et fait surgir plus d'un portique fabuleux","translation":"and makes more than one fabulous portico rise up","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"fait surgir","title":"Causative «faire» + infinitive","body":"«faire surgir» = 'to make (something) spring up / cause to rise'. French builds the causative with «faire» + a bare infinitive, where English needs 'make … rise'. «un portique» is a colonnaded porch; «plus d'un» ('more than one') takes a singular verb and noun in French though the sense is plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"causative auxiliary, coordinated with sait","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"surgir","lemma":"surgir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fait","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase plus d'un","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, elided, part of plus d'un","role":"part of the phrase plus d'un","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of portique","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"portique","lemma":"portique","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of surgir","gloss":"portico"},{"surface":"fabuleux","lemma":"fabuleux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies portique","gloss":"fabulous"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-poison-s1-l4","source":"Dans l'or de sa vapeur rouge,","translation":"in the gold of its red vapor,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking or","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of or","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of surgir (previous line)","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vapeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vapeur","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"vapeur","lemma":"vapeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies or","gloss":"vapor"},{"surface":"rouge","lemma":"rouge","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vapeur","gloss":"red"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-poison-s1-l5","source":"Comme un soleil couchant dans un ciel nébuleux.","translation":"like a setting sun in a clouded sky.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Comme","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"couchant","lemma":"couchant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of couchant","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"nébuleux","lemma":"nébuleux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"clouded"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-poison-s2-l1","source":"L'opium agrandit ce qui n'a pas de bornes,","translation":"Opium enlarges what has no bounds,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ce qui n'a pas de bornes","title":"«ce qui» (what / that which)","body":"«ce qui» = 'what / that which' — the headless relative pronoun, subject of its clause. «une borne» is a boundary-marker or limit; «ce qui n'a pas de bornes» = 'that which has no limits'. The paradox is deliberate: opium makes even the limitless larger still, a theme the next two lines push further."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of opium","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opium","lemma":"opium","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of agrandit","gloss":"opium"},{"surface":"agrandit","lemma":"agrandir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enlarges"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of agrandit","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of a","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negation, elided","role":"negates a","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negates a","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, negative partitive","role":"marks bornes as negated direct object","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"bornes","lemma":"borne","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of a","gloss":"bounds"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-poison-s2-l2","source":"Allonge l'illimité,","translation":"stretches out the limitless,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Allonge","lemma":"allonger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with agrandit","gloss":"stretches out"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of illimité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"illimité","lemma":"illimité","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Allonge","gloss":"limitless"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-poison-s2-l3","source":"Approfondit le temps, creuse la volupté,","translation":"deepens time, hollows out pleasure,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"creuse la volupté","title":"creuser / volupté","body":"«creuser» = 'to dig, to hollow out, to deepen'. Paired with «approfondit» ('deepens'), it turns sensation into excavated space. «la volupté» is 'voluptuous pleasure, sensual delight' — a key word across «Les Fleurs du Mal», stronger and more carnal than ordinary «plaisir»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Approfondit","lemma":"approfondir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with agrandit","gloss":"deepens"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of temps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"temps","lemma":"temps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Approfondit","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"creuse","lemma":"creuser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Approfondit","gloss":"hollows out"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of volupté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volupté","lemma":"volupté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of creuse","gloss":"pleasure"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-poison-s2-l4","source":"Et de plaisirs noirs et mornes","translation":"and with black, dismal pleasures","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaisirs, oblique argument of Remplit (next line)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"plaisirs","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Remplit","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"noirs","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plaisirs","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mornes","lemma":"morne","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with noirs","gloss":"dismal"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-poison-s2-l5","source":"Remplit l'âme au delà de sa capacité.","translation":"fills the soul beyond its capacity.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Remplit","lemma":"remplir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with agrandit","gloss":"fills"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Remplit","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted, part of au delà","role":"part of the phrase au delà de","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"delà","lemma":"delà","morphology":"adverb, part of au delà","role":"part of the phrase au delà de","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, part of au delà de","role":"preposition marking capacité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of capacité","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"capacité","lemma":"capacité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, in au delà de","gloss":"capacity"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-poison-s3-l1","source":"Tout cela ne vaut pas le poison qui découle","translation":"All that is not worth the poison that flows down","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne vaut pas","title":"«valoir» (to be worth)","body":"«valoir» = 'to be worth'; «cela ne vaut pas X» = 'that is not worth X / is no match for X'. «vaut» is its irregular present. The refrain «Tout cela ne vaut pas» opens both this stanza and the last, ranking the lover's poison above wine and opium alike."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Tout cela","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"cela","lemma":"cela","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, singular","role":"subject of vaut","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negates vaut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vaut","lemma":"valoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negates vaut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poison","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poison","lemma":"poison","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vaut","gloss":"poison"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of découle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"découle","lemma":"découler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on poison","gloss":"flows down"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-poison-s3-l2","source":"De tes yeux, de tes yeux verts,","translation":"from your eyes, from your green eyes,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux, oblique argument of découle (previous line)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of De","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux (repeated)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, in apposition to first yeux","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"verts","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"green"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-poison-s3-l3","source":"Lacs où mon âme tremble et se voit à l'envers...","translation":"lakes where my soul trembles and sees itself reversed...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se voit à l'envers","title":"Reflexive «se voir» + «à l'envers»","body":"«se voir» = 'to see oneself'; the reflexive «se» makes the soul both viewer and image. «à l'envers» = 'upside down, inside out, the wrong way round' — the soul, mirrored in the green-eyed lakes, sees itself inverted, as a reflection on water always is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lacs","lemma":"lac","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to yeux (previous line)","gloss":"lakes"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying Lacs","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tremble","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"tremble","lemma":"trembler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Lacs","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of voit","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"voit","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with tremble","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking envers","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of envers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"envers","lemma":"envers","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of voit","gloss":"reverse","note":"\"à l'envers\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"upside down / reversed.\""}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-poison-s3-l4","source":"Mes songes viennent en foule","translation":"my dreams come crowding in","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of songes","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"songes","lemma":"songe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of viennent","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"viennent","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foule","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"foule","lemma":"foule","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of viennent","gloss":"crowd"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-poison-s3-l5","source":"Pour se désaltérer à ces gouffres amers.","translation":"to slake their thirst at these bitter chasms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se désaltérer","title":"se désaltérer (to quench one's thirst)","body":"«se désaltérer» = 'to quench one's thirst, to drink one's fill' — a pronominal verb, literally 'to un-thirst oneself'. The dreams come «en foule» ('in a crowd') to drink at «ces gouffres amers», 'these bitter chasms' — the same green eyes, now abysses the dreams flock to drown in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of désaltérer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of désaltérer","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"désaltérer","lemma":"désaltérer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of viennent (previous line)","gloss":"slake their thirst"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouffres","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gouffres","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"gouffres","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of désaltérer","gloss":"chasms"},{"surface":"amers","lemma":"amer","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gouffres","gloss":"bitter"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-poison-s4-l1","source":"Tout cela ne vaut pas le terrible prodige","translation":"All that is not worth the terrible marvel","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Tout cela","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"cela","lemma":"cela","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, singular","role":"subject of vaut","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negates vaut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vaut","lemma":"valoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negates vaut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of prodige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terrible","lemma":"terrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies prodige","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"prodige","lemma":"prodige","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vaut","gloss":"marvel"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-poison-s4-l2","source":"De ta salive qui mord,","translation":"of your saliva that bites,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le terrible prodige","title":"prodige / mordre","body":"«un prodige» = 'a marvel, a wonder, a prodigy'; «le terrible prodige» yokes awe and dread together, as the whole poem braids delight and poison. «mord» is from «mordre» ('to bite') — the kiss is venomous, the saliva itself a thing with teeth."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking salive, oblique argument of prodige (previous line)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of salive","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"salive","lemma":"salive","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of De","gloss":"saliva"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of mord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mord","lemma":"mordre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on salive","gloss":"bites"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-poison-s4-l3","source":"Qui plonge dans l'oubli mon âme sans remords,","translation":"that plunges my soul into oblivion without remorse,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of plonge","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plonge","lemma":"plonger","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on salive (previous line)","gloss":"plunges"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oubli","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, elided","role":"determiner of oubli","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oubli","lemma":"oubli","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of plonge","gloss":"oblivion"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of plonge","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking remords","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of plonge","gloss":"remorse"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-poison-s4-l4","source":"Et charriant le vertige,","translation":"and, sweeping along the vertigo,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"charriant le vertige","title":"Present participle «charriant»","body":"«charrier» = 'to cart, to carry along, to sweep down' (as a river carries debris). The present participle «charriant» ('carrying / sweeping along') describes the saliva of line 2, prolonging the action into the final line, where it «roule» the soul down to the shores of death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"charriant","lemma":"charrier","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"coordinated with plonge, modifies qui (s4-l3)","gloss":"sweeping along"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vertige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vertige","lemma":"vertige","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of charriant","gloss":"vertigo"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-poison-s4-l5","source":"La roule défaillante aux rives de la mort!","translation":"rolls it, swooning, to the shores of death!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"La roule défaillante","title":"rouler / défaillant","body":"«la roule» = 'rolls it', the object pronoun «la» standing for «mon âme» ('my soul'). «défaillante» ('fainting, swooning, failing', feminine) agrees with «âme» — the soul is rolled along already losing consciousness. «aux rives de la mort» = 'to the shores of death', closing the poison's river at the water's edge of death itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular, direct object clitic","role":"direct object of roule","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"roule","lemma":"rouler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with charriant's clause","gloss":"rolls"},{"surface":"défaillante","lemma":"défaillant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies La (the direct object)","gloss":"swooning"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted with les","role":"preposition marking rives","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"rives","lemma":"rive","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of roule","gloss":"shores"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mort","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rives","gloss":"death"}]}]}