{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-soleil","title":{"source":"Le Soleil","translated":"The Sun"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-soleil","lines":20},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/paysage","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/a-une-mendiante-rousse","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-soleil-s1-l1","source":"Le long du vieux faubourg, où pendent aux masures","translation":"Along the old faubourg, where on the hovels hang","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"faubourg","title":"faubourg (m.)","body":"A «faubourg» is an outlying district of a city, an old suburb just beyond the historic center. «le vieux faubourg» sets the poem in the shabby outskirts of Paris, among the «masures» (hovels) named in the same line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound preposition le long de","gloss":"the","note":"'le long de' is an idiom meaning 'along'."},{"surface":"long","lemma":"long","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the compound preposition le long de","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faubourg","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies faubourg","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"faubourg","lemma":"faubourg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of le long de","gloss":"faubourg"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"locative relative referring to faubourg, modifies pendent","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"pendent","lemma":"pendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on faubourg","gloss":"hang"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking masures","gloss":"on the"},{"surface":"masures","lemma":"masure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of pendent","gloss":"hovels"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-soleil-s1-l2","source":"Les persiennes, abri des secrètes luxures,","translation":"The slatted shutters, shelter of secret lusts,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"persiennes","title":"persienne (f.)","body":"«persiennes» are louvered or slatted shutters that let air through while blocking sight — hence «abri des secrètes luxures», 'shelter of secret lusts': they hide what goes on behind the windows of the slum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of persiennes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"persiennes","lemma":"persienne","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shutters"},{"surface":"abri","lemma":"abri","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to persiennes","gloss":"shelter"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking luxures","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"secrètes","lemma":"secret","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies luxures","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"luxures","lemma":"luxure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of abri","gloss":"lusts"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-soleil-s1-l3","source":"Quand le soleil cruel frappe à traits redoublés","translation":"When the cruel sun strikes with redoubled darts","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"à traits redoublés","title":"trait (m.); redoublé","body":"A «trait» here is a shaft or dart (as of an arrow or a ray); «redoublé» means 'redoubled, repeated'. «frappe à traits redoublés» pictures the sun striking blow on blow, like arrows — the cruelty Baudelaire gives it before turning it kind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of frappe","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of frappe","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"cruel","lemma":"cruel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"frappe","lemma":"frapper","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traits","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"traits","lemma":"trait","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of frappe","gloss":"darts"},{"surface":"redoublés","lemma":"redoubler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies traits","gloss":"redoubled"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-soleil-s1-l4","source":"Sur la ville et les champs, sur les toits et les blés,","translation":"On the town and the fields, on the rooftops and the wheat,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ville","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ville","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ville","lemma":"ville","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of champs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"champs","lemma":"champ","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ville","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toits","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of toits","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toits","lemma":"toit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of sur (parallel to ville)","gloss":"rooftops"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of blés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blés","lemma":"blé","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with toits","gloss":"wheat fields"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-soleil-s1-l5","source":"Je vais m'exercer seul à ma fantasque escrime,","translation":"I go to drill alone at my fanciful fencing,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"m'exercer","title":"Pronominal verb «s'exercer»","body":"«s'exercer» is a pronominal (reflexive) verb meaning 'to practice, to train oneself'. The «m'» is the reflexive pronoun agreeing with «je»: «je vais m'exercer» = 'I am going to practice'. «escrime» is fencing — the poet trains at his solitary swordplay with words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vais","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular, reflexive","role":"depends on exercer","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"exercer","lemma":"exercer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vais","gloss":"drill"},{"surface":"seul","lemma":"seul","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Je","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking escrime","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of escrime","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"fantasque","lemma":"fantasque","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies escrime","gloss":"fanciful"},{"surface":"escrime","lemma":"escrime","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of exercer","gloss":"fencing"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-soleil-s1-l6","source":"Flairant dans tous les coins les hasards de la rime,","translation":"Scenting in every corner the chance-finds of rhyme,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Flairant","title":"Present participle «flairant»","body":"«flairant» is the present participle of «flairer», 'to sniff out, to scent' (as a hound does). Used here without «en», it describes the poet as he goes: 'sniffing out the chance happenings of rhyme in every corner' — the hunt for a lucky word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Flairant","lemma":"flairer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scenting"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coins","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coins","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of coins","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coins","lemma":"coin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Flairant","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hasards","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hasards","lemma":"hasard","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Flairant","gloss":"chance-finds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rime","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rime","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rime","lemma":"rime","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies hasards","gloss":"rhyme"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-soleil-s1-l7","source":"Trébuchant sur les mots comme sur les pavés","translation":"Stumbling over words as over the paving-stones,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Trébuchant","lemma":"trébucher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stumbling"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mots","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mots","lemma":"mot","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Trébuchant","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pavés","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pavés","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pavés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pavés","lemma":"pavé","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"compared to mots","gloss":"paving-stones"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-soleil-s1-l8","source":"Heurtant parfois des vers depuis longtemps rêvés.","translation":"Sometimes knocking against lines long since dreamed of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Heurtant ... des vers","title":"heurter (v.); vers (m.)","body":"«heurter» is to knock or collide against; «vers» means a line of verse. «Heurtant parfois des vers depuis longtemps rêvés» = 'sometimes bumping into lines long dreamed of' — the poet stumbles, as on cobblestones, into verses he had wanted for years."}],"words":[{"surface":"Heurtant","lemma":"heurter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knocking against"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Heurtant","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vers","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Heurtant","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"depuis","lemma":"depuis","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies rêvés","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"longtemps","lemma":"longtemps","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase depuis","gloss":"a long time"},{"surface":"rêvés","lemma":"rêver","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vers","gloss":"dreamed of"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-soleil-s2-l1","source":"Ce père nourricier, ennemi des chloroses,","translation":"This foster-father, enemy of the green sicknesses,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"chloroses","title":"chlorose (f.)","body":"«chlorose» was an old name for an anemia that left the skin pale-greenish, the 'green sickness'. The sun, «ennemi des chloroses», is the foster-father that drives out pallor and feeds growth — set against the morbidity elsewhere in «Les Fleurs du mal»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of père","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"père","lemma":"père","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"nourricier","lemma":"nourricier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies père","gloss":"foster"},{"surface":"ennemi","lemma":"ennemi","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to père","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chloroses","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"chloroses","lemma":"chlorose","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ennemi","gloss":"green sicknesses"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-soleil-s2-l2","source":"Eveille dans les champs les vers comme les roses;","translation":"Wakes in the fields the worms as well as the roses;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les vers","title":"vers (m.): worms vs. verse","body":"Here «les vers» means worms, not lines of verse — a deliberate echo of «des vers» (verses) two lines above. The sun «éveille... les vers comme les roses», waking worm and rose alike, low life with high, all in its impartial gift of growth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eveille","lemma":"éveiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: père, previous line)","gloss":"wakes"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking champs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of champs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"champs","lemma":"champ","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of Eveille","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"ver","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Eveille","gloss":"worms","note":"False friend here: 'vers' = 'worms' (lemma 'ver'), not 'verses'."},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roses","gloss":"as well as"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of roses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"roses","lemma":"rose","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with vers","gloss":"roses"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-soleil-s2-l3","source":"Il fait s'évaporer les soucis vers le ciel,","translation":"It makes our cares evaporate toward the sky,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"fait s'évaporer","title":"Causative «faire» + pronominal infinitive","body":"«faire» plus an infinitive forms the causative ('to make something happen'); the infinitive «s'évaporer» is itself pronominal, 'to evaporate'. «Il fait s'évaporer les soucis» = 'It makes the cares evaporate' — the sun lifts worry skyward like mist."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of évaporer","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"évaporer","lemma":"évaporer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fait","gloss":"evaporate"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of soucis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soucis","lemma":"souci","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of évaporer","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of évaporer","gloss":"sky"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-soleil-s2-l4","source":"Et remplit les cerveaux et les ruches de miel.","translation":"And fills the brains and the beehives with honey.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"remplit","lemma":"remplir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fills"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cerveaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cerveaux","lemma":"cerveau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of remplit","gloss":"brains"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ruches","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruches","lemma":"ruche","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with cerveaux","gloss":"beehives"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking miel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"miel","lemma":"miel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ruches","gloss":"honey"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-soleil-s2-l5","source":"C'est lui qui rajeunit les porteurs de béquilles","translation":"It is he who makes young again the bearers of crutches","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"C'est lui qui","title":"Cleft sentence «c'est ... qui»","body":"«C'est lui qui rajeunit...» is a cleft construction that singles out and stresses the subject: 'It is he who makes young again...'. French uses «c'est ... qui» where English raises the voice — here it puts all the power of renewal on the sun."}],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (copula)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular, disjunctive","role":"predicate complement of est, antecedent of qui","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rajeunit","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"rajeunit","lemma":"rajeunir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb, modifies lui","gloss":"makes young again"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of porteurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"porteurs","lemma":"porteur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of rajeunit","gloss":"bearers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking béquilles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"béquilles","lemma":"béquille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies porteurs","gloss":"crutches"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-soleil-s2-l6","source":"Et les rend gais et doux comme des jeunes filles,","translation":"And makes them gay and gentle as young girls,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"les rend gais et doux","title":"«rendre» + adjective","body":"«rendre» plus an adjective means 'to make (something) become' that quality: «les rend gais et doux» = 'makes them cheerful and gentle'. Distinct from «faire» + infinitive above; «rendre» takes an adjective as its result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of rend","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"rend","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"gais","lemma":"gai","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"object complement of rend, describes les","gloss":"gay"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with gais","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking filles","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of filles","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"jeunes","lemma":"jeune","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies filles","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"filles","lemma":"fille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"compared to les (via comme)","gloss":"girls"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-soleil-s2-l7","source":"Et commande aux moissons de croître et de mûrir","translation":"And bids the harvests to grow and to ripen","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"commande aux moissons de croître","title":"«commander à qqn de faire»","body":"«commander» takes its object with «à» (the one commanded) and «de» before the infinitive (what is ordered): «commande aux moissons de croître et de mûrir» = 'commands the harvests to grow and to ripen'. The sun rules the fields like a sovereign."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"commande","lemma":"commander","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moissons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moissons","lemma":"moisson","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of commande","gloss":"harvests"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of croître","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"croître","lemma":"croître","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of commande","gloss":"grow"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of mûrir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mûrir","lemma":"mûrir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with croître","gloss":"ripen"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-soleil-s2-l8","source":"Dans le coeur immortel qui toujours veut fleurir!","translation":"In the immortal heart that always longs to flower!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"immortel","lemma":"immortel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of veut","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veut","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"veut","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on coeur","gloss":"longs"},{"surface":"fleurir","lemma":"fleurir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of veut","gloss":"to flower"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-soleil-s3-l1","source":"Quand, ainsi qu'un poète, il descend dans les villes,","translation":"When, just like a poet, it comes down into the towns,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ainsi qu'un poète","title":"ainsi que = 'just as, like'","body":"«ainsi que» is a literary equivalent of «comme», 'just as / like'. «ainsi qu'un poète» = 'like a poet': the sun descending into the city to ennoble lowly things is openly compared to the poet of the first stanza, making the two one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of descend","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative phrase ainsi que","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ainsi","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poète","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"compared to il (via ainsi que)","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of descend","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"descend","lemma":"descendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes down"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking villes","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of villes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"villes","lemma":"ville","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of descend","gloss":"towns"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-soleil-s3-l2","source":"Il ennoblit le sort des choses les plus viles,","translation":"It ennobles the lot of the vilest things,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ennoblit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ennoblit","lemma":"ennoblir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ennobles"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sort","lemma":"sort","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ennoblit","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking choses","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"choses","lemma":"chose","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sort","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of viles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viles","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"viles","lemma":"vil","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies choses","gloss":"vile"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-soleil-s3-l3","source":"Et s'introduit en roi, sans bruit et sans valets,","translation":"And enters as a king, without noise and without servants,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'introduit en roi","title":"Pronominal «s'introduire»; «en roi»","body":"«s'introduire» is pronominal, 'to make one's way in, to enter'. «en roi» uses «en» + a noun to mean 'as a king, in the manner of a king' (compare «en maître»). The sun lets itself in everywhere like a king who needs no escort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on introduit","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"introduit","lemma":"introduire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enters"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roi","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"roi","lemma":"roi","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on introduit","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bruit","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bruit","lemma":"bruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of introduit","gloss":"noise"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking valets","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"valets","lemma":"valet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with bruit","gloss":"servants"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-soleil-s3-l4","source":"Dans tous les hôpitaux et dans tous les palais.","translation":"Into all the hospitals and into all the palaces.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hôpitaux","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hôpitaux","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hôpitaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hôpitaux","lemma":"hôpital","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hospitals"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palais","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies palais","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of palais","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"palais","lemma":"palais","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with hôpitaux","gloss":"palaces"}]}]}