{"work":{"slug":"baudelaire","title":{"source":"Les Fleurs du mal","translated":"The Flowers of Evil"},"author":"Charles Baudelaire","language":"French","languageCode":"fr","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire"},"unit":{"kind":"poem","number":null,"id":"reversibilite","title":{"source":"Réversibilité","translated":"Reversibility"},"section":"Spleen and Ideal","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/reversibilite","lines":25},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/le-flambeau-vivant","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/baudelaire/confession","license":"Source text: public domain (Charles Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original draft, pending editorial review.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"reversibilite-s1-l1","source":"Ange plein de gaieté, connaissez-vous l'angoisse,","translation":"Angel full of gaiety, do you know anguish,","stanza":1,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"connaissez-vous l'angoisse","title":"Inversion + formal «vous» address","body":"«connaissez-vous?» is a question by subject-verb inversion: «vous connaissez» ('you know') flips to «connaissez-vous» ('do you know?'), joined by a hyphen. The poet keeps the formal, distant «vous» throughout — addressing his radiant «ange» with reverence, not intimacy. «connaître» here is to know by acquaintance, to have experienced: 'have you ever known anguish?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gaieté","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gaieté","lemma":"gaieté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"gaiety"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of angoisse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angoisse","lemma":"angoisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"reversibilite-s1-l2","source":"La honte, les remords, les sanglots, les ennuis,","translation":"shame, remorse, sobbing, weariness,","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"La","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of honte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"honte","lemma":"honte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with angoisse, direct object of connaissez","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of remords","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"remords","lemma":"remords","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with honte","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of sanglots","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sanglots","lemma":"sanglot","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with honte","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ennuis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ennuis","lemma":"ennui","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with honte","gloss":"weariness"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"reversibilite-s1-l3","source":"Et les vagues terreurs de ces affreuses nuits","translation":"and the vague terrors of those dreadful nights","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of terreurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vagues","lemma":"vague","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies terreurs","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"terreurs","lemma":"terreur","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with honte","gloss":"terrors"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nuits","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ces","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of nuits","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"affreuses","lemma":"affreux","morphology":"adjective, feminine, plural","role":"modifies nuits","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"nuits","lemma":"nuit","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"modifies terreurs","gloss":"nights"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"reversibilite-s1-l4","source":"Qui compriment le coeur comme un papier qu'on froisse?","translation":"that crush the heart like a sheet of paper one crumples?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"comme un papier qu'on froisse","title":"Indefinite «on» in a relative clause","body":"«qu'on froisse» = 'that one crumples / that gets crumpled'. «on» is the indefinite subject ('one, people, you-in-general'), often best rendered as an English passive: 'a sheet of paper being crumpled'. «froisser» is to crease or crumple; the simile makes the terrors a fist closing on the heart as on a wad of paper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of compriment","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"compriment","lemma":"comprimer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"crush"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of coeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"coeur","lemma":"coeur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of compriment","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papier","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of papier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of compriment","gloss":"sheet of paper"},{"surface":"qu'","lemma":"que","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of froisse","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"on","lemma":"on","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of froisse","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"froisse","lemma":"froisser","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"relative clause on papier","gloss":"crumples"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"reversibilite-s1-l5","source":"Ange plein de gaieté, connaissez-vous l'angoisse?","translation":"Angel full of gaiety, do you know anguish?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gaieté","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gaieté","lemma":"gaieté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"gaiety"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of angoisse","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"angoisse","lemma":"angoisse","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"reversibilite-s2-l1","source":"Ange plein de bonté, connaissez-vous la haine,","translation":"Angel full of kindness, do you know hatred,","stanza":2,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bonté","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bonté","lemma":"bonté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of haine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"haine","lemma":"haine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"hatred"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"reversibilite-s2-l2","source":"Les poings crispés dans l'ombre et les larmes de fiel,","translation":"the fists clenched in the shadow and the tears of gall,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"les larmes de fiel","title":"«le fiel» — gall, bitterness","body":"«le fiel» is gall or bile, and figuratively bitterness, rancour, venom. «les larmes de fiel» = 'tears of gall' — tears so embittered they scald. «crispé» («les poings crispés») means clenched, tensed, drawn tight; the line pairs the clenched fists of fury with the bitter weeping of impotent rage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of poings","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poings","lemma":"poing","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with haine, direct object of connaissez","gloss":"fists"},{"surface":"crispés","lemma":"crispé","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies poings","gloss":"clenched"},{"surface":"dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ombre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of ombre","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ombre","lemma":"ombre","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"depends on crispés","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of larmes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"larmes","lemma":"larme","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with poings","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking fiel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fiel","lemma":"fiel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies larmes","gloss":"gall"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"reversibilite-s2-l3","source":"Quand la Vengeance bat son infernal rappel,","translation":"when Vengeance beats its infernal call to arms,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bat son infernal rappel","title":"«battre le rappel» — to beat the muster","body":"«le rappel» is the drumbeat that calls soldiers to assemble, and «battre le rappel» is the military idiom 'to beat the muster, to call to arms'. Personified «la Vengeance» beats her own «infernal rappel», summoning the passions like troops — answered in the next line, where she becomes their «capitaine»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Quand","lemma":"quand","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bat","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Vengeance","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vengeance","lemma":"vengeance","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of bat","gloss":"Vengeance"},{"surface":"bat","lemma":"battre","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"son","lemma":"son","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of rappel","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"infernal","lemma":"infernal","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies rappel","gloss":"infernal"},{"surface":"rappel","lemma":"rappel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of bat","gloss":"call to arms"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"reversibilite-s2-l4","source":"Et de nos facultés se fait le capitaine?","translation":"and makes herself the captain of our faculties?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"se fait le capitaine","title":"Pronominal «se faire» = to make oneself","body":"«se faire» + a noun means 'to make oneself (into), to become': «se fait le capitaine» = 'makes herself the captain / becomes the captain'. «de nos facultés» is fronted for emphasis — read «se fait le capitaine de nos facultés». Vengeance does not merely stir the faculties; she takes command of them, seizing the will like an officer mustering his company."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking facultés","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of facultés","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"facultés","lemma":"faculté","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"oblique argument of capitaine","gloss":"faculties"},{"surface":"se","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"object of fait","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"fait","lemma":"faire","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular","role":"main verb of the clause, subject Vengeance","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of capitaine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"capitaine","lemma":"capitaine","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of fait","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"reversibilite-s2-l5","source":"Ange plein de bonté connaissez-vous la haine?","translation":"Angel full of kindness, do you know hatred?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bonté","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bonté","lemma":"bonté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of haine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"haine","lemma":"haine","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"hatred"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"reversibilite-s3-l1","source":"Ange plein de santé, connaissez-vous les Fièvres,","translation":"Angel full of health, do you know the Fevers,","stanza":3,"audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"connaissez-vous les Fièvres","title":"Capitalized, personified «les Fièvres»","body":"«la fièvre» is fever; the plural «les Fièvres», capitalized, personifies sickness itself, like «la Vengeance» above. The capital letter turns an illness into an allegorical figure — the Fevers that shuffle along the hospice walls in the lines that follow. Baudelaire often raises abstractions to proper nouns to give his torments a face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking santé","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"santé","lemma":"santé","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Fièvres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Fièvres","lemma":"fièvre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"Fevers"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"reversibilite-s3-l2","source":"Qui, le long des grands murs de l'hospice blafard,","translation":"who, along the great walls of the pallid almshouse,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"l'hospice blafard","title":"«l'hospice» + «blafard»","body":"«un hospice» is an almshouse or poorhouse — a charitable refuge for the sick, aged, and destitute, not a modern hospital. «blafard» means wan, pallid, sickly-pale (of light or complexion). «l'hospice blafard» = 'the wan almshouse', its very walls drained of colour, where the Fevers drift like exiles toward whatever pale sun they can find."}],"words":[{"surface":"Qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of vont (next line), introduces relative clause on Fièvres","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"article, part of idiom le long de","role":"part of idiom le long de, modifies vont","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"long","lemma":"long","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, part of idiom le long de","role":"idiom le long de, preposition marking murs","gloss":"along","note":"'le long de' is a fixed idiom meaning 'along', not the adjective 'long'."},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition, contracted with les","role":"preposition marking murs","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"grands","lemma":"grand","morphology":"adjective, masculine, plural","role":"modifies murs","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"murs","lemma":"mur","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of le long de","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hospice","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"l'","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hospice","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hospice","lemma":"hospice","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies murs","gloss":"almshouse"},{"surface":"blafard","lemma":"blafard","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies hospice","gloss":"pallid"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"reversibilite-s3-l3","source":"Comme des exilés, s'en vont d'un pied traînard,","translation":"like exiles, go off with a dragging step,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"s'en vont d'un pied traînard","title":"Pronominal «s'en aller» — to go off","body":"«s'en aller» is the pronominal verb 'to go away, to leave, to depart'; «s'en vont» is its third-person plural ('they go off / drift away'). The «en» is fixed inside the idiom and not separately translated. «un pied traînard» is a dragging, shuffling foot — «traîner» is to drag — so the Fevers shuffle off down the walls like footsore exiles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Comme","lemma":"comme","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking exilés","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of exilés","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"exilés","lemma":"exilé","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of Comme","gloss":"exiles"},{"surface":"s'","lemma":"se","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, part of idiom s'en aller","role":"part of idiom s'en aller, depends on vont","gloss":"(go) off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"pronoun, part of idiom s'en aller","role":"part of idiom s'en aller, depends on vont","gloss":"(go) off"},{"surface":"vont","lemma":"aller","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiom s'en aller)","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"d'","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pied","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"un","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of pied","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pied","lemma":"pied","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"oblique argument of vont","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"traînard","lemma":"traînard","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies pied","gloss":"dragging"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"reversibilite-s3-l4","source":"Cherchant le soleil rare et remuant les lèvres?","translation":"seeking the rare sunlight and moving their lips?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Cherchant","lemma":"chercher","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying Qui/Fièvres","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of soleil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soleil","lemma":"soleil","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Cherchant","gloss":"sunlight"},{"surface":"rare","lemma":"rare","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies soleil","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"remuant","lemma":"remuer","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"coordinated with Cherchant","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lèvres","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"lèvres","lemma":"lèvre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of remuant","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"reversibilite-s3-l5","source":"Ange plein de santé, connaissez-vous les Fièvres?","translation":"Angel full of health, do you know the Fevers?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking santé","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"santé","lemma":"santé","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Fièvres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Fièvres","lemma":"fièvre","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"Fevers"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"reversibilite-s4-l1","source":"Ange plein de beauté, connaissez-vous les rides,","translation":"Angel full of beauty, do you know wrinkles,","stanza":4,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beauté","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rides","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rides","lemma":"ride","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"wrinkles"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"reversibilite-s4-l2","source":"Et la peur de vieillir, et ce hideux tourment","translation":"and the fear of growing old, and that hideous torment","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"la peur de vieillir","title":"«peur de» + infinitive","body":"«la peur de» + a bare infinitive = 'the fear of (doing something)': «la peur de vieillir» = 'the fear of growing old'. «vieillir» ('to age, to grow old') is an intransitive verb of change of state. The construction lets a single infinitive carry the whole dread of aging that the next two lines unfold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of peur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"peur","lemma":"peur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with rides, direct object of connaissez","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive vieillir","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vieillir","lemma":"vieillir","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of peur","gloss":"growing old"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ce","lemma":"ce","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of tourment","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hideux","lemma":"hideux","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies tourment","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"tourment","lemma":"tourment","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with peur","gloss":"torment"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"reversibilite-s4-l3","source":"De lire la secrète horreur du dévouement","translation":"of reading the secret horror of devotion","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De lire la secrète horreur","title":"Infinitive «de lire» in apposition to «tourment»","body":"«De lire…» is an infinitive clause that explains «ce hideux tourment» of the line before: the torment consists in reading something. «lire» governs «la secrète horreur du dévouement» — the hidden dread that selfless love (le dévouement, 'devotion, self-sacrifice') has become a duty, read in eyes that once burned with desire. The «de» links torment to the act that is its content."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive lire, complement of tourment","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lire","lemma":"lire","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tourment","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of horreur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"secrète","lemma":"secret","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"modifies horreur","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"horreur","lemma":"horreur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of lire","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"du","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dévouement","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dévouement","lemma":"dévouement","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies horreur","gloss":"devotion"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"reversibilite-s4-l4","source":"Dans des yeux où longtemps burent nos yeux avides!","translation":"in eyes where our own greedy eyes long drank!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"où longtemps burent nos yeux avides","title":"Past historic «burent» + inversion","body":"«burent» is the third-person plural «passé simple» (literary past historic) of «boire», 'to drink': «nos yeux burent» = 'our eyes drank'. The subject «nos yeux» follows its verb after the relative «où», a poetic inversion. The drinking is metaphorical — eyes drinking in eyes. «avides» is plural, agreeing with «nos yeux», and rhymes with «les rides» two lines above."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dans","lemma":"dans","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yeux, depends on lire","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"un","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"depends on Dans","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"où","lemma":"où","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on yeux, modifies burent","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"longtemps","lemma":"longtemps","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies burent","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"burent","lemma":"boire","morphology":"verb, past historic, third-person, plural","role":"relative clause on yeux","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"nos","lemma":"notre","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of yeux","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"yeux","lemma":"oeil","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of burent","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"avide","lemma":"avide","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies yeux","gloss":"greedy"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"reversibilite-s4-l5","source":"Ange plein de beauté, connaissez-vous les rides?","translation":"Angel full of beauty, do you know wrinkles?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beauté","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beauté","lemma":"beauté","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"connaissez","lemma":"connaître","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, second-person, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"-vous","lemma":"vous","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of connaissez","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"les","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of rides","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rides","lemma":"ride","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of connaissez","gloss":"wrinkles"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"reversibilite-s5-l1","source":"Ange plein de bonheur, de joie et de lumières,","translation":"Angel full of happiness, of joy and of lights,","stanza":5,"audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bonheur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bonheur","lemma":"bonheur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies plein","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking joie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"joie","lemma":"joie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with bonheur","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lumières","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lumières","lemma":"lumière","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with bonheur","gloss":"lights"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"reversibilite-s5-l2","source":"David mourant aurait demandé la santé","translation":"the dying David would have asked for health","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"David mourant","title":"«David mourant» — the dying King David","body":"«mourant» is the present participle of «mourir» ('dying'), used here as an adjective: «David mourant» = 'the dying David'. The phrase alludes to 1 Kings 1, where the aged, ailing King David was warmed by the young Abishag laid against him to revive his failing body. The construction sets up a contrast — David would have asked health «aux émanations» of such a body, where the poet (next lines) asks his angel «que tes prières», only her prayers."}],"words":[{"surface":"David","lemma":"David","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of demandé","gloss":"David"},{"surface":"mourant","lemma":"mourant","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies David","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"aurait","lemma":"avoir","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third-person, singular","role":"auxiliary of demandé","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"demandé","lemma":"demander","morphology":"verb, past participle, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of santé","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"santé","lemma":"santé","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of demandé","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"reversibilite-s5-l3","source":"Aux émanations de ton corps enchanté;","translation":"from the emanations of your enchanted body;","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aurait demandé … aux émanations","title":"Conditional perfect + «demander qch à»","body":"«aurait demandé» is the «conditionnel passé» (conditional perfect), 'would have asked for'. The verb «demander» takes its source with «à»: «demander la santé aux émanations de ton corps» = 'to ask health of / from the emanations of your body'. So David would have sought his cure from her body's warmth — but the next line turns that wish aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking émanations","gloss":"from the"},{"surface":"émanations","lemma":"émanation","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"emanations"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking corps","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ton","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, singular","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies émanations","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"enchanté","lemma":"enchanté","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies corps","gloss":"enchanted"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"reversibilite-s5-l4","source":"Mais de toi je n'implore, ange, que tes prières,","translation":"but from you, angel, I implore only your prayers,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je n'implore … que tes prières","title":"Restrictive «ne … que» — only","body":"«ne … que» is the restrictive 'only, nothing but': «je n'implore que tes prières» = 'I implore only your prayers'. It is not a true negation — «implorer» keeps its full force, 'to beg, to entreat'. «de toi» ('from you') is fronted against «aux émanations» above: not David's warmth from her body, but only her prayers — the poem's quiet pivot from flesh to grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mais","lemma":"mais","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toi","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"toi","lemma":"toi","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"depends on implore","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of implore","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"n'","lemma":"ne","morphology":"adverb","role":"restrictive marker, pairs with que (w8) to mean only","gloss":"only","note":"ne...que forms a restrictive construction meaning 'only'."},{"surface":"implore","lemma":"implorer","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, first-person, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"implore"},{"surface":"ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to toi","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"restrictive marker, pairs with n' (w5) to mean only","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"tes","lemma":"ton","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of prières","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"prières","lemma":"prière","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of implore","gloss":"prayers"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"reversibilite-s5-l5","source":"Ange plein de bonheur, de joie et de lumières!","translation":"Angel full of happiness, of joy and of lights!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ange","lemma":"ange","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Angel"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bonheur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bonheur","lemma":"bonheur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ange","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking joie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"joie","lemma":"joie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with bonheur","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lumières","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"lumières","lemma":"lumière","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with bonheur","gloss":"lights"}]}]}