{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-possede","title":{"source":"Le Possédé","translated":"The Possessed One"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-possede","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-balcon","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/un-fantome","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-possede-s1-l1","source":"Le soleil s'est couvert d'un crêpe. Comme lui,","translation":"The sun has wrapped itself in a veil of crape. Like it,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Le soleil s'est couvert","title":"«se couvrir» — pronominal verb in the passé composé","body":"«s'est couvert» is the passé composé of the pronominal verb «se couvrir» (to cover oneself, to cloud over): «Le soleil s'est couvert» = 'the sun has covered itself / has clouded over'. Pronominal verbs take «être» in compound tenses, so the auxiliary is «est», not «a». «un crêpe» here is funeral crape — the black mourning gauze hung over a face or a hearse — so the sun is in mourning from the first line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of couvert","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of couvert","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on couvert","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"couvert","lemma":"couvrir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crêpe","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of crêpe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"crêpe","lemma":"crêpe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on couvert","gloss":"veil of crape"},{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with lui","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison (Comme lui), referring to soleil","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-possede-s1-l2","source":"Ô Lune de ma vie! emmitoufle-toi d'ombre","translation":"O Moon of my life! bundle yourself up in shadow,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"emmitoufle-toi d'ombre","title":"«s'emmitoufler» — reflexive imperative","body":"«emmitoufle-toi» is the affirmative «tu» imperative of the pronominal verb «s'emmitoufler» (to wrap or muffle oneself up, as against the cold). In the affirmative imperative the reflexive pronoun follows the verb and «te» becomes the stressed «toi», joined by a hyphen: «emmitoufle-toi» = 'wrap yourself up'. «d'ombre» names what she is to bundle into — shadow — so the command is to swaddle herself in darkness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces vocative Lune","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Lune","lemma":"lune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of the stanza","gloss":"Moon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vie","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Lune","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"emmitoufle","lemma":"emmitoufler","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bundle up"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of emmitoufle","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ombre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ombre","lemma":"ombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of emmitoufle","gloss":"shadow"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-possede-s1-l3","source":"Dors ou fume à ton gré; sois muette, sois sombre,","translation":"Sleep or smoke as you please; be mute, be dark,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sois muette, sois sombre","title":"«sois» — irregular imperative of «être»","body":"«sois» is the «tu» imperative of «être» (to be), used here twice: «sois muette, sois sombre» = 'be mute, be dark'. «à ton gré» is a fixed phrase meaning 'as you please, to your liking'. The stacked imperatives — «Dors», «fume», «sois», «sois» — turn the whole stanza into one long string of commands, the lover telling his Moon to do as she likes so long as she stays gloomy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dors","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"fume","lemma":"fumer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Dors","gloss":"smoke"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gré","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of gré","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"gré","lemma":"gré","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of à, modified by ton","gloss":"liking"},{"surface":"sois","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to muette","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"muette","lemma":"muet","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mute"},{"surface":"sois","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"copula linking to sombre","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-possede-s1-l4","source":"Et plonge tout entière au gouffre de l'Ennui;","translation":"And plunge entirely into the gulf of Boredom;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le gouffre de l'Ennui","title":"«l'Ennui» — capitalized 'Spleen'","body":"«l'Ennui», capitalized, is far stronger than English 'boredom': it is the leaden, despairing tedium Baudelaire elsewhere calls «le Spleen», the great enemy of the whole section «Spleen et Idéal». «un gouffre» is an abyss or chasm; «plonge tout entière au gouffre» = 'plunge whole into the abyss'. «tout entière» — 'wholly, entirely' — agrees in the feminine with the Moon being addressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plonge","lemma":"plonger","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"plunge"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies entière","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"entière","lemma":"entier","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate modifier of the implied subject (toi/Lune)","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouffre","gloss":"into the"},{"surface":"gouffre","lemma":"gouffre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of plonge","gloss":"gulf"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ennui","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Ennui","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ennui","lemma":"ennui","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gouffre","gloss":"Boredom"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-possede-s2-l1","source":"Je t'aime ainsi! Pourtant, si tu veux aujourd'hui,","translation":"I love you so! And yet, if today you wish,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aime","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"t'","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of aime","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aime","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Pourtant","lemma":"pourtant","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veux","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veux","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of veux","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"veux","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"aujourd'hui","lemma":"aujourd'hui","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veux","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-possede-s2-l2","source":"Comme un astre éclipsé qui sort de la pénombre,","translation":"Like an eclipsed star coming out of the half-light,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"qui sort de la pénombre","title":"«la pénombre» — half-shadow, penumbra","body":"«la pénombre» is the soft half-light between full shadow and full light — the astronomical 'penumbra' around an eclipse. «un astre éclipsé qui sort de la pénombre» = 'an eclipsed star emerging from the half-shadow'. The simile turns on the same eclipse imagery as the opening: having ordered his Moon into darkness, the lover now imagines her stepping back out of it to shine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking astre","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of astre","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"astre","lemma":"astre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"éclipsé","lemma":"éclipser","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying astre","gloss":"eclipsed"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sort","lemma":"sortir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying astre","gloss":"emerges"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pénombre","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pénombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pénombre","lemma":"pénombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of sort","gloss":"half-light"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-possede-s2-l3","source":"Te pavaner aux lieux que la Folie encombre","translation":"To go strutting in the haunts that Folly crowds,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Te pavaner","title":"«se pavaner» — to strut, to show off","body":"«se pavaner» means to strut or parade oneself proudly — literally to spread out like a «paon» (peacock). «Te pavaner» is its infinitive completing «si tu veux … te pavaner» = 'if you wish … to go strutting'. «les lieux que la Folie encombre» = 'the places that Madness clutters / crowds'; «encombrer» is to clutter or obstruct, and «la Folie», capitalized, personifies Madness as the throng filling those haunts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of pavaner","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"pavaner","lemma":"pavaner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of veux (previous stanza)","gloss":"go strutting"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lieux","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"lieux","lemma":"lieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of pavaner","gloss":"haunts"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of encombre (relative pronoun referring to lieux)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Folie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Folie","lemma":"folie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of encombre","gloss":"Folly"},{"surface":"encombre","lemma":"encombrer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying lieux","gloss":"crowds"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-possede-s2-l4","source":"C'est bien! Charmant poignard, jaillis de ton étui!","translation":"So be it! Charming dagger, leap from your sheath!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"jaillis de ton étui","title":"«jaillir» — to spurt, spring, leap out","body":"«jaillis» is the «tu» imperative of «jaillir» (to gush, spurt, spring forth): «jaillis de ton étui» = 'leap out of your sheath'. The beloved is now addressed as a «poignard» (dagger) lying in its «étui» (case, sheath) — a startling image that fuses desire and violence and ends the octave on a command to strike."}],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to bien","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Charmant","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poignard","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"poignard","lemma":"poignard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of jaillis","gloss":"dagger"},{"surface":"jaillis","lemma":"jaillir","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leap"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking étui","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of étui","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"étui","lemma":"étui","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of jaillis","gloss":"sheath"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-possede-s3-l1","source":"Allume ta prunelle à la flamme des lustres!","translation":"Light your eye at the flame of the chandeliers!","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Allume ta prunelle","title":"«la prunelle» — the pupil of the eye","body":"«la prunelle» is the pupil of the eye (literally the 'sloe', for its dark round shape), often standing by extension for the whole gaze. «Allume» is the «tu» imperative of «allumer» (to light, to kindle): «Allume ta prunelle à la flamme des lustres» = 'kindle your eye at the flame of the chandeliers'. «les lustres» are hanging crystal chandeliers — the lights of the ballroom or the haunts of «la Folie» above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allume","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prunelle","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"prunelle","lemma":"prunelle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Allume","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flamme","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flamme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flamme","lemma":"flamme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Allume","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lustres","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lustres","lemma":"lustre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies flamme","gloss":"chandeliers"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-possede-s3-l2","source":"Allume le désir dans les regards des rustres!","translation":"Light desire in the stares of the boors!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les regards des rustres","title":"«un rustre» — a boor, a lout","body":"«un rustre» is a coarse, uncouth man — a boor or lout (from the same root as 'rustic'). «Allume le désir dans les regards des rustres» = 'kindle desire in the stares of the boors'. The repeated imperative «Allume … Allume» makes a deliberate, scornful command: the lover urges his Moon to inflame even these brutes, his jealousy curdled into a dare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allume","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (continues imperative from previous line, implied subject tu)","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of désir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"désir","lemma":"désir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Allume","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regards","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of regards","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regards","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Allume","gloss":"stares"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition + determiner (de + les)","role":"preposition marking rustres","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"rustres","lemma":"rustre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies regards","gloss":"boors"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-possede-s3-l3","source":"Tout de toi m'est plaisir, morbide ou pétulant;","translation":"Everything of you is pleasure to me, morbid or impetuous;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tout de toi m'est plaisir","title":"«m'est» — indirect object with «être»","body":"«Tout de toi m'est plaisir» = 'everything of you is pleasure to me'. «m'» is the indirect-object pronoun «me» ('to me') leaning on «est» (from «être»), an elegant compression of «est un plaisir pour moi». «morbide ou pétulant» ('morbid or impetuous') hangs back as a paired qualifier of «Tout» — whichever mood she shows, sickly or unruly, it delights him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toi","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular, disjunctive","role":"object of preposition de, depends on Tout","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of est","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking Tout to plaisir","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"plaisir","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of est","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"morbide","lemma":"morbide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Tout (agrees with masc. tout; the coordinated pétulant is masculine, not pétulante, so the adjectives describe Tout, not the disjunctive toi)","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"pétulant","lemma":"pétulant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with morbide","gloss":"impetuous"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-possede-s4-l1","source":"Sois ce que tu voudras, nuit noire, rouge aurore;","translation":"Be what you will, black night, red dawn;","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sois ce que tu voudras","title":"«ce que» + future of «vouloir»","body":"«ce que» is the relative 'what / that which' (object form); «tu voudras» is the future of «vouloir» (to want), so «Sois ce que tu voudras» = 'be whatever you will want to be'. French uses the plain future here where English would lean on 'will'. The contrast «nuit noire, rouge aurore» — black night, red dawn — sets her two extremes in apposition, the lover granting her either pole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sois","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"predicate complement of Sois","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of voudras","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of voudras","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"voudras","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"nuit","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ce (vocative-like)","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"noire","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies nuit","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"rouge","lemma":"rouge","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies aurore","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"aurore","lemma":"aurore","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with nuit","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-possede-s4-l2","source":"Il n'est pas une fibre en tout mon corps tremblant","translation":"There is not one fibre in all my trembling body","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Il n'est pas une fibre","title":"«il n'est pas» — literary 'there is not'","body":"«il n'est pas une fibre» uses «être» impersonally for «il n'y a pas» ('there is not'), a heightened, literary turn: 'there is not a single fibre'. It sets up a double negative with «Qui ne crie» on the next line — 'not one fibre … that does not cry out' — i.e. every fibre cries out. «en tout mon corps tremblant» = 'in all my trembling body'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal, masculine, singular","role":"impersonal subject of est","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est (negation)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est (negation)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fibre","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fibre","lemma":"fibre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of est","gloss":"fibre"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corps","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition en","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"tremblant","lemma":"tremblant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"trembling"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-possede-s4-l3","source":"Qui ne crie: Ô mon cher Belzébuth, je t'adore!","translation":"That does not cry: O my dear Beelzebub, I adore you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qui ne crie","title":"Subjunctive-style «ne» after a negated antecedent","body":"«Qui ne crie» continues «Il n'est pas une fibre … qui ne crie» — 'there is not one fibre that does not cry out'. This is a double negation forming a litotes: «il n'est pas une fibre» (main negative) + «qui ne crie» (relative negative) = 'there is not one fibre that does NOT cry' = every fibre cries. Both «ne» forms carry real negative force; neither is expletive. The whole body's cry — «Ô mon cher Belzébuth, je t'adore!» — names the beloved as Beelzebub and closes the sonnet on adoration of the devil."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Belzébuth","title":"«Belzébuth» — Beelzebub","body":"«Belzébuth» is Beelzebub, the «prince des démons» of the Gospels (from Hebrew Ba'al-zebub, 'lord of the flies'), a name long used for the Devil himself. The 'possessed' lover ends by hailing his beloved as this demon and crying «je t'adore» — adoring her exactly as one would worship a god, which is the blasphemy the title «Le Possédé» (a man possessed by a devil) has promised all along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of crie, refers to fibre","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies crie (negation)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"crie","lemma":"crier","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on fibre","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"Ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative marker before Belzébuth","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Belzébuth","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cher","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Belzébuth","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Belzébuth","lemma":"Belzébuth","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address, within the quoted cry (object of crie)","gloss":"Beelzebub"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of adore","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"t'","lemma":"te","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of adore","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"adore","lemma":"adorer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"adore"}]}]}