{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"parfum-exotique","title":{"source":"Parfum exotique","translated":"Exotic Perfume"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/parfum-exotique","lines":14},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/hymne-a-la-beaute","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/la-chevelure","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"parfum-exotique-s1-l1","source":"Quand, les deux yeux fermés, en un soir chaud d'automne,","translation":"When, both eyes closed, on a warm autumn evening,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Quand ... je respire","title":"«quand» + present for a recurring moment","body":"«quand» ('when') here opens a long temporal clause (proposition temporelle) that does not resolve until «Je vois» in line 3. Paired with the present tense «je respire» (line 2), it describes not one night but a habitual act: 'whenever I breathe...'. The whole sonnet hangs on this single suspended «quand», the trigger that releases the vision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of respire","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies yeux","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of fermés","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"fermés","lemma":"fermer","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"absolute participial clause modifying yeux","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soir","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soir","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of en, modifies respire","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"chaud","lemma":"chaud","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soir","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking automne","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"automne","lemma":"automne","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soir","gloss":"autumn"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"parfum-exotique-s1-l2","source":"Je respire l'odeur de ton sein chaleureux,","translation":"I breathe in the scent of your warm breast,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of respire","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"respire","lemma":"respirer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breathe in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of odeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"odeur","lemma":"odeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of respire","gloss":"scent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sein","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of sein","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies odeur","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"chaleureux","lemma":"chaleureux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies sein","gloss":"warm"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"parfum-exotique-s1-l3","source":"Je vois se dérouler des rivages heureux","translation":"I see happy shores unfurling","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se dérouler","title":"Pronominal «se dérouler» after «voir»","body":"«dérouler» is 'to unroll'; the pronominal «se dérouler» means 'to unroll itself, to unfold, to spread out'. After a verb of perception, French uses the infinitive: «je vois se dérouler des rivages» = 'I see shores unfurling'. The scent does not show the speaker a fixed picture — the coast unrolls of its own accord, like a scroll opening before the closed eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of vois","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vois","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of dérouler","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"dérouler","lemma":"dérouler","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vois","gloss":"unfurl"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rivages","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"rivages","lemma":"rivage","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of dérouler","gloss":"shores"},{"surface":"heureux","lemma":"heureux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies rivages","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"parfum-exotique-s1-l4","source":"Qu'éblouissent les feux d'un soleil monotone;","translation":"Dazzled by the fires of a monotonous sun;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Qu'éblouissent les feux","title":"Inverted relative clause","body":"The order is inverted for the verse: the subject is «les feux d'un soleil» (the fires of a sun) and the object is «qu'» (= the shores). Read straight, «que les feux d'un soleil monotone éblouissent» = 'which the fires of a monotonous sun dazzle'. Putting the verb «éblouissent» ('dazzle') before its subject is a common poetic inversion that keeps the alexandrine's rhythm and rhyme intact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"direct object of éblouissent","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"éblouissent","lemma":"éblouir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on rivages","gloss":"dazzle"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of feux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"feux","lemma":"feu","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of éblouissent","gloss":"fires"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soleil","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of d', modifies feux","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"monotone","lemma":"monotone","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"monotonous"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"parfum-exotique-s2-l1","source":"Une île paresseuse où la nature donne","translation":"A lazy island where nature bestows","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of île","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"île","lemma":"île","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with rivages, object of vois","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"paresseuse","lemma":"paresseux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies île","gloss":"lazy"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"introduces relative clause on île, locative of donne","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nature","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nature","lemma":"nature","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of donne","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"donne","lemma":"donner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on île","gloss":"bestows"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"parfum-exotique-s2-l2","source":"Des arbres singuliers et des fruits savoureux;","translation":"Singular trees and savory fruits;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"singuliers","title":"«singulier» — strange, one of a kind","body":"«singulier» means more than English 'singular'; it is 'strange, peculiar, unlike anything else'. «Des arbres singuliers» are not merely odd trees but exotic, never-before-seen ones — the unfamiliar flora of a tropical island, set beside «des fruits savoureux» (tasty fruits) to make the place a paradise of the senses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of arbres","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"arbres","lemma":"arbre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with île, object of donne","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"singuliers","lemma":"singulier","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies arbres","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fruits","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"fruits","lemma":"fruit","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with arbres","gloss":"fruits"},{"surface":"savoureux","lemma":"savoureux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies fruits","gloss":"savory"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"parfum-exotique-s2-l3","source":"Des hommes dont le corps est mince et vigoureux,","translation":"Men whose bodies are slender and vigorous,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dont le corps","title":"The relative pronoun «dont»","body":"«dont» means 'whose / of whom / of which' and replaces a phrase with «de». «Des hommes dont le corps est mince» = 'men whose body is slender'. It links the people of the island to a trait that belongs to them; the parallel «et des femmes dont l'oeil...» in the next line repeats the structure, balancing the men against the women."}],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hommes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"hommes","lemma":"homme","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with arbres, object of donne","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"possessive relative, modifies corps","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of est","gloss":"bodies"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to mince","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"mince","lemma":"mince","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"predicate complement of est","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vigoureux","lemma":"vigoureux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with mince","gloss":"vigorous"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"parfum-exotique-s2-l4","source":"Et des femmes dont l'oeil par sa franchise étonne.","translation":"And women whose eyes astonish by their frankness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"par sa franchise","title":"«la franchise» — openness, candor","body":"«la franchise» is frankness, openness, the absence of guile. «dont l'oeil par sa franchise étonne» = 'whose eye astonishes by its candor'. What startles the speaker in these island women is not coquetry but a direct, unguarded gaze — an innocence Baudelaire sets far from the painted, knowing women of Paris."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of femmes","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"femmes","lemma":"femme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with hommes","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"dont","lemma":"dont","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"possessive relative, modifies oeil","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of oeil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oeil","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of étonne","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking franchise","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"sa","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of franchise","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"franchise","lemma":"franchise","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of étonne","gloss":"frankness"},{"surface":"étonne","lemma":"étonner","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, relative clause on femmes","gloss":"astonish"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"parfum-exotique-s3-l1","source":"Guidé par ton odeur vers de charmants climats,","translation":"Guided by your scent toward charming climes,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Guidé par ton odeur","title":"Past participle as opening modifier","body":"«Guidé» is the past participle of «guider» (to guide), here agreeing with the unstated «je» and standing in for 'being guided / led': 'Guided by your scent...'. The tercet opens on this participle, suspended until the main verb «Je vois» arrives in the next line — the scent itself is what leads the dreamer onward to the harbor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Guidé","lemma":"guider","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"participial clause modifying je (of vois)","gloss":"guided"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking odeur","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of odeur","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"odeur","lemma":"odeur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of Guidé","gloss":"scent"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking climats","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of climats","gloss":"some","note":"French requires 'de' (not 'des') for a plural indefinite article before an adjective+noun; no separate English word appears in the translation."},{"surface":"charmants","lemma":"charmant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies climats","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"climats","lemma":"climat","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of vers","gloss":"climes"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"parfum-exotique-s3-l2","source":"Je vois un port rempli de voiles et de mâts","translation":"I see a harbor filled with sails and masts","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"subject of vois","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vois","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of port","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"port","lemma":"port","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of vois","gloss":"harbor"},{"surface":"rempli","lemma":"remplir","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, singular","role":"modifies port","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voiles","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voiles","lemma":"voile","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of de, depends on rempli","gloss":"sails"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mâts","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"mâts","lemma":"mât","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with voiles","gloss":"masts"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"parfum-exotique-s3-l3","source":"Encor tout fatigués par la vague marine,","translation":"Still all weary from the ocean swell,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Encor","title":"«Encor» — poetic «encore»","body":"«Encor» is a licensed poetic spelling of «encore» ('still, yet'), dropping the final «e» to save a syllable in the twelve-syllable line. «Encor tout fatigués» = 'still all worn out': the sails and masts ('voiles et mâts') are personified, exhausted by «la vague marine» (the sea swell) like sailors home from a long voyage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Encor","lemma":"encore","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fatigués","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fatigués (intensifier)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"fatigués","lemma":"fatiguer","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, plural","role":"modifies voiles et mâts","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vague","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vague","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vague","lemma":"vague","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"agent of fatigués","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"marine","lemma":"marin","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies vague","gloss":"sea"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"parfum-exotique-s4-l1","source":"Pendant que le parfum des verts tamariniers,","translation":"While the perfume of the green tamarind trees,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les verts tamariniers","title":"«le tamarinier» — the tamarind tree","body":"«le tamarinier» is the tamarind tree, a tropical tree bearing fragrant pods. «les verts tamariniers» — 'the green tamarind trees' — root the daydream in a real, sensory exotic; Baudelaire knew the scent from his youthful voyage toward the Indian Ocean. «Pendant que» ('while') begins the long final clause that carries the sonnet to its close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pendant","lemma":"pendant","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound conjunction pendant que","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction pendant que","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of parfum","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"parfum","lemma":"parfum","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of circule","gloss":"perfume"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contracted with definite article","role":"preposition marking tamariniers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"verts","lemma":"vert","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies tamariniers","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"tamariniers","lemma":"tamarinier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of des, modifies parfum","gloss":"tamarinds"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"parfum-exotique-s4-l2","source":"Qui circule dans l'air et m'enfle la narine,","translation":"Which circles in the air and swells my nostril,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"m'enfle la narine","title":"Dative «me» with a body part","body":"French marks a body part with the definite article and an indirect-object pronoun rather than a possessive: «m'enfle la narine» = 'swells the nostril for me / swells my nostril'. The «me» shows whose nostril is meant. The perfume is the subject, physically filling and dilating the breathing speaker as it «circule dans l'air» (circulates in the air)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun, relative","role":"subject of circule","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"circule","lemma":"circuler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on parfum","gloss":"circles"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking air","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of air","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"air","lemma":"air","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of circule","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"m'","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first-person, singular","role":"dative of possession, indirect object of enfle","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"enfle","lemma":"enfler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with circule","gloss":"swells"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of narine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"narine","lemma":"narine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of enfle","gloss":"nostril"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"parfum-exotique-s4-l3","source":"Se mêle dans mon âme au chant des mariniers.","translation":"Mingles in my soul with the song of the sailors.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Se mêle ... au chant","title":"Pronominal «se mêler à» — to mingle with","body":"«se mêler à qch» is the pronominal verb 'to mingle / blend with something'. Here the long-delayed main verb arrives: «le parfum ... se mêle ... au chant des mariniers» = 'the perfume mingles with the sailors' song'. Smell becomes sound inside «mon âme» (my soul) — the sonnet ends on the synesthesia at the heart of Baudelaire's whole sensory program."}],"words":[{"surface":"Se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive pronoun of mêle","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"mêle","lemma":"mêler","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with circule/enfle (subject: parfum)","gloss":"mingles"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking âme","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of âme","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"âme","lemma":"âme","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of mêle","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, contracted with definite article","role":"preposition marking chant","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"chant","lemma":"chant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of mêle","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contracted with definite article","role":"preposition marking mariniers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"mariniers","lemma":"marinier","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies chant","gloss":"sailors"}]}]}