{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"les-sept-vieillards","title":{"source":"Les Sept Vieillards","translated":"The Seven Old Men"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-sept-vieillards","lines":53},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-cygne","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/les-petites-vieilles","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s1-l1","source":"À Victor Hugo","translation":"To Victor Hugo","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Victor","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Victor","lemma":"Victor","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Victor"},{"surface":"Hugo","lemma":"Hugo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Victor Hugo","gloss":"Hugo"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s2-l1","source":"Fourmillante cité, cité pleine de rêves,","translation":"Swarming city, city full of dreams,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Fourmillante","lemma":"fourmillant","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cité","gloss":"swarming"},{"surface":"cité","lemma":"cité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"cité","lemma":"cité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first cité","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"pleine","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the second cité","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rêves","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rêves","lemma":"rêve","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of de","gloss":"dreams"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s2-l2","source":"Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant!","translation":"where the specter in broad daylight accosts the passer-by!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"introduces the clause of raccroche","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of spectre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spectre","lemma":"spectre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of raccroche","gloss":"specter"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jour","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies jour","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"jour","lemma":"jour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en","gloss":"daylight"},{"surface":"raccroche","lemma":"raccrocher","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accosts"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of passant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"passant","lemma":"passant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of raccroche","gloss":"passer-by"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s2-l3","source":"Les mystères partout coulent comme des sèves","translation":"Mysteries everywhere flow like sap","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mystères","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mystères","lemma":"mystère","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of coulent","gloss":"mysteries"},{"surface":"partout","lemma":"partout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies coulent","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"coulent","lemma":"couler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flow"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sèves","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sèves","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"sèves","lemma":"sève","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of comme","gloss":"sap"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s2-l4","source":"Dans les canaux étroits du colosse puissant.","translation":"in the narrow channels of the mighty colossus.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking canaux","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of canaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"canaux","lemma":"canal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"channels"},{"surface":"étroits","lemma":"étroit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies canaux","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking colosse","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"colosse","lemma":"colosse","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies canaux","gloss":"colossus"},{"surface":"puissant","lemma":"puissant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies colosse","gloss":"mighty"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s3-l1","source":"Un matin, cependant que dans la triste rue","translation":"One morning, while in the dismal street","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cependant que","title":"cependant que = pendant que","body":"«cependant que» is a literary conjunction meaning 'while, during the time that' — equivalent to «pendant que» / «tandis que». It launches a long suspended clause; the main verb «M'apparut» does not arrive until two stanzas later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of matin","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"matin","lemma":"matin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"cependant","lemma":"cependant","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase cependant que (=while)","gloss":"while","note":"\"cependant que\" is an archaic/literary equivalent of \"pendant que\", meaning \"while\"."},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase cependant","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rue","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rue","gloss":"dismal"},{"surface":"rue","lemma":"rue","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans","gloss":"street"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s3-l2","source":"Les maisons, dont la brume allongeait la hauteur,","translation":"the houses, whose height the fog stretched taller,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dont la brume allongeait la hauteur","title":"«dont» for possession","body":"«dont» = 'of which / whose'. «les maisons dont la brume allongeait la hauteur» unpacks as 'the houses, the height of which the fog was lengthening'. French keeps the normal word order «la brume allongeait la hauteur» after «dont», where English inverts to 'whose height the fog stretched'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of maisons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maisons","lemma":"maison","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive pronoun linking maisons to hauteur (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of brume","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brume","lemma":"brume","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of allongeait","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"allongeait","lemma":"allonger","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on maisons","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of hauteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hauteur","lemma":"hauteur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of allongeait","gloss":"height"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s3-l3","source":"Simulaient les deux quais d'une rivière accrue,","translation":"feigned the two banks of a swollen river,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Simulaient","lemma":"simuler","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Les maisons, previous line)","gloss":"feigned"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of quais","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies quais","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"quais","lemma":"quai","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Simulaient","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rivière","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of rivière","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rivière","lemma":"rivière","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies quais","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"accrue","lemma":"accru","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies rivière","gloss":"swollen"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s3-l4","source":"Et que, décor semblable à l'âme de l'acteur,","translation":"and while, a set matching the soul of the actor,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"continues the phrase cependant (s3-l1)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"décor","lemma":"décor","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to brouillard (subject of inondait, s4-l1), not rue","gloss":"a set"},{"surface":"semblable","lemma":"semblable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies décor","gloss":"matching"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âme","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"modifies décor","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking acteur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of acteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"acteur","lemma":"acteur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"actor"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s4-l1","source":"Un brouillard sale et jaune inondait tout l'espace,","translation":"a dirty yellow fog was flooding all the space,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of brouillard","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brouillard","lemma":"brouillard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of inondait","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"sale","lemma":"sale","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies brouillard","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jaune","lemma":"jaune","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with sale","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"inondait","lemma":"inonder","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was flooding"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies espace","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of espace","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"espace","lemma":"espace","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"direct object of inondait","gloss":"space"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s4-l2","source":"Je suivais, roidissant mes nerfs comme un héros","translation":"I was following, stiffening my nerves like a hero","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of suivais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"suivais","lemma":"suivre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was following"},{"surface":"roidissant","lemma":"roidir","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies Je","gloss":"stiffening"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nerfs","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"nerfs","lemma":"nerf","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of roidissant","gloss":"nerves"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking héros","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of héros","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"héros","lemma":"héros","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comme (comparison with Je)","gloss":"hero"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s4-l3","source":"Et discutant avec mon âme déjà lasse,","translation":"and arguing with my already weary soul,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"discutant","lemma":"discuter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"coordinated with roidissant, modifies Je","gloss":"arguing"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âme","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of discutant","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"déjà","lemma":"déjà","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lasse","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lasse","lemma":"las","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies âme","gloss":"weary"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s4-l4","source":"Le faubourg secoué par les lourds tombereaux.","translation":"the suburb shaken by the heavy tip-carts.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of faubourg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"faubourg","lemma":"faubourg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"suburb"},{"surface":"secoué","lemma":"secouer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying faubourg","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tombereaux","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tombereaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lourds","lemma":"lourd","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tombereaux","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"tombereaux","lemma":"tombereau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of secoué","gloss":"tip-carts"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s5-l1","source":"Tout à coup, un vieillard dont les guenilles jaunes","translation":"All at once, an old man whose yellow rags","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom tout à coup","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coup","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"coup","lemma":"coup","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"once","note":"\"Tout à coup\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"all of a sudden.\""},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vieillard","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vieillard","lemma":"vieillard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"antecedent of dont, later subject of apparut (s6-l1) — not subject of Imitaient","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive pronoun linking vieillard to guenilles (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of guenilles","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"guenilles","lemma":"guenille","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Imitaient (next segment)","gloss":"rags"},{"surface":"jaunes","lemma":"jaune","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies guenilles","gloss":"yellow"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s5-l2","source":"Imitaient la couleur de ce ciel pluvieux,","translation":"mimicked the color of that rainy sky,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Imitaient","lemma":"imiter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: guenilles, previous line)","gloss":"mimicked"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of couleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"couleur","lemma":"couleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Imitaient","gloss":"color"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ciel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"pluvieux","lemma":"pluvieux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies ciel","gloss":"rainy"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s5-l3","source":"Et dont l'aspect aurait fait pleuvoir les aumônes,","translation":"and whose look would have made the alms rain down,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aurait fait pleuvoir","title":"Conditional + faire + infinitive","body":"«aurait fait pleuvoir» = 'would have made rain' — the past conditional of «faire» plus an infinitive (the causative: 'to make something happen'). It sets up the cruel reversal of the next line: his pitiable look would have made alms rain down, were it not for the malice in his eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessive pronoun linking vieillard to aspect (whose)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of aspect","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aspect","lemma":"aspect","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of fait","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"aurait","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"depends on fait","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"causative auxiliary of pleuvoir","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"pleuvoir","lemma":"pleuvoir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rain down"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of aumônes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aumônes","lemma":"aumône","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of pleuvoir","gloss":"alms"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s5-l4","source":"Sans la méchanceté qui luisait dans ses yeux,","translation":"but for the malice that gleamed in his eyes,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking méchanceté","gloss":"but for"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of méchanceté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"méchanceté","lemma":"méchanceté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of luisait","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"luisait","lemma":"luire","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on méchanceté","gloss":"gleamed"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on luisait","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s6-l1","source":"M'apparut. On eût dit sa prunelle trempée","translation":"appeared to me. One would have said his eye was steeped","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"On eût dit","title":"«on eût dit» (past conditional)","body":"«eût dit» is the past conditional (literary second form, identical to the pluperfect subjunctive) of «dire». «On eût dit…» = «on aurait dit…» = 'one would have said / you'd have thought…' — a fixed way of introducing a vivid comparison or impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"M'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"indirect object of apparut (apparaître à quelqu'un)","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"apparut","lemma":"apparaître","morphology":"verb, past historic, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: vieillard, previous lines)","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"On","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of dit","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"eût","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"depends on dit (conditional-perfect construction)","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of prunelle","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"prunelle","lemma":"prunelle","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of dit","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"trempée","lemma":"tremper","morphology":"verb, past, participle, feminine, singular","role":"complement of dit","gloss":"steeped"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s6-l2","source":"Dans le fiel; son regard aiguisait les frimas,","translation":"in gall; his gaze sharpened the frost,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiel (complement of trempée, previous line)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of fiel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fiel","lemma":"fiel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Dans","gloss":"gall"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of regard","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"regard","lemma":"regard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of aiguisait","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"aiguisait","lemma":"aiguiser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sharpened"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of frimas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"frimas","lemma":"frimas","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of aiguisait","gloss":"frost"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s6-l3","source":"Et sa barbe à longs poils, roide comme une épée,","translation":"and his beard of long bristles, stiff as a sword,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of barbe","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"barbe","lemma":"barbe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of roide","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poils","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"longs","lemma":"long","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies poils","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"poils","lemma":"poil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of à","gloss":"bristles"},{"surface":"roide","lemma":"roide","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective of barbe","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking épée","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of épée","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"épée","lemma":"épée","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of roide","gloss":"sword"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s6-l4","source":"Se projetait, pareille à celle de Judas.","translation":"jutted out, like that of Judas.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on projetait","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"projetait","lemma":"projeter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: barbe, previous line)","gloss":"jutted out"},{"surface":"pareille","lemma":"pareil","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of barbe","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking celle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"celle","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"object of à","gloss":"that (one)"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Judas","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Judas","lemma":"Judas","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies celle","gloss":"Judas"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s7-l1","source":"Il n'était pas voûté, mais cassé, son échine","translation":"He was not stooped, but broken, his spine","stanza":7,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of était","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voûté","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"était","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to voûté","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voûté","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voûté","lemma":"voûter","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (complement of était)","gloss":"stooped"},{"surface":"mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"cassé","lemma":"casser","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with voûté","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of échine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"échine","lemma":"échine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Faisant (next line)","gloss":"spine"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s7-l2","source":"Faisant avec sa jambe un parfait angle droit,","translation":"making with his leg a perfect right angle,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Faisant","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying échine (previous line)","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jambe","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of jambe","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jambe","lemma":"jambe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Faisant","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of angle","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"parfait","lemma":"parfait","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies angle","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"angle","lemma":"angle","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Faisant","gloss":"angle"},{"surface":"droit","lemma":"droit","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies angle","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s7-l3","source":"Si bien que son bâton, parachevant sa mine,","translation":"so that his stick, completing his figure,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Si bien que","title":"si bien que = so that (result)","body":"«si bien que» introduces a clause of result: 'so that, with the result that'. The broken right angle of the body, plus the stick, produces the consequence in the next lines — the awkward gait of a crippled quadruped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Si","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of parachevant (si bien que = so that)","gloss":"so","note":"\"Si bien que\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"so that / with the result that.\""},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Si bien que","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Si bien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bâton","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bâton","lemma":"bâton","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of parachevant","gloss":"stick"},{"surface":"parachevant","lemma":"parachever","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"participial clause modifying bâton","gloss":"completing"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"mine","lemma":"mine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of parachevant","gloss":"figure"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s7-l4","source":"Lui donnait la tournure et le pas maladroit","translation":"gave him the bearing and the clumsy step","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object, singular","role":"indirect object of donnait","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"donnait","lemma":"donner","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: bâton, previous line)","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tournure","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tournure","lemma":"tournure","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of donnait","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with tournure (direct object of donnait)","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"maladroit","lemma":"maladroit","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies pas","gloss":"clumsy"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s8-l1","source":"D'un quadrupède infirme ou d'un juif à trois pattes.","translation":"of a crippled quadruped or a three-legged Jew.","stanza":8,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking quadrupède","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of quadrupède","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"quadrupède","lemma":"quadrupède","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"quadruped"},{"surface":"infirme","lemma":"infirme","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies quadrupède","gloss":"crippled"},{"surface":"ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking juif","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of juif","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"juif","lemma":"juif","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with quadrupède","gloss":"Jew"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pattes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"trois","lemma":"trois","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies pattes","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"pattes","lemma":"patte","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies juif","gloss":"legs"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s8-l2","source":"Dans la neige et la boue il allait s'empêtrant,","translation":"Through the snow and the mud he went floundering,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"il allait s'empêtrant","title":"aller + present participle","body":"«aller» + present participle expresses a continuous, ongoing action: «il allait s'empêtrant» = 'he kept getting entangled / went floundering along'. «s'empêtrer» is reflexive ('to get oneself tangled up'), here in the snow and mud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neige","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of neige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neige","lemma":"neige","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of Dans","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boue","lemma":"boue","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with neige (object of Dans)","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of allait","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"allait","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on empêtrant","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"empêtrant","lemma":"empêtrer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"complement of allait","gloss":"floundering"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s8-l3","source":"Comme s'il écrasait des morts sous ses savates,","translation":"as if he were crushing the dead beneath his slippers,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Comme s'il écrasait","title":"comme si + imperfect","body":"«comme si» ('as if') takes the imperfect for an unreal present comparison: «comme s'il écrasait des morts» = 'as if he were crushing the dead'. The hypothetical image turns his shuffling walk into a desecration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of écrasait (comme si = as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"si","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of écrasait (comme si = as if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of écrasait","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"écrasait","lemma":"écraser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were crushing"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of morts","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"morts","lemma":"mort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of écrasait","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking savates","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of savates","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"savates","lemma":"savate","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of sous","gloss":"slippers"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s8-l4","source":"Hostile à l'univers plutôt qu'indifférent.","translation":"hostile to the universe rather than indifferent.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hostile","lemma":"hostile","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate adjective (describes Il, s7-l1)","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking univers","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of univers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"univers","lemma":"univers","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of Hostile","gloss":"universe"},{"surface":"plutôt","lemma":"plutôt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies indifférent","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of indifférent","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"indifférent","lemma":"indifférent","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with Hostile","gloss":"indifferent"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s9-l1","source":"Son pareil le suivait: barbe, oeil, dos, bâton, loques,","translation":"His double followed him: beard, eye, back, stick, rags,","stanza":9,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pareil","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pareil","lemma":"pareil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of suivait","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of suivait","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"suivait","lemma":"suivre","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"barbe","lemma":"barbe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to pareil (listing his features)","gloss":"beard"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with barbe","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with barbe","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"bâton","lemma":"bâton","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with barbe","gloss":"stick"},{"surface":"loques","lemma":"loque","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with barbe","gloss":"rags"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s9-l2","source":"Nul trait ne distinguait, du même enfer venu,","translation":"No feature set apart, come from the same hell,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Nul","lemma":"nul","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies trait","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"trait","lemma":"trait","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of distinguait","gloss":"feature"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies distinguait","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"distinguait","lemma":"distinguer","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set apart"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking enfer","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies enfer","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"enfer","lemma":"enfer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"venu","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"participial clause modifying jumeau (s9-l3), not trait","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s9-l3","source":"Ce jumeau centenaire, et ces spectres baroques","translation":"this hundred-year-old twin, and these grotesque specters","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of jumeau","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"jumeau","lemma":"jumeau","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"twin"},{"surface":"centenaire","lemma":"centenaire","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies jumeau","gloss":"hundred-year-old"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of spectres","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"spectres","lemma":"spectre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with jumeau","gloss":"specters"},{"surface":"baroques","lemma":"baroque","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies spectres","gloss":"grotesque"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s9-l4","source":"Marchaient du même pas vers un but inconnu.","translation":"walked with the same step toward an unknown goal.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Marchaient","lemma":"marcher","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: jumeau et spectres, previous line)","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pas","gloss":"with the"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pas","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking but","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of but","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"but","lemma":"but","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of vers","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"inconnu","lemma":"inconnu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies but","gloss":"unknown"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s10-l1","source":"À quel complot infâme étais-je donc en butte,","translation":"To what vile plot was I then exposed,","stanza":10,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"À","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking complot","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of complot","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"complot","lemma":"complot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"plot"},{"surface":"infâme","lemma":"infâme","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies complot","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"étais","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperfect, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"-je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of étais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"donc","lemma":"donc","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies étais","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom en butte à","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"butte","lemma":"butte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of en (idiom: être en butte à = to be exposed to)","gloss":"target","note":"\"Être en butte à\" is an idiom meaning \"to be exposed to / a target of.\""}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s10-l2","source":"Ou quel méchant hasard ainsi m'humiliait?","translation":"or what malicious chance was humiliating me so?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ou","lemma":"ou","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of hasard","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"méchant","lemma":"méchant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hasard","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"hasard","lemma":"hasard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of humiliait","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies humiliait","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of humiliait","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"humiliait","lemma":"humilier","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was humiliating"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s10-l3","source":"Car je comptai sept fois, de minute en minute,","translation":"For I counted seven times, from minute to minute,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je comptai","title":"passé simple","body":"«comptai» is the passé simple (literary past) of «compter». Used for a single completed action in narration: 'I counted'. The tense, reserved for written storytelling, gives the count of the multiplying old man the finality of fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Car","lemma":"car","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of comptai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"comptai","lemma":"compter","morphology":"verb, past historic, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"sept","lemma":"sept","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies fois","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"fois","lemma":"fois","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of comptai","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minute","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"minute","lemma":"minute","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on comptai","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking minute","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"minute","lemma":"minute","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies minute","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s10-l4","source":"Ce sinistre vieillard qui se multipliait!","translation":"this sinister old man who kept multiplying himself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"qui se multipliait","title":"se multiplier (reflexive)","body":"«se multiplier» = 'to multiply, to proliferate' (reflexive). The imperfect «se multipliait» gives the horror its duration — not one duplication but a continuous breeding, the same old man counted seven times over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vieillard","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"sinistre","lemma":"sinistre","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies vieillard","gloss":"sinister"},{"surface":"vieillard","lemma":"vieillard","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of multipliait","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on multipliait","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"multipliait","lemma":"multiplier","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on vieillard","gloss":"kept multiplying"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s11-l1","source":"Que celui-là qui rit de mon inquiétude","translation":"Let him who laughs at my unease","stanza":11,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Que celui-là... Songe bien","title":"«Que» + subjunctive (third-person command)","body":"«Que» plus the subjunctive forms a third-person imperative: 'let him…, may he…'. The subject «celui-là qui rit… et qui n'est pas saisi» is long, and the verb «Songe» (subjunctive of «songer», 'to consider') arrives only at the start of the third line: 'Let him who laughs… consider well…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the jussive clause of celui","gloss":"let","note":"\"Que\" + subjunctive introduces a jussive wish: \"Que celui-là... songe\" = \"Let him... consider.\""},{"surface":"celui","lemma":"celui","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"-là","lemma":"-là","morphology":"pronoun","role":"depends on celui","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rit","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"rit","lemma":"rire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on -là","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inquiétude","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of inquiétude","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"inquiétude","lemma":"inquiétude","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rit","gloss":"unease"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s11-l2","source":"Et qui n'est pas saisi d'un frisson fraternel","translation":"and is not gripped by a brotherly shudder","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of saisi","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies saisi","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of saisi","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies saisi","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"saisi","lemma":"saisir","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frisson","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of frisson","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"frisson","lemma":"frisson","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of saisi","gloss":"shudder"},{"surface":"fraternel","lemma":"fraternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies frisson","gloss":"brotherly"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s11-l3","source":"Songe bien que malgré tant de décrépitude","translation":"consider well that, despite such decrepitude,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Songe","lemma":"songer","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (addressed to celui-là, s11-l1)","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"bien","lemma":"bien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Songe","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Songe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"malgré","lemma":"malgré","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tant","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"tant","lemma":"tant","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase malgré","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking décrépitude","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"décrépitude","lemma":"décrépitude","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of de","gloss":"decrepitude"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s11-l4","source":"Ces sept monstres hideux avaient l'air éternel!","translation":"these seven hideous monsters looked eternal!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of monstres","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"sept","lemma":"sept","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies monstres","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"monstres","lemma":"monstre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of avaient","gloss":"monsters"},{"surface":"hideux","lemma":"hideux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies monstres","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"avaient","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (avoir l'air = to look/seem)","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of avaient (idiom: avoir l'air = to look/seem)","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"éternel","lemma":"éternel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies air","gloss":"eternal"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s12-l1","source":"Aurais-je, sans mourir, contemplé le huitième,","translation":"Could I, without dying, have beheld the eighth,","stanza":12,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aurais-je... contemplé","title":"Past conditional in a question","body":"«Aurais-je contemplé…?» is the past conditional with subject-verb inversion: 'would I have contemplated…?'. It poses an unreal, dreaded hypothesis — whether he could have looked on an eighth old man and survived it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aurais","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (with contemplé)","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"-je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Aurais","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mourir","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"mourir","lemma":"mourir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object of sans","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"contemplé","lemma":"contempler","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (with Aurais)","gloss":"beheld"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of huitième","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huitième","lemma":"huitième","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of contemplé","gloss":"eighth"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s12-l2","source":"Sosie inexorable, ironique et fatal","translation":"an inexorable double, ironic and fatal,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sosie","lemma":"sosie","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to huitième (previous line)","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"inexorable","lemma":"inexorable","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies Sosie","gloss":"inexorable"},{"surface":"ironique","lemma":"ironique","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with inexorable","gloss":"ironic"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fatal","lemma":"fatal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with inexorable","gloss":"fatal"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s12-l3","source":"Dégoûtant Phénix, fils et père de lui-même?","translation":"disgusting Phoenix, son and father of himself?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dégoûtant","lemma":"dégoûtant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Phénix","gloss":"disgusting"},{"surface":"Phénix","lemma":"Phénix","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Phoenix"},{"surface":"fils","lemma":"fils","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Phénix","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"père","lemma":"père","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with fils","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lui-même","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lui-même","lemma":"lui-même","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of de, modifies père","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s12-l4","source":"— Mais je tournai le dos au cortège infernal.","translation":"— But I turned my back on the infernal procession.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of tournai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tournai","lemma":"tourner","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned","note":"passé simple, the literary narrative past tense."},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of dos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dos","lemma":"dos","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tournai","gloss":"back","note":"tourner le dos à = to turn one's back on."},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"contracted preposition (à + le)","role":"preposition marking cortège","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"cortège","lemma":"cortège","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tournai","gloss":"procession"},{"surface":"infernal","lemma":"infernal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies cortège","gloss":"infernal"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s13-l1","source":"Exaspéré comme un ivrogne qui voit double,","translation":"Exasperated like a drunkard who sees double,","stanza":13,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Exaspéré","lemma":"exaspérer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of the sentence, describes je (continues into rentrai, next line)","gloss":"exasperated"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ivrogne","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ivrogne","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ivrogne","lemma":"ivrogne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Exaspéré","gloss":"drunkard"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voit","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voit","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ivrogne","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"double","lemma":"double","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"direct object of voit","gloss":"double"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s13-l2","source":"Je rentrai, je fermai ma porte, épouvanté,","translation":"I went home, I shut my door, terrified,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of rentrai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rentrai","lemma":"rentrer","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"went home"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of fermai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"fermai","lemma":"fermer","morphology":"verb, simple past, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"coordinated with rentrai","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of porte","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"porte","lemma":"porte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of fermai","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"épouvanté","lemma":"épouvanter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of the sentence, describes je","gloss":"terrified"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s13-l3","source":"Malade et morfondu, l'esprit fiévreux et trouble,","translation":"sick and downcast, my mind feverish and clouded,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Malade","lemma":"malade","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"morfondu","lemma":"morfondre","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Malade","gloss":"downcast"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of esprit","gloss":"my","note":"French uses the definite article with body/mind nouns where English uses a possessive."},{"surface":"esprit","lemma":"esprit","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Malade et morfondu","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"fiévreux","lemma":"fiévreux","morphology":"adjective, masculine","role":"modifies esprit","gloss":"feverish"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trouble","lemma":"trouble","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"coordinated with fiévreux","gloss":"clouded"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s13-l4","source":"Blessé par le mystère et par l'absurdité!","translation":"wounded by the mystery and by the absurdity!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Blessé","lemma":"blesser","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of the sentence, describes je (continues the string of participles begun by Exaspéré/épouvanté/Malade et morfondu)","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mystère","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of mystère","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mystère","lemma":"mystère","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of Blessé","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking absurdité","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of absurdité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"absurdité","lemma":"absurdité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with mystère","gloss":"absurdity"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s14-l1","source":"Vainement ma raison voulait prendre la barre;","translation":"In vain my reason tried to take the helm;","stanza":14,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vainement","lemma":"vainement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voulait","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of raison","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"raison","lemma":"raison","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of voulait","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"voulait","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"prendre","lemma":"prendre","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voulait","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of barre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barre","lemma":"barre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of prendre","gloss":"helm"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s14-l2","source":"La tempête en jouant déroutait ses efforts,","translation":"the tempest, in its play, threw off its efforts,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of tempête","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tempête","lemma":"tempête","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of déroutait","gloss":"tempest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the gerund jouant","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"jouant","lemma":"jouer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"gerund modifying déroutait, depends on tempête","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"déroutait","lemma":"dérouter","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw off"},{"surface":"ses","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of efforts","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"efforts","lemma":"effort","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of déroutait","gloss":"efforts"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s14-l3","source":"Et mon âme dansait, dansait, vieille gabarre","translation":"and my soul danced, danced, an old barge","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vieille gabarre","title":"une gabarre","body":"«une gabarre» is a flat-bottomed cargo barge, clumsy and unglamorous. The soul as a «vieille gabarre / Sans mâts» — an old, mastless barge tossed on a monstrous shoreless sea — closes the poem on helpless, undignified drifting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of dansait","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"dansait","lemma":"danser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"danced"},{"surface":"dansait","lemma":"danser","morphology":"verb, imperfect, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"repeated, coordinated with dansait","gloss":"danced"},{"surface":"vieille","lemma":"vieux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies gabarre","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"gabarre","lemma":"gabarre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to âme","gloss":"barge"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"les-sept-vieillards-s14-l4","source":"Sans mâts, sur une mer monstrueuse et sans bords!","translation":"without masts, on a sea monstrous and without shores!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mâts","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"mâts","lemma":"mât","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Sans, modifies gabarre","gloss":"masts"},{"surface":"sur","lemma":"sur","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mer","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of sur, modifies gabarre","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"monstrueuse","lemma":"monstrueux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mer","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sans","lemma":"sans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bords, coordinated with sans mâts","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bords","lemma":"bord","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of sans","gloss":"shores"}]}]}