{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"les-petites-vieilles","title":{"source":"Les Petites Vieilles","translated":"The Little Old Women"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-petites-vieilles","lines":89},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-sept-vieillards","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-aveugles","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s1-l1","source":"À Victor Hugo","translation":"To Victor Hugo","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Victor Hugo","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Victor","lemma":"Victor","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Victor"},{"surface":"Hugo","lemma":"Hugo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"depends on Victor","gloss":"Hugo"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s2-l1","source":"I","translation":"I","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"I","lemma":"I","morphology":"roman numeral, section heading","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s3-l1","source":"Dans les plis sinueux des vieilles capitales,","translation":"In the winding folds of the old capitals,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of plis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plis","lemma":"pli","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"sinueux","lemma":"sinueux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies plis","gloss":"winding"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking capitales","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vieilles","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies capitales","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"capitales","lemma":"capitale","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies plis","gloss":"capitals"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s3-l2","source":"Où tout, même l'horreur, tourne aux enchantements,","translation":"where everything, even horror, turns to enchantment,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"modifies tourne","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of tourne","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies horreur","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of horreur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"horreur","lemma":"horreur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to tout","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"tourne","lemma":"tourner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"contracted preposition (à + les)","role":"preposition marking enchantements","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"enchantements","lemma":"enchantement","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of tourne","gloss":"enchantment"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s3-l3","source":"Je guette, obéissant à mes humeurs fatales,","translation":"I watch, obeying my fatal humors,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of guette","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"guette","lemma":"guetter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"obéissant","lemma":"obéir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on guette","gloss":"obeying"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humeurs","gloss":"(to)"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of humeurs","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"humeurs","lemma":"humeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of obéissant","gloss":"humors"},{"surface":"fatales","lemma":"fatal","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies humeurs","gloss":"fatal"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s3-l4","source":"Des êtres singuliers, décrépits et charmants.","translation":"for singular beings, decrepit and charming.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of êtres","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"êtres","lemma":"être","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of guette (previous line)","gloss":"beings"},{"surface":"singuliers","lemma":"singulier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies êtres","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"décrépits","lemma":"décrépit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with singuliers","gloss":"decrepit"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"charmants","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with singuliers","gloss":"charming"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s4-l1","source":"Ces monstres disloqués furent jadis des femmes,","translation":"These dislocated monsters were once women,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of monstres","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"monstres","lemma":"monstre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of furent","gloss":"monsters"},{"surface":"disloqués","lemma":"disloquer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies monstres","gloss":"dislocated"},{"surface":"furent","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"jadis","lemma":"jadis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies furent","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of femmes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"femmes","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of furent","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s4-l2","source":"Eponine ou Laïs! Monstres brisés, bossus","translation":"Eponine or Laïs! Monsters broken, hunchbacked","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Eponine","lemma":"Eponine","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Eponine"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Laïs","lemma":"Laïs","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Eponine","gloss":"Laïs"},{"surface":"Monstres","lemma":"monstre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Monsters"},{"surface":"brisés","lemma":"briser","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Monstres","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"bossus","lemma":"bossu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with brisés","gloss":"hunchbacked"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s4-l3","source":"Ou tordus, aimons-les! ce sont encor des âmes.","translation":"or twisted, let us love them! they are souls still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aimons-les","title":"Imperative with attached object pronoun","body":"In an affirmative command the object pronoun follows the verb and is joined by a hyphen: «aimons-les» = 'let us love them' («aimons» is the «nous» imperative of «aimer», «les» = 'them'). Note that «encor» is a poetic spelling of «encore», kept here for the meter — 'they are souls still'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tordus","lemma":"tordre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with bossus (previous line)","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"aimons","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, imperative, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us love"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of aimons","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sont","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"encor","lemma":"encore","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sont","gloss":"still","note":"encor is the elided poetic form of encore, used to fit the meter."},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of âmes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"âmes","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of sont","gloss":"souls"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s4-l4","source":"Sous des jupons troués et sous de froids tissus","translation":"Beneath holed petticoats and beneath cold cloth","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jupons","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jupons","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"jupons","lemma":"jupon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"petticoats"},{"surface":"troués","lemma":"trouer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jupons","gloss":"holed"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tissus, coordinated with sous jupons","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tissus","gloss":"some","note":"de replaces des before a plural adjective placed before its noun (de froids tissus)."},{"surface":"froids","lemma":"froid","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tissus","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"tissus","lemma":"tissu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with jupons","gloss":"cloth"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s5-l1","source":"Ils rampent, flagellés par les bises iniques,","translation":"they crawl, lashed by the wicked north winds,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bises iniques","title":"bise (f.); inique","body":"A «bise» is the cold, dry north wind; «inique» is a literary word for 'iniquitous, unjust'. «flagellés par les bises iniques» = 'lashed by the wicked north winds' — the weather is moralized into a cruelty inflicted on the old women."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of rampent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"rampent","lemma":"ramper","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crawl"},{"surface":"flagellés","lemma":"flageller","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial clause on rampent","gloss":"lashed"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bises","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bises","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bises","lemma":"bise","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"agent of flagellés","gloss":"north winds"},{"surface":"iniques","lemma":"inique","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies bises","gloss":"wicked"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s5-l2","source":"Frémissant au fracas roulant des omnibus,","translation":"trembling at the rolling crash of the omnibuses,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Frémissant","lemma":"frémir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause depends on Ils rampent (previous line)","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"contracted preposition (à + le)","role":"preposition marking fracas","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"fracas","lemma":"fracas","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Frémissant","gloss":"crash"},{"surface":"roulant","lemma":"roulant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fracas","gloss":"rolling"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omnibus","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"omnibus","lemma":"omnibus","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies fracas","gloss":"omnibuses"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s5-l3","source":"Et serrant sur leur flanc, ainsi que des reliques,","translation":"and clutching at their side, like so many relics,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"serrant","lemma":"serrer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with Frémissant (previous line)","gloss":"clutching"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking flanc","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of flanc","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"flanc","lemma":"flanc","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of serrant","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"as","note":"ainsi que = \"just like\"."},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of reliques","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"reliques","lemma":"relique","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of ainsi que","gloss":"relics"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s5-l4","source":"Un petit sac brodé de fleurs ou de rébus;","translation":"a little bag embroidered with flowers or with rebuses;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sac","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"petit","lemma":"petit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sac","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"sac","lemma":"sac","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bag"},{"surface":"brodé","lemma":"broder","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sac","gloss":"embroidered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"fleurs","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"depends on brodé","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rébus","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"rébus","lemma":"rébus","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with fleurs","gloss":"rebuses"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s6-l1","source":"Ils trottent, tout pareils à des marionnettes;","translation":"they trot along, exactly like marionettes;","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of trottent","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"trottent","lemma":"trotter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trot along"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pareils","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"pareils","lemma":"pareil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Ils","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marionnettes","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of marionnettes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"marionnettes","lemma":"marionnette","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of à, modifies pareils","gloss":"marionettes"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s6-l2","source":"Se traînent, comme font les animaux blessés,","translation":"they drag themselves, as wounded animals do,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se traînent, comme font les animaux","title":"Pronominal «se traîner»; inverted «comme font»","body":"«se traîner» is a pronominal verb, 'to drag oneself along'. «comme font les animaux blessés» inverts subject and verb after «comme» (literally 'as do the wounded animals'), a common literary word order: 'as wounded animals do'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on traînent","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"traînent","lemma":"traîner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with trottent (previous line)","gloss":"drag"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of font","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"adverbial clause on traînent","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of animaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"animaux","lemma":"animal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of font","gloss":"animals"},{"surface":"blessés","lemma":"blessé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies animaux","gloss":"wounded"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s6-l3","source":"Ou dansent, sans vouloir danser, pauvres sonnettes","translation":"or dance, not wishing to dance, poor little bells","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dansent","lemma":"danser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with traînent (previous line)","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of vouloir","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"vouloir","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on dansent","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"danser","lemma":"danser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vouloir","gloss":"to dance"},{"surface":"pauvres","lemma":"pauvre","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies sonnettes","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"sonnettes","lemma":"sonnette","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to Ils","gloss":"little bells"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s6-l4","source":"Où se pend un Démon sans pitié! Tout cassés","translation":"where a pitiless Demon swings! Broken all over","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"depends on pend, refers to sonnettes","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on pend","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"pend","lemma":"pendre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swings","note":"se pendre here means to hang/swing, not to hang oneself."},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Démon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Démon","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pend","gloss":"Demon"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pitié","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"pitié","lemma":"pitié","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Démon","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cassés","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"cassés","lemma":"casser","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Ils (subject continued from s5-l1), continues into next segment","gloss":"broken"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s7-l1","source":"Qu'ils sont, ils ont des yeux perçants comme une vrille,","translation":"as they are, they have eyes piercing as a gimlet,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"perçants comme une vrille","title":"vrille (f.); perçant","body":"A «vrille» is a gimlet, a small boring tool with a spiral tip; «perçant» means 'piercing, boring through'. «des yeux perçants comme une vrille» = 'eyes piercing as a gimlet' — the broken bodies still hold a sharp, drilling gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause completing Tout cassés (previous line)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sont","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by Qu'","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ont","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ont","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"perçants","lemma":"perçant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrille","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vrille","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vrille","lemma":"vrille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on perçants","gloss":"gimlet"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s7-l2","source":"Luisants comme ces trous où l'eau dort dans la nuit;","translation":"glistening like those pools where water sleeps at night;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Luisants","lemma":"luisant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux (previous line)","gloss":"glistening"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trous","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of trous","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"trous","lemma":"trou","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Luisants","gloss":"pools"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"depends on dort","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of eau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dort","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"dort","lemma":"dormir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on trous","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuit","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuit","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on dort","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s7-l3","source":"Ils ont les yeux divins de la petite fille","translation":"they have the divine eyes of the little girl","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ils","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ont","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ont","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"divins","lemma":"divin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fille","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fille","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"petite","lemma":"petit","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fille","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"fille","lemma":"fille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies yeux","gloss":"girl"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s7-l4","source":"Qui s'étonne et qui rit à tout ce qui reluit.","translation":"who marvels and who laughs at everything that gleams.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of étonne, refers to petite fille","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on étonne","gloss":"(is)"},{"surface":"étonne","lemma":"étonner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marvels"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of rit","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"rit","lemma":"rire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with étonne","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ce","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"modifies ce","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of à, depends on rit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of reluit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"reluit","lemma":"reluire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"gleams"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s8-l1","source":"— Avez-vous observé que maints cercueils de vieilles","translation":"— Have you observed that many an old woman's coffin","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Avez","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of observé","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of Avez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"observé","lemma":"observer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Sont (next line)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"maints","lemma":"maint","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cercueils","gloss":"many a","note":"maint(s) is an archaic/literary word for \"many a\"."},{"surface":"cercueils","lemma":"cercueil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Sont (next line)","gloss":"coffins"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vieilles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vieilles","lemma":"vieille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies cercueils","gloss":"old women"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s8-l2","source":"Sont presque aussi petits que celui d'un enfant?","translation":"is almost as small as that of a child?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula linking cercueils to petits","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"presque","lemma":"presque","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies petits","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"aussi","lemma":"aussi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies petits","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"petits","lemma":"petit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of Sont","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of celui","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"celui","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on petits","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfant","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of enfant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"enfant","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies celui","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s8-l3","source":"La Mort savante met dans ces bières pareilles","translation":"Learned Death sets into these matching biers","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Mort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Mort","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of met","gloss":"Death"},{"surface":"savante","lemma":"savant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Mort","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sets"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bières","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bières","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"bières","lemma":"bière","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of met","gloss":"biers"},{"surface":"pareilles","lemma":"pareil","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies bières","gloss":"matching"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s8-l4","source":"Un symbole d'un goût bizarre et captivant,","translation":"a symbol of a strange and captivating taste,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of symbole","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"symbole","lemma":"symbole","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to bières pareilles (previous line)","gloss":"symbol"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking goût","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of goût","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goût","lemma":"goût","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies symbole","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"bizarre","lemma":"bizarre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies goût","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"captivant","lemma":"captivant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with bizarre","gloss":"captivating"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s9-l1","source":"Et lorsque j'entrevois un fantôme débile","translation":"and when I glimpse a feeble phantom","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lorsque","lemma":"lorsque","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of entrevois","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of entrevois","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"entrevois","lemma":"entrevoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"glimpse"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fantôme","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fantôme","lemma":"fantôme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entrevois","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"débile","lemma":"débile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies fantôme","gloss":"feeble"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s9-l2","source":"Traversant de Paris le fourmillant tableau,","translation":"crossing the swarming tableau of Paris,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"le fourmillant tableau","title":"fourmiller (v.); the «Tableaux» pun","body":"«fourmiller» means 'to swarm, to teem' (from «fourmi», ant); «fourmillant» is its present participle. «le fourmillant tableau» = 'the swarming tableau' of Paris quietly names the section itself, the «Tableaux parisiens»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Traversant","lemma":"traverser","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies fantôme (previous line)","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Paris","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Paris","lemma":"Paris","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies tableau (inverted word order: le fourmillant tableau de Paris)","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tableau","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fourmillant","lemma":"fourmillant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tableau","gloss":"swarming"},{"surface":"tableau","lemma":"tableau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Traversant","gloss":"tableau"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s9-l3","source":"Il me semble toujours que cet être fragile","translation":"it always seems to me that this fragile being","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"impersonal subject of semble","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of semble","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"semble","lemma":"sembler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies semble","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of va (next line)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"cet","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of être","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"être","lemma":"être","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of va (next line)","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"fragile","lemma":"fragile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies être","gloss":"fragile"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s9-l4","source":"S'en va tout doucement vers un nouveau berceau;","translation":"is going off, ever so gently, toward a new cradle;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"S'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on va","gloss":"(itself)","note":"s'en aller = to go off/away."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun, adverbial","role":"depends on va, part of s'en aller","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"va","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doucement","gloss":"ever so"},{"surface":"doucement","lemma":"doucement","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of va","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berceau","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of berceau","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nouveau","lemma":"nouveau","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies berceau","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"berceau","lemma":"berceau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of vers","gloss":"cradle"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s10-l1","source":"À moins que, méditant sur la géométrie,","translation":"unless, musing upon geometry,","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom à moins que","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"moins","lemma":"moins","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom à moins que","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes the idiom à moins que, introduces méditant","gloss":"unless","note":"à moins que together mean 'unless'."},{"surface":"méditant","lemma":"méditer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"verb of the clause introduced by que","gloss":"musing"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking géométrie","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of géométrie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"géométrie","lemma":"géométrie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sur, modifies méditant","gloss":"geometry"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s10-l2","source":"Je ne cherche, à l'aspect de ces membres discords,","translation":"I ask, at the sight of these discordant limbs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of cherche","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates cherche","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"cherche","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aspect","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aspect","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aspect","lemma":"aspect","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of à, complement of cherche","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking membres","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of membres","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"membres","lemma":"membre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies aspect","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"discords","lemma":"discord","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies membres","gloss":"discordant"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s10-l3","source":"Combien de fois il faut que l'ouvrier varie","translation":"how many times the workman must vary","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Combien","lemma":"combien","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier, head of the clausal object of cherche","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase combien de fois","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fois","lemma":"fois","morphology":"noun, feminine","role":"object of de, complement of cherche","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"dummy subject of faut","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"faut","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb; governs the clause que l'ouvrier varie","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of varie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ouvrier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouvrier","lemma":"ouvrier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of varie","gloss":"workman"},{"surface":"varie","lemma":"varier","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"complement clause of faut","gloss":"vary"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s10-l4","source":"La forme de la boîte où l'on met tous ces corps.","translation":"the shape of the box where all these bodies are laid.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of forme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"forme","lemma":"forme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of varie (l.3)","gloss":"shape"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boîte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boîte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boîte","lemma":"boîte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies forme","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on boîte","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"l'","morphology":"euphonic particle","role":"euphonic insertion before on, no independent meaning","gloss":"(euphonic)","note":"the l' before on is purely euphonic and carries no meaning of its own."},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of met","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"mettre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on boîte","gloss":"puts"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of met","gloss":"bodies"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s11-l1","source":"— Ces yeux sont des puits faits d'un million de larmes,","translation":"— These eyes are wells made of a million tears,","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of sont","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking yeux to puits","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of puits","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"puits","lemma":"puits","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of sont","gloss":"wells"},{"surface":"faits","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies puits","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking million","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of million","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"million","lemma":"million","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies faits","gloss":"million"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking larmes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"larmes","lemma":"larme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies million","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s11-l2","source":"Des creusets qu'un métal refroidi pailleta...","translation":"crucibles that a cooled metal spangled over...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"qu'un métal refroidi pailleta","title":"pailleter (v.), passé simple","body":"«pailleter» is to spangle or fleck with «paillettes» (sequins, flecks of foil); «pailleta» is its «passé simple» (the literary past tense). The eyes are «des creusets» — crucibles 'that a cooled metal spangled over' — tears glinting like cooled, flecked slag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of creusets","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"creusets","lemma":"creuset","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to puits (l.1)","gloss":"crucibles"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of pailleta","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of métal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"métal","lemma":"métal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of pailleta","gloss":"metal"},{"surface":"refroidi","lemma":"refroidir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies métal","gloss":"cooled"},{"surface":"pailleta","lemma":"pailleter","morphology":"verb, past, simple, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on creusets","gloss":"spangled"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s11-l3","source":"Ces yeux mystérieux ont d'invincibles charmes","translation":"these mysterious eyes have invincible charms","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ont","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"mystérieux","lemma":"mystérieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of charmes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"invincibles","lemma":"invincible","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies charmes","gloss":"invincible"},{"surface":"charmes","lemma":"charme","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ont","gloss":"charms"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s11-l4","source":"Pour celui que l'austère Infortune allaita!","translation":"for him whom austere Misfortune suckled!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking celui","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"celui","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Pour","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of allaita","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Infortune","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"austère","lemma":"austère","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Infortune","gloss":"austere"},{"surface":"Infortune","lemma":"infortune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, personified","role":"subject of allaita","gloss":"Misfortune"},{"surface":"allaita","lemma":"allaiter","morphology":"verb, past, simple, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on celui","gloss":"suckled"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s12-l1","source":"II","translation":"II","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"II","lemma":"II","morphology":"numeral","role":"section heading","gloss":"II"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s13-l1","source":"De Frascati défunt Vestale enamourée;","translation":"Enamored Vestal of the defunct Frascati;","stanza":13,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frascati","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frascati","lemma":"Frascati","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of De, modifies Vestale","gloss":"Frascati"},{"surface":"défunt","lemma":"défunt","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Frascati","gloss":"defunct"},{"surface":"Vestale","lemma":"vestale","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to one of the vieilles","gloss":"Vestal"},{"surface":"enamourée","lemma":"enamourer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Vestale","gloss":"enamored"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s13-l2","source":"Prêtresse de Thalie, hélas! dont le souffleur","translation":"Priestess of Thalia, alas! whose name the buried","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Prêtresse","lemma":"prêtresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Vestale (l.1)","gloss":"priestess"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Thalie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Thalie","lemma":"Thalie","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Prêtresse","gloss":"Thalia"},{"surface":"hélas","lemma":"hélas","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"possessive relative, modifies nom (l.3)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of souffleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"souffleur","lemma":"souffleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sait (l.3)","gloss":"prompter"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s13-l3","source":"Enterré sait le nom; célèbre évaporée","translation":"prompter knows; some famous madcap","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Enterré","lemma":"enterrer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies souffleur (l.2)","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"sait","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of nom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nom","lemma":"nom","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of sait","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"célèbre","lemma":"célèbre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies évaporée","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"évaporée","lemma":"évaporé","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Vestale (l.1)","gloss":"madcap"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s13-l4","source":"Que Tivoli jadis ombragea dans sa fleur,","translation":"whom Tivoli once shaded in her bloom,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of ombragea","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Tivoli","lemma":"Tivoli","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ombragea","gloss":"Tivoli"},{"surface":"jadis","lemma":"jadis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ombragea","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ombragea","lemma":"ombrager","morphology":"verb, past, simple, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on évaporée","gloss":"shaded"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fleur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fleur","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"fleur","lemma":"fleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans, modifies ombragea","gloss":"bloom"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s14-l1","source":"Toutes m'enivrent; mais parmi ces êtres frêles","translation":"all of them intoxicate me; but among these frail beings","stanza":14,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Toutes","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of enivrent","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of enivrent","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"enivrent","lemma":"enivrer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"intoxicate"},{"surface":"mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with the following clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"parmi","lemma":"parmi","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking êtres","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of êtres","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"êtres","lemma":"être","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of parmi","gloss":"beings"},{"surface":"frêles","lemma":"frêle","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies êtres","gloss":"frail"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s14-l2","source":"Il en est qui, faisant de la douleur un miel,","translation":"there are some who, making honey of their grief,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"faisant de la douleur un miel","title":"«faire de X un Y»","body":"The construction «faire de X un Y» means 'to make a Y out of X, to turn X into Y': «faisant de la douleur un miel» = 'making honey of their grief'. «faisant» is the present participle of «faire»; the women transmute pain into sweetness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"impersonal subject of est","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun","role":"partitive pronoun, object of est","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb (impersonal il en est qui = 'there are some who')","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of faisant","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"faisant","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"verb of the clause on qui","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of douleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"douleur","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies faisant","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of miel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"miel","lemma":"miel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of faisant","gloss":"honey"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s14-l3","source":"Ont dit au Dévouement qui leur prêtait ses ailes:","translation":"have said to the Devotion that lent them its wings:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ont","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of dit (subject qui, l.2)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dévouement","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"Dévouement","lemma":"dévouement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of dit","gloss":"Devotion"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of prêtait","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"leur","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"indirect object of prêtait","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"prêtait","lemma":"prêter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Dévouement","gloss":"lent"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ailes","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ailes","lemma":"aile","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of prêtait","gloss":"wings"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s14-l4","source":"Hippogriffe puissant, mène-moi jusqu'au ciel!","translation":"Mighty Hippogriff, bear me up to the sky!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hippogriffe","lemma":"hippogriffe","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Hippogriff"},{"surface":"puissant","lemma":"puissant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Hippogriffe","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"mène","lemma":"mener","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of mène","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"jusqu'","lemma":"jusque","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of jusqu'au, modifies mène","gloss":"sky"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s15-l1","source":"L'une, par sa patrie au malheur exercée,","translation":"one, by her homeland schooled in misfortune,","stanza":15,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"au malheur exercée","title":"Past participle agreement; «exercer à»","body":"«exercer à» means 'to train, to school in'; here the past participle «exercée» agrees in the feminine singular with «L'une» (the woman): «par sa patrie au malheur exercée» = 'schooled in misfortune by her homeland'. The parallel «L'une... L'autre... L'autre» lists three women, each broken differently."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of une","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase; subject of auraient (l.4), coordinated with the other autres","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking patrie","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of patrie","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"patrie","lemma":"patrie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of par, agent of exercée","gloss":"homeland"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking malheur","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"malheur","lemma":"malheur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of au, modifies exercée","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"exercée","lemma":"exercer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies une","gloss":"schooled"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s15-l2","source":"L'autre, que son époux surchargea de douleurs,","translation":"another, whom her husband overburdened with sorrows,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of autre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"autre","lemma":"autre","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of auraient (l.4), coordinated with une","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of surchargea","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of époux","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"époux","lemma":"époux","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of surchargea","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"surchargea","lemma":"surcharger","morphology":"verb, past, simple, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on autre","gloss":"overburdened"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies surchargea","gloss":"sorrows"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s15-l3","source":"L'autre, par son enfant Madone transpercée,","translation":"another, a Madonna pierced through by her child,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of autre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"autre","lemma":"autre","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of auraient (l.4), coordinated with une","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfant","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of enfant","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"enfant","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of par, agent of transpercée","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"Madone","lemma":"madone","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to autre","gloss":"Madonna"},{"surface":"transpercée","lemma":"transpercer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Madone","gloss":"pierced through"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s15-l4","source":"Toutes auraient pu faire un fleuve avec leurs pleurs!","translation":"all could have made a river with their tears!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Toutes","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"subject of pu","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"auraient","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, plural","role":"auxiliary of pu","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"pu","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, past, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"faire","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of pu","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fleuve","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fleuve","lemma":"fleuve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of faire","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pleurs","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of avec","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s16-l1","source":"III","translation":"III","stanza":16,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"III","lemma":"III","morphology":"numeral","role":"section heading","gloss":"III"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s17-l1","source":"Ah! que j'en ai suivi de ces petites vieilles!","translation":"Ah! how many of these little old women I have followed!","stanza":17,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"quantifier modifying suivi ('how many')","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of suivi","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun","role":"partitive pronoun, object of suivi","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ai","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of suivi","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"suivi","lemma":"suivre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"partitive preposition marking vieilles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vieilles","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"petites","lemma":"petit","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies vieilles","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"vieilles","lemma":"vieille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, quantified by que...en","gloss":"old women"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s17-l2","source":"Une, entre autres, à l'heure où le soleil tombant","translation":"One, among others, at the hour when the falling sun","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to vieilles (l.1)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"entre","lemma":"entre","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking autres","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"autres","lemma":"autre","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of entre","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heure","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of heure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heure","lemma":"heure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of à","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on heure","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ensanglante (l.3)","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"tombant","lemma":"tomber","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"falling"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s17-l3","source":"Ensanglante le ciel de blessures vermeilles,","translation":"bloodies the sky with crimson wounds,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ensanglante","lemma":"ensanglanter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on heure (subject soleil, l.2)","gloss":"bloodies"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Ensanglante","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blessures","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"blessures","lemma":"blessure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies Ensanglante","gloss":"wounds"},{"surface":"vermeilles","lemma":"vermeil","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies blessures","gloss":"crimson"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s17-l4","source":"Pensive, s'asseyait à l'écart sur un banc,","translation":"pensive, would sit apart on a bench,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pensive","lemma":"pensif","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Une (l.2)","gloss":"pensive"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of asseyait","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"asseyait","lemma":"asseoir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb (subject Une, l.2)","gloss":"would sit"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking écart","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of écart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"écart","lemma":"écart","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of à","gloss":"distance apart"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking banc","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of banc","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"banc","lemma":"banc","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sur, modifies asseyait","gloss":"bench"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s18-l1","source":"Pour entendre un de ces concerts, riches de cuivre,","translation":"to hear one of those concerts, rich in brass,","stanza":18,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of entendre","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"entendre","lemma":"entendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying asseyait (l.4, prev segment)","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of entendre","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking concerts","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of concerts","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"concerts","lemma":"concert","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de, modifies un","gloss":"concerts"},{"surface":"riches","lemma":"riche","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies concerts","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cuivre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cuivre","lemma":"cuivre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de, modifies riches","gloss":"brass"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s18-l2","source":"Dont les soldats parfois inondent nos jardins,","translation":"with which the soldiers sometimes flood our gardens,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"modifies concerts (l.1), oblique argument of inondent","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of soldats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soldats","lemma":"soldat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of inondent","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inondent","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"inondent","lemma":"inonder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on concerts","gloss":"flood"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jardins","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"jardins","lemma":"jardin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of inondent","gloss":"gardens"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s18-l3","source":"Et qui, dans ces soirs d'or où l'on se sent revivre,","translation":"and which, on those golden evenings when one feels reborn,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with Dont (l.2)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"coordinated with Dont, subject of Versent (l.4)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soirs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of soirs","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"soirs","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of dans, modifies Versent","gloss":"evenings"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking or","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"or","lemma":"or","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soirs","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on soirs","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"l'","morphology":"euphonic particle","role":"euphonic insertion before on, no independent meaning","gloss":"(euphonic)","note":"the l' before on is purely euphonic and carries no meaning of its own."},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of sent","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of sent","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"sent","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on soirs","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"revivre","lemma":"revivre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sent","gloss":"reborn"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s18-l4","source":"Versent quelque héroïsme au coeur des citadins.","translation":"pour some heroism into the hearts of the townsfolk.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Versent","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb (subject qui, l.3)","gloss":"pour"},{"surface":"quelque","lemma":"quelque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of héroïsme","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"héroïsme","lemma":"héroïsme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Versent","gloss":"heroism"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"into the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of au, modifies Versent","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking citadins","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"citadins","lemma":"citadin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"townsfolk"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s19-l1","source":"Celle-là, droite encor, fière et sentant la règle,","translation":"That one, still erect, proud, and feeling the rule,","stanza":19,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sentant la règle","title":"sentir + noun = 'to smack of'","body":"«sentir» plus a noun means 'to smell of, to have the air of, to smack of': «sentant la règle» = 'with the air of discipline / breathing the rule'. «droite encor, fière» ('still erect, proud') keeps the soldierly bearing the music has stirred in her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Celle","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of Humait (l.2)","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"-là","lemma":"-là","morphology":"demonstrative particle","role":"reinforces Celle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"droite","lemma":"droit","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Celle","gloss":"erect"},{"surface":"encor","lemma":"encor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies droite","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"fière","lemma":"fier","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with droite, modifies Celle","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sentant","lemma":"sentir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with droite, modifies Celle","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of règle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"règle","lemma":"règle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sentant","gloss":"rule"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s19-l2","source":"Humait avidement ce chant vif et guerrier;","translation":"drank in avidly that brisk and warlike song;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Humait","lemma":"humer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb (subject Celle-là, l.1)","gloss":"drank in"},{"surface":"avidement","lemma":"avidement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Humait","gloss":"avidly"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chant","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"chant","lemma":"chant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Humait","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"vif","lemma":"vif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"brisk"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"guerrier","lemma":"guerrier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with vif, modifies chant","gloss":"warlike"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s19-l3","source":"Son oeil parfois s'ouvrait comme l'oeil d'un vieil aigle;","translation":"her eye at times opened like the eye of an old eagle;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ouvrait","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ouvrait","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of ouvrait","gloss":"(reflexive)"},{"surface":"ouvrait","lemma":"ouvrir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oeil (the second)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme, compared with oeil (l.1)","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aigle","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of aigle","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieil","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies aigle","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"aigle","lemma":"aigle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies oeil","gloss":"eagle"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s19-l4","source":"Son front de marbre avait l'air fait pour le laurier!","translation":"her brow of marble seemed made for the laurel!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of avait","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marbre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"marbre","lemma":"marbre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies front","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"avait","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiom avoir l'air = 'to seem')","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of avait","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies air","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking laurier","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of laurier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laurier","lemma":"laurier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of pour, modifies fait","gloss":"laurel"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s20-l1","source":"IV","translation":"IV","stanza":20,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"IV","lemma":"IV","morphology":"numeral","role":"section heading","gloss":"IV"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s21-l1","source":"Telles vous cheminez, stoïques et sans plaintes,","translation":"Thus you make your way, stoic and without complaint,","stanza":21,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Telles","lemma":"tel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies cheminez","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of cheminez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"cheminez","lemma":"cheminer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make your way"},{"surface":"stoïques","lemma":"stoïque","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies vous","gloss":"stoic"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaintes","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"plaintes","lemma":"plainte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of sans, coordinated with stoïques, modifies vous","gloss":"complaint"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s21-l2","source":"À travers le chaos des vivantes cités,","translation":"across the chaos of the living cities,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"head of the idiom à travers","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"travers","lemma":"travers","morphology":"noun, masculine","role":"part of the idiom à travers","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of chaos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chaos","lemma":"chaos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of à travers, modifies cheminez (l.1)","gloss":"chaos"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cités","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vivantes","lemma":"vivant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies cités","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"cités","lemma":"cité","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies chaos","gloss":"cities"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s21-l3","source":"Mères au coeur saignant, courtisanes ou saintes,","translation":"mothers with bleeding hearts, courtesans or saints,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mères","lemma":"mère","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to vous (l.1)","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"au","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of au, modifies Mères","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"saignant","lemma":"saignant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"bleeding"},{"surface":"courtisanes","lemma":"courtisane","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Mères, in apposition to vous","gloss":"courtesans"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"saintes","lemma":"sainte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with courtisanes","gloss":"saints"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s21-l4","source":"Dont autrefois les noms par tous étaient cités.","translation":"whose names were once cited by all.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"possessive relative, modifies noms, refers back to Mères... (l.3)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"autrefois","lemma":"autrefois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies étaient cités","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of noms","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noms","lemma":"nom","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the passive cités","gloss":"names"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tous","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of the passive cités","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"étaient","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of cités","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"cités","lemma":"citer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, passive, masculine, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cited"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s22-l1","source":"Vous qui fûtes la grâce ou qui fûtes la gloire,","translation":"You who were the grace, or who were the glory,","stanza":22,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vous qui fûtes la grâce","title":"«fûtes»: passé simple of «être»","body":"«fûtes» is the «vous» form of the «passé simple» of «être», 'you were' — the literary narrative past. «Vous qui fûtes la grâce ou qui fûtes la gloire» = 'You who were the grace, or who were the glory': what they once were is set off, in this finished tense, against what they are now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"head of the phrase, subject of fûtes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fûtes","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"fûtes","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, past, simple, second-person, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on Vous","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of grâce","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grâce","lemma":"grâce","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of fûtes","gloss":"grace"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of fûtes","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"fûtes","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, past, simple, second-person, plural","role":"coordinated with the first fûtes clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of gloire","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gloire","lemma":"gloire","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of fûtes","gloss":"glory"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s22-l2","source":"Nul ne vous reconnaît! un ivrogne incivil","translation":"no one knows you now! an uncivil drunkard","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nul","lemma":"nul","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of reconnaît","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates reconnaît","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of reconnaît","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"reconnaît","lemma":"reconnaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ivrogne","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ivrogne","lemma":"ivrogne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of the next clause","gloss":"drunkard"},{"surface":"incivil","lemma":"incivil","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ivrogne","gloss":"uncivil"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s22-l3","source":"Vous insulte en passant d'un amour dérisoire;","translation":"insults you in passing with a derisory love;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of insulte","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"insulte","lemma":"insulter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insults"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the gerund phrase en passant","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"passant","lemma":"passer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on insulte","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amour","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of amour","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of insulte","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"dérisoire","lemma":"dérisoire","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies amour","gloss":"derisory"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s22-l4","source":"Sur vos talons gambade un enfant lâche et vil.","translation":"at your heels gambols a child, cowardly and vile.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking talons","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of talons","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"talons","lemma":"talon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of gambade","gloss":"heels"},{"surface":"gambade","lemma":"gambader","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gambols"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of enfant","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"enfant","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of gambade","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"lâche","lemma":"lâche","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies enfant","gloss":"cowardly"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vil","lemma":"vil","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with lâche","gloss":"vile"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s23-l1","source":"Honteuses d'exister, ombres ratatinées,","translation":"Ashamed to exist, shriveled shadows,","stanza":23,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ombres ratatinées","title":"ratatiné","body":"«ratatiné» means 'shriveled, wizened, shrunken'. «ombres ratatinées» = 'shriveled shadows' reduces the women to mere wrinkled outlines — picked up by «Débris d'humanité» ('wreckage of humanity') at the stanza's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Honteuses","lemma":"honteux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to ombres","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of exister","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"exister","lemma":"exister","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"depends on Honteuses","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"ombres","lemma":"ombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shadows"},{"surface":"ratatinées","lemma":"ratatiné","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies ombres","gloss":"shriveled"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s23-l2","source":"Peureuses, le dos bas, vous côtoyez les murs;","translation":"fearful, your backs bent low, you hug the walls;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Peureuses","lemma":"peureux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to vous","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dos","gloss":"your","note":"French uses the definite article with a body part where English uses a possessive: le dos = 'your back'."},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the absolute phrase describing vous","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"bas","lemma":"bas","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies dos","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of côtoyez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"côtoyez","lemma":"côtoyer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hug"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of murs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"murs","lemma":"mur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of côtoyez","gloss":"walls"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s23-l3","source":"Et nul ne vous salue, étranges destinées!","translation":"and no one greets you, strange destinies!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nul","lemma":"nul","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of salue","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies salue","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of salue","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"salue","lemma":"saluer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greets"},{"surface":"étranges","lemma":"étrange","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies destinées","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"destinées","lemma":"destinée","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to vous","gloss":"destinies"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s23-l4","source":"Débris d'humanité pour l'éternité mûrs!","translation":"wreckage of humanity, ripe for eternity!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Débris","lemma":"débris","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to vous","gloss":"wreckage"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humanité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humanité","lemma":"humanité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Débris","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éternité","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of éternité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"éternité","lemma":"éternité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of mûrs","gloss":"eternity"},{"surface":"mûrs","lemma":"mûr","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Débris","gloss":"ripe"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s24-l1","source":"Mais moi, moi qui de loin tendrement vous surveille,","translation":"But I, I who from afar watch tenderly over you,","stanza":24,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"coordinated with moi","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of surveille","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loin","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies surveille","gloss":"afar"},{"surface":"tendrement","lemma":"tendrement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies surveille","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of surveille","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"surveille","lemma":"surveiller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on moi","gloss":"watches"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s24-l2","source":"L'oeil inquiet, fixé sur vos pas incertains,","translation":"my anxious eye fixed on your uncertain steps,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"my","note":"French uses the definite article with a body part where English uses a possessive: l'oeil = 'my eye'."},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to moi","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"inquiet","lemma":"inquiet","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"fixé","lemma":"fixer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies oeil","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pas","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pas","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of fixé","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"incertains","lemma":"incertain","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pas","gloss":"uncertain"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s24-l3","source":"Tout comme si j'étais votre père, ô merveille!","translation":"just as if I were your father, O marvel!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies comme si","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of étais","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase comme","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"j'","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of étais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"étais","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"verb of the comme si clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"votre","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of père","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"père","lemma":"père","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of étais","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces merveille","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"merveille","lemma":"merveille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation after ô","gloss":"marvel"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s24-l4","source":"Je goûte à votre insu des plaisirs clandestins:","translation":"I taste, unknown to you, clandestine pleasures:","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of goûte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"goûte","lemma":"goûter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking insu","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"votre","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of insu","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"insu","lemma":"insu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of goûte","gloss":"knowledge","note":"à votre insu is a fixed idiom meaning 'without your knowledge, unknown to you'."},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaisirs","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"plaisirs","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of goûte","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"clandestins","lemma":"clandestin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plaisirs","gloss":"clandestine"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s25-l1","source":"Je vois s'épanouir vos passions novices;","translation":"I see your novice passions unfold;","stanza":25,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vois","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vois","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of épanouir","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"épanouir","lemma":"épanouir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vois","gloss":"unfold"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of passions","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"passions","lemma":"passion","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of épanouir","gloss":"passions"},{"surface":"novices","lemma":"novice","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies passions","gloss":"novice"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s25-l2","source":"Sombres ou lumineux, je vis vos jours perdus;","translation":"dark or luminous, I live your lost days;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sombres","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jours","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"lumineux","lemma":"lumineux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Sombres","gloss":"luminous"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of vis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vis","lemma":"vivre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jours","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"jours","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of vis","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"perdus","lemma":"perdre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jours","gloss":"lost"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s25-l3","source":"Mon coeur multiplié jouit de tous vos vices!","translation":"my multiplied heart delights in all your vices!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of jouit","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"multiplié","lemma":"multiplier","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"multiplied"},{"surface":"jouit","lemma":"jouir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"delights"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vices","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tous","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vices","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vices","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vices","lemma":"vice","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of jouit","gloss":"vices"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s25-l4","source":"Mon âme resplendit de toutes vos vertus!","translation":"my soul shines bright with all your virtues!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of resplendit","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"resplendit","lemma":"resplendir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shines bright"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertus","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"toutes","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies vertus","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vos","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vertus","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vertus","lemma":"vertu","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of resplendit","gloss":"virtues"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s26-l1","source":"Ruines! ma famille! ô cerveaux congénères!","translation":"Ruins! my family! O kindred brains!","stanza":26,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ruines","lemma":"ruine","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"ruins"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of famille","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"famille","lemma":"famille","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"ô","lemma":"ô","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces cerveaux","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"cerveaux","lemma":"cerveau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"brains"},{"surface":"congénères","lemma":"congénère","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cerveaux","gloss":"kindred"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s26-l2","source":"Je vous fais chaque soir un solennel adieu!","translation":"each evening I bid you a solemn farewell!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of fais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"indirect object of fais","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"fais","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bid"},{"surface":"chaque","lemma":"chaque","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on fais","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of adieu","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"solennel","lemma":"solennel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies adieu","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"adieu","lemma":"adieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of fais","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s26-l3","source":"Où serez-vous demain, Eves octogénaires,","translation":"Where will you be tomorrow, octogenarian Eves,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Eves octogénaires","title":"Ève; octogénaire","body":"«octogénaire» means 'in one's eighties, an octogenarian'. «Eves octogénaires» = 'octogenarian Eves' makes each old woman a worn-out daughter of Eve, still under «la griffe effroyable de Dieu» — 'the dreadful claw of God' that closes the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies serez","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"serez","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"demain","lemma":"demain","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies serez","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"Eves","lemma":"Eve","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, plural","role":"vocative, addresses the old women","gloss":"Eves"},{"surface":"octogénaires","lemma":"octogénaire","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies Eves","gloss":"octogenarian"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"les-petites-vieilles-s26-l4","source":"Sur qui pèse la griffe effroyable de Dieu?","translation":"upon whom weighs the dreadful claw of God?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking qui","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of pèse","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"pèse","lemma":"peser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weighs"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of griffe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"griffe","lemma":"griffe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of pèse","gloss":"claw"},{"surface":"effroyable","lemma":"effroyable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies griffe","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dieu","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies griffe","gloss":"God"}]}]}