{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine","title":{"source":"Le Tonneau de la haine","translated":"The Cask of Hatred"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-tonneau-de-la-haine","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-mort-joyeux","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/la-cloche-felee","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s1-l1","source":"La Haine est le tonneau des pâles Danaïdes;","translation":"Hatred is the cask of the pale Danaids;","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Haine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haine","lemma":"haine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of tonneau","gloss":"Hatred"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to tonneau","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tonneau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tonneau","lemma":"tonneau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cask"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Danaïdes","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pâles","lemma":"pâle","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Danaïdes","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"Danaïdes","lemma":"Danaïdes","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies tonneau","gloss":"Danaids"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s1-l2","source":"La Vengeance éperdue aux bras rouges et forts","translation":"Vengeance, frantic, with red and powerful arms,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"éperdue","title":"«éperdu» — distraught, frantic","body":"«éperdu(e)» means 'frantic, distraught, beside oneself' — overwhelmed by emotion to the point of losing control. It agrees in the feminine with «la Vengeance». The personified Vengeance, with her «bras rouges et forts» ('red and strong arms'), is a tireless laundress or water-bearer, arms reddened by the endless, useless labour the next lines describe."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Vengeance","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vengeance","lemma":"vengeance","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Vengeance"},{"surface":"éperdue","lemma":"éperdu","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Vengeance","gloss":"frantic"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bras","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bras","lemma":"bras","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Vengeance","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"rouges","lemma":"rouge","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies bras","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"forts","lemma":"fort","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with rouges","gloss":"powerful"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s1-l3","source":"À beau précipiter dans ses ténèbres vides","translation":"may hurl in vain into its empty darkness","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"À beau précipiter","title":"«avoir beau» + infinitive — 'to do in vain'","body":"This is the idiom «avoir beau faire quelque chose», 'to do something in vain, no matter how hard one tries'. The subject is «La Vengeance» from line 2, so «À beau précipiter» = 'however much she hurls down…'. «précipiter» here is transitive, 'to throw down headlong, to cast'; «les ténèbres» is the poetic plural for 'darkness, the dark'."}],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of the idiom 'avoir beau' (in vain); subject is Vengeance (previous line)","gloss":"may","note":"'À' represents the elided form of 'a' (avoir); 'avoir beau + infinitive' is an idiom meaning 'to do X in vain / no matter how much'."},{"surface":"beau","lemma":"beau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom avoir beau (in vain), with précipiter","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"précipiter","lemma":"précipiter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of a (avoir beau précipiter, 'hurls in vain')","gloss":"hurl"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ténèbres","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ténèbres","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ténèbres","lemma":"ténèbre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of précipiter","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"vides","lemma":"vide","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies ténèbres","gloss":"empty"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s1-l4","source":"De grands seaux pleins du sang et des larmes des morts,","translation":"great buckets full of the blood and the tears of the dead,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of seaux","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies seaux","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"seaux","lemma":"seau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"buckets"},{"surface":"pleins","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies seaux","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sang","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"sang","lemma":"sang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies seaux","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking larmes","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"larmes","lemma":"larme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with sang, complement of pleins","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morts","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies larmes","gloss":"dead"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s2-l1","source":"Le Démon fait des trous secrets à ces abîmes,","translation":"the Demon bores secret holes in these abysses,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ces abîmes","title":"«un abîme» — an abyss, a chasm","body":"«un abîme» is a 'gulf, abyss, bottomless depth'. The plural «ces abîmes» points back to the cask itself, now imagined as fathomless pits. The Demon punching «des trous secrets» ('secret holes') in them explains why the labour is hopeless: whatever Vengeance pours in drains away unseen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Démon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Démon","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"Demon"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bores"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of trous","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"trous","lemma":"trou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"holes"},{"surface":"secrets","lemma":"secret","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies trous","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking abîmes","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of abîmes","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"abîmes","lemma":"abîme","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of fait","gloss":"abysses"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s2-l2","source":"Par où fuiraient mille ans de sueurs et d'efforts,","translation":"through which a thousand years of sweat and toil would leak away,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Par où fuiraient","title":"«fuir» = to leak; conditional + inversion","body":"Besides 'to flee', «fuir» means 'to leak, to seep away' (a barrel, a pipe). «fuiraient» is the conditional, hinging on the hypothetical of the previous line — through these holes a thousand years of effort 'would drain away'. Note the poetic inversion: the verb «fuiraient» comes before its subject «mille ans de sueurs et d'efforts»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of fuiraient","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"relative adverb, object of Par, refers to abîmes ('through which')","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"fuiraient","lemma":"fuir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would leak away"},{"surface":"mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies ans","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"ans","lemma":"an","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fuiraient","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sueurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sueurs","lemma":"sueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ans","gloss":"sweat"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking efforts","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"efforts","lemma":"effort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with sueurs","gloss":"toil"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s2-l3","source":"Quand même elle saurait ranimer ses victimes,","translation":"even if she could bring her victims back to life,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quand même elle saurait","title":"«quand même» + conditional — 'even if'","body":"«quand même» followed by the conditional means 'even if, even supposing that'. «elle» is Vengeance; «saurait» is the conditional of «savoir», which before an infinitive means 'to be able to, to manage to'. So: 'even if she were able to revive her victims' — a concession setting up the grim purpose in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of saurait","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom quand même (even if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of saurait","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"saurait","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ranimer","lemma":"ranimer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of saurait","gloss":"bring back to life"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of victimes","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"victimes","lemma":"victime","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ranimer","gloss":"victims"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s2-l4","source":"Et pour les pressurer ressusciter leurs corps.","translation":"and resurrect their bodies in order to wring them dry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pour les pressurer","title":"«pressurer» — to press, to squeeze dry","body":"«pressurer» means 'to press' as one presses grapes or olives, hence 'to squeeze dry, to wring the last drop out of'. The purpose clause «pour les pressurer» governs «ressusciter leurs corps» ('to resurrect their bodies'): Vengeance would raise the dead only to crush them again for more blood and tears — and still the cask would not fill."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pressurer","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of pressurer","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"pressurer","lemma":"pressurer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause (pour + infinitive), modifies ressusciter","gloss":"wring dry"},{"surface":"ressusciter","lemma":"ressusciter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with ranimer, complement of saurait (previous line)","gloss":"resurrect"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ressusciter","gloss":"bodies"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s3-l1","source":"La Haine est un ivrogne au fond d'une taverne,","translation":"Hatred is a drunkard at the back of a tavern,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un ivrogne","title":"«un ivrogne» — a drunkard","body":"«un ivrogne» is a 'drunkard, a habitual drunk'. The sonnet's turn (the «volta») swaps the mythic cask for a low tavern scene: Hatred is now a sot slumped «au fond d'une taverne» ('at the back of a tavern'), the same insatiable thirst dressed in squalid, everyday clothes."}],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Haine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haine","lemma":"haine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ivrogne","gloss":"Hatred"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ivrogne","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ivrogne","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ivrogne","lemma":"ivrogne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunkard"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fond","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"fond","lemma":"fond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ivrogne","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taverne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of taverne","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"taverne","lemma":"taverne","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fond","gloss":"tavern"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s3-l2","source":"Qui sent toujours la soif naître de la liqueur","translation":"who always feels his thirst born anew from the drink","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sent... la soif naître","title":"«sentir» + infinitive of perception","body":"«sentir» ('to feel') followed by a bare infinitive is a perception construction: «sent... la soif naître» = 'feels thirst be born, feels his thirst springing up'. The paradox is the point — the more he drinks «la liqueur» (here 'liquor, strong drink'), the more the thirst is reborn, never quenched."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sent","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sent","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of soif","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"soif","lemma":"soif","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of naître (infinitive), object of the perception construction with sent","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"naître","lemma":"naître","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of sent (perception construction)","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liqueur","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of liqueur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liqueur","lemma":"liqueur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of naître","gloss":"drink"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s3-l3","source":"Et se multiplier comme l'hydre de Lerne.","translation":"and multiply itself like the Hydra of Lerna.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on multiplier","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"multiplier","lemma":"multiplier","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with naître, infinitive complement of sent","gloss":"multiply"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hydre","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hydre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hydre","lemma":"hydre","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"complement of comme (comparison)","gloss":"Hydra"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lerne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lerne","lemma":"Lerne","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies hydre","gloss":"Lerna"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s4-l1","source":"— Mais les buveurs heureux connaissent leur vainqueur,","translation":"— But happy drinkers know their conqueror,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les buveurs... leur vainqueur","title":"«le buveur» and «le vainqueur»","body":"«un buveur» is 'a drinker'; «un vainqueur» is 'a victor, a conqueror'. The em-dash marks the final reversal: ordinary «buveurs heureux» ('happy drinkers') at least know the wine that beats them — drink finally lays them out. Hatred, by contrast, never gets that mercy, as the closing lines explain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of buveurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buveurs","lemma":"buveur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of connaissent","gloss":"drinkers"},{"surface":"heureux","lemma":"heureux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies buveurs","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"connaissent","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vainqueur","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"vainqueur","lemma":"vainqueur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of connaissent","gloss":"conqueror"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s4-l2","source":"Et la Haine est vouée à ce sort lamentable","translation":"and Hatred is doomed to this lamentable fate","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"est vouée à ce sort","title":"«être voué à» — to be doomed to","body":"«vouer» means 'to dedicate, to consecrate'; in the passive «être voué à» it means 'to be doomed, condemned, destined to'. «vouée» agrees with the feminine «la Haine». «un sort» is 'a fate, a lot'. The construction hands down the sentence: Hatred is bound over to a pitiable destiny, spelled out by the final line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Haine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haine","lemma":"haine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive vouée","gloss":"Hatred"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vouée","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vouée","lemma":"vouer","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"doomed"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sort","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sort","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sort","lemma":"sort","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of vouée","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"lamentable","lemma":"lamentable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies sort","gloss":"lamentable"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-tonneau-de-la-haine-s4-l3","source":"De ne pouvoir jamais s'endormir sous la table.","translation":"of never being able to fall asleep beneath the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'endormir","title":"«s'endormir» — the pronominal 'to fall asleep'","body":"«s'endormir» is the pronominal verb 'to fall asleep, to drop off'; the reflexive «s'» is built in. In the negated infinitive «ne... jamais s'endormir» the «jamais» wraps around it, 'never to fall asleep'. The wretched fate is precisely this: unlike a real drunk who passes out «sous la table» ('under the table'), Hatred drinks forever and can never find the oblivion of sleep."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of pouvoir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates pouvoir (ne...jamais)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pouvoir","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the infinitive clause, governs endormir","gloss":"being able"},{"surface":"jamais","lemma":"jamais","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pouvoir (ne...jamais, 'never')","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of endormir","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"endormir","lemma":"endormir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of pouvoir","gloss":"fall asleep"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking table","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of table","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"table","lemma":"table","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of endormir","gloss":"table"}]}]}