{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"moesta-et-errabunda","title":{"source":"Moesta et errabunda","translated":"Sorrowful and Wandering"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/moesta-et-errabunda","lines":30},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/a-une-dame-creole","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-revenant","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s1-l1","source":"Dis-moi ton coeur parfois s'envole-t-il, Agathe,","translation":"Tell me, does your heart sometimes take flight, Agatha,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'envole-t-il","title":"Reflexive «s'envoler» + inversion","body":"«s'envoler» is a pronominal verb, 'to fly off, take flight'. The «-t-il» is interrogative inversion: subject «il» (the «coeur») follows the verb, with a euphonic «-t-» inserted between two vowels. «s'envole-t-il?» = 'does it take flight?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of Dis","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of envole","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies envole","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on envole","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"envole","lemma":"envoler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause following Dis-moi","gloss":"takes flight"},{"surface":"-t","lemma":"-t-","morphology":"euphonic linking consonant","role":"links envole and il","gloss":"(linking sound)"},{"surface":"-il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of envole (inverted)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Agathe","lemma":"Agathe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct address","gloss":"Agatha"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s1-l2","source":"Loin du noir océan de l'immonde cité","translation":"Far from the black ocean of the filthy city","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de+le)","role":"preposition marking océan","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"noir","lemma":"noir","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies océan","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"océan","lemma":"océan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of du","gloss":"ocean"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of cité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"immonde","lemma":"immonde","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies cité","gloss":"filthy"},{"surface":"cité","lemma":"cité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies océan","gloss":"city"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s1-l3","source":"Vers un autre océan où la splendeur éclate,","translation":"Toward another ocean where splendor blazes,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking océan","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of océan","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"autre","lemma":"autre","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies océan","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"océan","lemma":"océan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ocean"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"locative modifier of éclate","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of splendeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"splendeur","lemma":"splendeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of éclate","gloss":"splendor"},{"surface":"éclate","lemma":"éclater","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on océan","gloss":"blazes"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s1-l4","source":"Bleu, clair, profond, ainsi que la virginité?","translation":"Blue, bright, deep, as is virginity itself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ainsi que","title":"«ainsi que» = 'just as, like'","body":"«ainsi que» introduces a comparison, 'just as / in the same way as'. Here «bleu, clair, profond, ainsi que la virginité» likens the far ocean's color and depth to virginity — pure, untouched, unfathomable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bleu","lemma":"bleu","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies océan (previous line)","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"clair","lemma":"clair","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Bleu","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"profond","lemma":"profond","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Bleu","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"ainsi","lemma":"ainsi","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"part of the phrase ainsi que","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of virginité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"virginité","lemma":"virginité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison introduced by ainsi que","gloss":"virginity"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s1-l5","source":"Dis-moi, ton coeur parfois s'envole-t-il, Agathe?","translation":"Tell me, does your heart sometimes take flight, Agatha?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dis","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of Dis","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of envole","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies envole","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on envole","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"envole","lemma":"envoler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes flight"},{"surface":"-t","lemma":"-t-","morphology":"euphonic linking consonant","role":"links envole and il","gloss":"(linking sound)"},{"surface":"-il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of envole (inverted)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Agathe","lemma":"Agathe","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Agatha"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s2-l1","source":"La mer, la vaste mer, console nos labeurs!","translation":"The sea, the vast sea, consoles our toils!","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of console","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vaste","lemma":"vaste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mer","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to mer","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"console","lemma":"consoler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consoles"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of labeurs","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"labeurs","lemma":"labeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of console","gloss":"toils"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s2-l2","source":"Quel démon a doté la mer, rauque chanteuse","translation":"What demon endowed the sea, that hoarse songstress","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rauque chanteuse","title":"«rauque», «chanteuse»","body":"«rauque» = 'hoarse, raucous, throaty'; «chanteuse» is the feminine 'singer'. The sea is personified as a rough-voiced woman singer, accompanied in the next line by the «orgue des vents» (organ of the winds)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quel","lemma":"quel","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of démon","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"démon","lemma":"démon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of doté","gloss":"demon"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"depends on doté","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"doté","lemma":"doter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"endowed"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of doté","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"rauque","lemma":"rauque","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies chanteuse","gloss":"hoarse"},{"surface":"chanteuse","lemma":"chanteuse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to mer","gloss":"songstress"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s2-l3","source":"Qu'accompagne l'immense orgue des vents grondeurs,","translation":"Whom the immense organ of the growling winds accompanies,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qu'accompagne l'immense orgue","title":"Relative «que» with inverted subject","body":"«que» is the object relative, referring back to «la mer». The subject «l'immense orgue des vents» is inverted to follow the verb «accompagne». Untangled: 'whom the immense organ of the winds accompanies' — the sea sings, the winds play."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of accompagne","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"accompagne","lemma":"accompagner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accompanies"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of orgue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"immense","lemma":"immense","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies orgue","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"orgue","lemma":"orgue","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of accompagne","gloss":"organ"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition (contraction of de+les)","role":"preposition marking vents","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vents","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies orgue","gloss":"winds"},{"surface":"grondeurs","lemma":"grondeur","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies vents","gloss":"growling"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s2-l4","source":"De cette fonction sublime de berceuse?","translation":"With this sublime office of a lullaby-singer?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fonction","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fonction","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"fonction","lemma":"fonction","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"sublime","lemma":"sublime","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fonction","gloss":"sublime"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berceuse","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"berceuse","lemma":"berceuse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies fonction","gloss":"lullaby-singer"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s2-l5","source":"La mer, la vaste mer, console nos labeurs!","translation":"The sea, the vast sea, consoles our toils!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of console","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vaste","lemma":"vaste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies mer","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"mer","lemma":"mer","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to mer","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"console","lemma":"consoler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consoles"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of labeurs","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"labeurs","lemma":"labeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of console","gloss":"toils"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s3-l1","source":"Emporte-moi wagon! enlève-moi, frégate!","translation":"Carry me off, railway car! bear me away, frigate!","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Emporte-moi, enlève-moi","title":"Imperative + postposed «moi»","body":"Both are affirmative imperatives with the object pronoun placed after and joined by a hyphen, using the stressed form «moi» (not «me»). «Emporte-moi» = 'carry me off'; «enlève-moi» = 'take me away'. The address to a «wagon» and a «frégate» makes inanimate vehicles into agents of escape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Emporte","lemma":"emporter","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of Emporte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"wagon","lemma":"wagon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"railway car"},{"surface":"enlève","lemma":"enlever","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bear away"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of enlève","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"frégate","lemma":"frégate","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"frigate"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s3-l2","source":"Loin! loin! ici la boue est faite de nos pleurs!","translation":"Far! far away! here the mud is made of our tears!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, repeated","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"ici","lemma":"ici","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies faite","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of boue","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boue","lemma":"boue","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive faite","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of faite","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"faite","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pleurs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pleurs","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"pleurs","lemma":"pleur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of faite","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s3-l3","source":"— Est-il vrai que parfois le triste coeur d'Agathe","translation":"— Is it true that sometimes the sorrowful heart of Agatha","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Est-il","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular, with inverted subject pronoun","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"vrai","lemma":"vrai","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Est-il","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of coeur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"parfois","lemma":"parfois","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies coeur's clause","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"triste","lemma":"triste","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the que-clause, continuing in the next line","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Agathe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Agathe","lemma":"Agathe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies coeur","gloss":"Agatha"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s3-l4","source":"Dise: Loin des remords, des crimes, des douleurs,","translation":"Says: Far from remorse, from crimes, from sorrows,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dise","title":"Present subjunctive «dise»","body":"«dise» is the present subjunctive of «dire» ('to say'), triggered by «Est-il vrai que…» — a doubting, questioning frame that calls for the subjunctive rather than the indicative «dit». The mood marks the heart's hoped-for speech as something uncertain, only longed for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dise","lemma":"dire","morphology":"verb, present, subjunctive, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by Est-il vrai que (subject: coeur, previous line)","gloss":"says","note":"Subjunctive triggered by \"Est-il vrai que...\" in the stanza's opening line."},{"surface":"Loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking remords","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Loin","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking crimes, coordinated with des remords","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"crimes","lemma":"crime","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with remords","gloss":"crimes"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking douleurs, coordinated with des remords","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"douleurs","lemma":"douleur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with remords","gloss":"sorrows"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s3-l5","source":"Emporte-moi, wagon, enlève-moi, frégate?","translation":"Carry me off, railway car, bear me away, frigate?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Emporte","lemma":"emporter","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carry away"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of Emporte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"wagon","lemma":"wagon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative addressed by Emporte","gloss":"railway car"},{"surface":"enlève","lemma":"enlever","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person, singular","role":"coordinated with Emporte","gloss":"bear away"},{"surface":"-moi","lemma":"moi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of enlève","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"frégate","lemma":"frégate","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"vocative addressed by enlève","gloss":"frigate"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s4-l1","source":"Comme vous êtes loin, paradis parfumé,","translation":"How far away you are, perfumed paradise,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Comme vous êtes loin","title":"Exclamatory «comme»","body":"«comme» here is exclamatory, not comparative: «Comme vous êtes loin» = 'How far away you are!' It opens a lament addressed directly («vous») to the lost paradise, the way one might cry out to a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"introduces the exclamation modifying loin","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of êtes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"êtes","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of êtes","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"paradis","lemma":"paradis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"parfumé","lemma":"parfumer","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"perfumed"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s4-l2","source":"Où sous un clair azur tout n'est qu'amour et joie,","translation":"Where under a clear blue all is nothing but love and joy,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tout n'est qu'amour et joie","title":"«ne… que» = 'only / nothing but'","body":"«ne… que» is the restrictive construction meaning 'only, nothing but'. «tout n'est qu'amour et joie» = 'everything is nothing but love and joy'. It is not a negation of «être» but a limiting of it to that one thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying paradis (previous line)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"sous","lemma":"sous","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azur","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of azur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"clair","lemma":"clair","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies azur","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"azur","lemma":"azur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of sous","gloss":"blue sky"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb, negation","role":"negation particle with est, part of ne...que","gloss":"not","note":"\"ne...que\" is a restrictive construction meaning \"only\"."},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking tout to amour","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"adverb, restrictive (with ne)","role":"restricts est to amour, ne...que = only","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"amour","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"joie","lemma":"joie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with amour","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s4-l3","source":"Où tout ce que l'on aime est digne d'être aimé,","translation":"Where all that one loves is worthy of being loved,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying paradis (continued)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies ce","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of est","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aime","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"on","morphology":"euphonic particle before on (no independent meaning)","role":"part of l'on = on","gloss":"euphonic","note":"\"l'on\" is the euphonic form of \"on\" used after vowel sounds; the l' carries no meaning."},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of aime","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"aime","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying ce","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"digne","lemma":"digne","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause complement of digne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"être","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of aimé","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"aimé","lemma":"aimer","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular","role":"complement of digne","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s4-l4","source":"Où dans la volupté pure le coeur se noie!","translation":"Where in pure delight the heart drowns itself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"se noie","title":"«se noyer», «volupté»","body":"«se noyer» is reflexive, 'to drown oneself, to be drowned'. «volupté» is sensual delight, richer and more bodily than plain 'pleasure'. The heart willingly drowns in that delight — a sweet undoing rather than a death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying paradis (continued)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volupté","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of volupté","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volupté","lemma":"volupté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of dans","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"pure","lemma":"pur","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies volupté","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of noie","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"depends on noie","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"noie","lemma":"noyer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drowns"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s4-l5","source":"Comme vous êtes loin, paradis parfumé!","translation":"How far away you are, perfumed paradise!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"introduces the exclamation modifying loin","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of êtes","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"êtes","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of êtes","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"paradis","lemma":"paradis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"parfumé","lemma":"parfumer","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"perfumed"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s5-l1","source":"Mais le vert paradis des amours enfantines,","translation":"But the green paradise of childhood loves,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"amours enfantines","title":"«amours» (f. pl.), «enfantin»","body":"«amour» is masculine in the singular but conventionally feminine in the poetic plural, hence the feminine «enfantines». «enfantin» = 'childlike, of childhood'. The «vert paradis des amours enfantines» — the green paradise of childhood loves — became one of Baudelaire's most quoted phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of paradis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vert","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"paradis","lemma":"paradis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amours","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amours","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"enfantines","lemma":"enfantin","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies amours","gloss":"childhood"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s5-l2","source":"Les courses, les chansons, les baisers, les bouquets,","translation":"The races, the songs, the kisses, the bouquets,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of courses","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"courses","lemma":"course","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"races"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of chansons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chansons","lemma":"chanson","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with courses","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of baisers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baisers","lemma":"baiser","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with courses","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bouquets","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bouquets","lemma":"bouquet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with courses","gloss":"bouquets"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s5-l3","source":"Les violons vibrant derrière les collines,","translation":"The violins quivering behind the hills,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vibrant","title":"Present participle «vibrant»","body":"«vibrant» is the present participle of «vibrer» ('to vibrate, quiver, throb'). Used as an invariant verbal form it describes the violins in the act of trembling — 'the violins quivering behind the hills' — keeping the scene alive and ongoing rather than fixed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of violons","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"violons","lemma":"violon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"violins"},{"surface":"vibrant","lemma":"vibrer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying violons","gloss":"quivering"},{"surface":"derrière","lemma":"derrière","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking collines","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of collines","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"collines","lemma":"colline","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of vibrant","gloss":"hills"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s5-l4","source":"Avec les brocs de vin, le soir, dans les bosquets,","translation":"With the jugs of wine, at evening, among the groves,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brocs","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of brocs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brocs","lemma":"broc","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"jugs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vin","lemma":"vin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies brocs","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of the sentence","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bosquets","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bosquets","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bosquets","lemma":"bosquet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"locative adjunct of the sentence","gloss":"groves"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s5-l5","source":"— Mais le vert paradis des amours enfantines,","translation":"— But the green paradise of childhood loves,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of paradis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vert","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"paradis","lemma":"paradis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking amours","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"amours","lemma":"amour","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"enfantines","lemma":"enfantin","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies amours","gloss":"childhood"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s6-l1","source":"L'innocent paradis, plein de plaisirs furtifs,","translation":"The innocent paradise, full of furtive pleasures,","stanza":6,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of paradis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"innocent","lemma":"innocent","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"paradis","lemma":"paradis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaisirs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plaisirs","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"furtifs","lemma":"furtif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plaisirs","gloss":"furtive"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s6-l2","source":"Est-il déjà plus loin que l'Inde et que la Chine?","translation":"Is it already farther off than India and than China?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Est-il","lemma":"être","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular (inverted with subject il)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is it","note":"Inversion of \"il est\" for the interrogative."},{"surface":"déjà","lemma":"déjà","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loin","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loin","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"loin","lemma":"loin","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of Est-il","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the term of comparison (Inde)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Inde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Inde","lemma":"Inde","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"term of comparison with loin","gloss":"India"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the second term of comparison (Chine)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Chine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Chine","lemma":"Chine","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Inde","gloss":"China"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s6-l3","source":"Peut-on le rappeler avec des cris plaintifs,","translation":"Can one call it back with plaintive cries,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rappeler","title":"«rappeler»","body":"«rappeler» = 'to call back, recall, summon again'. Here it is the lost paradise that one tries to «rappeler» — to call back into being. The verb keeps the cruel hope that childhood, like a person, might answer if called loudly enough."}],"words":[{"surface":"Peut","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular (inverted with subject on)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can","note":"Inversion \"peut-on\" for the interrogative."},{"surface":"-on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Peut","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of rappeler","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"rappeler","lemma":"rappeler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Peut","gloss":"call back"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cris","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of cris","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"cris","lemma":"cri","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of rappeler","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"plaintifs","lemma":"plaintif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies cris","gloss":"plaintive"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s6-l4","source":"Et l'animer encor d'une voix argentine,","translation":"And quicken it once more with a silvery voice,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"voix argentine","title":"«argentin(e)»","body":"«argentin» means 'silvery', especially of a sound — clear, ringing, bell-like — from «argent» ('silver'). «une voix argentine» is a bright, silver-toned voice, the kind imagined as belonging to children, fit to summon the lost innocent paradise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of animer","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"animer","lemma":"animer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with rappeler, complement of Peut (previous line)","gloss":"revive"},{"surface":"encor","lemma":"encor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies animer","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voix","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of voix","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voix","lemma":"voix","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of animer","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"argentine","lemma":"argentin","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies voix","gloss":"silvery"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"moesta-et-errabunda-s6-l5","source":"L'innocent paradis plein de plaisirs furtifs?","translation":"The innocent paradise full of furtive pleasures?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of paradis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"innocent","lemma":"innocent","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"paradis","lemma":"paradis","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies paradis","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaisirs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plaisirs","lemma":"plaisir","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"pleasures"},{"surface":"furtifs","lemma":"furtif","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies plaisirs","gloss":"furtive"}]}]}