{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre","title":{"source":"Le Reniement de saint Pierre","translated":"The Denial of Saint Peter"},"section":"Revolt","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-reniement-de-saint-pierre","lines":32},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-amour-et-le-crane","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/abel-et-cain","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s1-l1","source":"Qu'est-ce que Dieu fait donc de ce flot d'anathèmes","translation":"What, then, does God do with this flood of curses","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"anathèmes","title":"anathème (m.)","body":"«anathème» is a curse or solemn condemnation, originally an ecclesiastical excommunication. Baudelaire turns it back against heaven: the «flot d'anathèmes» is the daily tide of human blasphemy rising toward God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"part of the interrogative phrase qu'est-ce que ('what')","gloss":"what","note":"\"Qu'est-ce que\" is a fixed interrogative phrase meaning 'what'."},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"part of the interrogative phrase qu'est-ce que","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"-ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"part of the interrogative phrase qu'est-ce que","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"complementizer","role":"introduces the clause Dieu fait","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"donc","lemma":"donc","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fait","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flot","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of flot","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"flot","lemma":"flot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of fait","gloss":"flood"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anathèmes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"anathèmes","lemma":"anathème","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies flot","gloss":"curses"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s1-l2","source":"Qui monte tous les jours vers ses chers Séraphins?","translation":"That rises every day toward his dear Seraphim?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of monte, refers to flot (s1-l1)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"monte","lemma":"monter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jours","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jours","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jours","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of monte (temporal)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Séraphins","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Séraphins","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"chers","lemma":"cher","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Séraphins","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Séraphins","lemma":"séraphin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of monte","gloss":"Seraphim"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s1-l3","source":"Comme un tyran gorgé de viande et de vins,","translation":"Like a tyrant gorged with meat and wines,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyran","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tyran","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tyran","lemma":"tyran","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tyrant"},{"surface":"gorgé","lemma":"gorger","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tyran","gloss":"gorged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking viande","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"viande","lemma":"viande","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of gorgé","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vins","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vins","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with viande","gloss":"wines"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s1-l4","source":"Il s'endort au doux bruit de nos affreux blasphèmes.","translation":"He falls asleep to the sweet sound of our hideous blasphemies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'endort","title":"Reflexive: s'endormir","body":"«s'endormir» is the pronominal verb 'to fall asleep'. The reflexive «se» marks the change of state happening to the subject; «il s'endort» = 'he drifts off to sleep'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of endort","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on endort","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"endort","lemma":"endormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls asleep"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bruit","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bruit","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"bruit","lemma":"bruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of endort","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blasphèmes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of blasphèmes","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"affreux","lemma":"affreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies blasphèmes","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"blasphèmes","lemma":"blasphème","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on bruit","gloss":"blasphemies"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s2-l1","source":"Les sanglots des martyrs et des suppliciés","translation":"The sobs of the martyrs and of the tortured","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sanglots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sanglots","lemma":"sanglot","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Sont (s2-l2)","gloss":"sobs"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking martyrs","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"martyrs","lemma":"martyr","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sanglots","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suppliciés","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"suppliciés","lemma":"supplicié","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with martyrs","gloss":"tortured"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s2-l2","source":"Sont une symphonie enivrante sans doute,","translation":"Are an intoxicating symphony, no doubt,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking to symphonie (subject: sanglots, s2-l1)","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of symphonie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"symphonie","lemma":"symphonie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"symphony"},{"surface":"enivrante","lemma":"enivrant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies symphonie","gloss":"intoxicating"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom sans doute","gloss":"no","note":"\"sans doute\" is a fixed idiom meaning 'no doubt, doubtless'."},{"surface":"doute","lemma":"doute","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom sans doute","gloss":"doubt"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s2-l3","source":"Puisque, malgré le sang que leur volupté coûte,","translation":"Since, despite the blood their pleasure costs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Puisque","lemma":"puisque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (main clause: cieux rassasiés, s2-l4)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"malgré","lemma":"malgré","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sang","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sang","lemma":"sang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of malgré","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of coûte, refers to sang","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of volupté","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"volupté","lemma":"volupté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of coûte","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"coûte","lemma":"coûter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on sang","gloss":"costs"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s2-l4","source":"Les cieux ne s'en sont point encore rassasiés!","translation":"The heavens have not yet had their fill of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne ... point ... s'en","title":"Emphatic negation + the pronoun «en»","body":"«ne ... point» is a literary negation stronger than «ne ... pas». «se rassasier de» = 'to have one's fill of'; the pronoun «en» stands in for 'of it' (the blood and sobs), so «ne s'en sont point rassasiés» = 'have not had their fill of it at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cieux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cieux","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of rassasiés","gloss":"heavens"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates rassasiés (with point)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"direct object of rassasiés","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun","role":"refers to sang (s2-l3), object of rassasiés","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of rassasiés","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"point","lemma":"point","morphology":"adverb (negation, part of ne...point)","role":"negates rassasiés together with ne","gloss":"at all","note":"\"ne...point\" is an emphatic negation, 'not at all'."},{"surface":"encore","lemma":"encore","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rassasiés","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"rassasiés","lemma":"rassasier","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had their fill"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s3-l1","source":"— Ah! Jésus, souviens-toi du Jardin des Olives!","translation":"— Ah! Jesus, remember the Garden of Olives!","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"souviens-toi","title":"Imperative of «se souvenir»","body":"«se souvenir de» = 'to remember'. In the affirmative imperative the reflexive pronoun follows the verb and «te» becomes «toi»: «souviens-toi de» = 'remember'. The «de» links to «du Jardin des Olives» (de + le = du)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Jésus","lemma":"Jésus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, addressee of souviens","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"souviens","lemma":"souvenir","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, second-person, singular, reflexive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember","note":"'Se souvenir de' = to remember; here in the reflexive imperative addressed to Jesus."},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, second-person, singular","role":"reflexive object of souviens","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jardin","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Jardin","lemma":"jardin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of souviens","gloss":"Garden"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Olives","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Olives","lemma":"olive","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Jardin","gloss":"Olives"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s3-l2","source":"Dans ta simplicité tu priais à genoux","translation":"In your simplicity you prayed on your knees","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking simplicité","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of simplicité","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"simplicité","lemma":"simplicité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of Dans","gloss":"simplicity"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of priais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"priais","lemma":"prier","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of genoux","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"genoux","lemma":"genou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of priais","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s3-l3","source":"Celui qui dans son ciel riait au bruit des clous","translation":"To the One who in his heaven laughed at the sound of the nails","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Celui qui","title":"Celui qui = 'the one who'","body":"«celui» is the masculine demonstrative pronoun 'the one'; with «qui» it means 'the one who'. It is the object of «tu priais» in the preceding line — Jesus prayed 'to the One who ... laughed'. Capitalized in translation because it points to God the Father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Celui","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the One"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of riait","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition dans","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"riait","lemma":"rire","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Celui","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking bruit","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"bruit","lemma":"bruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of riait","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted, plural","role":"preposition marking clous","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"clous","lemma":"clou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies bruit","gloss":"nails"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s3-l4","source":"Que d'ignobles bourreaux plantaient dans tes chairs vives,","translation":"That vile executioners drove into your living flesh,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of plantaient (refers back to clous)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, indefinite plural (before adjective)","role":"determiner of bourreaux","gloss":"(some)","note":"Indefinite plural article \"des\" reduces to \"de\" before a pre-nominal adjective; not translated as a separate word."},{"surface":"ignobles","lemma":"ignoble","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies bourreaux","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"bourreaux","lemma":"bourreau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of plantaient","gloss":"executioners"},{"surface":"plantaient","lemma":"planter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chairs","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chairs","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"chairs","lemma":"chair","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of plantaient","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"vives","lemma":"vif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies chairs","gloss":"living"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s4-l1","source":"Lorsque tu vis cracher sur ta divinité","translation":"When you saw them spit upon your divinity","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tu vis","title":"Past historic of «voir»","body":"«vis» is the «passé simple» (literary past tense) of «voir», 'to see' — here 'you saw'. The whole address to Christ is told in this narrative past, which lends it the distance of scripture rather than conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lorsque","lemma":"lorsque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vis","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vis","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vis","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"cracher","lemma":"cracher","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vis","gloss":"spit"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking divinité","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of divinité","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"divinité","lemma":"divinité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of cracher","gloss":"divinity"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s4-l2","source":"La crapule du corps de garde et des cuisines,","translation":"The rabble of the guardroom and the kitchens,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"La crapule","title":"crapule (f.)","body":"«crapule» is a collective noun for a mob of low, debauched people — 'the rabble, the scum'. It is the subject of «cracher» ('to spit') in the line above: the dregs of the barracks and kitchens are who spit on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of crapule","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crapule","lemma":"crapule","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rabble"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking corps","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies crapule","gloss":"room","note":"\"corps de garde\" is a set idiom meaning \"guardroom.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking garde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"garde","lemma":"garde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted, plural","role":"preposition marking cuisines","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"cuisines","lemma":"cuisine","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with corps","gloss":"kitchens"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s4-l3","source":"Et lorsque tu sentis s'enfoncer les épines","translation":"And when you felt the thorns sink in","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sentis s'enfoncer","title":"Perception verb + infinitive","body":"A verb of perception like «sentir» ('to feel') takes a bare infinitive for what is perceived: «tu sentis s'enfoncer les épines» = 'you felt the thorns sink in'. «s'enfoncer» is the reflexive 'to drive itself in, to sink in'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lorsque","lemma":"lorsque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sentis","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sentis","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sentis","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of enfoncer","gloss":"itself","note":"Non-referential reflexive; \"s'enfoncer\" as a whole means \"to sink in.\""},{"surface":"enfoncer","lemma":"enfoncer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sentis","gloss":"sink in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of épines","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"épines","lemma":"épine","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of sentis","gloss":"thorns"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s4-l4","source":"Dans ton crâne où vivait l'immense Humanité;","translation":"Into your skull where vast Humanity lived;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crâne","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of crâne","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"crâne","lemma":"crâne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"depends on vivait","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"vivait","lemma":"vivre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on crâne","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Humanité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"immense","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Humanité","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"Humanité","lemma":"humanité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of vivait","gloss":"Humanity"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s5-l1","source":"Quand de ton corps brisé la pesanteur horrible","translation":"When the horrible heaviness of your broken body","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de ton corps brisé la pesanteur","title":"Poetic word order","body":"Prose order would be «la pesanteur horrible de ton corps brisé». Baudelaire fronts the complement «de ton corps brisé» ('of your broken body') before its noun «la pesanteur» ('the heaviness') for meter; read it as one noun phrase, subject of «allongeait» in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Allongeait","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corps","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition de, modifies pesanteur","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"brisé","lemma":"briser","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying corps","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of pesanteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pesanteur","lemma":"pesanteur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Allongeait","gloss":"heaviness"},{"surface":"horrible","lemma":"horrible","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pesanteur","gloss":"horrible"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s5-l2","source":"Allongeait tes deux bras distendus, que ton sang","translation":"Stretched out your two outspread arms, while your blood","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Allongeait","lemma":"allonger","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bras","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies bras","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"bras","lemma":"bras","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Allongeait","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"distendus","lemma":"distendre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies bras","gloss":"outspread"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of coulaient","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sang","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"sang","lemma":"sang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of coulaient (coordinated with sueur)","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s5-l3","source":"Et ta sueur coulaient de ton front pâlissant,","translation":"And your sweat ran down from your paling brow,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of sueur","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"sueur","lemma":"sueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of coulaient (coordinated with sang)","gloss":"sweat"},{"surface":"coulaient","lemma":"couler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking front","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of coulaient","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"pâlissant","lemma":"pâlir","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"clause modifying front","gloss":"paling"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s5-l4","source":"Quand tu fus devant tous posé comme une cible,","translation":"When before everyone you were set up like a target,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of posé","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of posé","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"fus","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, simple past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of posé","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"devant","lemma":"devant","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tous","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"object of devant","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"posé","lemma":"poser","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cible","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cible","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cible","lemma":"cible","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on posé","gloss":"target"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s6-l1","source":"Rêvais-tu de ces jours si brillants et si beaux","translation":"Were you dreaming of those days so bright and so fair","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Rêvais-tu","title":"Inversion for a question","body":"Subject-verb inversion («Rêvais-tu» for «tu rêvais») poses the question: 'Were you dreaming...?'. This one question runs across stanzas 6–7 — the long clauses introduced by «Où» ('when, on which') all hang on it before the question mark finally lands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rêvais","lemma":"rêver","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were dreaming"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Rêvais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jours","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jours","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"jours","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Rêvais","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brillants","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"brillants","lemma":"brillant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jours","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beaux","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"beaux","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with brillants","gloss":"fair"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s6-l2","source":"Où tu vins pour remplir l'éternelle promesse,","translation":"When you came to fulfill the eternal promise,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, temporal","role":"depends on vins","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vins","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"vins","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause of remplir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"remplir","lemma":"remplir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement, depends on vins","gloss":"fulfill"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of promesse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"éternelle","lemma":"éternel","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies promesse","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"promesse","lemma":"promesse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of remplir","gloss":"promise"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s6-l3","source":"Où tu foulais, monté sur une douce ânesse,","translation":"When you trod, mounted on a gentle she-donkey,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, temporal","role":"depends on foulais","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of foulais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"foulais","lemma":"fouler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trod"},{"surface":"monté","lemma":"monter","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on foulais","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ânesse","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ânesse","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"douce","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ânesse","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"ânesse","lemma":"ânesse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of monté","gloss":"she-donkey"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s6-l4","source":"Des chemins tout jonchés de fleurs et de rameaux,","translation":"Roads all strewn with flowers and with boughs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, plural","role":"determiner of chemins","gloss":"(some)"},{"surface":"chemins","lemma":"chemin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive jonchés","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jonchés","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"jonchés","lemma":"joncher","morphology":"verb, past passive participle, masculine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strewn"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of jonchés","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rameaux","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rameaux","lemma":"rameau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with fleurs","gloss":"boughs"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s7-l1","source":"Où, le coeur tout gonflé d'espoir et de vaillance,","translation":"When, your heart all swollen with hope and valor,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, temporal","role":"depends on fouettais (next line)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"your","note":"French uses the definite article with body parts where English uses a possessive."},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of absolute phrase modifying fouettais (next line)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gonflé","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gonflé","lemma":"gonfler","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying coeur","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking espoir","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"espoir","lemma":"espoir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gonflé","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vaillance","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vaillance","lemma":"vaillance","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with espoir","gloss":"valor"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s7-l2","source":"Tu fouettais tous ces vils marchands à tour de bras,","translation":"You whipped all those vile merchants with all your might,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"à tour de bras","title":"Idiom: à tour de bras","body":"«à tour de bras» = 'with all one's strength, with full swings of the arm'. The line recalls Christ driving the money-changers from the Temple — the one moment of action and mastery the speaker dwells on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of fouettais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"fouettais","lemma":"fouetter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whipped"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies marchands","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of marchands","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vils","lemma":"vil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies marchands","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"marchands","lemma":"marchand","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of fouettais","gloss":"merchants"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tour","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tour","lemma":"tour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom à tour de bras, modifies fouettais","gloss":"swing","note":"\"à tour de bras\" is an idiom meaning \"with all one's might.\""},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bras","lemma":"bras","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tour","gloss":"arm"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s7-l3","source":"Où tu fus maître enfin? Le remords n'a-t-il pas","translation":"When you were master at last? Has remorse not","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"n'a-t-il pas","title":"Negative question with inversion","body":"«n'a-t-il pas ... ?» = 'has it not ... ?'. The «-t-» is a euphonic insert between two vowels in inversion. A negative question like this expects the answer 'yes' — it presses the claim that remorse has indeed pierced him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, temporal","role":"depends on fus","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of fus","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"fus","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, simple past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to maître","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"maître","lemma":"maître","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of fus","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"enfin","lemma":"enfin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fus","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of remords","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of a (inverted question)","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negation particle modifying a","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of Pénétré (next line)","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"-t","lemma":"-t-","morphology":"euphonic linking consonant","role":"inserted between a and il for pronunciation","gloss":"(linking t)","note":"Purely euphonic; carries no meaning of its own."},{"surface":"-il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of a, inverted","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negation particle modifying a","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s7-l4","source":"Pénétré dans ton flanc plus avant que la lance?","translation":"Pierced into your side deeper than the lance?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pénétré","lemma":"pénétrer","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"past participle completing a (previous line)","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flanc","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of flanc","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"flanc","lemma":"flanc","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Pénétré","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies avant","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"avant","lemma":"avant","morphology":"adverb","role":"comparative adverb, depends on Pénétré","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with lance","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lance","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lance","lemma":"lance","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison introduced by que","gloss":"lance"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s8-l1","source":"— Certes, je sortirai, quant à moi, satisfait","translation":"— Certainly, for my part, I shall depart satisfied","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"quant à moi","title":"quant à","body":"«quant à» = 'as for, as regards'; «quant à moi» = 'as for me, for my part'. The second em-dash hands the poem to the speaker's own voice for the closing verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Certes","lemma":"certes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sortirai","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sortirai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sortirai","lemma":"sortir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall depart"},{"surface":"quant","lemma":"quant","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom quant à","role":"introduces quant à moi","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom quant à","role":"preposition marking moi","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"object of quant à, topicalized","gloss":"my part"},{"surface":"satisfait","lemma":"satisfait","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with sortirai","gloss":"satisfied"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s8-l2","source":"D'un monde où l'action n'est pas la soeur du rêve;","translation":"From a world where action is not the sister of the dream;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking monde","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of monde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"monde","lemma":"monde","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"depends on est","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of action","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"action","lemma":"action","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"action"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negation particle modifying est","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to soeur","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negation particle modifying est","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of soeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soeur","lemma":"soeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of est","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking rêve","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"rêve","lemma":"rêve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soeur","gloss":"dream"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s8-l3","source":"Puissé-je user du glaive et périr par le glaive!","translation":"Would that I might wield the sword and perish by the sword!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Puissé-je","title":"Subjunctive of wish: «Puissé-je»","body":"«Puissé-je» is an inverted present subjunctive of «pouvoir», a fixed literary formula for a wish: 'may I be able to, would that I might'. «user de» = 'to make use of, to wield'; the line echoes the Gospel's 'all who take the sword shall perish by the sword'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Puissé","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, first-person, singular, inverted (optative)","role":"auxiliary of user, optative construction","gloss":"would that I might"},{"surface":"-je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Puissé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"user","lemma":"user","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wield"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking glaive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"glaive","lemma":"glaive","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of user","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"périr","lemma":"périr","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with user","gloss":"perish"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking glaive","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of glaive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"glaive","lemma":"glaive","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of périr","gloss":"sword"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"le-reniement-de-saint-pierre-s8-l4","source":"Saint Pierre a renié Jésus... il a bien fait!","translation":"Saint Peter denied Jesus... he did well!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"a renié","title":"renier","body":"«renier» = 'to disown, to deny, to repudiate' — used of denying one's faith or one's master. The title and final line both turn on it: Peter's three-fold denial of Christ, which the blasphemous speaker chooses to applaud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Saint","lemma":"Saint","morphology":"proper noun, part of name","role":"part of proper name Saint Pierre, subject of renié","gloss":"Saint"},{"surface":"Pierre","lemma":"Pierre","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Saint","gloss":"Peter"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of renié","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"renié","lemma":"renier","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"Jésus","lemma":"Jésus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of renié","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of fait","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fait","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"done"}]}]}