{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"les-phares","title":{"source":"Les Phares","translated":"The Beacons"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-phares","lines":44},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/j-aime-le-souvenir-de-ces-epoques-nues","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/la-muse-malade","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"les-phares-s1-l1","source":"Rubens, fleuve d'oubli, jardin de la paresse,","translation":"Rubens, river of oblivion, garden of idleness,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fleuve d'oubli","title":"«le fleuve d'oubli» and Lethe","body":"«un fleuve» is a river (specifically one flowing to the sea); «l'oubli» is forgetting, oblivion. «fleuve d'oubli» — 'river of oblivion' — evokes Lethe, the underworld river whose waters erased memory. The whole poem is built this way: each painter is named, then defined by a sequence of bare appositive images («jardin de la paresse», garden of idleness) with no verb at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rubens","lemma":"Rubens","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Rubens"},{"surface":"fleuve","lemma":"fleuve","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Rubens","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oubli","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oubli","lemma":"oubli","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fleuve","gloss":"oblivion"},{"surface":"jardin","lemma":"jardin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Rubens","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paresse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of paresse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paresse","lemma":"paresse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies jardin","gloss":"idleness"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"les-phares-s1-l2","source":"Oreiller de chair fraîche où l'on ne peut aimer,","translation":"Pillow of cool flesh where one cannot love,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"où l'on ne peut aimer","title":"Indefinite «on» and the euphonic «l'»","body":"«on» is the indefinite subject 'one / people / we': «on ne peut aimer» = 'one cannot love'. The «l'» in «l'on» is purely euphonic — French inserts it after «où», «et», «si» to avoid a hiatus, and it carries no meaning. The line names Rubens's lush bodies as a place of sensual plenty where true love is impossible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Oreiller","lemma":"oreiller","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Rubens (s1-l1)","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chair","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"chair","lemma":"chair","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Oreiller","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"fraîche","lemma":"frais","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies chair","gloss":"cool"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on Oreiller","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"on","morphology":"euphonic particle, no independent meaning","role":"euphonic liaison before on (avoids hiatus after où)","gloss":"linking sound","note":"This 'l'' is not the article 'le' — it's a euphonic insertion before 'on', common after 'où', 'et', 'si'."},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of peut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies peut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"peut","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Oreiller","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"aimer","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of peut","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"les-phares-s1-l3","source":"Mais où la vie afflue et s'agite sans cesse,","translation":"But where life floods in and stirs without cease,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'agite","title":"Pronominal «s'agiter»","body":"«s'agiter» is the pronominal form of «agiter» (to shake, to stir). Reflexive, it means 'to move about, to bustle, to churn'. Here «la vie ... s'agite sans cesse» = 'life stirs ceaselessly'. Paired with «afflue» (floods in, from «affluer»), it gives Rubens's canvases their restless, overflowing vitality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause, coordinated with où (l2)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vie","lemma":"vie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of afflue","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"afflue","lemma":"affluer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"floods in"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of agite","gloss":"(itself)"},{"surface":"agite","lemma":"agiter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with afflue","gloss":"stirs"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cesse","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"cesse","lemma":"cesse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sans, depends on agite","gloss":"ceasing"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"les-phares-s1-l4","source":"Comme l'air dans le ciel et la mer dans la mer;","translation":"Like the air within the sky and the sea within the sea;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking air","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies air","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with air","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mer","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the first mer","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"les-phares-s2-l1","source":"Léonard de Vinci, miroir profond et sombre,","translation":"Leonardo da Vinci, deep and somber mirror,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Léonard","lemma":"Léonard","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (part of compound name Léonard de Vinci)","gloss":"Leonardo"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the proper name Léonard de Vinci","gloss":"da"},{"surface":"Vinci","lemma":"Vinci","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the proper name Léonard de Vinci","gloss":"Vinci"},{"surface":"miroir","lemma":"miroir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Léonard","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"profond","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies miroir","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sombre","lemma":"sombre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with profond","gloss":"somber"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"les-phares-s2-l2","source":"Où des anges charmants, avec un doux souris","translation":"Where charming angels, with a sweet smile","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un doux souris","title":"«le souris» — an archaic 'smile'","body":"«le souris» (masculine) is an old, poetic word for a smile, the noun behind the verb «sourire» (to smile). Modern French uses «le sourire»; «un souris» is deliberately archaic and elevated here. (Not to be confused with «la souris», the feminine noun meaning 'mouse'.) The smile belongs to the famous Leonardo expression — half-tender, «tout chargé de mystère»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on miroir (s2-l1)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of anges","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"anges","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of apparaissent (l3)","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"charmants","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies anges","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking souris","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of souris","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies souris","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"souris","lemma":"souris","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies anges","gloss":"smile","note":"Archaic/poetic form of 'sourire' (smile) — not the modern word 'souris' meaning 'mouse.'"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"les-phares-s2-l3","source":"Tout chargé de mystère, apparaissent à l'ombre","translation":"All laden with mystery, appear in the shadow","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chargé","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"chargé","lemma":"charger","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies anges (l2)","gloss":"laden"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mystère","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mystère","lemma":"mystère","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of chargé","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"apparaissent","lemma":"apparaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject anges (l2)","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ombre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ombre","lemma":"ombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of apparaissent","gloss":"shadow"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"les-phares-s2-l4","source":"Des glaciers et des pins qui ferment leur pays;","translation":"Of the glaciers and pines that close off their land;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking glaciers, continues l'ombre (l3)","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"glaciers","lemma":"glacier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Des, modifies ombre","gloss":"glaciers"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pins, coordinated with Des","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pins","lemma":"pin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with glaciers","gloss":"pines"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ferment","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ferment","lemma":"fermer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on glaciers/pins","gloss":"close off"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pays","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"pays","lemma":"pays","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ferment","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"les-phares-s3-l1","source":"Rembrandt, triste hôpital tout rempli de murmures,","translation":"Rembrandt, sad hospital all filled with murmurs,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Rembrandt","lemma":"Rembrandt","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Rembrandt"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies hôpital","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"hôpital","lemma":"hôpital","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Rembrandt","gloss":"hospital"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rempli","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"rempli","lemma":"remplir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hôpital","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking murmures","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"murmures","lemma":"murmure","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of rempli","gloss":"murmurs"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"les-phares-s3-l2","source":"Et d'un grand crucifix décoré seulement,","translation":"And adorned only with a great crucifix,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"décoré ... de","title":"Passive «décoré de» and word order","body":"«décoré de» is the past participle of «décorer» (to decorate, adorn) governing «de» for the means: «décoré d'un grand crucifix» = 'adorned with a great crucifix'. The participle still modifies the «hôpital» of the line before. The trailing «seulement» (only) is held to the end of the line for the rhyme and to stress the room's bareness — a single cross, nothing more."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crucifix","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of crucifix","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies crucifix","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"crucifix","lemma":"crucifix","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"crucifix"},{"surface":"décoré","lemma":"décorer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Rembrandt/hôpital (l1), coordinated with rempli","gloss":"adorned"},{"surface":"seulement","lemma":"seulement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies décoré","gloss":"only"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"les-phares-s3-l3","source":"Où la prière en pleurs s'exhale des ordures,","translation":"Where the tearful prayer breathes up out of the filth,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'exhale","title":"Pronominal «s'exhaler»","body":"«exhaler» is 'to breathe out, give off'; the pronominal «s'exhaler» means 'to rise, to waft, to escape' on its own. So «la prière ... s'exhale des ordures» = 'the prayer rises out of the filth'. The verb usually carries scents or vapors — applying it to «la prière» (prayer) makes devotion itself an exhalation drifting up from squalor («les ordures»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on hôpital (l1)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prière","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prière","lemma":"prière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of exhale","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies prière","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of exhale","gloss":"(itself)"},{"surface":"exhale","lemma":"exhaler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breathes up"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ordures","gloss":"out of the"},{"surface":"ordures","lemma":"ordure","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of exhale","gloss":"filth"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"les-phares-s3-l4","source":"Et d'un rayon d'hiver traversé brusquement;","translation":"And pierced abruptly by a ray of winter light;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent phrase of traversé","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of rayon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rayon","lemma":"rayon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of traversé","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hiver","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hiver","lemma":"hiver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rayon","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"traversé","lemma":"traverser","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Rembrandt/hôpital (l1), coordinated with rempli/décoré","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"brusquement","lemma":"brusquement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies traversé","gloss":"abruptly"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"les-phares-s4-l1","source":"Michel-Ange, lieu vague où l'on voit des Hercules","translation":"Michelangelo, dim region where one sees Herculeses","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Michel","lemma":"Michel-Ange","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (part of the compound name Michel-Ange)","gloss":"Michelangelo"},{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"Michel-Ange","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound name Michel-Ange","gloss":"Angelo"},{"surface":"lieu","lemma":"lieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Michel-Ange","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"vague","lemma":"vague","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lieu","gloss":"dim"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on lieu","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"on","morphology":"euphonic particle, no independent meaning","role":"euphonic liaison before on (avoids hiatus after où)","gloss":"linking sound","note":"This 'l'' is a euphonic insertion before 'on', not the article 'le'."},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of voit","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voit","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on lieu","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Hercules","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"Hercules","lemma":"hercule","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of voit","gloss":"Herculeses"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"les-phares-s4-l2","source":"Se mêler à des Christs, et se lever tout droits","translation":"Mingle with Christs, and rise bolt upright","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se mêler à","title":"Pronominal «se mêler à»","body":"«se mêler à (qqch.)» is 'to mingle with, to blend into'; the pronominal form of «mêler» (to mix). The infinitives «se mêler» and «se lever» (to rise) both depend on «on voit» from the line before — 'one sees Herculeses mingle with Christs and rise…'. Baudelaire fuses pagan demigods with the figure of Christ, the signature tension of Michelangelo's titanic bodies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of mêler","gloss":"(themselves)"},{"surface":"mêler","lemma":"mêler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of voit (l1)","gloss":"mingle"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Christs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Christs","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"Christs","lemma":"Christ","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of mêler","gloss":"Christs"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of lever","gloss":"(themselves)"},{"surface":"lever","lemma":"lever","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with mêler, complement of voit","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies droits","gloss":"bolt"},{"surface":"droits","lemma":"droit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of lever","gloss":"upright"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"les-phares-s4-l3","source":"Des fantômes puissants qui dans les crépuscules","translation":"Mighty phantoms who in the gathering dusk","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fantômes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"fantômes","lemma":"fantôme","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Hercules/Christs (l1-2)","gloss":"phantoms"},{"surface":"puissants","lemma":"puissant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fantômes","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Déchirent (l4)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crépuscules","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of crépuscules","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"crépuscules","lemma":"crépuscule","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial, modifies Déchirent (l4)","gloss":"twilight"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"les-phares-s4-l4","source":"Déchirent leur suaire en étirant leurs doigts;","translation":"Tear their shroud as they stretch out their fingers;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en étirant","title":"Gerund «en étirant»","body":"«en» + present participle (the gérondif) tells how or while an action happens: «en étirant leurs doigts» = 'while stretching out their fingers'. So the phantoms «déchirent leur suaire» (tear their shroud, «le suaire» = burial shroud) in the very act of reaching — the grammar makes the tearing and the stretching one continuous gesture of waking from death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Déchirent","lemma":"déchirer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause, subject fantômes (l3)","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"leur","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of suaire","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"suaire","lemma":"suaire","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Déchirent","gloss":"shroud"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund clause of étirant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"étirant","lemma":"étirer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on Déchirent","gloss":"stretching"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of doigts","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"doigts","lemma":"doigt","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of étirant","gloss":"fingers"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"les-phares-s5-l1","source":"Colères de boxeur, impudences de faune,","translation":"Boxer's rages, fauns' insolences,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Colères","lemma":"colère","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rages"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boxeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"boxeur","lemma":"boxeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Colères","gloss":"boxer"},{"surface":"impudences","lemma":"impudence","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Colères","gloss":"insolences"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking faune","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"faune","lemma":"faune","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies impudences","gloss":"faun"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"les-phares-s5-l2","source":"Toi qui sus ramasser la beauté des goujats,","translation":"You who knew how to gather up the beauty of louts,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui sus ramasser","title":"«savoir» in the passé simple","body":"«sus» is the second-person passé simple of «savoir» (to know). Before an infinitive, «savoir» means 'to know how to, to manage to': «qui sus ramasser» = 'who knew how to gather up / who could capture'. The passé simple is the literary narrative past, almost never spoken today — its formality fits the high, oratorical address «Toi qui…» ('You who…') to the painter Puget."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"head of the phrase (vocative)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sus","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sus","lemma":"savoir","morphology":"verb, past historic, second-person, singular","role":"relative clause on Toi","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"ramasser","lemma":"ramasser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of sus","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of beauté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ramasser","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking goujats","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"goujats","lemma":"goujat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies beauté","gloss":"louts"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"les-phares-s5-l3","source":"Grand coeur gonflé d'orgueil, homme débile et jaune,","translation":"Great heart swollen with pride, frail and sallow man,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Toi (l2)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"gonflé","lemma":"gonfler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orgueil","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"orgueil","lemma":"orgueil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of gonflé","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"homme","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to coeur","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"débile","lemma":"débile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies homme","gloss":"frail"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jaune","lemma":"jaune","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with débile","gloss":"sallow"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"les-phares-s5-l4","source":"Puget, mélancolique empereur des forçats;","translation":"Puget, melancholy emperor of the galley-slaves;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des forçats","title":"«le forçat» and Puget at Toulon","body":"«un forçat» is a convict sentenced to hard labour, especially a galley-slave or penal-colony prisoner. The sculptor Pierre Puget (1620–1694) worked at the naval arsenal of Toulon, modelling his straining, muscular figures on the convicts who hauled there — so Baudelaire crowns him «empereur des forçats», the 'emperor of the galley-slaves'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Puget","lemma":"Puget","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, in apposition to Toi (l2)","gloss":"Puget"},{"surface":"mélancolique","lemma":"mélancolique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies empereur","gloss":"melancholy"},{"surface":"empereur","lemma":"empereur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Puget","gloss":"emperor"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking forçats","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"forçats","lemma":"forçat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies empereur","gloss":"galley-slaves"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"les-phares-s6-l1","source":"Watteau, ce carnaval où bien des coeurs illustres,","translation":"Watteau, that carnival where many an illustrious heart,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bien des coeurs","title":"«bien des» = 'many'","body":"«bien des» before a plural noun means 'many, a good many': «bien des coeurs illustres» = 'many illustrious hearts'. It is more emphatic and literary than plain «beaucoup de». Here it crowds Watteau's painted carnival with throngs of glittering revellers who «errent en flamboyant» — drift about, blazing like the butterflies of the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Watteau","lemma":"Watteau","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Watteau"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of carnaval","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"carnaval","lemma":"carnaval","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Watteau","gloss":"carnival"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on carnaval","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom bien des (many a)","gloss":"many","note":"'bien des' is an idiom meaning 'many a/many.'"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom bien des, determiner of coeurs","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"coeurs","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of errent (l2)","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"illustres","lemma":"illustre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies coeurs","gloss":"illustrious"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"les-phares-s6-l2","source":"Comme des papillons, errent en flamboyant,","translation":"Like butterflies, drift about, ablaze,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papillons","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of papillons","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"papillons","lemma":"papillon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of comme (comparison), depends on errent","gloss":"butterflies"},{"surface":"errent","lemma":"errer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause, subject coeurs (l1)","gloss":"wander"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund clause of flamboyant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"flamboyant","lemma":"flamboyer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"adverbial clause on errent","gloss":"blazing"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"les-phares-s6-l3","source":"Décors frais et légers éclairés par des lustres","translation":"Fresh and airy stage-sets lit by chandeliers","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"des lustres","title":"«le lustre» — chandelier","body":"«un lustre» is a chandelier, a hanging light fixture. (The same word can also mean a span of five years or a sheen, but here the «décors» — stage-sets — being lit make 'chandelier' unmistakable.) The candlelight that «verse la folie» (pours madness) over the «bal tournoyant» (whirling ball) gives Watteau's fêtes galantes their feverish, glittering unreality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Décors","lemma":"décor","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to carnaval (l1)","gloss":"stage-sets"},{"surface":"frais","lemma":"frais","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Décors","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"légers","lemma":"léger","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with frais","gloss":"airy"},{"surface":"éclairés","lemma":"éclairer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Décors","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lustres","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lustres","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"lustres","lemma":"lustre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of éclairés","gloss":"chandeliers"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"les-phares-s6-l4","source":"Qui versent la folie à ce bal tournoyant;","translation":"That pour out madness over this whirling ball;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of versent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"versent","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"pour out"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of folie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"folie","lemma":"folie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of versent","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bal","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bal","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bal","lemma":"bal","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of à","gloss":"ball"},{"surface":"tournoyant","lemma":"tournoyant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bal","gloss":"whirling"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"les-phares-s7-l1","source":"Goya, cauchemar plein de choses inconnues,","translation":"Goya, nightmare full of unknown things,","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Goya","lemma":"Goya","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the sentence","gloss":"Goya"},{"surface":"cauchemar","lemma":"cauchemar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Goya","gloss":"nightmare"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cauchemar","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking choses","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"choses","lemma":"chose","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"inconnues","lemma":"inconnu","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies choses","gloss":"unknown"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"les-phares-s7-l2","source":"De foetus qu'on fait cuire au milieu des sabbats,","translation":"Of fetuses cooked in the midst of witches' sabbaths,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qu'on fait cuire","title":"Causative «faire» + infinitive","body":"«faire» + infinitive expresses causing an action: «faire cuire» = 'to cook / to have (something) cooked', literally 'to make cook'. With indefinite «on» the agent stays vague: «des foetus qu'on fait cuire» = 'fetuses that are cooked / that they cook'. «un sabbat» is a witches' sabbath — the obscene nocturnal gathering Goya painted again and again."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking foetus, coordinated with cauchemar's contents","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"foetus","lemma":"foetus","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of De","gloss":"fetuses"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of fait","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause verb on foetus","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"cuire","lemma":"cuire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fait (causative)","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking milieu","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"milieu","lemma":"milieu","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on cuire","gloss":"midst"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted plural","role":"preposition marking sabbats","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"sabbats","lemma":"sabbat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies milieu","gloss":"witches' sabbaths"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"les-phares-s7-l3","source":"De vieilles au miroir et d'enfants toutes nues,","translation":"Of old women at the mirror and of children all naked,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vieilles, coordinated with foetus's de","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vieilles","lemma":"vieille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of De","gloss":"old women"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking miroir","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"miroir","lemma":"miroir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vieilles","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfants","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"enfants","lemma":"enfant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of d', coordinated with vieilles","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"toutes","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb, feminine plural agreement","role":"modifies nues","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"nues","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies enfants","gloss":"naked"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"les-phares-s7-l4","source":"Pour tenter les démons ajustant bien leurs bas;","translation":"Who, to tempt the demons, smooth their stockings tight;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ajustant bien leurs bas","title":"Present participle «ajustant»","body":"«ajustant» is the present participle of «ajuster» (to adjust, fit, straighten); «les bas» are stockings. The participle modifies the «enfants» / «vieilles» of the lines above — they appear 'adjusting their stockings well to tempt the demons'. «pour tenter» = 'in order to tempt': «tenter» here is 'to tempt, to lure'. The grotesque coquetry caps the catalogue of Goyaesque horrors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose clause with tenter","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tenter","lemma":"tenter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Pour","gloss":"tempt"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of démons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"démons","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of tenter","gloss":"demons"},{"surface":"ajustant","lemma":"ajuster","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies the implicit subject (vieilles/enfants) of s7-l3, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"smoothing","note":"The participle ajustant refers back to the women/children of the previous line, not to démons."},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ajustant","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bas","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"bas","lemma":"bas","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ajustant","gloss":"stockings"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"les-phares-s8-l1","source":"Delacroix, lac de sang hanté des mauvais anges,","translation":"Delacroix, lake of blood haunted by evil angels,","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hanté des mauvais anges","title":"Agent with «de» after a past participle","body":"«hanté» is the past participle of «hanter» (to haunt). After a past participle French may mark the agent with «de» instead of «par», especially in literary or stative descriptions: «hanté des mauvais anges» = 'haunted by the evil angels'. The lake of blood is a standing image of Delacroix's violent, Romantic canvases, troubled by their dark spirits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Delacroix","lemma":"Delacroix","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the sentence","gloss":"Delacroix"},{"surface":"lac","lemma":"lac","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Delacroix","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sang","lemma":"sang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lac","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"hanté","lemma":"hanté","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lac","gloss":"haunted"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted plural","role":"preposition marking anges","gloss":"by the"},{"surface":"mauvais","lemma":"mauvais","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies anges","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"anges","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of des, agent of hanté","gloss":"angels"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"les-phares-s8-l2","source":"Ombragé par un bois de sapins toujours vert,","translation":"Shadowed by an evergreen wood of firs,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ombragé","lemma":"ombragé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies lac (s8-l1)","gloss":"shadowed"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bois","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bois","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"bois","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of Ombragé","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sapins","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sapins","lemma":"sapin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies bois","gloss":"firs"},{"surface":"toujours","lemma":"toujours","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vert","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"vert","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies bois","gloss":"green"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"les-phares-s8-l3","source":"Où, sous un ciel chagrin, des fanfares étranges","translation":"Where, beneath a doleful sky, strange fanfares","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause, depends on Passent (s8-l4)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sous","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"chagrin","lemma":"chagrin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"doleful"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of fanfares","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"fanfares","lemma":"fanfare","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Passent (s8-l4)","gloss":"fanfares"},{"surface":"étranges","lemma":"étrange","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies fanfares","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"les-phares-s8-l4","source":"Passent, comme un soupir étouffé de Weber;","translation":"Pass by, like a stifled sigh of Weber;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Passent","lemma":"passer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb, predicate of fanfares (s8-l3)","gloss":"pass by"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soupir","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soupir","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soupir","lemma":"soupir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme","gloss":"sigh"},{"surface":"étouffé","lemma":"étouffé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soupir","gloss":"stifled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Weber","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Weber","lemma":"Weber","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of de, modifies soupir","gloss":"Weber"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"les-phares-s9-l1","source":"Ces malédictions, ces blasphèmes, ces plaintes,","translation":"These curses, these blasphemies, these laments,","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of malédictions","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"malédictions","lemma":"malédiction","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"part of the compound subject of Sont (s9-l3)","gloss":"curses"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of blasphèmes","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"blasphèmes","lemma":"blasphème","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with malédictions","gloss":"blasphemies"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of plaintes","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"plaintes","lemma":"plainte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with malédictions","gloss":"laments"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"les-phares-s9-l2","source":"Ces extases, ces cris, ces pleurs, ces Te Deum,","translation":"These ecstasies, these cries, these tears, these Te Deums,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, plural","role":"determiner of extases","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"extases","lemma":"extase","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with malédictions (s9-l1)","gloss":"ecstasies"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of cris","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"cris","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with extases","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of pleurs","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with extases","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of Te Deum","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"Deum","lemma":"Te Deum","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural (fixed phrase)","role":"coordinated with extases","gloss":"Te Deums","note":"\"Te Deum\" is a fixed Latin liturgical name; ces Te Deum(s) is a single unit."}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"les-phares-s9-l3","source":"Sont un écho redit par mille labyrinthes;","translation":"Are an echo re-told through a thousand labyrinths;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"redit","title":"«redire» — to say again","body":"«redire» is «re-» + «dire» (to say): 'to say again, repeat, echo back'. The past participle «redit» modifies «un écho» — 'an echo repeated through a thousand labyrinths'. After eight stanzas of painters, this is the turn («Sont un écho…»): all those clamoring images are gathered into one sound bounced endlessly through the corridors of the world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sont","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"copula linking s9-l1/s9-l2 subjects to écho","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of écho","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"écho","lemma":"écho","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Sont","gloss":"echo"},{"surface":"redit","lemma":"redire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies écho","gloss":"retold"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking labyrinthes","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies labyrinthes","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"labyrinthes","lemma":"labyrinthe","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of redit","gloss":"labyrinths"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"les-phares-s9-l4","source":"C'est pour les coeurs mortels un divin opium!","translation":"It is for mortal hearts a divine opium!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking C' to opium","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeurs","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of coeurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coeurs","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of pour","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"mortels","lemma":"mortel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies coeurs","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of opium","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"divin","lemma":"divin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies opium","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"opium","lemma":"opium","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"opium"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"les-phares-s10-l1","source":"C'est un cri répété par mille sentinelles,","translation":"It is a cry repeated by a thousand sentinels,","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking C' to cri","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of cri","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"cri","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"répété","lemma":"répéter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cri","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sentinelles","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies sentinelles","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"sentinelles","lemma":"sentinelle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"agent of répété","gloss":"sentinels"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"les-phares-s10-l2","source":"Un ordre renvoyé par mille porte-voix;","translation":"An order relayed by a thousand megaphones;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"porte-voix","title":"«un porte-voix»","body":"«un porte-voix» (literally 'carry-voice') is a speaking-trumpet or megaphone — and the word is invariable, the same in the plural: «mille porte-voix». The image extends the military relay of the line above («sentinelles», sentinels passing a cry): art is a watchword shouted from post to post, which the next line crowns with «un phare» — a beacon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ordre","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ordre","lemma":"ordre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate complement with cri (s10-l1)","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"renvoyé","lemma":"renvoyer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ordre","gloss":"relayed"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking porte-voix","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies porte-voix","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"porte-voix","lemma":"porte-voix","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural (invariable)","role":"agent of renvoyé","gloss":"megaphones"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"les-phares-s10-l3","source":"C'est un phare allumé sur mille citadelles,","translation":"It is a beacon lit upon a thousand citadels,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"un phare","title":"«un phare» — the title image","body":"«un phare» is a lighthouse or beacon, and «les phares» gives the poem its title. Only here, near the close, does the central image surface by name: the great painters are signal-fires «allumés sur mille citadelles» (lit on a thousand citadels), each a beacon by which humanity finds its bearings — the answer the eight portrait-stanzas were building toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"C'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking C' to phare","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of phare","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"phare","lemma":"phare","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"beacon"},{"surface":"allumé","lemma":"allumer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies phare","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking citadelles","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"mille","lemma":"mille","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies citadelles","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"citadelles","lemma":"citadelle","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of sur","gloss":"citadels"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"les-phares-s10-l4","source":"Un appel de chasseurs perdus dans les grands bois!","translation":"A call of hunters lost in the great woods!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of appel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"appel","lemma":"appel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate complement with phare (s10-l3)","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chasseurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"chasseurs","lemma":"chasseur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies appel","gloss":"hunters"},{"surface":"perdus","lemma":"perdre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies chasseurs","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bois","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of bois","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies bois","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"bois","lemma":"bois","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of dans","gloss":"woods"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"les-phares-s11-l1","source":"Car c'est vraiment, Seigneur, le meilleur témoignage","translation":"For it is truly, Lord, the finest testimony","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Car","lemma":"car","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"c'","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking c' to témoignage","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vraiment","lemma":"vraiment","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies est","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"Seigneur","lemma":"Seigneur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, parenthetical address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of témoignage","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meilleur","lemma":"meilleur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies témoignage","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"témoignage","lemma":"témoignage","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"testimony"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"les-phares-s11-l2","source":"Que nous puissions donner de notre dignité","translation":"That we could give of our dignity","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"que nous puissions donner","title":"Subjunctive «puissions» after a superlative","body":"«puissions» is the present subjunctive of «pouvoir» (to be able). French uses the subjunctive in a relative clause after a superlative like «le meilleur» (the best): «le meilleur témoignage que nous puissions donner» = 'the finest testimony we could give'. The mood softens the claim to 'that we are able to', the human and tentative register of this closing prayer to «Seigneur» (Lord)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on témoignage (s11-l1)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nous","lemma":"nous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of puissions","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"puissions","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, first-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"donner","lemma":"donner","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of puissions","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dignité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"notre","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of dignité","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"dignité","lemma":"dignité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of donner","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"les-phares-s11-l3","source":"Que cet ardent sanglot qui roule d'âge en âge","translation":"Than this burning sob that rolls from age to age","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"cet ardent sanglot","title":"«le sanglot» and «d'âge en âge»","body":"«un sanglot» is a sob, a convulsive cry of weeping. «d'âge en âge» means 'from age to age, down the generations' (the «de … en …» pattern of motion through time). The whole of art is reduced to one «ardent sanglot» (burning sob) handed on through history — the second half of the comparison opened by «le meilleur témoignage … que…» ('the finest testimony… than…')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction","role":"comparative, links to meilleur/Que ... puissions (s11-l1/l2)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"cet","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of sanglot","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ardent","lemma":"ardent","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sanglot","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"sanglot","lemma":"sanglot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second term of the comparison Que","gloss":"sob"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of roule","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"roule","lemma":"rouler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on sanglot","gloss":"rolls"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âge","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"âge","lemma":"âge","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of roule","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"âge","lemma":"âge","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on roule","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"les-phares-s11-l4","source":"Et vient mourir au bord de votre éternité!","translation":"And comes to die at the edge of your eternity!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vient mourir","title":"«venir» + infinitive","body":"«venir» + infinitive ('come to do') describes an action reached by a movement: «vient mourir au bord de votre éternité» = 'comes to die at the edge of your eternity'. The sob has rolled «d'âge en âge» and finally arrives, spent, at God's shore. «votre» (your, formal) addresses «Seigneur» — the poem ends, like a psalm, turned toward the divine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vient","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with roule (s11-l3)","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"mourir","lemma":"mourir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vient","gloss":"to die"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à le","morphology":"preposition + determiner, contracted","role":"preposition marking bord","gloss":"at the"},{"surface":"bord","lemma":"bord","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on mourir","gloss":"edge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éternité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"votre","lemma":"votre","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of éternité","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"éternité","lemma":"éternité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies bord","gloss":"eternity"}]}]}