{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"paysage","title":{"source":"Paysage","translated":"Landscape"},"section":"Parisian Scenes","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/paysage","lines":26},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/l-horloge","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-soleil","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"paysage-s1-l1","source":"Je veux, pour composer chastement mes églogues,","translation":"I wish, to compose my eclogues chastely,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"églogues","title":"églogue (f.)","body":"An «églogue» is an eclogue — a short pastoral poem in the tradition of Virgil. «chastement» = chastely, purely; the poet wants the quiet, untouched mood of pastoral verse, made here from rooftops rather than fields."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of veux","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"veux","lemma":"vouloir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of composer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"composer","lemma":"composer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on veux","gloss":"compose"},{"surface":"chastement","lemma":"chastement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies composer","gloss":"chastely"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of églogues","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"églogues","lemma":"églogue","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of composer","gloss":"eclogues"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"paysage-s1-l2","source":"Coucher auprès du ciel, comme les astrologues,","translation":"To lie down close to the sky, like the astrologers,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Coucher","lemma":"coucher","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to lie down"},{"surface":"auprès","lemma":"auprès","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique argument of Coucher","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ciel","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"ciel","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of auprès","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking astrologues","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of astrologues","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"astrologues","lemma":"astrologue","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Coucher","gloss":"astrologers"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"paysage-s1-l3","source":"Et, voisin des clochers écouter en rêvant","translation":"And, neighbor to the bell-towers, to listen as I dream","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"en rêvant","title":"Gerund: en + present participle","body":"«en rêvant» is the gérondif — «en» plus the present participle of «rêver» — expressing an action done at the same time as the main verb: 'while dreaming, as I dream'. French uses it where English often says 'while -ing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voisin","lemma":"voisin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative, describes the implied subject (je), governs clochers","gloss":"neighbor"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking clochers","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"clochers","lemma":"clocher","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of voisin","gloss":"bell-towers"},{"surface":"écouter","lemma":"écouter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence (coordinated with Coucher, previous lines)","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rêvant","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"rêvant","lemma":"rêver","morphology":"verb, present participle (gerund)","role":"gerund modifying écouter","gloss":"dreaming"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"paysage-s1-l4","source":"Leurs hymnes solennels emportés par le vent.","translation":"Their solemn hymns carried off by the wind.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Leurs","lemma":"leur","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hymnes","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"hymnes","lemma":"hymne","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of écouter (previous line)","gloss":"hymns"},{"surface":"solennels","lemma":"solennel","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies hymnes","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"emportés","lemma":"emporter","morphology":"verb, past, participle, masculine, plural","role":"clause modifying hymnes","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"par","lemma":"par","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vent","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of vent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vent","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"agent of emportés","gloss":"wind"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"paysage-s1-l5","source":"Les deux mains au menton, du haut de ma mansarde,","translation":"Both hands beneath my chin, high in my garret,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mansarde","title":"mansarde (f.)","body":"A «mansarde» is an attic or garret room, tucked under a sloping roof — named for the architect Mansart. It is the cheap top-floor lodging of the poor artist, and the poem's whole vantage point onto the city."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mains","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deux","lemma":"deux","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies mains","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"mains","lemma":"main","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menton","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"menton","lemma":"menton","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies mains","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haut","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"haut","lemma":"haut","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of verrai (next line)","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mansarde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of mansarde","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"mansarde","lemma":"mansarde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies haut","gloss":"garret"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"paysage-s1-l6","source":"Je verrai l'atelier qui chante et qui bavarde;","translation":"I will see the workshop that sings and that chatters;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of verrai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verrai","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of atelier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atelier","lemma":"atelier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of verrai","gloss":"workshop"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of chante","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"chante","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on atelier","gloss":"sings"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bavarde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bavarde","lemma":"bavarder","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"coordinated with chante","gloss":"chatters"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"paysage-s1-l7","source":"Les tuyaux, les clochers, ces mâts de la cité,","translation":"The chimney-pipes, the steeples, those masts of the city,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ces mâts de la cité","title":"mât (m.)","body":"A «mât» is a ship's mast. Calling the chimneys and steeples «ces mâts de la cité» — 'those masts of the city' — turns the Paris skyline into a harbor of ships, a metaphor that runs on into the 'rivers of coal' below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tuyaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuyaux","lemma":"tuyau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of verrai (l6), coordinated with atelier","gloss":"chimney-pipes"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of clochers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"clochers","lemma":"clocher","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with tuyaux","gloss":"steeples"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of mâts","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"mâts","lemma":"mât","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to clochers","gloss":"masts"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of cité","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cité","lemma":"cité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies mâts","gloss":"city"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"paysage-s1-l8","source":"Et les grands ciels qui font rêver d'éternité.","translation":"And the great skies that set one dreaming of eternity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"font rêver","title":"Causative faire + infinitive","body":"«faire» plus an infinitive forms the causative: it makes something happen. «qui font rêver d'éternité» = 'that make one dream of eternity'. The subject of the dreaming is left unspecified — 'that set one dreaming'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ciels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ciels","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ciels","lemma":"ciel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of verrai (l6), coordinated with atelier and mâts","gloss":"skies"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of font","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"font","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on ciels","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"rêver","lemma":"rêver","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of font","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking éternité","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"éternité","lemma":"éternité","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of rêver","gloss":"eternity"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"paysage-s2-l1","source":"Il est doux, à travers les brumes, de voir naître","translation":"It is sweet, through the mists, to watch coming to birth","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Il est doux ... de voir","title":"Impersonal «il est ... de»","body":"«Il est doux de voir» uses the impersonal «il» — not 'he' but a dummy subject, like English 'it'. The real subject is the infinitive clause «de voir naître...» = 'It is sweet to watch... be born'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Il","lemma":"il","morphology":"pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on doux","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"est","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"copula linking to doux","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"doux","lemma":"doux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brumes","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"travers","lemma":"travers","morphology":"noun, masculine","role":"part of the phrase à","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of brumes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brumes","lemma":"brume","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"depends on doux","gloss":"mists"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of voir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voir","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doux","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"naître","lemma":"naître","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voir","gloss":"coming to birth"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"paysage-s2-l2","source":"L'étoile dans l'azur, la lampe à la fenêtre","translation":"The star in the blue, the lamp at the window,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of étoile","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"étoile","lemma":"étoile","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of naître (previous line, accusative-and-infinitive construction)","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking azur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of azur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"azur","lemma":"azur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies étoile","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lampe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lampe","lemma":"lampe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with étoile, subject of naître (previous line)","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fenêtre","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of fenêtre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fenêtre","lemma":"fenêtre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies lampe","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"paysage-s2-l3","source":"Les fleuves de charbon monter au firmament","translation":"The rivers of coal-smoke climbing to the firmament,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Les fleuves de charbon","title":"charbon (m.)","body":"«charbon» = coal. «Les fleuves de charbon» — literally 'the rivers of coal' — are the streams of coal-smoke rising from countless chimneys; «monter» depends on «voir» above ('to see... climb to the firmament')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of fleuves","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fleuves","lemma":"fleuve","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of monter","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking charbon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"charbon","lemma":"charbon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies fleuves","gloss":"coal-smoke"},{"surface":"monter","lemma":"monter","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbing"},{"surface":"au","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking firmament","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"firmament","lemma":"firmament","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of monter","gloss":"firmament"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"paysage-s2-l4","source":"Et la lune verser son pâle enchantement.","translation":"And the moon pouring out its pale enchantment.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of lune","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lune","lemma":"lune","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of verser","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"verser","lemma":"verser","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pouring out"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of enchantement","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"pâle","lemma":"pâle","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies enchantement","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"enchantement","lemma":"enchantement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of verser","gloss":"enchantment"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"paysage-s2-l5","source":"Je verrai les printemps, les étés, les automnes;","translation":"I will see the springs, the summers, the autumns;","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of verrai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verrai","lemma":"voir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of printemps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"printemps","lemma":"printemps","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of verrai","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of étés","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"étés","lemma":"été","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on verrai","gloss":"summers"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of automnes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"automnes","lemma":"automne","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with étés","gloss":"autumns"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"paysage-s2-l6","source":"Et quand viendra l'hiver aux neiges monotones,","translation":"And when winter comes with its monotonous snows,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"quand viendra l'hiver","title":"Future after «quand»; inversion","body":"After «quand» about the future, French uses the future tense where English uses the present: «quand viendra l'hiver» = 'when winter comes'. The verb is also inverted before its subject («viendra l'hiver») — a poetic word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viendra","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"viendra","lemma":"venir","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hiver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hiver","lemma":"hiver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of viendra","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neiges","gloss":"with its"},{"surface":"neiges","lemma":"neige","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies hiver","gloss":"snows"},{"surface":"monotones","lemma":"monotone","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies neiges","gloss":"monotonous"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"paysage-s2-l7","source":"Je fermerai partout portières et volets","translation":"I will close everywhere the curtains and the shutters","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of fermerai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"fermerai","lemma":"fermer","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will close"},{"surface":"partout","lemma":"partout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fermerai","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"portières","lemma":"portière","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of fermerai","gloss":"curtains"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"volets","lemma":"volet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with portières","gloss":"shutters"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"paysage-s2-l8","source":"Pour bâtir dans la nuit mes féeriques palais.","translation":"To build within the night my fairy-tale palaces.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"féeriques","title":"féerique (adj.)","body":"«féerique» comes from «fée» (fairy) and means enchanted, magical, fairy-like — the stuff of a «féerie», a fairy spectacle. «mes féeriques palais» = 'my enchanted palaces', conjured by imagination once the shutters are closed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of bâtir","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bâtir","lemma":"bâtir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"build"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuit","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of nuit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nuit","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on bâtir","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of palais","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"féeriques","lemma":"féerique","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies palais","gloss":"fairy-tale"},{"surface":"palais","lemma":"palais","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies nuit","gloss":"palaces"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"paysage-s2-l9","source":"Alors je rêverai des horizons bleuâtres,","translation":"Then I will dream of bluish horizons,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Alors","lemma":"alors","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rêverai","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of rêverai","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rêverai","lemma":"rêver","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will dream"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horizons","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"horizons","lemma":"horizon","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of rêverai","gloss":"horizons"},{"surface":"bleuâtres","lemma":"bleuâtre","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies horizons","gloss":"bluish"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"paysage-s2-l10","source":"Des jardins, des jets d'eau pleurant dans les albâtres,","translation":"Of gardens, of fountains weeping into the alabaster,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"jets d'eau ... albâtres","title":"jet d'eau / albâtre","body":"A «jet d'eau» is a fountain's jet or spray of water; «albâtre» is alabaster, the pale stone of the basins. The water «pleurant» — 'weeping' — into white stone basins is a refined, dreamlike garden image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jardins","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jardins","lemma":"jardin","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gardens"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jets","lemma":"jet","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with jardins","gloss":"fountains"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eau","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eau","lemma":"eau","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies jets","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"pleurant","lemma":"pleurer","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying eau","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking albâtres","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of albâtres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"albâtres","lemma":"albâtre","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"modifies jets","gloss":"alabaster"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"paysage-s2-l11","source":"Des baisers, des oiseaux chantant soir et matin,","translation":"Of kisses, of birds singing evening and morning,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of baisers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"baisers","lemma":"baiser","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of oiseaux","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oiseaux","lemma":"oiseau","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with baisers","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"chantant","lemma":"chanter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"clause modifying oiseaux","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"soir","lemma":"soir","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on chantant","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"matin","lemma":"matin","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"depends on chantant","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"paysage-s2-l12","source":"Et tout ce que l'Idylle a de plus enfantin.","translation":"And all that is most childlike in the Idyll.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tout ce que ... a de plus enfantin","title":"«ce que ... a de + adjective»","body":"The construction «ce que X a de plus enfantin» means 'what is most childlike about X'. The «de» before the adjective is required and stays masculine singular: «tout ce que l'Idylle a de plus enfantin» = 'all that is most childlike in the Idyll'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tout","lemma":"tout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ce","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of a","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Idylle","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Idylle","lemma":"Idylle","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of a","gloss":"Idyll"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on ce","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"determiner of enfantin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plus","lemma":"plus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enfantin","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"enfantin","lemma":"enfantin","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of a (partitive construction with de plus)","gloss":"childlike"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"paysage-s2-l13","source":"L'Emeute, tempêtant vainement à ma vitre,","translation":"The Riot, storming in vain against my windowpane,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"L'Emeute","title":"émeute (f.)","body":"«émeute» = riot, uprising. Baudelaire capitalizes it as a personified force, «L'Emeute», that 'storms in vain' at the glass — the political turmoil of the streets, shut out of the poet's interior world."}],"words":[{"surface":"L'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Emeute","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Emeute","lemma":"émeute","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Riot","note":"Capitalized as a personification ('the Riot')."},{"surface":"tempêtant","lemma":"tempêter","morphology":"verb, present, participle","role":"modifies Emeute","gloss":"storming"},{"surface":"vainement","lemma":"vainement","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tempêtant","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vitre","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of vitre","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vitre","lemma":"vitre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tempêtant","gloss":"windowpane"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"paysage-s2-l14","source":"Ne fera pas lever mon front de mon pupitre;","translation":"Will not make me lift my brow from my writing-desk;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ne fera pas lever mon front","title":"Causative «faire lever»","body":"Another causative «faire» + infinitive: «faire lever mon front» = 'to make my brow rise / to make me raise my brow'. With the negation «ne ... pas», the Riot 'will not make me lift my brow' from the desk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fera (with pas)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fera","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies fera (with ne)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lever","lemma":"lever","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of fera","gloss":"lift"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of front","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"front","lemma":"front","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of lever","gloss":"brow"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pupitre","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pupitre","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pupitre","lemma":"pupitre","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of lever","gloss":"writing-desk"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"paysage-s2-l15","source":"Car je serai plongé dans cette volupté","translation":"For I will be plunged in this voluptuous delight","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"volupté","title":"volupté (f.)","body":"«volupté» is sensuous pleasure, voluptuousness — a keyword of Baudelaire's, stronger and more bodily than 'pleasure'. «cette volupté» is the rapture of summoning spring by sheer will, described in the lines that follow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Car","lemma":"car","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of passive plongé","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"serai","lemma":"être","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of plongé","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"plongé","lemma":"plonger","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"plunged"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volupté","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"cette","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of volupté","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"volupté","lemma":"volupté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on plongé","gloss":"voluptuous delight"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"paysage-s2-l16","source":"D'évoquer le Printemps avec ma volonté,","translation":"Of summoning the Spring by my own will,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"D'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of évoquer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"évoquer","lemma":"évoquer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summoning"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Printemps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Printemps","lemma":"printemps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of évoquer","gloss":"Spring"},{"surface":"avec","lemma":"avec","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volonté","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of volonté","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"volonté","lemma":"volonté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on évoquer","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"paysage-s2-l17","source":"De tirer un soleil de mon coeur, et de faire","translation":"Of drawing a sun out of my heart, and of making","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of tirer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tirer","lemma":"tirer","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drawing"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of tirer","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coeur","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"mon","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of tirer","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of faire","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"faire","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with tirer","gloss":"making"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"paysage-s2-l18","source":"De mes pensers brûlants une tiède atmosphère.","translation":"Of my burning thoughts a warm atmosphere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pensers","title":"penser (m., archaic)","body":"«pensers» is an archaic, poetic noun meaning 'thoughts' (modern French uses «pensées»). «faire de mes pensers brûlants une tiède atmosphère» = 'to make of my burning thoughts a warm atmosphere' — turning inner heat into a livable climate."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pensers","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"mes","lemma":"mon","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of pensers","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pensers","lemma":"penser","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"oblique argument of faire (from previous line)","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"brûlants","lemma":"brûlant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies pensers","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"une","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of atmosphère","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tiède","lemma":"tiède","morphology":"adjective, singular","role":"modifies atmosphère","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"atmosphère","lemma":"atmosphère","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of faire (from previous line)","gloss":"atmosphere","note":"'faire de X Y' = 'to make Y out of X'; X is 'mes pensers brûlants', Y is 'une tiède atmosphère'."}]}]}