{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers","title":{"source":"Le Vin des chiffonniers","translated":"The Ragpickers' Wine"},"section":"Wine","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-vin-des-chiffonniers","lines":32},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-ame-du-vin","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-vin-de-l-assassin","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s1-l1","source":"Souvent à la clarté rouge d'un réverbère","translation":"Often, by the red glow of a street-lamp","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"réverbère","title":"réverbère (m.)","body":"A «réverbère» is a street-lamp — originally an oil lamp fitted with a reflector («réverbère» comes from «réverbérer», to throw light back). Its «clarté rouge» (red glow) and guttering flame set the smoky, working-class night of the slum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Souvent","lemma":"souvent","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking clarté","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of clarté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"clarté","lemma":"clarté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition à","gloss":"glow"},{"surface":"rouge","lemma":"rouge","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies clarté","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking réverbère","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of réverbère","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"réverbère","lemma":"réverbère","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition d', modifies clarté","gloss":"street-lamp"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s1-l2","source":"Dont le vent bat la flamme et tourmente le verre,","translation":"Whose flame the wind beats and whose glass it torments,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dont le vent bat la flamme","title":"Relative pronoun «dont»","body":"«dont» is a relative pronoun standing for «de» + the lamp: 'of which / whose'. Here it marks possession across two clauses — «dont le vent bat la flamme et tourmente le verre» = 'whose flame the wind beats and whose glass it torments'. The clause follows standard SVO order: «le vent» (subject) + «bat» (verb) + «la flamme» (object) — the object does not precede its verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive pronoun referring to réverbère","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of bat","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"bat","lemma":"battre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of flamme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"flamme","lemma":"flamme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of bat","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tourmente","lemma":"tourmenter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with bat","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of verre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"verre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tourmente","gloss":"glass"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s1-l3","source":"Au coeur d'un vieux faubourg, labyrinthe fangeux","translation":"In the heart of an old faubourg, a miry labyrinth","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"faubourg","title":"faubourg (m.); fangeux","body":"A «faubourg» is an outlying district just beyond a city's historic center, here a poor quarter of Paris. «fangeux» means 'muddy, miry' (from «fange», filth) — the «labyrinthe fangeux» is the tangle of foul, miry streets where the ragpicker lives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faubourg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of faubourg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies faubourg","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"faubourg","lemma":"faubourg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition d', modifies coeur","gloss":"faubourg"},{"surface":"labyrinthe","lemma":"labyrinthe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to faubourg","gloss":"labyrinth"},{"surface":"fangeux","lemma":"fangeux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies labyrinthe","gloss":"miry"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s1-l4","source":"Où l'humanité grouille en ferments orageux,","translation":"Where humanity swarms in stormy ferments,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"grouille","title":"grouiller (v.)","body":"«grouiller» is to swarm, teem, or crawl with life — the verb used of insects or maggots. «l'humanité grouille en ferments orageux» pictures the crowded slum as a seething, fermenting mass, half-alive and half-rotting, ready to boil over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of grouille","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of humanité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"humanité","lemma":"humanité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of grouille","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"grouille","lemma":"grouiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swarms"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ferments","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ferments","lemma":"ferment","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of grouille","gloss":"ferments"},{"surface":"orageux","lemma":"orageux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ferments","gloss":"stormy"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s2-l1","source":"On voit un chiffonnier qui vient, hochant la tête,","translation":"One sees a ragpicker who comes along, nodding his head,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"chiffonnier","title":"chiffonnier (m.)","body":"A «chiffonnier» is a ragpicker — one who scavenged the streets of old Paris by night for rags, scraps, and refuse to sell. The figure fascinated Baudelaire as a poet's double: both gather what the city throws away and make something of it."}],"words":[{"surface":"On","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of voit","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voit","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chiffonnier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"chiffonnier","lemma":"chiffonnier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of voit","gloss":"ragpicker"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vient","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vient","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on chiffonnier","gloss":"comes along"},{"surface":"hochant","lemma":"hocher","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies chiffonnier","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tête","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tête","lemma":"tête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of hochant","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s2-l2","source":"Butant, et se cognant aux murs comme un poète,","translation":"Lurching, and knocking into the walls like a poet,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se cognant aux murs","title":"Pronominal «se cogner»","body":"«se cogner» is a pronominal verb, 'to bump / knock oneself (against)'. The present participle «se cognant aux murs» keeps the reflexive «se»: 'knocking himself into the walls'. The simile «comme un poète» openly twins the drunken ragpicker with the poet — both stumble through the night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Butant","lemma":"buter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies chiffonnier, coordinated with cognant","gloss":"lurching"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on cognant","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"cognant","lemma":"cogner","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with Butant","gloss":"knocking"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking murs","gloss":"into the"},{"surface":"murs","lemma":"mur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of cognant","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poète","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of poète","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, compared to se cognant","gloss":"poet"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s2-l3","source":"Et, sans prendre souci des mouchards, ses sujets,","translation":"And, taking no care for the police spies, his subjects,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mouchards","title":"mouchard (m.)","body":"A «mouchard» is a police informer or spy — slang of the period for the agents who watched the poor quarters. Calling them «ses sujets» (his subjects) begins the mock-royal fantasy: in his cups the ragpicker reigns over the very spies who shadow him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of prendre","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"prendre","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause modifying Epanche","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"souci","lemma":"souci","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of prendre","gloss":"care","note":"idiom: prendre souci de = to take care about"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mouchards","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"mouchards","lemma":"mouchard","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition des, modifies souci","gloss":"police spies"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sujets","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sujets","lemma":"sujet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to mouchards","gloss":"subjects"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s2-l4","source":"Epanche tout son coeur en glorieux projets.","translation":"Pours out his whole heart in glorious projects.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Epanche","title":"épancher (v.)","body":"«épancher» is to pour out or unburden — most often «épancher son coeur», 'to pour out one's heart'. The verb keeps a liquid sense, fitting a poem about wine: the ragpicker's heart spills over with «glorieux projets», grand schemes, as freely as wine from a cask."}],"words":[{"surface":"Epanche","lemma":"épancher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pours out"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Epanche","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking projets","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"glorieux","lemma":"glorieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies projets","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"projets","lemma":"projet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition en","gloss":"projects"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s3-l1","source":"Il prête des serments, dicte des lois sublimes,","translation":"He swears oaths, dictates sublime laws,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"prête des serments","title":"prêter serment","body":"«prêter serment» is the set phrase 'to swear an oath, to take a vow'; «prêter» here means 'to give' rather than 'to lend'. The drunk ragpicker plays sovereign and lawgiver — swearing oaths and dictating «lois sublimes», lofty laws — in his imagined empire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of prête","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"prête","lemma":"prêter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swears","note":"idiom: prêter serment = to swear an oath"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of serments","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"serments","lemma":"serment","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of prête","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"dicte","lemma":"dicter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with prête","gloss":"dictates"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lois","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"lois","lemma":"loi","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of dicte","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"sublimes","lemma":"sublime","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies lois","gloss":"sublime"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s3-l2","source":"Terrasse les méchants, relève les victimes,","translation":"Lays the wicked low, raises up the victims,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Terrasse","lemma":"terrasser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with prête","gloss":"lays low"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of méchants","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"méchants","lemma":"méchant","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Terrasse","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"relève","lemma":"relever","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Terrasse","gloss":"raises up"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of victimes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"victimes","lemma":"victime","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of relève","gloss":"victims"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s3-l3","source":"Et sous le firmament comme un dais suspendu","translation":"And beneath the firmament, like a canopy hung above,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dais","title":"dais (m.)","body":"A «dais» is a canopy — the cloth of state stretched over a throne or carried above a king or the Host in procession. The sky itself becomes his royal «dais suspendu» (hanging canopy), crowning the ragpicker's drunken majesty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking firmament","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of firmament","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firmament","lemma":"firmament","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition sous","gloss":"firmament"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dais","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dais","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dais","lemma":"dais","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"canopy"},{"surface":"suspendu","lemma":"suspendre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying dais","gloss":"hung above"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s3-l4","source":"S'enivre des splendeurs de sa propre vertu.","translation":"Grows drunk on the splendors of his own virtue.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"S'enivre des splendeurs","title":"Pronominal «s'enivrer de»","body":"«s'enivrer» is pronominal, 'to make oneself drunk, to get intoxicated'; it takes its cause with «de». «s'enivre des splendeurs de sa propre vertu» = 'gets drunk on the splendors of his own virtue' — the literal drunkenness slides into a moral one, as the man is intoxicated by self-righteousness."}],"words":[{"surface":"S'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on enivre","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"enivre","lemma":"enivrer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Terrasse","gloss":"grows drunk"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking splendeurs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"splendeurs","lemma":"splendeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition des","gloss":"splendors"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertu","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vertu","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"propre","lemma":"propre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies vertu","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"vertu","lemma":"vertu","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies splendeurs","gloss":"virtue"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s4-l1","source":"Oui, ces gens harcelés de chagrins de ménage","translation":"Yes, these folk harried by household sorrows,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Oui","lemma":"oui","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gens","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"gens","lemma":"gens","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Reviennent","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"harcelés","lemma":"harceler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying gens","gloss":"harried"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chagrins","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"chagrins","lemma":"chagrin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies harcelés","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ménage","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ménage","lemma":"ménage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chagrins","gloss":"household"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s4-l2","source":"Moulus par le travail et tourmentés par l'âge","translation":"Ground down by labor and tormented by age,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Moulus par le travail","title":"moulu (past participle of «moudre»)","body":"«moulu» is the past participle of «moudre», 'to grind / to mill'. Used of a person it means 'worn out, ground down', as if milled by the work. «Moulus par le travail» = 'ground down by labor' — the toil itself crushes them like grain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moulus","lemma":"moudre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gens","gloss":"ground down"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking travail","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of travail","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"travail","lemma":"travail","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Moulus","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tourmentés","lemma":"tourmenter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Moulus","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âge","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âge","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âge","lemma":"âge","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition par","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s4-l3","source":"Ereintés et pliant sous un tas de débris,","translation":"Worn out and bending under a heap of refuse,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ereintés","title":"éreinté (v. «éreinter»)","body":"«éreinter» literally means to break someone's back («les reins», the loins); «éreinté» is 'exhausted, worn out, dead-tired'. The men are «éreintés et pliant» — broken-backed and bending — under the «tas de débris», the heap of scraps they carry on it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ereintés","lemma":"éreinter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gens, coordinated with Moulus","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"pliant","lemma":"plier","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with Ereintés","gloss":"bending"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tas","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tas","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tas","lemma":"tas","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on pliant","gloss":"heap"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking débris","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"débris","lemma":"débris","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tas","gloss":"refuse"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s4-l4","source":"Vomissement confus de l'énorme Paris,","translation":"Confused vomit of the enormous city of Paris,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Vomissement confus de l'énorme Paris","title":"vomissement (m.)","body":"«vomissement» is the act of vomiting, or the vomit itself. In stark apposition, the débris on the ragpickers' backs — and the men with it — are named the «vomissement confus de l'énorme Paris»: the muddled refuse the huge city spews out. The image fuses waste and worker into one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vomissement","lemma":"vomissement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to gens","gloss":"vomit"},{"surface":"confus","lemma":"confus","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Vomissement","gloss":"confused"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Paris","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Paris","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"énorme","lemma":"énorme","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Paris","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"Paris","lemma":"Paris","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition de","gloss":"Paris"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s5-l1","source":"Reviennent, parfumés d'une odeur de futailles,","translation":"Return, perfumed with a smell of wine-casks,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"futailles","title":"futaille (f.)","body":"A «futaille» is a cask or barrel, especially for wine. «parfumés d'une odeur de futailles» = 'perfumed with a smell of wine-casks' — the ironic «parfumés» turns the reek of cheap wine into the incense of a triumph, as the verb «Reviennent» finally arrives for the subject «ces gens» one stanza back (introduced in the previous quatrain)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reviennent","lemma":"revenir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"parfumés","lemma":"parfumer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gens","gloss":"perfumed"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking odeur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of odeur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"odeur","lemma":"odeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies parfumés","gloss":"smell"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking futailles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"futailles","lemma":"futaille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies odeur","gloss":"wine-casks"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s5-l2","source":"Suivis de compagnons, blanchis dans les batailles,","translation":"Followed by companions, grown white in the battles,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Suivis","lemma":"suivre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies gens, coordinated with parfumés","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking compagnons","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"compagnons","lemma":"compagnon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of Suivis","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"blanchis","lemma":"blanchir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies compagnons","gloss":"grown white"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking batailles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of batailles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"batailles","lemma":"bataille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition dans, modifies blanchis","gloss":"battles"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s5-l3","source":"Dont la moustache pend comme les vieux drapeaux.","translation":"Whose mustaches droop like old battle-flags.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dont la moustache pend","title":"Relative «dont» = 'whose'","body":"«dont» again means 'whose', referring back to the «compagnons»: 'whose mustache hangs'. French keeps the singular «la moustache» where English prefers a plural. The simile «comme les vieux drapeaux» likens the drooping mustaches to faded, tattered regimental flags."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive pronoun referring to compagnons","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of moustache","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moustache","lemma":"moustache","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of pend","gloss":"mustaches"},{"surface":"pend","lemma":"pendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"droops"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drapeaux","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of drapeaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies drapeaux","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"drapeaux","lemma":"drapeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comme","gloss":"battle-flags"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s5-l4","source":"Les bannières, les fleurs et les arcs triomphaux","translation":"The banners, the flowers, and the triumphal arches","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bannières","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bannières","lemma":"bannière","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of dressent","gloss":"banners"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fleurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with bannières","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of arcs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arcs","lemma":"arc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with fleurs","gloss":"arches"},{"surface":"triomphaux","lemma":"triomphal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies arcs","gloss":"triumphal"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s6-l1","source":"Se dressent devant eux, solennelle magie!","translation":"Rise up before them — solemn magic!","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se dressent devant eux","title":"Pronominal «se dresser»","body":"«se dresser» is pronominal, 'to rise up, to stand erect, to loom'. Its subject is the «bannières... fleurs... arcs» of the line before: «Se dressent devant eux» = 'rise up before them'. The verb is held back across the stanza break, so the pageant springs up only now, as if conjured."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on dressent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"dressent","lemma":"dresser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"devant","lemma":"devant","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eux","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"eux","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on dressent","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"solennelle","lemma":"solennel","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies magie","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"magie","lemma":"magie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the previous clause","gloss":"magic"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s6-l2","source":"Et dans l'étourdissante et lumineuse orgie","translation":"And in the dizzying and luminous orgy","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"étourdissante","title":"étourdissant (v. «étourdir»)","body":"«étourdissant» is the present participle of «étourdir», 'to stun, daze, make giddy'; as an adjective it means 'dizzying, deafening, stupefying'. The «étourdissante et lumineuse orgie» is the head-spinning blaze of light and noise into which the wine lifts the marchers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orgie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of orgie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"étourdissante","lemma":"étourdissant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies orgie","gloss":"dizzying"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lumineuse","lemma":"lumineux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with étourdissante","gloss":"luminous"},{"surface":"orgie","lemma":"orgie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition dans, modifies apportent","gloss":"orgy"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s6-l3","source":"Des clairons, du soleil, des cris et du tambour,","translation":"Of bugles, of sunlight, of shouts and of the drum,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"determiner of clairons","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"clairons","lemma":"clairon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to orgie","gloss":"bugles"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with clairons","gloss":"sunlight"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"determiner of cris","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cris","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with clairons","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tambour","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"tambour","lemma":"tambour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with cris","gloss":"drum"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s6-l4","source":"Ils apportent la gloire au peuple ivre d'amour!","translation":"They bring glory to a people drunk with love!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ivre d'amour","title":"ivre de","body":"«ivre» means 'drunk, intoxicated', and «ivre de» takes the cause of the drunkenness. «le peuple ivre d'amour» = 'the people drunk with love' — the literal wine-drunkenness of the marchers turns into a figurative intoxication that they carry, like glory, to the whole people."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of apportent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"apportent","lemma":"apporter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gloire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gloire","lemma":"gloire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of apportent","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking peuple","gloss":"to a"},{"surface":"peuple","lemma":"peuple","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of apportent","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"ivre","lemma":"ivre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies peuple","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amour","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition d', modifies ivre","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s7-l1","source":"C'est ainsi qu'à travers l'Humanité frivole","translation":"It is thus that, across frivolous Humanity,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"C'est ainsi qu'","title":"Cleft «c'est ainsi que»","body":"«c'est ainsi que» is a cleft phrase, 'it is in this way that / thus it is that', stressing the manner just described. It opens the poem's turn from scene to statement: 'It is thus that, across frivolous Humanity, the wine rolls its gold.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to ainsi","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining ainsi","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Humanité","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"travers","lemma":"travers","morphology":"noun, masculine","role":"part of the phrase à","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Humanité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Humanité","lemma":"humanité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Humanity"},{"surface":"frivole","lemma":"frivole","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Humanité","gloss":"frivolous"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s7-l2","source":"Le vin roule de l'or, éblouissant Pactole;","translation":"The wine rolls gold, a dazzling Pactolus;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of roule","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"roule","lemma":"rouler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rolls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking or","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of or","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of roule","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"éblouissant","lemma":"éblouissant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Pactole","gloss":"dazzling"},{"surface":"Pactole","lemma":"Pactole","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to or","gloss":"Pactolus"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s7-l3","source":"Par le gosier de l'homme il chante ses exploits","translation":"Through the throat of man it sings its exploits","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gosier","title":"gosier (m.)","body":"The «gosier» is the throat or gullet, the passage by which one drinks and sings. «Par le gosier de l'homme il chante ses exploits» = 'through the throat of man it sings its exploits' — the wine, swallowed, then uses the drinker's own throat to praise itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gosier","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of gosier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gosier","lemma":"gosier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on chante","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking homme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies gosier","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of chante","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"chante","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sings"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of exploits","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"exploits","lemma":"exploit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of chante","gloss":"exploits"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s7-l4","source":"Et règne par ses dons ainsi que les vrais rois.","translation":"And reigns by its gifts just as true kings do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ainsi que les vrais rois","title":"ainsi que = 'just as, like'","body":"«ainsi que» is a literary equivalent of «comme», 'just as / like'. «règne par ses dons ainsi que les vrais rois» = 'reigns by its gifts just as true kings do' — wine rules not by force but by giving, the mark, the poem claims, of the genuine king."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"règne","lemma":"régner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reigns"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dons","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dons","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"dons","lemma":"don","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of règne","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison with rois","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ainsi","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rois","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrais","lemma":"vrai","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rois","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"rois","lemma":"roi","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comparison ainsi que, compared to vin","gloss":"kings"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s8-l1","source":"Pour noyer la rancoeur et bercer l'indolence","translation":"To drown the rancor and cradle the indolence","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bercer l'indolence","title":"bercer (v.)","body":"«bercer» is to rock or cradle, as one rocks a child to sleep, and by extension to lull or soothe. Paired with «noyer» (to drown), it frames wine's two mercies: to drown bitterness and to «bercer l'indolence», rock the listless weariness of the poor to rest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of noyer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noyer","lemma":"noyer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying fait","gloss":"drown"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rancoeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rancoeur","lemma":"rancoeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of noyer","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bercer","lemma":"bercer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with noyer","gloss":"cradle"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of indolence","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indolence","lemma":"indolence","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of bercer","gloss":"indolence"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s8-l2","source":"De tous ces vieux maudits qui meurent en silence,","translation":"Of all these old, accursed men who die in silence,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maudits","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies maudits","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of maudits","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"vieux","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies maudits","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"maudits","lemma":"maudit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"accursed men"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of meurent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"meurent","lemma":"mourir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on maudits","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking silence","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"silence","lemma":"silence","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of meurent","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s8-l3","source":"Dieu, touché de remords, avait fait le sommeil;","translation":"God, touched by remorse, had made sleep;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"avait fait le sommeil","title":"Pluperfect «avait fait»","body":"«avait fait» is the pluperfect (plus-que-parfait): «avait» + past participle, 'had made'. It sets God's act of creating sleep before the closing act of the poem: 'God... had made sleep' — and only then, in the final line's passé simple (the literary/simple past), «L'Homme ajouta le Vin», did Man add Wine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"touché","lemma":"toucher","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Dieu","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking remords","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of touché","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"avait","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on fait","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sommeil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sommeil","lemma":"sommeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"le-vin-des-chiffonniers-s8-l4","source":"L'Homme ajouta le Vin, fils sacré du Soleil!","translation":"Man added Wine, sacred son of the Sun!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Homme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ajouta","gloss":"Man"},{"surface":"ajouta","lemma":"ajouter","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Vin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ajouta","gloss":"Wine"},{"surface":"fils","lemma":"fils","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Vin","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"sacré","lemma":"sacré","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fils","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Soleil","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fils","gloss":"Sun"}]}]}