{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"le-vin-du-solitaire","title":{"source":"Le Vin du solitaire","translated":"The Solitary Man's Wine"},"section":"Wine","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-vin-du-solitaire","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-vin-de-l-assassin","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-vin-des-amants","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s1-l1","source":"Le regard singulier d'une femme galante","translation":"The singular glance of a woman of pleasure","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"une femme galante","title":"une femme galante","body":"«galant(e)» normally means 'gallant, courtly', but «une femme galante» is a fixed, ironic phrase for a woman of easy virtue — a courtesan or kept woman. The polite surface of the words hides the sense, which is part of Baudelaire's effect here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of regard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regard","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"singulier","lemma":"singulier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies regard","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking femme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of femme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"femme","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies regard","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"galante","lemma":"galant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies femme","gloss":"of pleasure"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s1-l2","source":"Qui se glisse vers nous comme le rayon blanc","translation":"That slips toward us like the white ray","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se glisse","title":"se glisser","body":"«se glisser» is the pronominal verb 'to slip, slide, glide in'. The reflexive «se» gives the motion a stealthy, self-propelled quality: the glance «se glisse vers nous» — slides toward us on its own, like the moonbeam in the simile that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of glisse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on glisse","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"glisse","lemma":"glisser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slips"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nous","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"depends on glisse","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rayon","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rayon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rayon","lemma":"rayon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of glisse","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"blanc","lemma":"blanc","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rayon","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s1-l3","source":"Que la lune onduleuse envoie au lac tremblant,","translation":"That the undulating moon sends to the trembling lake,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of envoie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lune","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lune","lemma":"lune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of envoie","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"onduleuse","lemma":"onduleux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lune","gloss":"undulating"},{"surface":"envoie","lemma":"envoyer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sends"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lac","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"lac","lemma":"lac","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of envoie","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"tremblant","lemma":"tremblant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lac","gloss":"trembling"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s1-l4","source":"Quand elle y veut baigner sa beauté nonchalante;","translation":"When she would bathe her nonchalant beauty there;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"y","title":"The pronoun «y»","body":"«y» is the adverbial pronoun 'there / in it', standing in for «dans le lac» from the line before. «elle y veut baigner» = 'she wishes to bathe there'. The «elle» is «la lune», so the moon dips her beauty into the lake's reflection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veut","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"elle","lemma":"elle","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of veut","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"y","lemma":"y","morphology":"pronoun","role":"locative complement of baigner","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veut","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"baigner","lemma":"baigner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of veut","gloss":"bathe"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of beauté","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of baigner","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"nonchalante","lemma":"nonchalant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies beauté","gloss":"nonchalant"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s2-l1","source":"Le dernier sac d'écus dans les doigts d'un joueur;","translation":"The last sack of coins in a gambler's fingers;","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un sac d'écus","title":"un écu","body":"«l'écu» was an old French silver (once gold) coin; «un sac d'écus» is a bag of money. «le dernier sac d'écus» — 'the last bag of coins' — is the gambler's final stake, the all-or-nothing thrill the poem will weigh against wine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sac","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dernier","lemma":"dernier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sac","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"sac","lemma":"sac","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sack"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking écus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"écus","lemma":"écu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sac","gloss":"coins"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doigts","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of doigts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doigts","lemma":"doigt","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies sac","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking joueur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of joueur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"joueur","lemma":"joueur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies doigts","gloss":"gambler"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s2-l2","source":"Un baiser libertin de la maigre Adeline;","translation":"A libertine kiss from gaunt Adeline;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of baiser","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"baiser","lemma":"baiser","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"libertin","lemma":"libertin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies baiser","gloss":"libertine"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adeline","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Adeline","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maigre","lemma":"maigre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Adeline","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"Adeline","lemma":"Adeline","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"Adeline"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s2-l3","source":"Les sons d'une musique énervante et câline,","translation":"The strains of a music unnerving and caressing,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"énervante","title":"énervant(e) — a false friend","body":"Beware: «énervant» is not English 'enervating' (weakening). In French it means 'unnerving, on edge, getting on one's nerves'. Paired with «câline» (coaxing, caressing), it gives the music a teasing, fretful charm that both irritates and soothes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sons","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"sons","lemma":"son","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strains"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking musique","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of musique","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"musique","lemma":"musique","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of d'","gloss":"music"},{"surface":"énervante","lemma":"énervant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies musique","gloss":"unnerving"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"câline","lemma":"câlin","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with énervante","gloss":"caressing"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s2-l4","source":"Semblable au cri lointain de l'humaine douleur,","translation":"Like the distant cry of human sorrow,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Semblable","lemma":"semblable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking cri","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"cri","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Semblable","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"lointain","lemma":"lointain","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cri","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of douleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"humaine","lemma":"humain","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies douleur","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"douleur","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"sorrow"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s3-l1","source":"Tout cela ne vaut pas, ô bouteille profonde,","translation":"All of that is not worth, O deep bottle,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ne vaut pas","title":"The pivot: «ne vaut pas»","body":"«valoir» means 'to be worth'; «ne vaut pas» = 'is not worth'. After eight lines of seductive pleasures, «tout cela ne vaut pas…» — 'all of that is not worth…' — turns the whole sonnet on its hinge: nothing listed can match what the bottle gives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of cela","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"cela","lemma":"cela","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vaut","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"modifies vaut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vaut","lemma":"valoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"modifies vaut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative marker before bouteille","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"bouteille","lemma":"bouteille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"profonde","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bouteille","gloss":"deep"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s3-l2","source":"Les baumes pénétrants que ta panse féconde","translation":"The penetrating balms that your fertile belly","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ta panse féconde","title":"la panse","body":"«la panse» is the paunch or belly — here the rounded body of the bottle. Calling it «féconde» (fertile, fruitful) makes the bottle a mother whose «panse» carries the «baumes pénétrants», the penetrating balms, in her swollen middle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of baumes","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"baumes","lemma":"baume","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Garde (next segment), via relative pronoun que","gloss":"balms"},{"surface":"pénétrants","lemma":"pénétrant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies baumes","gloss":"penetrating"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of Garde, introduces relative clause on baumes","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ta","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of panse","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"panse","lemma":"panse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Garde (next line)","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"féconde","lemma":"fécond","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies panse","gloss":"fertile"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s3-l3","source":"Garde au coeur altéré du poète pieux;","translation":"Keeps for the parched heart of the pious poet;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"altéré","title":"altéré — thirsty","body":"«altéré» is a false friend: not 'altered' but 'parched, athirst'. «le coeur altéré du poète» = 'the poet's thirsting heart'. The word keeps the wine theme alive — the heart itself is dry and craving drink."}],"words":[{"surface":"Garde","lemma":"garder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject is ta panse féconde (previous line)","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Garde","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"altéré","lemma":"altéré","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"parched"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de+le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, masculine, singular","role":"preposition marking poète","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"poète","lemma":"poète","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du, modifies coeur","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"pieux","lemma":"pieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies poète","gloss":"pious"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s4-l1","source":"Tu lui verses l'espoir, la jeunesse et la vie,","translation":"You pour out for him hope, youth, and life,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tu lui verses","title":"Indirect object «lui»","body":"«lui» is the indirect object pronoun 'to/for him', standing for the poet. «tu lui verses l'espoir» = 'you pour out hope for him'. The poet addresses the bottle as «tu», so the wine literally pours hope, youth, and life into him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tu","lemma":"tu","morphology":"pronoun, second-person, singular","role":"subject of verses","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, third-person, singular","role":"indirect object of verses","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"verses","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pour out"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of espoir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espoir","lemma":"espoir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of verses","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of jeunesse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeunesse","lemma":"jeunesse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with espoir","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with jeunesse","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s4-l2","source":"— Et l'orgueil, ce trésor de toute gueuserie,","translation":"— And pride, that treasure of all beggary,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gueuserie","title":"la gueuserie","body":"«la gueuserie» is beggary, destitution — the condition of «le gueux», the beggar or wretch. The paradox «l'orgueil, ce trésor de toute gueuserie» — 'pride, the treasure of all beggary' — makes wine-born pride the one riches the destitute can still possess."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of orgueil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orgueil","lemma":"orgueil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with vie (previous line), object of verses","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of trésor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"trésor","lemma":"trésor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to orgueil","gloss":"treasure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gueuserie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"toute","lemma":"tout","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gueuserie","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gueuserie","lemma":"gueuserie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies trésor","gloss":"beggary"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"le-vin-du-solitaire-s4-l3","source":"Qui nous rend triomphants et semblables aux Dieux!","translation":"That makes us triumphant and like the Gods!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nous rend triomphants","title":"rendre + adjective","body":"«rendre» followed by an adjective means 'to make (someone) become' a certain way — distinct from «faire» + verb. «qui nous rend triomphants» = 'which makes us triumphant'. The adjectives «triomphants» and «semblables» agree with «nous», the people the wine transforms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of rend","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of rend","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"rend","lemma":"rendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"triomphants","lemma":"triomphant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"object complement of rend","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"semblables","lemma":"semblable","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with triomphants","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à+le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, masculine, plural","role":"preposition marking Dieux","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"Dieux","lemma":"dieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of semblables","gloss":"Gods"}]}]}